Publications

arsenic uptake by two vegetables grown in two soils amended with as-bearing animal manures.	organoarsenicals are widely used as growth promoters in animal feed, resulting in unabsorbed arsenic (as) left in animal manures. a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and as uptake of amaranth (amaranthus tricolor linn, a crop with an axial root system) and water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk, a crop with a fibrous root system) grown in a paddy soil (ps) and a lateritic red soil (lrs) amended with 2% and 4% (w/w) as-bearing chicken manure and pig manure, respectively. soils ...	2009	18929443
determination of arsenic levels in lake water, sediment, and foodstuff from selected area of sindh, pakistan: estimation of daily dietary intake.	the aim of present study was to develop a database of arsenic (as) in lake water, ground water, sediment, soil, vegetables, grain crops and fish to evaluate the potential human health risks posed by higher level of as, in south east part of sindh, pakistan during 2005-2007. the total concentration of as in various samples under study was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (etaas). the reliability and accuracy of technique was checked by different certified reference ...	2009	19041679
diverse and newly recognized effects associated with short interfering rna binding site modifications on the tomato bushy stunt virus p19 silencing suppressor.	the tomato bushy stunt virus-encoded p19 forms dimers that bind duplex short interfering rnas (sirnas) to suppress rna silencing. p19 is also involved in multiple host-specific activities, including the elicitation of symptoms, and in local and/or systemic spread. to study the correlation between those various roles and the sirna binding by p19, predicted sirna-interacting sites were modified. twenty-two mutants were generated and inoculated onto nicotiana benthamiana plants, to reveal that (i) ...	2009	19052093
development of food-based complementary feeding recommendations for 9- to 11-month-old peri-urban indonesian infants using linear programming.	effective population-specific, food-based complementary feeding recommendations (cfr) are required to combat micronutrient deficiencies. to facilitate their formulation, a modeling approach was recently developed. however, it has not yet been used in practice. this study therefore aimed to use this approach to develop cfr for 9- to 11-mo-old indonesian infants and to identify nutrients that will likely remain low in their diets. the cfr were developed using a 4-phase approach based on linear and ...	2009	19056658
carnation mottle virus, an important viral agent infecting carnation cut-flower crops in mahallat of iran.	one of the most important cut-flower crops grown worldwide on commercial scale is carnation (dianthus caryophyllus l.). it's the main production of mahallat where is one of the most important ornamental plants production centers of iran. infection of carnation with pathogens like viral agents causes economic losses in carnation cut-flower crop. one of the viral agents of this flower is carnation mottle virus (carmv) which is the type member of genus carmovirus and belongs to the tombusviridae fa ...	2009	20222573
galactolipids as potential health promoting compounds in vegetable foods.	galactolipids are a class of compounds widely found in the plant kingdom, including edible plants, and are an important part of the cell membranes. galactolipids in plants consists mainly of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and digalactosyldiacylglycerols containing one or two saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids linked to the glycerol moiety. several galactolipids have been shown to possess in vitro and/or in vivo anti-tumor promoting activity and anti-inflammatory activity. recently, it has b ...	2009	20653526
efficacy of chlorine and acidified sodium chlorite on microbial population and quality changes of spinach leaves.	efficacy of washing with distilled water, chlorine solution, and acidified sodium chlorite (asc) solution on populations of microorganisms on spinach leaves was evaluated. washing with chlorine (100 mg/l) and asc (sodium chlorite, 15 mg/l; citric acid, 200 mg/l) resulted in significant population reduction (1.1-1.9 log cfu/g) of aerobic microflora, coliform, and escherichia coli o157:h7 (p < 0.05). there was no remarkable difference in decontamination efficacy between chlorine and asc solution. ...	2009	19422304
structure of the c14 rotor ring of the proton translocating chloroplast atp synthase.	the structure of the membrane integral rotor ring of the proton translocating f(1)f(0) atp synthase from spinach chloroplasts was determined to 3.8 a resolution by x-ray crystallography. the rotor ring consists of 14 identical protomers that are symmetrically arranged around a central pore. comparisons with the c(11) rotor ring of the sodium translocating atpase from ilyobacter tartaricus show that the conserved carboxylates involved in proton or sodium transport, respectively, are 10.6-10.8 a a ...	2009	19423706
distribution and major sources of flavonoid intakes in the middle-aged japanese women.	we estimated the intake of individual flavonoids in a cross sectional study and clarified the major sources contributing to the flavonoid levels in the middle-aged japanese women by a 24-h weighed dietary record study. the subjects included in the study were 516 free-living women. each subject completed a 24-h weighed dietary record and received a health check-up. we used the functional food factor database for estimating the intake of 5 major flavonoid intakes, i.e. flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, f ...	2009	19430611
identification and structural basis of the reaction catalyzed by cyp121, an essential cytochrome p450 in mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the gene encoding the cytochrome p450 cyp121 is essential for mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, the cyp121 catalytic activity remains unknown. here, we show that the cyclodipeptide cyclo(l-tyr-l-tyr) (cyy) binds to cyp121, and is efficiently converted into a single major product in a cyp121 activity assay containing spinach ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. nmr spectroscopy analysis of the reaction product shows that cyp121 catalyzes the formation of an intramolecular c-c bond between 2 ty ...	2009	19416919
transcriptomic response of escherichia coli o157:h7 to oxidative stress.	chlorinated water is commonly used in industrial operations to wash and sanitize fresh-cut, minimally processed produce. here we compared 42 human outbreak strains that represented nine distinct escherichia coli o157:h7 genetic lineages (or clades) for their relative resistance to chlorine treatment. a quantitative measurement of resistance was made by comparing the extension of the lag phase during growth of each strain under exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite in luria- ...	2009	19666735
light absorption by isolated chloroplasts and leaves: effects of scattering and 'packing'.	light absorption was quantified in the following systems: isolated chloroplasts and leaves of spinach (spinacea oleracea l.), a mutant of geranium (pelargonium zonale l.) widely differing in pigment content, and coleus (coleus blumei benth.) at different stages of leaf ontogenesis. for these species and pea (pisum sativum l.), scattering-compensated absorption spectra of chloroplast suspensions are presented. comparison of leaf and chloroplast spectra showed considerable changes in the extent of ...	2009	19672688
a novel approach to enhance food safety: industry-academia-government partnership for applied research.	an independent collaborative approach was developed for stimulating research on high-priority food safety issues. the fresh express produce safety research initiative was launched in 2007 with $2 million in unrestricted funds from industry and independent direction and oversight from a scientific advisory panel consisting of nationally recognized food safety experts from academia and government agencies. the program had two main objectives: (i) to fund rigorous, innovative, and multidisciplinary ...	2009	19681279
a novel approach to investigate the uptake and internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 in spinach cultivated in soil and hydroponic medium.	internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 into spinach plants through root uptake is a potential route of contamination. a tn7-based plasmid vector was used to insert a green fluorescent protein gene into the atttn7 site in the e. coli chromosome. three green fluorescent protein-labeled e. coli inocula were used: produce outbreak o157:h7 strains rm4407 and rm5279 (inoculum 1), ground beef outbreak o157:h7 strain 86-24h11 (inoculum 2), and commensal strain hs (inoculum 3). these strains were cu ...	2009	19681280
effect of route of introduction and host cultivar on the colonization, internalization, and movement of the human pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7 in spinach.	human pathogens can contaminate leafy produce in the field by various routes. we hypothesized that interactions between escherichia coli o157:h7 and spinach are influenced by the route of introduction and the leaf microenvironment. e. coli o157:h7 labeled with green fluorescent protein was dropped onto spinach leaf surfaces, simulating bacteria-laden raindrops or sprinkler irrigation, and survived on the phylloplane for at least 14 days, with increasing titers and areas of colonization over time ...	2009	19681281
interaction of escherichia coli o157:h7 with leafy green produce.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is a foodborne pathogen responsible for human diarrheal disease. ehec lives in the intestinal tract of cattle and other farm and wild animals, which may be the source of environmental contamination particularly of agricultural fields. human infections are associated with consumption of tainted animal products and fresh produce. how the bacteria interact with the plant phyllosphere and withstand industrial decontamination remain to be elucidated. the goal ...	2009	19681282
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and natural microbiota on spinach leaves using gaseous ozone during vacuum cooling and simulated transportation.	the aim of this study was to integrate an ozone-based sanitization step into existing processing practices for fresh produce and to evaluate the efficacy of this step against escherichia coli o157:h7. baby spinach inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 (approximately 10(7) cfu/g) was treated in a pilot-scale system with combinations of vacuum cooling and sanitizing levels of ozone gas (sanvac). the contribution of process variables (ozone concentration, pressure, and treatment time) to lethality was in ...	2009	19681283
association of escherichia coli o157:h7 with filth flies (muscidae and calliphoridae) captured in leafy greens fields and experimental transmission of e. coli o157:h7 to spinach leaves by house flies (diptera: muscidae).	the recent outbreak of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection associated with contaminated spinach led to an investigation of the role of insects, which frequent fields of leafy greens and neighboring rangeland habitats, in produce contamination. four leafy greens fields adjacent to cattle-occupied rangeland habitats were sampled using sweep nets and sticky traps. agromyzid flies, anthomyiid flies, and leafhoppers were caught consistently in both rangeland and leafy greens production fields at all s ...	2009	19681284
use of the systems approach to determine the fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 on fresh lettuce and spinach.	lettuce and spinach inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7 were processed and handled in ways that might occur in commercial situations, including variations in holding times before and after product cooling, transportation conditions and temperatures, wash treatments, and product storage temperatures and times. populations of background microflora and e. coli o157:h7 were enumerated after each step in the system. data analysis was done to predict response variables with a combination of indep ...	2009	19681286
microbial antagonists of escherichia coli o157:h7 on fresh-cut lettuce and spinach.	fresh-cut lettuce and spinach can become contaminated with pathogens at numerous points from the field to the retail market. natural microflora present on fresh produce may help reduce the pathogen load. the objective of this study was to isolate natural microflora from fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and baby spinach and to determine whether these bacteria were antagonistic toward escherichia coli o157:h7. samples were collected under conditions that mimicked actual practices between production and r ...	2009	19681287
factors impacting the regrowth of escherichia coli o157:h7 in dairy manure compost.	the environmental variables affecting escherichia coli o157:h7 regrowth in dairy manure compost were investigated. factors evaluated were moisture content, strain variation, growth medium of inoculum, level of background microflora and inoculum, different days of composting, and acclimation at room temperature. a mathematical model was applied to describe e. coli o157 regrowth potential in compost. repopulation occurred in autoclaved compost with a moisture content as low as 20% (water activity ...	2009	19681288
mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) during two successive seasons.	spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) plants were grown organically and conventionally during two successive seasons (late autumn and early winter) in order to examine the nutrient content of the plants. in a series of 17 organic applications including chicken manure (cm), farmyard manure (fm), blood meal (bm), and one mineral fertilizer treatment and one control, collectively 19 treatments, were used at each season. the optimum doses to be recommended should be divided into groups depending on the min ...	2009	19685878
a rubisco mutant that confers growth under a normally "inhibitory" oxygen concentration.	ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (rubp) carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) is a globally significant biocatalyst that facilitates the removal and sequestration of co2 from the biosphere. rubisco-catalyzed co2 reduction thus provides virtually all of the organic carbon utilized by living organisms. despite catalyzing the rate-limiting step of photosynthetic and chemoautotrophic co2 assimilation, rubisco is markedly inefficient as the competition between o2 and co2 for the same substrate limits the ability ...	2009	19705820
validation of iq-check e. coli o157:h7 real-time pcr test kit for detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in selected foods.	iq-check e. coli o157:h7 (bio-rad laboratories, hercules, ca) is a real-time pcr kit for detection of e. coli o157:h7 from selected foods. specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target dna during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. these fluorescent probes are linked to a fluorophore which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. three foods (ground beef, apple cider, fresh spinach) were selected to compare the performance of iq-check e. col ...	2009	19714978
ultrasound enhanced sanitizer efficacy in reduction of escherichia coli o157:h7 population on spinach leaves.	the use of ultrasound to enhance the efficacy of selected sanitizers in reduction of escherichia coli o157 : h7 populations on spinach was investigated. spot-inoculated spinach samples were treated with water, chlorine, acidified sodium chlorite (asc), peroxyacetic acid (poaa), and acidic electrolyzed water with and without ultrasound (21.2 khz) for 2 min at room temperature. the effects of ultrasound treatment time and acoustic energy density (aed) were evaluated at an asc concentration of 200 ...	2009	19723216
raffinose in chloroplasts is synthesized in the cytosol and transported across the chloroplast envelope.	in chloroplasts, several water-soluble carbohydrates have been suggested to act as stress protectants. the trisaccharide raffinose (alpha-1,6-galactosyl sucrose) is such a carbohydrate but has received little attention. we here demonstrate by compartmentation analysis of leaf mesophyll protoplasts that raffinose is clearly (to about 20%) present in chloroplasts of cold-treated common bugle (ajuga reptans l.), spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and arabidopsis [arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh.] plant ...	2009	19880397
asp157 is required for the function of psbo, the photosystem ii manganese stabilizing protein.	psbo, the photosystem ii manganese stabilizing protein, contains an aspartate residue [asp157 (spinach numbering)], which is highly conserved in eukaryotic and prokaryotic psbos. the homology model of the psii-bound conformation of spinach psbo presented here positions asp157 in the large flexible loop of the protein. we have characterized site-directed mutants (d157n, d157e, and d157k) of spinach psbo that were rebound to psbo-depleted psii to probe the role of asp157. structural data revealed ...	2009	19894760
[transfer of pesticide residues to crops via cardboard boxes].	cardboard boxes used to transport crops are often reused in the distribution process, and therefore transfer of pesticides between crops might occur. so, we designed model experiments to investigate whether or not transfer of pesticide residues from crops to other crops via cardboard boxes occurs. under severe experimental conditions, 6.2% of the pesticide residues of grapefruit was found to be transferred to spinach via cardboard boxes. in the case of the mandarin orange, 0.57% was transferred. ...	2009	19897948
effects of plant maturity and growth media bacterial inoculum level on the surface contamination and internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 in growing spinach leaves.	the incidence of foodborne outbreaks linked to fresh produce has increased in the united states. particularly noteworthy was the 2006 escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak associated with prepackaged baby spinach. this study aimed to determine whether e. coli o157:h7 would be present in the aerial leaf tissue of a growing spinach plant when introduced at various plant maturities and different inoculum levels in a greenhouse setting. spinach seeds of a commercial variety were sown in 8-in. (20.32-cm) ...	2009	19903394
survival of hepatitis a virus in spinach during low temperature storage.	spinach leaves are frequently consumed raw and have been involved with past foodborne outbreaks. in this study, we examined the survival of hepatitis a virus (hav) on fresh spinach leaves in moisture- and gas-permeable packages that were stored at 5.4 +/- 1.2 degrees c for up to 42 days. different eluents including phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), ph 7.5 (with and without 2% serum), and 3% beef extract (ph 7.5 and 8) were compared for how efficiently they recovered viruses from spinach by using ...	2009	19903406
variation in cadmium accumulation among 30 cultivars and cadmium subcellular distribution in 2 selected cultivars of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk.).	to reduce the influx of cadmium (cd), a toxic heavy metal, into the human food chain through vegetable intake, a pot experiment for the selection of a pollution-safe cultivar (psc) of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk.) was carried out. the experiment with 30 tested cultivars revealed that the maximum differences in cd concentration between the cultivars containing the highest and the lowest cd were 3.0-3.9-fold under low-cd treatment (soil cd = 0.593 mg kg(-1)), 2.7-3.5-fold under middle-cd ...	2009	19739670
structural and functional analysis of the intrinsic inhibitor subunit epsilon of f1-atpase from photosynthetic organisms.	the epsilon subunit, a small subunit located in the f1 domain of atp synthase and comprising two distinct domains, an n-terminal beta-sandwich structure and a c-terminal alpha-helical region, serves as an intrinsic inhibitor of atp hydrolysis activity. this inhibitory function is especially important in photosynthetic organisms as the enzyme cannot synthesize atp in the dark, but may catalyse futile atp hydrolysis reactions. to understand the structure-function relationship of this subunit in f1 ...	2009	19785575
pulsed odors from maize or spinach elicit orientation in european corn borer neonate larvae.	lepidoptera larvae are capable of orienting towards or away from plants by using odors as cues but whether this attraction is innate or secondarily acquired remains unknown. we tested the hypothesis that european corn borer (ecb) neonate larvae express an innate attraction towards odors released from maize, and avoidance towards odors from spinach. neonate larvae were placed on a locomotion compensator within a constant stream of humidified air that was loaded intermittently with airborne odors ...	2009	19787404
fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 in the presence of indigenous microorganisms on commercially packaged baby spinach, as impacted by storage temperature and time.	this study investigated the effect of storage temperature and time on the survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7, the growth of indigenous microorganisms, and the changes in product quality of packaged baby spinach. commercial packages of spinach within 2 days of processing were cut open at one end, sprayed with fine mists of e. coli o157:h7 inoculum, resealed, and then stored at 1, 5, 8, and 12 degrees c for 12 days until their labeled best-if-used-by dates. microbial enumeration and p ...	2009	19833025
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 on the intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase.	antimicrobials in the vapor phase might be more effective in inactivating escherichia coli o157:h7 cells attached to leafy greens than aqueous antimicrobials. we determined the activity of allyl isothiocyanate (ait), cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol against e. coli o157:h7 on intact and damaged lettuce and spinach tissue. samples were treated with various concentrations of antimicrobial in the vapor phase at 0, 4, and 10 degrees c in an enclosed container. on intact lettuce surface, the vapor of th ...	2009	19833026
enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in south korea.	raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. in this study, we performed reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) and cell culture-pcr to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in south korea. samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in gyeonggi province, south korea. rt-pcr and cell culture-pcr were perform ...	2009	19854919
vidas salmonella (slm) assay method easyslm with chromid salmonella (sm2) agar. performance tested method 020901.	a method modification study was conducted for the vidas salmonella (slm) assay (aoac performance tested method 020901) using the easyslm method to validate a matrix extension for peanut butter. the vidas easyslm method is a simple enrichment procedure compared to traditional salmonella methods, requiring only pre-enrichment and a single selective enrichment media, salmonella xpress 2 (sx2) broth. sx2 replaces the two selective broths in traditional methods and eliminates the m broth transfer, in ...	2009	20166608
investigating biological activity spectrum for novel styrylquinazoline analogues.	in this study, series of ring-substituted 2-styrylquinazolin-4(3h)-one and 4-chloro-2-styrylquinazoline derivatives were prepared. the syntheses of the discussed compounds are presented. the compounds were analyzed by rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity. they were tested for their inhibitory activity on photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also performed against four mycobacterial strain ...	2009	19924061
phosphorylation site mapping of soluble proteins: bioinformatical filtering reveals potential plastidic phosphoproteins in arabidopsis thaliana.	protein phosphorylation is a major mode of regulation of metabolism, gene expression, and cell architecture. a combination of phosphopeptide enrichment strategies based on tio(2) and imac in addition to our mudpit strategy revealed the detection of 181 phosphorylation sites which are located on 125 potentially plastidic proteins predicted by gominer, targetp/predotar in arabidopsis thaliana. in our study phosphorylation on serine is favored over threonine and this in turn over phosphorylation on ...	2009	19238429
oxalate content of silver beet leaves (beta vulgaris var. cicla) at different stages of maturation and the effect of cooking with different milk sources.	the work presented here indicates that people who have a tendency to develop kidney stones should avoid consuming regrowth and developed silver beet (beta vulgaris var. cicla) leaves. soluble oxalate contents of leaves range from 58% of the total oxalate for the mature leaves up to 89% for the regrowth tissue, with regrowth tissue containing the highest levels of soluble oxalate at 7267+/-307 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm). leaves cooked in milk contained significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of solu ...	2009	19877639
[determination of 107 pesticide residues in vegetables using off-line dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].	a screening method was developed for the determination of 107 pesticide residues in vegetables using off-line dispersive solid-phase extraction (dspe) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms). the pesticides interested were extracted from the samples with acetonitrile (saturated by n-hexane) containing 1% acetic acid and simultaneously separated by liquid-liquid partitioning with adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate plus sodium acetate following by a simple cleanup step known as ...	2009	19938491
[phytochemicals that counteract the cardiotoxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy].	almost all clinically used antitumor drugs exhibit toxic side effects affecting heart function. because of cardiotoxicity during anticancer chemotherapy, effective doses of cytostatics have to be limited, which may worsen antitumor efficacy. the cardiotoxicity induced by cytostatics of the anthracycline group in particular results, among others, from massive stimulation of ros. it has therefore been suggested that some phytochemicals with high antioxidant potential, when administered together wi ...	2009	19502676
spectroscopic study of 2-(2-pyridyliminomethyl)phenol as a novel fluorescent probe for superoxide anion radicals and superoxide dismutase activity.	a novel spectrofluorometric method, using 2-(2-pyridyliminomethyl)phenol as a fluorescent probe, was developed for the determination of superoxide anion radical (o(2) (-)) and superoxide dismutase activity (sod). the new fluorescent probe was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis and ir spectra. it was oxidized by o(2) (-) to form a less fluorescence product. based on this reaction, a spectrofluorometric method was proposed and successfully used to determine superoxide anion ra ...	2009	19002572
regulation of tomato golden mosaic virus al2 and al3 gene expression by a conserved upstream open reading frame.	a translational regulatory mechanism for tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) complementary-sense gene expression has been characterized. tgmv transcribes two mrnas, al-1935 and al-1629 transcripts, both of which contain the al2 and al3 open reading frames. however, al2 is only expressed from al-1629 whereas al3 is expressed from both. three aug translation initiation codons are located upstream of both the al2 and al3 coding regions, within the 5'-untranslated region (utr) of the al-1935 transcrip ...	2009	19012941
pesticide residue monitoring in korean agricultural products, 2003-05.	between 2003 and 2005, a total of 11,716 samples were collected and analysed to determine the level of pesticides residues. multi-residue methods (mrms) capable of simultaneously determining 250 pesticides were used. of the 11,716 samples, 89.1% had no detectable residues and 1.7% had violative residues. the detection rates by commodity group were 11.4, 8.6, 0.3, and 0.02% for vegetables, fruit, grain, mushrooms, and the others, respectively. agricultural products with pesticide residues were pe ...	2009	24784964
[changes of soil biological characters beneath greenhouse cucumber under different cultivation systems].	a 3-year pot experiment with 8-year continuously cropped greenhouse cucumber soil was conducted to study the effects of different cultivation systems on the soil quality, soil nematode quantity, and crop yields. the third year' s data were taken into analysis. comparing with traditional cultivation system (two seasons planting cucumber with fallowing in summer) , planting leafy vegetable and garlic in summer increased the yields of the two crops and the soil microbial biomass carbon content, tot ...	2009	19565763
spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. activation and deactivation, and immunological relationship to fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.	in this paper we study activation by dithiothreitol and reduced thioredoxins and deactivation by oxidized thioredoxins f of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. the behaviour of the enzyme when chromatographed on a thioredoxin-sepharose column is also described. the enzyme is autoxidizable upon removal of reducing agents, and is activated when reduced by any of the thioredoxins. this mechanism may allow the regulation of the calvin cycle upon light-dark and dark-light transitions. the formation of ...	2009	2844168
characterization of a phosphoenzyme intermediate in the reaction of phosphoglycolate phosphatase.	when 32p-glycolate and phosphoglycolate phosphatase from spinach are mixed, 32p is incorporated into acid precipitated protein. properties that relate the phosphorylation of the enzyme to the phosphatase are: the km value for p-glycolate is similar for protein phosphorylation and substrate hydrolysis; the 32p in the phosphoenzyme is diluted by unlabeled p-glycolate or the specific alternative substrate, ethyl-p; the activator cl- enhances the effectiveness of ethyl-p as a substrate and as an inh ...	2009	2820973
fluorescence studies of phosphoribulokinase, a light-regulated, chloroplastic enzyme.	recent characterization of spinach phosphoribulokinase has revealed that the homodimeric molecule contains only two tryptophans per 44-kda subunit. we have performed steady-state and frequency domain studies of the intrinsic fluorescence of this protein. the fluorescence properties reflect contributions from both types of tryptophan residues. one of these appears to be relatively exposed to solvent and the quencher, acrylamide; fluoresce with a lambda max of 345 nm; decay with a fluorescence lif ...	2009	2829729
the chloroplast reductase-binding protein is identical to the 16.5-kda polypeptide described as a component of the oxygen-evolving complex.	the n-terminal sequence of the spinach chloroplast reductase-binding protein was determined. the sequence is the same one of a 16.5-kda polypeptide described as a component of the oxygen-evolving system. antibodies against both proteins are equivalent as shown by immunoblots, ouchterlony assays, precipitation of reductase-binding protein complex, and agglutination of thylakoids partially depleted of reductase. these results suggest both proteins are identical. exposure of the binding protein on ...	2009	2687273
development of a gene silencing dna vector derived from a broad host range geminivirus.	gene silencing is proving to be a powerful tool for genetic, developmental, and physiological analyses. the use of viral induced gene silencing (vigs) offers advantages to transgenic approaches as it can be potentially applied to non-model systems for which transgenic techniques are not readily available. however, many vigs vectors are derived from gemini viruses that have limited host ranges. we present a new, unipartite vector that is derived from a curtovirus that has a broad host range and w ...	2009	19573239
spinach ferredoxin-nitrite reductase: characterization of catalytic activity and interaction of the enzyme with substrates.	the steady-state kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reduction of nitrite by spinach ferredoxin-nitrite reductase [ec 1.7.7.1] were measured under anaerobic conditions. the maximum velocity of ferredoxin-linked activity was essentially the same as for the methyl viologen-linked activity of the enzyme. the initial velocity patterns of the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin suggested a sequential reaction scheme by which nitrite and reduced ferredoxin bind to the free enzyme. the binding of nitrite a ...	2009	2738043
refined structure of spinach glycolate oxidase at 2 a resolution.	the amino acid sequence of glycolate oxidase from spinach has been fitted to an electron density map of 2.0 a nominal resolution and the structure has been refined using the restrained parameter least-squares refinement of hendrickson and konnert. a final crystallographic r-factor of 18.9% was obtained for 32,888 independent reflections from 5.5 to 2 a resolution. the geometry of the model, consisting of 350 amino acid residues, the cofactor flavin mononucleotide and 298 solvent molecules, is cl ...	2009	2681790
effect of supplementation with vitamin a or plant carotenes on plasma retinol levels among young egyptian males.	thirteen young egyptian males with initial low plasma retinol level were divided into three groups and received single oral vitamin a dose of 200,000 iu, or carotene supplement in the form of boiled spinach leaves, providing roughly 617 re/day or carrots providing 394 re/day. the three supplements were equally effective, when the plasma retinol level was measured 40 days later. on a price basis, the vitamin a capsules and the carrots were much cheaper than the spinach supplement.	2009	2777508
thiol/disulfide exchange in the thioredoxin-catalyzed reductive activation of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. kinetics and thermodynamics.	two kinetically and thermodynamically distinct thiol/disulfide redox changes are observed during the reversible thioredoxin fb-catalyzed reduction and oxidation of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by dithiothreitol. the two processes, which occur at different rates and with different equilibrium constants, can be observed independently in either the reduction (activation) or oxidation (inactivation) direction by assaying the enzyme activity at different magnesium and fructose-1,6- ...	2009	2820974
oxygen isotope effects on the ribulosebisphosphate oxygenase reaction.	the oxygen isotope effect at the substrate o2 on the oxygenase reaction of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from spinach is ph and metal dependent. the ph dependence between ph 7.4 and 8.9 is different with mg2+ (steady decrease in this isotope effect from 1.036 to 1.030) and mn2+ (minimum isotope effect of 1.028 at ph 8.0). deuteration of the substrate ([3-2h]ribulose bisphosphate) has no influence on the isotope effect. the results are interpreted as a direct participation of the me ...	2009	2738056
protonmotive force and photophosphorylation in single swollen thylakoid vesicles.	swollen vesicles generally 40 micron in diameter were prepared from spinach chloroplasts. these vesicles appear to originate from thylakoids. the present study reports results obtained with individual vesicles using micromanipulative procedures. the electric potential across the membrane was measured with microelectrodes and the ph of the internal space was calculated from the fluorescence of the ph indicator pyranine. the individual vesicles photophosphorylate as measured with luciferin-lucifer ...	2009	2988949
nucleotide sequences of cdna clones encoding the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit vi and of the plastome-encoded gene for subunit vii of the photosystem i reaction center from spinach.	recombinant phage which encode the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit vi of the photosystem i reaction center have been selected from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library made from polyadenylated rna of spinach seedlings. the sequence predicts a precursor polypeptide of 144 amino acids (mr = 15.3 kda), a mature protein of 95 residues (mr = 10.4 kda) that lacks methionine, histidine and cysteine, and a transit peptide of 49 residues (mr = 4.9 kda). the corresponding gene(s) is (are) design ...	2009	2688927
the effect of organic solvents on the activation and the activity of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.	a two-stage assay was used to study the effect of organic solvents on the activation of and the catalysis by chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. irrespective of chemical structure, all the organic solvents tested had a dual effect on the enzyme. in the activation they stimulated and inhibited at low and high concentrations, respectively, in a process that required dithiothreitol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and ca2+. conversely, organic solvents inhibited catalysis. the enhancement in fructo ...	2010	2984191
coregulation of electron transport and benson-calvin cycle activity in isolated spinach chloroplasts: studies on glycerate 3-phosphate reduction.	glycerate 3-phosphate-dependent o2 evolution was measured in intact chloroplasts in the absence of co2. at all concentrations of added glycerate 3-phosphate oxygen evolution ceased before stoichiometric amounts of oxygen were evolved. the inhibition of glycerate 3-phosphate-dependent-o2 evolution increased with increasing concentrations of substrate added. a similar response was observed in chloroplasts treated with kcn which inhibits ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. oxygen uptak ...	2010	2913953
the effect of mono- and divalent salts on the rise and decay kinetics of epr signal ii in photosystem ii preparations from spinach.	the rise and decay kinetics of epr signal ii have been used to probe the organization of the donor side of photosystem ii (ps ii) before and after extraction of ps ii preparations with high concentrations of salt. 800 mm nacl or 500-800 mm nabr substantially depletes the preparations of the 16 and 24 kda proteins and decreases the steady-state rate of o2-evolution by 70-80% from control rates. these treatments do not largely alter the decay kinetics of signal ii; the rise kinetics remain in the ...	2010	2988610
function of tightly bound nucleotides on membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor.	the kinetic behavior of tightly bound nucleotides on chloroplast coupling factor from spinach was determined under phosphorylating and nonphosphorylating conditions. chloroplast coupling factor 1 (cf1) was labeled with tightly bound radioactive adp and/or atp at two specific sites and reconstituted with thylakoid membranes depleted of cf1 by treatment with nabr. the initial incorporation and dissociation of adp from one of the sites requires light but occurs at the same rate under phosphorylatin ...	2010	2900652
phenylglyoxal modification of the photosystem ii reaction center.	time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, including optical flash photolysis and electron spin resonance (esr), have been used in conjunction with fluorescence-induction and dye-reduction assays to monitor electron transport in photosystem ii (ps ii) subchloroplast particles incubated with the covalent modifier, phenylglyoxal. phenylglyoxal-modified digitonin (d-10) particles from spinach are characterized by a high initial fluorescence yield (fi) and an abolition of the variable component of fluo ...	2010	3026471
catalytic nonessentiality of an active-site cysteinyl residue of phosphoribulokinase.	the activity of the calvin cycle enzyme phosphoribulokinase is coupled to photosynthetic electron transport by reversible oxidation/reduction mediated by thioredoxin-f. previous studies have shown that one of the regulatory sulfhydryl groups, that of cys-16, is positioned at the nucleotide-binding domain of the active site. to determine if oxidative deactivation of the kinase reflects catalytic essentiality of cys-16, the methylation of spinach phosphoribulokinase by methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfona ...	2010	2844788
escherichia coli o157:h7 biofilm formation on romaine lettuce and spinach leaf surfaces reduces efficacy of irradiation and sodium hypochlorite washes.	escherichia coli o157:h7 contamination of leafy green vegetables is an ongoing concern for consumers. biofilm-associated pathogens are relatively resistant to chemical treatments, but little is known about their response to irradiation. leaves of romaine lettuce and baby spinach were dip inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 and stored at 4 degrees c for various times (0, 24, 48, 72 h) to allow biofilms to form. after each time, leaves were treated with either a 3-min wash with a sodium hypochlorite s ...	2010	20629883
fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens.	much research into food-borne human pathogens has focused on transmission from foods of animal origin. however, recent investigations have identified fruits and vegetables are the source of many disease outbreaks. now believed to be a much larger contributor to produce-associated outbreaks than previously reported, norovirus outbreaks are commonly caused by contamination of foods from hands of infected workers. although infections with shiga toxin-producing e. coli o157 have been linked to beef ...	2010	20636374
[determination of amitrole in agricultural products by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].	a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (hplc-ms/ms) was developed for the analysis of amitrole residues in agricultural products. the samples were extracted by 25% acetone for wheat, fish, pork and liver samples, 1% acetic acid-25% acetone for maize and peanut samples, 1% acetic acid solution for honeysuckle, the powder of ginger, the powder of bunge prickly ash and tea leaves samples, 1% acetic acid solution-dichloromethane for apple, pineapple, spinach, carrot ...	2010	20549983
nitrate and nitrite content in organically cultivated vegetables.	the nitrate and nitrite content of leaf vegetables (swiss chard, sea beet, spinach and cabbage), "inflorescence" vegetables (cauliflower) and fruit vegetables (eggplant and vegetable marrow) grown with organic fertilizers have been determined by a modified cadmium–griess method. samples were purchased from organic food stores as well as collected directly from an organic farm in madrid (spain). nitrate levels were much higher in the leaf vegetables (especially swiss chard species; average over t ...	2010	24785312
quality control of photosystem ii: ftsh hexamers are localized near photosystem ii at grana for the swift repair of damage.	the reaction center-binding d1 protein of photosystem ii is oxidatively damaged by excessive visible light or moderate heat stress. the metalloprotease ftsh has been suggested as responsible for the degradation of the d1 protein. we have analyzed the distribution and subunit structures of ftsh in spinach thylakoids and various membrane fractions derived from the thylakoids using clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis. ftsh was found not only in the stroma thyla ...	2010	20921219
characterization of a plant glutamate receptor activity.	bioinformatic approaches have allowed the identification of twenty genes, grouped into three subfamilies, encoding for homologues of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iglrs) in the arabidopsis thaliana model plant. indirect evidence suggests that plant iglrs function as non-selective cation channels. in the present work we provide biochemical and electrophysiological evidences for the chloroplast localization of glutamate receptor(s) of family 3 (iglr3) in spinach. a specific antibody, reco ...	2010	20798509
biochemical changes associated with in vivo rbcl fragmentation by reactive oxygen species under chilling-light conditions.	during physiological stress, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) degradation is accelerated, which is considered to be one of the key factors responsible for photosynthetic decline. a recent study has shown that the large subunit (rbcl) of rubisco is directly fragmented by hydroxyl radicals in cucumis sativus leaves under chilling-light conditions. in the present study, we investigated biochemical aspects associated with this in vivo rbcl fragmentation by reactive oxygen sp ...	2010	20653886
catalytic reactions of the homogentisate prenyl transferase involved in plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis.	homogentisate solanesyl transferase (hst) catalyzes the prenylation and decarboxylation of homogentisate to form 2-methyl-6-solanesyl-1,4-benzoquinol, the first intermediate in plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis. in vitro, hst from spinacia oleracea l., arabidopsis thaliana, and chlamydomonas reinhardtii were all found to use not only solanesyl diphosphate but also short chain prenyl diphosphates of 10-20 carbon atoms as prenyl donors. surprisingly, with these donors, prenyl transfer was largely decou ...	2010	20400515
screening and partial immunochemical characterization of sulfite oxidase from plant source.	sulfite oxidase [so; ec 1.8.3.1] catalyses the physiologically vital oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in degradation of sulfur containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. sulfite oxidase from vertebrate sources is among the best studied molybdenum enzymes. existence of so in plants has been established recently by identification of a cdna from arabidopsis thaliana encoding a functional so. the present study was undertaken to identify herbaceous and woody plants (viz., ...	2010	20358871
spinacia oleracea l. leaf stomata harboring cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: a potential threat to food safety.	cryptosporidium parvum is a cosmopolitan microscopic protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) in mammals, including humans and livestock. there is growing evidence of cryptosporidium persistence in fresh produce that may result in food-borne infection, including sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. however, drinking and recreational waters are still considered the major sources of cryptosporidium infection in humans, which has resulted in prioritization of stud ...	2010	19933348
opioid peptides derived from food proteins suppress aggregation and promote reactivation of partly unfolded stressed proteins.	a new view of the opioid peptides is presented. the potential of small peptides derived from precursor food proteins, to bind to partly unfolded stressed proteins to prevent their irreversible aggregation and inactivation has been demonstrated in various in vitro test systems: dithiothreitol-induced aggregation of alpha-lactalbumin (la), heat-induced aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), and aggregation and inactivation of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (ca) in the process of its re ...	2010	19954758
hydrogen bond interactions of the pheophytin electron acceptor and its radical anion in photosystem ii as revealed by fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy.	the primary electron acceptor pheophytin (pheo(d1)) plays a crucial role in regulation of forward and backward electron transfer in photosystem ii (psii). it is known that some cyanobacteria control the pheo(d1) potential in high-light acclimation by exchanging the d1 proteins from different copies of the psba genes. to clarify the mechanism of the potential control of pheo(d1), we studied the hydrogen bond interactions of pheo(d1) in the neutral and anionic states using light-induced fourier tr ...	2010	20000330
enantioselective oxidation of 2-hydroxy carboxylic acids by glycolate oxidase and catalase coexpressed in methylotrophic pichia pastoris.	glycolate oxidase (go; (s)-2-hydroxyacid oxidase, ec 1.1.3.15) is a flavin mononucleotide (fmn)-dependent enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy carboxylic acids to the corresponding 2-keto acids. catalase has been used as cocatalyst to decompose hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction, thus limiting peroxide-based side reactions and go deactivation. go from spinach and catalase t from saccharomyces cerevisiae previously coexpressed in pichia pastoris strain nrrl y-21001, was perm ...	2010	20014430
enzymatic properties of the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase from chlamydomonas reinhardtii. evidence for hydroxylamine as a late intermediate in ammonia production.	the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase from the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been cloned, expressed in escherichia coli as a his-tagged recombinant protein, and purified to homogeneity. the spectra, kinetic properties and substrate-binding parameters of the c. reinhardtii enzyme are quite similar to those of the ferredoxin-dependent spinach chloroplast nitrite reductase. computer modeling, based on the published structure of spinach nitrite reductase, predicts that the structure ...	2010	20039132
infrequent internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 into field-grown leafy greens.	several sources of contamination of fresh produce by escherichia coli o157:h7 (o157) have been identified and include contaminated irrigation water and improperly composted animal waste; however, field studies evaluating the potential for internalization of o157 into leafy greens from these sources have not been conducted. irrigation water inoculated with green fluorescent plasmid-labeled shiga toxin-negative strains (50 ml of 10(2), 10(4), or 10(6) cfu of o157 per ml) was applied to soil at the ...	2010	20202336
[cloning, expression, purification of spinach carboxyl-terminal processing protease of d1 protein with hydrolysis activity and preparation of polyclonal antibody].	carboxyl-terminal processing protease of d1 protein (ctpa) catalyzes carboxyl terminal processing of the d1 protein of photosystem ii, which is essential for the assembly of a manganese cluster and consequent light-mediated water oxidation. it is a target for the discovery of wide-spectrum herbicide. we amplified the ctpa gene from spinach cdna with standard pcr method and constructed it into pet-28a vector to generate a recombinant expression plasmid. recombinant ctpa fusion protein with his-ta ...	2010	20575438
ageing and irradiance enhance vitamin e content in green edible tissues from crop plants.	tocopherol (vitamin e) is an antioxidant essential in human nutrition. several approaches have aimed to enhance tocopherol content in crops by the genetic modification of plants, a practice that generates some social concern. as tocopherol accumulates with leaf age in some wild plants and the antioxidant mechanisms respond with flexibility to stress conditions, it is hypothesised that tocopherol content can be increased in edible plants by the manipulation of harvesting time and growth condition ...	2010	20582995
reduction of cadmium uptake in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) by soil amendment with animal waste compost.	a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of animal waste compost (awc) in reducing cd uptake by spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). spinach was grown in a field that had been treated by having cattle, swine, or poultry waste compost incorporated into the soil before each crop throughout 4 years of rotational vegetable production. cadmium concentration was 34-38% lower in spinach harvested from the awc-treated soils than in the chemical fertilizer-treated soil. although the repeated ...	2010	20594987
electrostatic sprays of food-grade acids and plant extracts are more effective than conventional sprays in decontaminating salmonella typhimurium on spinach.	about 40000 people fall victim to salmonella infections every year in the united states. recent occurrences of salmonella contaminated spinach and its recalls have accelerated the need for efficient antimicrobials targeting these pathogens. our study was aimed at evaluating the inhibitory properties of malic, tartaric, and lactic acids, and grape seed extract (gse) alone and in combinations and their application methods against salmonella typhimurium-inoculated spinach using a response surface m ...	2010	21535613
folate content and retention in selected raw and processed foods.	adequate intake of folate reduced the risk of abnormalities in early embryonic brain development such as the risk of malformations of the embryonic brain/spinal cord, collectively referred to as neural tube defects (ntds). folate is extremely sensitive to destruction by heat, oxidation and uv light. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of different extraction procedures and enzymatic treatment to determine folate concentrations in variety of foods using a microbiological assay (ma) ...	2010	21612148
binding of virus-like particles of norwalk virus to romaine lettuce veins.	noroviruses (nov) annually cause millions of cases of gastrointestinal disease in the united states. nov are associated with raw shellfish outbreaks, particularly oysters, which are thought to bioaccumulate nov particles during the filter-feeding process. nov outbreaks, however, have also been known to occur from other common-source food-borne vehicles, such as lettuce, frozen raspberries, and salad. in this study, we evaluated romaine lettuce as a potential vehicle for nov transmission by testi ...	2010	21037300
same-day detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 from spinach by using electrochemiluminescent and cytometric bead array biosensors.	contamination of fresh produce with escherichia coli o157:h7 and other pathogens commonly causes food-borne illness and disease outbreaks. thus, screening for pathogens is warranted, but improved testing procedures are needed to allow reproducible same-day detection of low initial contamination levels on perishable foods, and methods for detecting numerous pathogens in a single test are desired. experimental procedures were developed to enable rapid screening of spinach for e. coli o157:h7 by us ...	2010	21037307
recombinant production and purification of the subunit c of chloroplast atp synthase.	in chloroplasts, the multimeric atp synthase produces the adenosine triphosphate (atp) that is required for photosynthetic metabolism. the synthesis of atp is mechanically coupled to the rotation of a ring of c-subunits, which is imbedded in the thylakoid membrane. the rotation of this c-subunit ring is driven by the translocation of protons across this membrane, along an electrochemical gradient. the ratio of protons translocated to atp synthesized varies according to the number of c-subunits ( ...	2010	21040791
combination of adhesive-tape-based sampling and fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid detection of salmonella on fresh produce.	this protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) for rapid culture-independent detection of salmonella spp. cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, follo ...	2010	21048665
reduction of escherichia coli o157:h7 viability on leafy green vegetables by treatment with a bacteriophage mixture and trans-cinnamaldehyde.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 has been recognized as a major foodborne pathogen responsible for frequent gastroenteritis outbreaks. phages and essential oils can be used as a natural antimicrobial method to reduce bacterial pathogens from the food supply. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of a bacteriophage cocktail, bec8, alone and in combination with the essential oil trans-cinnameldehyde (tc) on the viability of a mixture of ehec o157:h7 strains appli ...	2010	21056787
virulence characterization of shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli isolates from wholesale produce.	the 13 shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from wholesale spinach and lettuce consisted mostly of serotypes that have not been implicated in illness. among these strains, however, were two o113:h21 that carried virulence genes common to this pathogenic serotype (stx(2), ehxa, saa, and subab), suggesting that their presence in ready-to-eat produce may be of health concern.	2010	21057025
preharvest internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 into lettuce leaves, as affected by insect and physical damage.	environmental pests may serve as reservoirs and vectors of zoonotic pathogens to leafy greens; however, it is unknown whether insect pests feeding on plant tissues could redistribute these pathogens present on the surface of leaves to internal sites. this study sought to differentiate the degree of tissue internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 when applied at different populations on the surface of lettuce and spinach leaves, and to ascertain whether lettuce-infesting insects or physical in ...	2010	21067668
investigating the spectrum of biological activity of ring-substituted salicylanilides and carbamoylphenylcarbamates.	in this study, a series of twelve ring-substituted salicylanilides and carbamoylphenylcarbamates were prepared and characterized. the compounds were analyzed using rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity. they were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. moreover, their site of action in the photosynthetic apparatus was determined. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also per ...	2010	21072023
persistence and spread of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden in soil and on spinach plants.	several outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria are related to the consumption of raw produce contaminated by animal manure. the majority of these outbreaks have been linked to salmonella spp. we examined the ability of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden to persist and survive in manure and soil as well as disseminate to, and persist on, spinach roots and leaves. significantly higher numbers of s. weltevreden inoculated into manure and applied to soil before planting spinach were found in s ...	2010	21073511
nodularin uptake and induction of oxidative stress in spinach (spinachia oleracea).	the bloom-forming cyanobacterium nodularia spumigena produces toxic compounds, including nodularin, which is known to have adverse effects on various organisms. we monitored the primary effects of nodularin exposure on physiological parameters in spinachia oleracea. we present the first evidence for the uptake of nodularin by a terrestrial plant, and show that the exposure of spinach to cyanobacterial crude water extract from nodularin-producing strain av1 results in inhibition of growth and ble ...	2010	21093957
synthesis, antimycobacterial, antifungal and photosynthesis-inhibiting activity of chlorinated n-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides.	a series of sixteen pyrazinamide analogues with the -conh- linker connecting the pyrazine and benzene rings was synthesized by the condensation of chlorides of substituted pyrazinecarboxylic acids with ring-substituted (chlorine) anilines. the prepared compounds were characterized and evaluated for their antimycobacterial and antifungal activity, and for their ability to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport (pet). 6-chloro-n-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide manifested the highest acti ...	2010	21116226
simultaneous recovery of bacteria and viruses from contaminated water and spinach by a filtration method.	water and leafy vegetables eaten fresh are increasingly reported as being involved in food-borne illness cases. the pathogenic agents responsible for these infections are mainly bacteria and viruses and are present in very small quantities on the contaminated food matrices. laboratory techniques used to isolate or detect the contaminating agent differ enormously according to the type of microorganisms, generating time and economical losses. the purpose of this study was to optimize a single meth ...	2010	21131086
separation and detection of multiple pathogens in a food matrix by magnetic sers nanoprobes.	a rapid and sensitive method was developed here for separation and detection of multiple pathogens in food matrix by magnetic surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) nanoprobes. silica-coated magnetic probes (mnps@sio(2)) of ~100 nm in diameter were first prepared via the reverse microemulsion method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica precursor. the as-prepared mnps@sio(2) were functionalized with specific pathogen antibodies to first ...	2010	21136046
sucrose monolaurate improves the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite against escherichia coli o157:h7 on spinach.	it is well-recognized that chlorine has limited efficacy when applied to inactivate pathogens on fresh produce. one of the many factors limiting efficacy is the high interfacial tension of chlorine-based sanitizers that limits the access of chlorine to the microorganisms. in this work, we investigated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm, ph 6.0) at 4 and 20 °c against escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated on baby spinach leaves as affected by the surfactant sucrose monolaurate (sml) at be ...	2010	21168229
characterization of the haem oxygenase protein family in arabidopsis thaliana reveals a diversity of functions.	hos (haem oxygenases) catalyse the oxidative cleavage of haem to bv (biliverdin), iron and carbon monoxide. in plants, the product of the reaction is bv ixalpha, the precursor of the phy (phytochrome) chromophore and is thus essential for proper photomorphogenesis. arabidopsis thaliana contains one major biochemically characterized ho (hy1) and three additional putative hos (ho2, ho3 and ho4). all four proteins are encoded in the nucleus but contain chloroplast translocation sequences at their n ...	2010	19860740
persistence of enterohaemorrhagic and nonpathogenic e. coli on spinach leaves and in rhizosphere soil.	survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and nonpathogenic e. coli on spinach leaves and in organic soil while growing spinach in a growth chamber was investigated.	2010	19878527