Publications

beyond government intervention: drug companies and bioethics.		2002	12230855
who are the guardians guarding?		2002	12230858
[anthrax as a biological weapon].		2002	12238162
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacillus anthracis in an endemic area.	we aimed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of 28 bacillus anthracis strains isolated from cutaneous anthrax cases to various antimicrobial agents using the sceptor automatic system in an anthrax endemic area. all strains tested were susceptible to penicillin (mic < or = 0.03 microg/ml). piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems showed good activity towards all strains. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefepime had no activity. strains were also tested with other antimicrobials.	2002	12238569
a case of anthrax meningitis.	meningeal anthrax is a very rare complication of the cutaneous, respiratory and gastrointestinal form of anthrax infection. anthrax bacilli, most commonly enter the body via the skin, and the organism then disseminates to the central nervous system via the hematogenous or lymphatic routes leading to fatal bacterial meningitis, even with intensive antibacterial therapy.	2002	12238584
bioterrorism vs. health security--crafting a plan of preparedness.	bioterrorism, once a subject of fantasy and speculation, has become all too real in a world turned upside down by the september 11, 2001. series of events. an essential, but as yet unanswered, question has become a crucial topic for discussion on the nightly news and in living rooms across the united states: how much of a terrorist threat do we face, and what must be done to control its potential for mass destruction? this article seeks to both answer this question and explore proper plans of pr ...	2002	12243568
[microbial warfare and bioterrorism].	infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ...	2002	12244657
delayed treatment with doxycycline has limited effect on anthrax infection in blk57/b6 mice.	blk57/b6 mice were infected with ld90 dose of sterne strain anthrax spores subcutaneously and then treated with doxycycline. doxycycline at a dose of 1.5mg/kg, by intra-peritoneal injection, protected mice from death when given at the same time as spores. when doxycycline administration was delayed 4h survival is 90%. delay of 24h increased survival time but had no impact on eventual mortality. when doxycycline was delayed 48h, mortality and time to death were comparable to sham injection. perit ...	2002	12270123
the vigilance defense.		2002	12271529
bioterrorism fears.		2002	12271909
disaster planning and emergency preparedness: lessons learned.	following the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, the federal response plan was activated immediately, with most efforts focused on helping recovery workers at ground zero in new york city. comprehensive pharmacy services were critical in protecting the health of those potentially exposed to anthrax at u.s. postal service facilities and the u.s. capitol. responding to anthrax attacks taught many valuable lessons to emergency workers on how to manage a bioterrorist attack. because of its cen ...	2002	12296554
[infection and invasion of humans in the yamal peninsula].	the helminthic fauna of vertebrates in the yamal peninsula consists of 61 species: of them 2 species are monogenic, 6 are trematodes, 29 are cestodes, and 24 are nematodes. twelve species of the 4 are antroponoses and 8 are zoonoses which may parasite on human beings. human infection with some zoonoses is due to local habits of eating raw or undercooked meat of wild animals, domestic deers, and fish. these helminthic diseases include trichinosis, taeniasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis. o ...	2002	12298157
bioterrorism expert says u.s. agriculture vulnerable to attack.		2002	12322901
veterinarians key to bioterrorism preparedness initiatives.		2002	12322902
the identification of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(m), on a tn916-like transposon, in the bacillus cereus group.	in order to investigate whether resistance genes present in bacteria in manure could transfer to indigenous soil bacteria, resistant isolates belonging to the bacillus cereus group (bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis) were isolated from farm soil (72 isolates) and manure (12 isolates) samples. these isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tet(k), tet(l), tet(m), tet(o), tet(s) and tet(t)). of 88 isolates examined, three (3.4%) isolates carried both t ...	2002	12351239
anthrax: new threat from an ancient microbe.		2002	12352747
comments on the institute of medicine's 2002 report on the safety of anthrax vaccine.	in april 2002, the prestigious institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences issued a final report on the safety and effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine currently in use by the united states military. it concluded that the present vaccine was completely safe and effective, but ignored evidence of several recent research studies from three different nations that have implicated vaccines, often including anthrax vaccine, in the epidemiology of gulf war illnesses. omissions and limitat ...	2002	12353779
bioterrorism and physicians.		2002	12353968
therapeutic challenges posed by bacterial bioterrorism threats.	the events of the autumn of 2001 in the united states made it clear that the spectre of the use of microorganisms to intentionally harm humans is a reality. the current strategy to control disease outbreaks caused by the intentional release of bacteria is to use antimicrobial agents, both therapeutically and prophylactically. however, multidrug-resistant strains of bacterial bioterrorism agents occur naturally or have been bio-engineered, indicating how vulnerable this strategy is.	2002	12354556
public relations. straight talk.		2002	12355974
reporting for duty. one year after terrorist attacks shook the nation, hospitals confront a changed landscape--and seek to do their part to defend the homeland.	as we observe the first anniversary of the sept. 11 terrorist attacks that changed our nation, health care providers prepare to deal with potential disasters that in better times were merely the realm of science fiction. in communities across the country, readiness is the new goal, bioterrorism the new threat.	2002	12355977
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	12357139
containing and combatting bioterrorism.		2002	12357849
furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease.	furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction--the proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates in the secretory pathway. but the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and important roles in homeostasis, as well as in diseases ranging from alzheimer's disease and cancer to anthrax and ebola fever. this review summarizes various features of furin--its structural and enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, trafficking, substrates, and roles in vivo.	2002	12360192
[the policy of vaccinal prevention in the italian armed forces].		2002	12360822
believe it or not--silver still poisons!	for centuries, silver has been endowed with therapeutic benefits. it is still used today as a "caustic" for superficial bleeding. within 7days, we had 3 cases of "argyria" and then 2 more over the next month. the first 2 cases involved a husband and wife with a 3-y exposure to naturopathic hydrolyzed silver treatment. the third casewas a 37-y-old male in a state psychiatric facility noted to have darkly "discolored" skin probable obtained from herbal tea. the last 2 cases were a married couple i ...	2002	12361115
[consequences in different fields after the terror attack in new york].		2002	12362541
anthrax.		2002	12362648
on the front lines: family physicians' preparedness for bioterrorism.	the events of september 11, 2001, and the nation's recent experience with anthrax assaults made bioterrorism preparedness a national priority. because primary care physicians are among the sentinel responders to bioterrorist attacks, we sought to determine family physicians' beliefs about their preparedness for such an attack.	2002	12366891
anthrax fusion protein therapy of cancer.	most patients with cancer are treated with chemotherapy but die from progressive disease or toxicities of therapy. current chemotherapy regimens primarily use cytotoxic drugs which damage cell dna or impair cell proliferation in both malignant and normal tissues. after several treatment courses, the patients' tumor cells often overexpress multi-drug resistance genes which prevent further tumor cytoreduction. novel agents which can kill such resistant tumor cells are needed. one such class of age ...	2002	12370003
delivery of nucleic acid into mammalian cells by anthrax toxin.	gene delivery vehicles based on receptor-mediated endocytosis offer an attractive long-term solution as they might overcome the limitations of toxicity and cargo capacity inherent to many viral gene delivery systems. the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin bind to specific receptors and deliver lethal factor or edema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal 254 amino acids of lf (lf(1-254)) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins i ...	2002	12372402
antimicrobial therapy for anthrax.		2002	12373508
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377080
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377082
chemical and biological weapons. implications for anaesthesia and intensive care.	in the wake of recent atrocities there has been renewed apprehension regarding the possibility of chemical and biological weapon (cbw) deployment by terrorists. despite various international agreements that proscribe their use, certain states continue to develop chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. of greater concern, recent historical examples support the prospect that state-independent organizations have the capability to produce such weapons. indeed, the deliberate deployment ...	2002	12378672
postexposure prophylaxis against anthrax: evaluation of various treatment regimens in intranasally infected guinea pigs.	the efficiency of postexposure prophylaxis against bacillus anthracis infection was tested in guinea pigs infected intranasally with either vollum or strain atcc 6605 spores (75 times the 50% lethal dose [ld(50)] and 87 times ld(50,) respectively). starting 24 h postinfection, animals were treated three times per day for 14 days with ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, cefazolin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). administration of cefazolin and tmp-smx failed to protect the ani ...	2002	12379702
rapid genotyping of bacillus anthracis strains by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	rapid and accurate identification of bacillus anthracis is critical for patient care as well as outbreak control. we have developed 3 separate pcr based assays using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to detect the presence of pxo1, pxo2 plasmids and a chromosomal marker. a set of amplification primers and probes were used in each assay. the probes were ad jacently placed inside the primer sites and were 1-bp apart. the upstream probe was labeled with fluorescein at the 3' end, and th ...	2002	12381573
basis for the extraordinary genetic stability of anthrax.	over 500 isolates of anthrax bacillus from around the world represent one of the most genetically homogeneous microbes. there are three possibilities for this genetic stability: (1) anthrax has an extraordinarily high fidelity repair system, (2) genetic damage to anthrax is usually lethal, and/or (3) a highly demanding and selective process exists in its environment that is necessary for the completion of its life cycle. using probes made from genes selected by growth of an escherichia coli expr ...	2002	12381574
emergency response planning for anthrax outbreaks in bison herds of northern canada: a balance between policy and science.	anthrax outbreaks in northern canada have implications for ongoing recovery efforts for the threatened wood bison and may pose a health risk to humans, other wildlife, and domestic livestock. rwed and wbnp maintain anthrax emergency response plans (aerps) for their respective jurisdictions. an aerp is a pre-planned logistical framework for responding effectively and rapidly to an outbreak so as to minimize spread of the disease, reduce environmental load of spores available for future outbreaks, ...	2002	12381599
anthrax as a biological weapon: an old disease that poses a new threat.		2002	12382615
["biological" but deadly. potential biological weapons].		2002	11968178
antibody response to a delayed booster dose of anthrax vaccine and botulinum toxoid.	we evaluated the prevalence and concentration of serum antibodies 18-24 months after primary inoculation with anthrax and botulinum vaccines, and assessed the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a significantly delayed booster dose of these vaccines. five hundred and eight male active-duty military personnel received one, two or three inoculations with anthrax vaccine and/or botulinum toxoid in 1990/1991 in preparation for operations desert shield/desert storm. subjects were vaccinated with the ...	2002	11972980
the esat-6/wxg100 superfamily -- and a new gram-positive secretion system?	esat-6 is a small secreted protein of unknown function from mycobacterium tuberculosis that is of fundamental importance in virulence and protective immunity. a psi-blast search has identified distant homologues of esat-6 in more tractable bacteria, including bacillus subtilis, bacillus anthracis, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium acetobutylicum. the genes for esat-6-like proteins often cluster with genes encoding homologues of b. subtilis yuka. i speculate that the esat-6-like and yuka-like ...	2002	11973144
many leads, many dead ends. frustration inside the fbi's anthrax investigation: a so-far perfect crime.		2002	11974548
bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison.	the most important aerobic bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison include bovine tuberculosis, johne's disease (paratuberculosis), yersiniosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis and colibacillosis. anaerobic bacterial infections affecting the same animals include necrobacillosis and a number of clostridial diseases such as tetanus, blackleg, malignant oedema and pulpy kidney. the relative importance of these diseases will vary throughout the world according ...	2002	11974613
anthrax and wildlife.	although livestock anthrax is declining in many parts of the world, with an increasing number of countries probably truly free of the disease, anthrax remains enzootic in many national parks and even in some game ranching areas. these infected areas can present a persistent risk to surrounding livestock, which may otherwise be free of the disease, as well as a public health risk. the authors use as examples the national parks in southern africa, the wood buffalo national park in northern alberta ...	2002	11974621
calmodulin in action: diversity in target recognition and activation mechanisms.	recent structural studies on calmodulin complexes with anthrax adenylyl cyclase and rat ca2+-activated k+ channel have uncovered unexpected ways by which calmodulin interacts with target proteins.	2002	11955428
managing terror. public health officials learn lessons from bioterrorism attacks.	when a photo-journalist presented with the first case of inhalation anthrax in the united states in 23 years, it marked the worse case of biological terrorism in our nation's history. it also marked a significant management challenge for numerous local, state and federal officials. review what was learned and how we can better prepare for future attacks.	2002	11957420
oklahoma city and tulsa metropolitan medical response system.	the tragic loss of lives on september 11 followed by the anthrax contaminations reinforced the need for work already underway through the metropolitan medical response system (mmrs). through leadership from the medical director for the medical control board and emsa, oklahoma city and tulsa have been the beneficiaries of nearly $1.5 million dollars in funding to prepare for nuclear, chemical or bioterrorism. the two oklahoma cities were among the second wave of cities invited in 1999 to particip ...	2002	11957849
dynamic ct features of inhalational anthrax infection.		2002	11959702
early statistical detection of anthrax outbreaks by tracking over-the-counter medication sales.	the recent series of anthrax attacks has reinforced the importance of biosurveillance systems for the timely detection of epidemics. this paper describes a statistical framework for monitoring grocery data to detect a large-scale but localized bioterrorism attack. our system illustrates the potential of data sources that may be more timely than traditional medical and public health data. the system includes several layers, each customized to grocery data and tuned to finding footprints of an epi ...	2002	11959973
human antibodies against spores of the genus bacillus: a model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat.	a naive, human single-chain fv (scfv) phage-display library was used in bio-panning against live, native spores of bacillus subtilis ifo 3336 suspended in solution. a direct in vitro panning and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based selection afforded a panel of nine scfv-phage clones of which two, 5b and 7e, were chosen for further study. these two clones differed in their relative specificity and affinity for spores of b. subtilis ifo 3336 vs. a panel of spores from 11 other bacillus species ...	2002	11959974
biodefence research.		2002	11961508
bioterrorism.		2002	11961869
new york city, 2001: reaction and response.		2002	11937606
anthrax update.		2002	11944174
[infections by bacillus anthracis].		2002	11951140
tracking the anthrax attacks.		2002	11951313
bioterrorism watch. building a bridge over the abyss: will bioterrorism help bring disjointed health system together?		2002	11951727
bioterrorism watch. was anthrax mailer a bioweapons researcher?		2002	11951729
suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker--texas, 2002.	on march 6, 2002, cdc's national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh) received a request for a health hazard evaluation from the director of laboratory a to assist in the evaluation of a worker who had been diagnosed with cutaneous anthrax. laboratory a, a provisionally approved laboratory response network level b laboratory, had been processing environmental samples for bacillus anthracis in support of cdc investigations of the bioterrorist attacks in the united states during fa ...	2002	11952281
developmental switch of s-layer protein synthesis in bacillus anthracis.	adjustment of the synthesis of abundant protein to the requirements of the cell involves processes critical to the minimization of energy expenditure. the regulation of s-layer genes might be a good model for such processes because expression must be controlled, such that the encoded proteins exactly cover the surface of the bacterium. bacillus anthracis has two s-layer genes, sap and eag, encoding the s-layer proteins sap and ea1 respectively. we report that the production and surface localizat ...	2002	11952909
recognition and management of anthrax.		2002	11907299
cutaneous anthrax infection.		2002	11907300
genetic relationships of bacillus anthracis and closely related species based on variable-number tandem repeat analysis and box-pcr genomic fingerprinting.	variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) analysis and box-repeat-based pcr (box-pcr) genomic fingerprinting were performed on 25 bacillus strains to investigate the genetic relatedness of bacillus anthracis to the closely related species. based on vntr analysis, all b. anthracis strains could be assigned to (vntr)(4), which is the most commonly found type in the world. interestingly, a (vntr)(2) was also observed in bacillus cereus kctc 1661 and with an exact match to the tandem repeats found in b. ...	2002	11886745
cdc chief koplan quits "the best job in public health".		2002	11888602
homeopathy and infectious disease: controversies raised by the recent foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax outbreaks.		2002	11890431
discovery of the anthrax toxin: the beginning of studies of virulence determinants regulated in vivo.	anthrax kills many animal species. it was used to prove koch's postulates in 1876. soon after that the classical bacterial toxins were produced in vitro, but up to 1950, a lethal toxin had not been demonstrated in either anthrax bacilli or filtrates from laboratory cultures. the cause of death had been an enigma for seventy years. during the 1950's, a toxin was recognized by examining bacteria and their products obtained from guinea pigs dying of anthrax. the toxin was found in their plasma and ...	2002	11890538
tnf receptor 1, il-1 receptor, and inos genetic knockout mice are not protected from anthrax infection.	anthrax produces at least two toxins that cause an intense systemic inflammatory response, edema, shock, and eventually death. the relative contributions of various elements of the immune response to mortality and course of disease progression are poorly understood. we hypothesized that knockout mice missing components of the immune system will have an altered response to infection. parent strain mice and knockouts were challenged with ld95 of anthrax spores (5 x 10(6)) administered subcutaneous ...	2002	11890668
risk factors for multisymptom illness in us army veterans of the gulf war.	this research study examined the prevalence of symptoms and identified risk factors for reported symptoms among a group of army gulf war (gw) veterans. a survey was mailed to all members of the ft. devens cohort in 1997, representing the third assessment of a group that consisted of 2949 us army soldiers deployed to the gulf, and was studied initially in 1991. a total of 1290 subjects responded to the mailed survey; aggressive follow-up methods to address non-response bias were employed. subject ...	2002	11911029
recognition and management of anthrax.		2002	11911136
recognition and management of anthrax.		2002	11911137
recognition and management of anthrax.		2002	11911138
despite finding anthrax vaccine useful, iom recommends seeking a better one.		2002	11911739
relationship between prepregnancy anthrax vaccination and pregnancy and birth outcomes among us army women.	substantial concern surrounds the potential health effects of the anthrax vaccine, particularly the potential adverse effects on reproductive processes.	2002	11911758
[robert koch (1843-1910): a life in the trenches (against microbes, against virchow, and against so many other things)---and an unexpected parallel with golgi].		2002	11912879
anthrax aftermath: adverse drug reactions, vaccine controversy undercut cdc extended treatment offer.		2002	11912887
20/20 hindsight. months after anthrax claimed the lives of several. americans, hospitals review their reaction to the event--and plan for future crises.	last fall, after a nation suffered the unthinkable attacks of sept. 11, a second wave of terror held americans in its grip. questions still surround a series of baffling cases of anthrax that shook new york and connecticut. each of the hospitals involved report that despite the unsolved mysteries posed by these events, they are more cautious and better-prepared for future bioterrorism attacks.	2002	11913044
anthrax outbreak in mago national park, southern ethiopia.		2002	11913590
[on bioterrorism].		2002	11915677
anthrax vaccine is safe and effective-but needs improvement, says iom.		2002	11918923
our first line of defense against bioterrorism. part 1.	health care's response to the anthrax outbreak highlights our critical need to enlist sophisticated information technology (it) tools in the defense against bioterrorism. part 1 of a two-part series explains what went wrong in the most recent attack and suggests how a national it infrastructure might help in the future.	2002	11923974
[affinity sorbents having magnetic properties in the clinical picture and diagnosis of communicable and non-communicable diseases].	affine magnetic sorbents which have no analogs in the practice of our country have been for the first time developed for the rapid diagnosis of various life-threatening diseases (plague, cholera, anthrax, glanders, meliodosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, dysentery, viral hepatitis a) and for the identification of their causative agents. the efficacy of new magnet-controlling test systems has been repeatedly confirmed by their applications in epidemiological events and emergencies: in the epidemiol ...	2002	11924124
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	11924164
cdc director to step down march 31.		2002	11924204
the three faces of anthrax.		2002	11925586
[female patient with cutaneous anthrax in belgium].		2002	11925816
diagnosis and management of suspected cases of bioterrorism: a pediatric perspective.	since october 3, 2001, the centers for disease control and prevention and other organizations have been investigating potential bioterrorist-related anthrax cases. the pediatrician may be faced with complex issues related to diagnosis and treatment of illnesses caused by intentionally released biological agents. the agents that pose a major potential bioterrorist threat are reviewed by the clinical syndromes they produce: acute respiratory distress with fever, influenza-like illnesses, acute ras ...	2002	11927716
anthrax concerns persist in the usa.		2002	11892492
managing emotional fallout. parting remarks from america's top psychiatrist. interview by diane coutu.	last fall, the united states was brutally thrust into a new and dangerous world. as the twin towers of the world trade center collapsed and the pentagon burned, the horrible reality of terrorism seared the american consciousness. it touched more than the victims and their families; everyone who sat transfixed before the horrific images on tv lived through the trauma. in a sense, we were all eyewitnesses, and we must all cope with feelings of anger, stress, and anxiety. that poses a huge immediat ...	2002	11894678
improved anthrax vaccine is needed, claims report.		2002	11895815
mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated bacillus anthracis protective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice.	existing licensed anthrax vaccines are administered parenterally and require multiple doses to induce protective immunity. this requires trained personnel and is not the optimum route for stimulating a mucosal immune response. microencapsulation of vaccine antigens offers a number of advantages over traditional vaccine formulations, including stability without refrigeration and the potential for utilizing less invasive routes of administration. recombinant protective antigen (rpa), the dominant ...	2002	11895967
planning for the unthinkable.		2002	11896629
clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax.		2002	11897081
health's role with anthrax.		2002	11898266
the case for more active policy attention to health promotion.	until recently, when anthrax triggered a concern about preparedness in the public health infrastructure, u.s. health policy and health spending had been dominated by a focus on payment for medical treatment. the fact that many of the conditions driving the need for treatment are preventable ought to draw attention to policy opportunities for promoting health. following a brief review of the determinants of population health-genetic predispositions, social circumstances, environmental conditions, ...	2002	11900188
ambulatory medical visits among anthrax-vaccinated and unvaccinated personnel after return from southwest asia.	the department of defense launched a mandatory anthrax immunization program for military personnel in december 1997. this program has been criticized for many reasons, including concern over side effects. this study was designed to give a quick answer to the question of whether vaccinated persons who deployed to southwest asia were more likely to seek medical care upon their return than their unvaccinated counterparts. the results demonstrated that there was no greater risk for vaccinated person ...	2002	11901567
anthrax update.		2002	11901645
bioterrorism watch. anthrax aftermath: adverse drug reactions, vaccine controversy undercut cdc extended treatment offer.		2002	11905387
from the centers for disease control. status of us department of defense preliminary evaluation of the association of anthrax vaccination and congenital anomalies.		2002	11885583