Publications

detection of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in blood-free enriched samples of inoculated foods by the polymerase chain reaction.	the detection of thermophilic campylobacter spp., as represented by campylobacter jejuni, by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was investigated and compared with the selective agar isolation (sai) method. stationary-phase cultures of c. jejuni were inoculated into either blood-free enrichment broth (bfeb) or bfeb that contained 10% broccoli, crabmeat, mushroom, raw milk, and raw oyster rinses. following a 48-h enrichment period, aliquots of food test portions were removed for simultaneous anal ...	2000	10716555
interference of pseudomonas strains in the identification of helicobacter pylori.		2000	10722321
serum amyloid p component bound to gram-negative bacteria prevents lipopolysaccharide-mediated classical pathway complement activation.	although serum amyloid p component (sap) is known to bind many ligands, its biological function is not yet clear. recently, it was demonstrated that sap binds to lipopolysaccharide (lps). in the present study, sap was shown to bind to gram-negative bacteria expressing short types of lps or lipo-oligosaccharide (los), such as salmonella enterica serovar copenhagen re and escherichia coli j5, and also to clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae. it was hypothesized that sap binds to the bacteri ...	2000	10722560
altered gene expression in staphylococcus aureus upon interaction with human endothelial cells.	staphylococcus aureus is isolated from a substantial number of patients with infective endocarditis who are not known to have predisposing heart abnormalities. it has been suggested that the infection is initiated by the direct binding of s. aureus to human vascular endothelium. to determine the mutual response of the endothelial cells and the bacteria, we studied the interaction between s. aureus and human vascular endothelium. scanning electron microscopic analyses showed that binding of s. au ...	2000	10722562
molecular epidemiologic approaches to urinary tract infection gene discovery in uropathogenic escherichia coli.	urinary tract infection (uti) is one of the most frequently acquired bacterial infections. the vast majority of utis are caused by a large, genetically heterogeneous group of escherichia coli. this genetic diversity has hampered identification of uti-related genes. a three-step experimental strategy was used to identify genes potentially involved in e. coli uti transmission or virulence: epidemiologic pairing of a uti-specific strain with a fecal control, differential cloning to isolated uti str ...	2000	10722596
helicobacter pylori possesses two chey response regulators and a histidine kinase sensor, chea, which are essential for chemotaxis and colonization of the gastric mucosa.	infection of the mucous layer of the human stomach by helicobacter pylori requires the bacterium to be motile and presumably chemotactic. previous studies have shown that fully functional flagella are essential for motility and colonization, but the role of chemotaxis remains unclear. the two-component regulatory system chea/chey has been shown to play a major role in chemotaxis in other enteric bacteria. scrutiny of the 26695 genome sequence suggests that h. pylori has two chey response regulat ...	2000	10722597
identification of regions of the escherichia coli chromosome specific for neonatal meningitis-associated strains.	specific virulence factors associated with the pathogenesis of escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis (ecnm), such as the k1 capsular polysaccharide, the s fimbriae, and the ibe10 protein, have been previously identified. however, some other yet unidentified factors are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of ecnm. to identify specialized unique dna regions associated with ecnm virulence, we used the representational difference analysis technique. the genomes of two strains be ...	2000	10722606
chronic atrophic gastritis in scid mice experimentally infected with campylobacter fetus.	campylobacter fetus is a cause of enteritis and invasive extraintestinal disease in humans. in order to develop an animal model of c. fetus infection, outbred icr scid mice were orally challenged with a clinical isolate of c. fetus. the stomachs of scid mice were heavily colonized with c. fetus, and colonization was associated with the development of chronic atrophic gastritis. this lesion was characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate of granulocytes and macrophages that over time resulted in ...	2000	10722608
detection and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in broiler chicken samples using a pcr/dna probe membrane based colorimetric detection assay.	campylobacter enteritis in humans has been linked to consumption of poultry meat. surveys show that 30-100% of poultry harbour campylobacter as normal flora of the digestive tract which indicates a need to identify prevalent organism types in flocks and trace their epidemiology. in this study we describe a campylobacter genus specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, amplifying the 16 s-23 s rrna intergenic spacer region with an internal campylobacter genus specific dna probe and species s ...	2000	10725058
genetic diversity of the campylobacter genes coding immunodominant proteins.	three campylobacter jejuni 72dz/92 genes (cjaa (omph1), cjac (hisj) and cjad (omp18)) encoding immunodominant proteins are considered to be potential chicken vaccine candidates. the presence and conservation of cjaa, cjac and cjad genes among different campylobacter clinical isolates were determined. the genes were detected in thirty campylobacter strains using hybridization as well as western blot analysis. however, pcr products of the predicted size were amplified only from ten out of thirty e ...	2000	10731605
antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni assessed by e-test and double dilution agar method in southern chile.	the susceptibility patterns of 108 campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni clinical strains, to six antimicrobial agents was determined by using the e-test and the double dilution agar methods. using both methods, no strain was found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and gentamicin, but two (1.8%) were resistant to tetracycline and all to aztreonam. seven (6.5%) strains were resistant to ampicillin by the e-test and five (4.6%) by the double dilution agar method and by both methods. no g ...	2000	10733748
lipopolysaccharides of a campylobacter coli isolate from a patient with guillain-barré syndrome display ganglioside mimicry.	campylobacter coli was isolated from a patient with severe, axonal type guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). the patient's serum was tested by elisa for glycolipid antibodies and showed a high titer of igg antibodies to asialo-gm1 (ga1) and gd3. campylobacter coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) was extracted and analyzed by elisa, immunoblot binding and blocking studies, and found to avidly bind cholera toxin and peanut agglutinin. the lps from the patient's isolate also induced anti-ga1 antibodies in a rat ...	2000	10734265
molecular characterization of two-component systems of helicobacter pylori.	two-component systems are frequently involved in the adaptation of bacteria to changing environmental conditions at the level of transcriptional regulation. here we report the characterization of members of the two-component systems of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori deduced from the genome sequence of strain 26695. we demonstrate that the response regulators hp166, hp1043, and hp1021 have essential functions, as disruption of the corresponding genes is lethal for the bacteria, irrespec ...	2000	10735847
role of motility in adherence to and invasion of a fish cell line by vibrio anguillarum.	to understand further the role of the flagellum of vibrio anguillarum in virulence, invasive and adhesive properties of isogenic motility mutants were analyzed by using a chinook salmon embryo cell line. adhesion was unaffected but invasion of the cell line was significantly decreased in nonmotile or partially motile mutants, and the chemotactic mutant was hyperinvasive. these results suggest that active motility aids invasion by v. anguillarum, both in vivo and in vitro.	2000	10735880
functional analysis of gapped microbial genomes: amino acid metabolism of thiobacillus ferrooxidans.	a gapped genome sequence of the biomining bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain atcc23270 was assembled from sheared dna fragments (3.2-times coverage) into 1,912 contigs. a total of 2,712 potential genes (orfs) were identified in 2.6 mbp (megabase pairs) of thiobacillus genomic sequence. of these genes, 2,159 could be assigned functions by using the wit-pro/emp genome analysis system, most with a high degree of certainty. nine hundred of the genes have been assigned roles in metabolic path ...	2000	10737802
the viable-but-nonculturable state induced by abiotic stress in the biocontrol agent pseudomonas fluorescens cha0 does not promote strain persistence in soil.	the effects of oxygen limitation, low redox potential, and high nacl stress for 7 days in vitro on the rifampin-resistant biocontrol inoculant pseudomonas fluorescens cha0-rif and its subsequent persistence in natural soil for 54 days were investigated. throughout the experiment, the strain was monitored using total cell counts (immunofluorescence microscopy), kogure's direct viable counts, and colony counts (on rifampin-containing plates). under in vitro conditions, viable-but-nonculturable (vb ...	2000	10742257
identification of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. lari, c. upsaliensis, arcobacter butzleri, and a. butzleri-like species based on the glya gene.	currently, the detection and identification of campylobacter and arcobacter species remains arduous, largely due to cross-species phenotypic similarities and a relatively narrow spectrum of biochemical reactivity. we have developed a pcr-hybridization strategy, wherein degenerate primers are used to amplify glya fragments from samples, which are then subjected to species-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe hybridizations, to identify and distinguish between campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. ...	2000	10747131
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using random chromosomal gene probes for epidemiological analysis of campylobacter jejuni infections.	we have evaluated the ability of a new genotyping method for campylobacter jejuni based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms using random chromosomal gene probes. dnas from c. jejuni strains digested with each of three restriction enzymes, hhai, haeiii, and hpaii, were analyzed by southern hybridization using each of two unrelated cosmid clones, p14 and p15 (respectively containing 30- and 35-kb genomic dna fragments of c. jejuni strain oh4384). the method reported provides a stable and ...	2000	10747164
a field-suitable, semisolid aerobic enrichment medium for isolation of campylobacter jejuni in small numbers.	the objective of this study was to produce an economical, easy to prepare, field-suitable enrichment medium for detection of campylobacter jejuni in small numbers. a semisolid aerobic enrichment medium was developed. rates of recovery from inoculated medium, sterile swabs, and mixed cultures of c. jejuni and coliform bacteria were tested.	2000	10747165
new concepts of guillain-barré syndrome.	guillain-barré syndrome is an acute autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy with a clinical presentation of flaccid paralysis with areflexia, variable sensory disturbance, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein without pleocytosis. although guillain-barré syndrome previously had been viewed as a unitary disorder with variations, it currently is viewed as a group of syndromes with several distinctive subtypes. these include the principal subtype prevalent in the western world (acute inflammatory demy ...	2000	10757475
inorganic polyphosphate is needed for swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	polyphosphate kinase (ppk), encoded by the ppk gene, is the principal enzyme in many bacteria for the synthesis of inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) from atp. a knockout mutant in the ppk gene of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 is impaired in flagellar swimming motility on semisolid agar plates. the mutant is deficient in type iv pili-mediated twitching motility and in a "swarming motility" previously unobserved in p. aeruginosa. in swarming cultures, the polar monotrichous bacteria have differentiat ...	2000	10758151
ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni infections.		2000	10776404
complete nucleotide sequence of tn10.	the complete nucleotide sequence of tn10 has been determined. the dinucleotide signature and percent g+c of the sequence had no discontinuities, indicating that tn10 constitutes a homogeneous unit. the new sequence contained three new open reading frames corresponding to a glutamate permease, repressors of heavy metal resistance operons, and a hypothetical protein in bacillus subtilis. the glutamate permease was fully functional when expressed, but tn10 did not protect escherichia coli from the ...	2000	10781570
immobilization with metal hydroxides as a means to concentrate food-borne bacteria for detection by cultural and molecular methods.	the application of nucleic acid amplification methods to the detection of food-borne pathogens could be facilitated by concentrating the organisms from the food matrix before detection. this study evaluated the utility of metal hydroxide immobilization for the concentration of bacterial cells from dairy foods prior to detection by cultural and molecular methods. using reconstituted nonfat dry milk (nfdm) as a model, two food-borne pathogens (listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar ...	2000	10788338
cell wall chemical composition of enterococcus faecalis in the viable but nonculturable state.	the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state is a survival mechanism adopted by many bacteria (including those of medical interest) when exposed to adverse environmental conditions. in this state bacteria lose the ability to grow in bacteriological media but maintain viability and pathogenicity and sometimes are able to revert to regular division upon restoration of normal growth conditions. the aim of this work was to analyze the biochemical composition of the cell wall of enterococcus faecalis in ...	2000	10788366
fecal shedding of campylobacter and arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle.	campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and arcobacter spp. were detected in feces of healthy dairy cows by highly specific multiplex-pcr assays. for c. jejuni, at this one-time sampling, cows from 80.6% of farm operations (n = 31) and 37.7% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 2,085) were positive. farm management factors were correlated with prevalence in herds in which >25% of cows were positive for c. jejuni. statistical significance was set at a p of 0.20. using these criteria, a ...	2000	10788372
computer-assisted analysis and epidemiological value of genotyping methods for campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	for epidemiological tracing of the thermotolerant campylobacter species c. jejuni and c. coli, reliable and highly discriminatory typing techniques are necessary. in this study the genotyping techniques of flagellin typing (flaa typing), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), automated ribotyping, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting were compared. the following aspects were compared: computer-assisted analysis, discriminatory power, and use for epidemiological typi ...	2000	10790125
rapid identification of yersinia enterocolitica in blood by the 5' nuclease pcr assay.	yersinia enterocolitica accounts for 50% of the clinical sepsis episodes caused by the transfusion of contaminated red blood cells. a 5' nuclease taqman pcr assay was developed to detect y. enterocolitica in blood. primers and a probe based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene from y. enterocolitica were designed. whole-blood samples were spiked with various numbers of y. enterocolitica cells, and total chromosomal dna was extracted. when the taqman pcr assay was performed, as few as ...	2000	10790127
evidence from a nine-year birth cohort study in japan of transmission pathways of helicobacter pylori infection.	we examined the longitudinal changes of helicobacter pylori infection within 46 families with children and 48 couples without children living in japan. the study cohort was monitored from 1986 to 1994. h. pylori status was assessed by the presence of anti-h. pylori immunoglobulin g antibodies. at study entry, h. pylori prevalence in children with positive mothers was 23% versus 5% in children with negative mothers (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.6 to 42.8). seroconversion (rate of ...	2000	10790131
growth supplements for helicobacter pylori.	the growth response of helicobacter pylori in broth was determined in the presence of ferrous sulfate, sodium pyruvate, and mucin (porcine stomach). the addition of either ferrous sulfate and sodium pyruvate or mucin to brain heart infusion broth with 7% horse serum (bhi-hs) enhanced the growth of h. pylori. the best growth of strain nb2-1, which was the slowest growing of 10 h. pylori strains evaluated, occurred in the presence of 0.05% ferrous sulfate and 0.05% sodium pyruvate. the addition of ...	2000	10790135
a three-year study of campylobacter jejuni genotypes in humans with domestically acquired infections and in chicken samples from the helsinki area.	campylobacter jejuni isolates from stool samples of patients with domestically acquired sporadic infections and from chicken from retail shops were studied during seasonal peaks from june to september over a 3-year period from 1996 to 1998. a large number of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotypes (a combined smai-sacii pattern) were identified each year. certain genotypes persisted for the whole study period, and predominant genotypes represented 28 to 52% of the strains during a rest ...	2000	10790140
demonstration of a protein synthesis in starved campylobacter jejuni cells.	for many years, environmental microbiologists working on water samples, have reported differences between bacterial counts performed by culture and by microscopy. these observations have led to the demonstration of the viable but non-culturable (vnc) state in bacteria. some hygienist specialists underlined the risk presented by pathogenic bacteria in the vnc state. the vnc state in bacteria has been studied by a number of authors, but the relation between vnc state and bacterial stress response ...	2000	10791718
characterisation of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) mutants of campylobacter jejuni.	in order to assess the contribution of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) to the toxigenicity and pathogenicity of campylobacter jejuni, the c. jejuni 81-176 and c. jejuni nctc 11168 cdts were inactivated by insertional mutation of the cdtb toxin subunit. cell-free sonicates from isogenic c. jejuni 81-176 cdtb- strains were found to be greatly attenuated in hela cytotoxicity assays, whilst still retaining some toxigenicity. sonicates from a c. jejuni nctc 11168 cdtb- strain produced no detectable ...	2000	10798561
multiplex pcr detection of campylobacter jejuni and arcobacter butzleri in food products.	arcobacter is a recently described species, previously considered part of the campylobacter family. a sensitive assay such as that provided by pcr could help to distinguish the closely related arcobacter from campylobacter. a pcr method to specifically detect both campylobacter jejuni and arcobacter butzleri in the same reaction tube has been developed. c. jejuni and a. butzleri were inoculated into a range of dairy products, raw and ready-to-eat foods. the presence of these two organisms was de ...	2000	10799270
intestinal secretory immunoglobulin a response to enteroaggregative escherichia coli in travelers with diarrhea.	we examined stool samples from travelers for secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) to enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) during episodes of acute diarrhea. ten paired samples from 10 patients with diarrhea caused by eaec were examined for the presence of specific siga by dot blot and western blot immunoassays. five samples were positive by dot blotting, and two samples were positive by western blotting.	2000	10799468
cross-reactivity of anti-galactocerebroside autoantibodies with a trypanosoma brucei proteolipidic epitope.	pathogenic mechanisms of the demyelinating encephalopathy featuring the nervous phase of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) are largely unknown. they might include autoimmune disorders. a variety of autoantibodies is detected during the disease and we have previously evidenced anti-galactocerebroside (galc) antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from patients in the nervous stage (stage ii) of hat. we now show that anti-galc antibodies recognize an antigen located on the parasite ...	2000	10691925
evolution of arginine biosynthesis in the bacterial domain: novel gene-enzyme relationships from psychrophilic moritella strains (vibrionaceae) and evolutionary significance of n-alpha-acetyl ornithinase.	in the arginine biosynthetic pathway of the vast majority of prokaryotes, the formation of ornithine is catalyzed by an enzyme transferring the acetyl group of n-alpha-acetylornithine to glutamate (ornithine acetyltransferase [oatase]) (argj encoded). only two exceptions had been reported-the enterobacteriaceae and myxococcus xanthus (members of the gamma and delta groups of the class proteobacteria, respectively)-in which ornithine is produced from n-alpha-acetylornithine by a deacylase, acetyl ...	2000	10692366
biosynthesis of terpenoids: ygbb protein converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2c-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate to 2c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate.	in many microorganisms, the putative orthologs of the escherichia coli ygbb gene are tightly linked or fused to putative orthologs of ygbp, which has been shown earlier to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. the ygbb gene of e. coli was expressed in a recombinant e. coli strain and was shown to direct the synthesis of a soluble, 17-kda polypeptide. the recombinant protein was found to convert 4-diphosphocytidyl-2c-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate into 2c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphat ...	2000	10694574
the gale gene of campylobacter jejuni is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis and virulence.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) is one of the main virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. the lps from campylobacter spp. has endotoxic properties and has been shown to play a role in adhesion. we previously cloned a gene cluster (wla) which is involved in the synthesis of the campylobacter jejuni 81116 lps molecule. sequence alignment of the first gene in this cluster indicated similarity with gale genes. these genes encode a udp-glucose 4-epimerase, which catalyzes the interconversion of udp-ga ...	2000	10768949
role of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in oxidative stress and virulence of streptococcus pneumoniae.	streptococcus pneumoniae was shown to contain two types of superoxide dismutase, mnsod and fesod. levels of mnsod increased during growth in an aerobic environment. the soda gene, encoding mnsod, of virulent s. pneumoniae type 2 strain d39 was inactivated to give mutant d39hy1. aerobically, d39hy1 had a lower growth rate than the wild type and exhibited susceptibility to the redox-active compound paraquat, but anaerobic growth of d39hy1 was identical to that of the wild type. virulence studies s ...	2000	10768978
antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 1985-1987 and 1995-1998 in barcelona.	trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents used for therapy have been evaluated with 3,797 enteropathogenic bacteria, campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, and yersinia, between 1985-1987 and 1995-1998. the greater increase in the rate of resistance was observed in campylobacter jejuni for quinolones (from 1 to 82%) and tetracycline (from 23 to 72%) and in gastroenteric salmonellae for ampicillin (from 8 to 44%), chloramphenicol (from 1.7 to 26%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic ...	2000	10770742
rapid and specific enzyme immunoassay on hydrophobic grid membrane filter for detection and enumeration of thermophilic campylobacter spp. from milk and chicken rinses.	six commercially available anti-campylobacter antibodies were examined for their applicability in an enzyme immunoassay on hydrophobic grid membrane filters, both for the detection and enumeration of campylobacter spp. when a panel of nine campylobacter (seven campylobacter jejuni and two campylobacter coli) and eight non-campylobacter strains were used in a dot-blot format enzyme immunoassay to test the specificity of these antibodies, only one polyclonal antibody (biodesign) detected all campy ...	2000	10772214
cytolethal distending toxin sequence and activity in the enterohepatic pathogen helicobacter hepaticus.	little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of hepatitis and enterocolitis caused by enterohepatic helicobacter species. sonicates of the murine pathogen helicobacter hepaticus were found to cause progressive cell distension, accumulation of filamentous actin, and g(2)/m cell cycle arrest in hela cell monolayers. the genes encoding this cytotoxic activity were cloned from h. hepaticus. three open reading frames with closest homology to cdta, cdtb, and cdtc from campylobacter jejuni were ide ...	2000	10603386
an outbreak of campylobacter jejuni infections associated with food handler contamination: the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	in 1998, an outbreak of campylobacter jejuni infections occurred in kansas among persons attending a school luncheon; community cases were also reported. in a cohort study of luncheon attendees, 27 (17%) of 161 persons reported illness. consuming gravy (relative risk [rr], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.5-11.7) or pineapple (rr, 2.4; 95% ci, 1.0-5.7) was associated with illness. both foods were prepared in a kitchen that served 6 other schools where no illness was reported. a cafeteria wor ...	2001	11078485
gcpe is involved in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in escherichia coli.	in a variety of organisms, including plants and several eubacteria, isoprenoids are synthesized by the mevalonate-independent 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway. although different enzymes of this pathway have been described, the terminal biosynthetic steps of the mep pathway have not been fully elucidated. in this work, we demonstrate that the gcpe gene of escherichia coli is involved in this pathway. e. coli cells were genetically engineered to utilize exogenously provided meval ...	2001	11274098
adhesion of type 1-fimbriated escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces leads to altered composition of outer membrane proteins.	phenotypic differences between planktonic bacteria and those attached to abiotic surfaces exist, but the mechanisms involved in the adhesion response of bacteria are not well understood. by the use of two-dimensional (2d) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have demonstrated that attachment of escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces leads to alteration in the composition of outer membrane proteins. a major decrease in the abundance of resolved proteins was observed during adhesion of type 1-fimb ...	2001	11274103
allelic diversity and recombination in campylobacter jejuni.	the allelic diversity and population structure of campylobacter jejuni were studied by multilocus nucleotide sequence analysis. sequences from seven housekeeping genes were obtained from 32 c. jejuni isolates isolated from enteritis patients in germany, hungary, thailand, and the united states. also included was strain nctc 11168, the complete genomic sequence of which has recently been published. for all loci analyzed, multiple strains carried identical alleles. the frequency of synonymous and ...	2001	11274115
yersinia pestis pfra shows biovar-specific differences and recent common ancestry with a salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid.	population genetic studies suggest that yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a clonal pathogen that has recently emerged from yersinia pseudotuberculosis. plasmid acquisition is likely to have been a key element in this evolutionary leap from an enteric to a flea-transmitted systemic pathogen. however, the origin of y. pestis-specific plasmids remains obscure. we demonstrate specific plasmid rearrangements in different y. pestis strains which distinguish y. pestis bv. orientalis strains from ...	2001	11274119
preceding infections, immune factors, and outcome in guillain-barré syndrome.	to test the hypothesis that different preceding infections influence the neurophysiologic classification and clinical features of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs).	2001	11274311
influence of gangliosides or lps-like gangliosides on the tumoricidal activity of adherent leukocytes.	we previously showed that highly metastatic clones derived from the poorly metastatic human melanoma cell line m4be are very radiosensitive provided that they are deficient in complex gangliosides. here, we report that the highly metastatic clone 4 appears more sensitive to activated adherent leukocytes than m4be via a transmembrane tnf-alpha-dependent mechanism. adherent leukocytes (al) were freshly isolated from different blood donors and were activated with esherichia coli lipopolysaccharide ...	2001	11280042
use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments.	although campylobacters have been isolated from a wide range of animal hosts, the association between campylobacters isolated from humans and animals in the farm environment is unclear. we used flagellin gene typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates from animals (cattle, sheep, and turkey) in farm environments and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in the same geographical area. forty-eight combined fla types were seen among the 315 ...	2001	11282587
occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities.	in this study, we used pcr typing methods to assess the presence of tetracycline resistance determinants conferring ribosomal protection in waste lagoons and in groundwater underlying two swine farms. all eight classes of genes encoding this mechanism of resistance [tet(o), tet(q), tet(w), tet(m), tetb(p), tet(s), tet(t), and otra] were found in total dna extracted from water of two lagoons. these determinants were found to be seeping into the underlying groundwater and could be detected as far ...	2001	11282596
genomic relatedness within five common finnish campylobacter jejuni pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes studied by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, ribotyping, and serotyping.	thirty-five finnish campylobacter jejuni strains with five smai/sacii pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotypes selected among human and chicken isolates from 1997 and 1998 were used for comparison of their pfge patterns, amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) patterns, haeiii ribotypes, and heat-stable (hs) serotypes. the discriminatory power of pfge, aflp, and ribotyping with haeiii were shown to be at the same level for this selected set of strains, and these methods assigned t ...	2001	11282608
purification, characterization, and gene cloning of purine nucleosidase from ochrobactrum anthropi.	a bacterium, ochrobactrum anthropi, produced a large amount of a nucleosidase when cultivated with purine nucleosides. the nucleosidase was purified to homogeneity. the enzyme has a molecular weight of about 170,000 and consists of four identical subunits. it specifically catalyzes the irreversible n-riboside hydrolysis of purine nucleosides, the k(m) values being 11.8 to 56.3 microm. the optimal activity temperature and ph were 50 degrees c and ph 4.5 to 6.5, respectively. pyrimidine nucleoside ...	2001	11282633
genotypic analysis of escherichia coli strains from poultry carcasses and their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents.	plasmid profiling and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis were used to genotype 50 escherichia coli strains from poultry carcasses. thirty different plasmid profiles were evident, and clustering of the aflp data showed that they were a distinctly heterogeneous group of strains. susceptibility testing against five antimicrobial agents used in the south african poultry industry showed all strains to be susceptible to danofloxacin and colistin, while the majority (96%) were resis ...	2001	11282652
genome-scale compositional comparisons in eukaryotes.	we examined dinucleotide relative abundances and their biases in recent sequences of eukaryotic genomes and chromosomes, including human chromosomes 21 and 22, saccharomyces cerevisiae, arabidopsis thaliana, and drosophila melanogaster. we found that dinucleotide relative abundances are remarkably constant across human chromosomes and within the dna of a particular species. the dinucleotide biases differ between species, providing a genome signature that is characteristic of the bulk properties ...	2001	11282969
molecular characterization of invasive and noninvasive campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is the primary bacterial cause of food-borne illness. adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells are the most important pathogenic mechanisms of campylobacter diarrhea. molecular characterization of invasive and noninvasive campylobacter isolates from children with diarrhea and symptom-free children was performed by random amplified polymorphic dna techniques (rapd). a distinct rapd profile with a dna ba ...	2001	11283056
use of a lightcycler gyra mutation assay for rapid identification of mutations conferring decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in multiresistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 isolates.	a lightcycler-based pcr-hybridization gyra mutation assay (gama) was developed to rapidly detect gyra point mutations in multiresistant (mr) salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (mic, 0.25 to 1.0 mg/liter). ninety-two isolates (49 human, 43 animal) were tested with three individual oligonucleotide probes directed against an asp-87-to-asn (gac-->aac) mutation, an asp-87-to-gly (gac-->ggc) mutation, and a ser-83-to-phe (tcc-->ttc) mutation. ...	2001	11283069
development of an immunoassay for rapid detection of ganglioside gm(1) mimicry in campylobacter jejuni strains.	mimicry of peripheral nerve gangliosides by campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides (lpss) has been proposed to induce cross-reacting antiganglioside antibodies in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). because current methods for lps characterization are labor-intensive and inhibit the screening of large numbers of strains, a rapid gm(1) epitope screening assay was developed. biomass from two agar plates of confluent growth yielded sufficient lps using a novel phenol-water and ether extraction procedu ...	2001	11283076
specific detection and prevalence of helicobacter heilmannii-like organisms in the human gastric mucosa by fluorescent in situ hybridization and partial 16s ribosomal dna sequencing.	gastric infection with helicobacter heilmannii (previously known as gastrospirillum hominis) is invariably linked with the presence of chronic gastritis and the risk of developing low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in humans. in contrast to helicobacter pylori, various h. heilmannii species colonize the stomachs of domestic animals, which might be a reservoir for transmission to humans (zoonosis). to identify the number and prevalence of different h. heilmanni types in humans, ...	2001	11283079
colonic infection by bilophila wadsworthia in pigs.	bilophila wadsworthia is a common inhabitant of the human colon and has been associated with appendicitis and other local sites of inflammation in humans. challenge-exposure or prevalence studies in laboratory and other animals have not been reported. b. wadsworthia is closely related phylogenetically to desulfovibrio sp. and lawsonia intracellularis, which are considered colon pathogens. we developed a pcr specific for b. wadsworthia dna. samples of bacterial dna extracted from the feces of pig ...	2001	11283090
isolation of helicobacter cinaedi from the colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph node of a rhesus monkey with chronic colitis and hepatitis.	on the basis of biochemical, phenotypic, and 16s rrna analyses, helicobacter cinaedi was isolated from the colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes of a 2-year-old rhesus monkey with chronic diarrhea. histologically, the liver had mild to moderate biliary hyperplasia and hypertrophy with periportal inflammation and fibrosis. colonic and cecal lesions consisted of diffuse chronic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia extending the length of the crypts. this is the first observation of h. cinaedi ...	2001	11283091
susceptibility of arcobacter butzleri, arcobacter cryaerophilus, and arcobacter skirrowii to antimicrobial agents used in selective media.	several antimicrobial agents used in selective media for the isolation of arcobacter were found to be inhibitory to strains belonging to this genus. all three species tested were susceptible to colistin and rifampin at concentrations used in selective media. arcobacter skirrowii was the most susceptible species. 5-fluorouracil, novobiocin, trimethoprim, and teicoplanin or vancomycin were found to be without any inhibitory effect on the strains tested at concentrations described for the isolation ...	2001	11283110
campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends.	infection with campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide; it occurs more frequently than do infections caused by salmonella species, shigella species, or escherichia coli o157:h7. in developed countries, the incidence of campylobacter jejuni infections peaks during infancy and again during early adulthood. most infections are acquired by the consumption and handling of poultry. a typical case is characterized by diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. obta ...	2001	11283810
campylobacter enteritis and the guillain-barré syndrome.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the united states and worldwide with approximately 2.4 million infections per year in the united states. a now clearly recognized sequelae following campylobacter infection is the guillain-barré syndrome, an acute immune-mediated attack on the peripheral nervous system. how campylobacter induces guillain-barré syndrome is the subject of intense investigation, and this article discusses some of the recent advanc ...	2001	11286651
vaccination strategies for mucosal immune responses.	mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. the development of specific antibody- or t-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the ...	2001	11292646
role of helicobacter pylori cag region genes in colonization and gastritis in two animal models.	the helicobacter pylori chromosomal region known as the cytotoxin-gene associated pathogenicity island (cag pai) is associated with severe disease and encodes proteins that are believed to induce interleukin (il-8) secretion by cultured epithelial cells. the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the cag pai, induction of il-8, and induction of neutrophilic gastric inflammation. germ-free neonatal piglets and conventional c57bl/6 mice were given wild-type or cag deficie ...	2001	11292705
apoptotic signaling pathway activated by helicobacter pylori infection and increase of apoptosis-inducing activity under serum-starved conditions.	the enhanced gastric epithelial cell apoptosis observed during infection with helicobacter pylori has been suggested to be of significance in the etiology of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and neoplasia. to investigate the cell death signaling induced by h. pylori infection, human gastric epithelial cells were incubated with h. pylori for up to 72 h. h. pylori infection induced the activation of caspase -8, -9, and -3 and the expression of the proapoptotic bcl-2 family proteins bad and bid. the peak ...	2001	11292739
escherichia coli cdtb mediates cytolethal distending toxin cell cycle arrest.	we previously reported that the cdtb polypeptide of escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) shares significant pattern-specific homology with mammalian type i dnases. in addition, the dnase-related residues of cdtb are required for cellular toxicity. here we demonstrate that purified cdtb converts supercoiled plasmid dna to relaxed and linear forms and promotes cell cycle arrest when combined with an e. coli extract containing cdta and cdtc. cdtb alone had no effect on hela cells, how ...	2001	11292766
roles of rpon, flia, and flgr in expression of flagella in campylobacter jejuni.	three potential regulators of flagellar expression present in the genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168, the genes rpon, flgr, and flia, which encode the alternative sigma factor sigma(54), the sigma(54)-associated transcriptional activator flgr, and the flagellar sigma factor sigma(28), respectively, were investigated for their role in global regulation of flagellar expression. the three genes were insertionally inactivated in c. jejuni strains nctc 11168 and nctc 11828. electron m ...	2001	11292815
tungstate uptake by a highly specific abc transporter in eubacterium acidaminophilum.	the gram-positive anaerobe eubacterium acidaminophilum contains at least two tungsten-dependent enzymes: viologen-dependent formate dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. (185)w-labeled tungstate was taken up by this organism with a maximum rate of 0.53 pmol min(-)1 mg(-)1 of protein at 36 degrees c. the uptake was not affected by equimolar amounts of molybdate. the genes tupabc coding for an abc transporter specific for tungstate were cloned in the downstream region of genes encoding a tungs ...	2001	11292832
[clinical problem solving. diarrhea in an hiv-infected patient. stage cdc b3 hiv infection. gastroenteritis with campylobacter jejuni].		2001	11293940
emerging mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance.	broad use of fluoroquinolones has been followed by emergence of resistance, which has been due mainly to chromosomal mutations in genes encoding the subunits of the drugs' target enzymes, dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv, and in genes that affect the expression of diffusion channels in the outer membrane and multidrug-resistance efflux systems. resistance emerged first in species in which single mutations were sufficient to cause clinically important levels of resistance (e.g., staphylococcus aur ...	2001	11294736
predicted highly expressed and putative alien genes of deinococcus radiodurans and implications for resistance to ionizing radiation damage.	predicted highly expressed (phx) and putative alien genes determined by codon usages are characterized in the genome of deinococcus radiodurans (strain r1). deinococcus radiodurans (deira) can survive very high doses of ionizing radiation that are lethal to virtually all other organisms. it has been argued that deira is endowed with enhanced repair systems that provide protection and stability. however, predicted expression levels of dna repair proteins with the exception of reca tend to be low ...	2001	11296249
identification of thermophilic campylobacter spp. by phenotypic and molecular methods.	the differences between phenotyping and genotyping (polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism) of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, campylobacter lari and campylobacter upsaliensis were assessed.	2001	11298244
transposon mutagenesis of campylobacter jejuni identifies a bipartite energy taxis system required for motility.	campylobacter jejuni constitutes the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the united states and a major cause of diarrhoea worldwide. little is known about virulence mechanisms in this organism because of the scarcity of suitable genetic tools. we have developed an efficient system of in vitro transposon mutagenesis using a mariner-based transposon and purified mariner transposase. through in vitro transposition of c. jejuni chromosomal dna followed by natural transformation of the tran ...	2001	11298288
microbial contamination occurring on lamb carcasses processed in the united states.	lamb carcasses (n = 5,042) were sampled from six major lamb packing facilities in the united states over 3 days during each of two visits (fall or winter, october through february; spring, march through june) in order to develop a microbiological baseline for the incidence (presence or absence) of salmonella spp. and for populations of escherichia coli after 24 h of chilling following slaughter. samples also were analyzed for aerobic plate counts (apc) and total coliform counts (tcc). additional ...	2001	11307887
the isolation and characterization of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from domestic geese (anser anser).	the objectives of this study were to determine the presence of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in free range domestic geese, and to characterize isolated strains using phenotyping criteria and sds-page of whole-cell proteins.	2001	11309077
type iv secretion: intercellular transfer of macromolecules by systems ancestrally related to conjugation machines.	bacterial conjugation systems are highly promiscuous macromolecular transfer systems that impact human health significantly. in clinical settings, conjugation is exceptionally problematic, leading to the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and other virulence traits among bacterial populations. recent work has shown that several pathogens of plants and mammals - agrobacterium tumefaciens, bordetella pertussis, helicobacter pylori and legionella pneumophila - have evolved secretion ...	2001	11309113
comparative study of preceding campylobacter jejuni infection in guillain-barré syndrome in japan and the netherlands.	a comparative study was made in japan and the netherlands of the presence of preceding campylobacter jejuni infections in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). it was conducted in two laboratories using different serological criteria. the japanese results showed no significant difference in the frequency of c jejuni infection between the japanese (17/88, 19%) and dutch (21/132, 16%) patients with gbs. the dutch investigation showed a higher frequency in dutch patients (45/132; 34%) than in japanese pat ...	2001	11309471
survival of campylobacter jejuni during stationary phase: evidence for the absence of a phenotypic stationary-phase response.	when campylobacter jejuni nctc 11351 was grown microaerobically in rich medium at 39 degrees c, entry into stationary phase was followed by a rapid decline in viable numbers to leave a residual population of 1% of the maximum number or less. loss of viability was preceded by sublethal injury, which was seen as a loss of the ability to grow on media containing 0.1% sodium deoxycholate or 1% sodium chloride. resistance of cells to mild heat stress (50 degrees c) or aeration was greatest in exponen ...	2001	11319108
study of the infectivity of saline-stored campylobacter jejuni for day-old chicks.	the culturability of three campylobacter jejuni strains and their infectivity for day-old chicks were assessed following storage of the strains in saline. the potential for colonization of chicks was weakened during the storage period and terminated 3 to 4 weeks before the strains became nonculturable. the results from this study suggest that the role of starved and aged but still culturable campylobacters may be diminutive, but even more, that the role of viable but nonculturable stages in camp ...	2001	11319130
foodborne diseases in kenya.	to determine the occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks in kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.	2001	11320765
molecular characterization of a cryptic plasmid from campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of human enterocolitis. molecular genetic characterization of this pathogen has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools that are functional in this organism. cloning vectors commonly used in other organisms usually do not replicate within c. jejuni. to develop a system for functional analysis of c. jejuni genes, a small plasmid (pcj01) identified in a poultry isolate of c. jejuni was sequenced and characterized in this study. by using inverse ...	2001	11322827
come, a competence protein from neisseria gonorrhoeae with dna-binding activity.	neisseria gonorrhoeae is naturally able to take up exogenous dna and undergo genetic transformation. this ability correlates with the presence of functional type iv pili, and uptake of dna is dependent on the presence of a specific 10-bp sequence. among the known competence factors in n. gonorrhoeae, none has been shown to interact with the incoming dna. here we describe come, a dna-binding protein involved in neisserial competence. the gene come was identified through similarity searches in the ...	2001	11325945
rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of campylobacter jejuni.	we developed a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocol for subtyping campylobacter isolates based on the standardized protocols used by pulsenet laboratories for the subtyping of other food-borne bacterial pathogens. various combinations of buffers, reagents, reaction conditions (e.g., cell suspension concentration, lysis time, lysis temperature, and restriction enzyme concentration), and electrophoretic parameters were evaluated in an effort to devise a protocol that is simple, r ...	2001	11326009
comparison of two methods for serotyping campylobacter spp.	two serotyping schemes (penner and laboratory of enteric pathogens [lep]) based on soluble heat-stable antigens were used to analyze 3,788 campylobacter sp. isolates. a significant percentage (36.6%) was untypeable using lep serotyping; greater cross-reaction was also observed. the relative discrimination capabilities of the techniques were similar. penner serotyping fulfils more of the requisite criteria for typing methods.	2001	11326013
axonal guillain-barré syndrome: a critical review.	axonal guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) was first described by feasby et al. in 1986, challenging the existent notion of gbs being a primarily demyelinating disease. the severe course and slow recovery commonly seen in these patients was ascribed to axonal degeneration. other authors challenged this claim on several grounds. amidst these controversies, epidemics of a similar illness were reported from china, which were given the acronym aman, having exclusive motor involvement in contrast to the ca ...	2001	11328201
antecedent symptoms in guillain-barré syndrome: an important indicator for clinical and serological subgroups.	to examine whether guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) can be classified in clinical and immunological subgroups based on the type of prior illness. background - the existence of antecedent symptoms supports the diagnosis of gbs in patients who experience acute muscle weakness progression. however, little is known about additional meanings of determining antecedent symptoms.	2001	11328202
the accuracy of serologic diagnosis of helicobacter pylori infection in school-aged children of mixed ethnicity.	the present study evaluated two non-invasive diagnostic methods for h. pylori infection in children, i.e. an in-house elisa using sonicated campylobacter jejuni antigen for absorption of cross-reacting antibodies and an immunoblot kit (helico blot 2.0, genelabs, singapore). 13c -urea breath test (13c-ubt) was used as reference method: sera and questionnaires were collected from 695/858 (81%) swedish school children with mixed ethnic backgrounds within a cross-sectional, community-based study. of ...	2001	11328362
fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial pathogens and a survey of intestinal parasites in free-living waterfowl.	free-living waterfowl residing in metropolitan parks in central ohio were surveyed for the fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., and pasteurella multocida. in addition, a survey for intestinal parasites was also conducted in these same waterfowl to determine parasite burdens in free-living waterfowl. prevalences of 67%, 50%, and 0.2% of e. coli, c. jejuni, and salmonella spp., respectively, were observed for all water ...	2001	11332473
[predominance of campylobacter jejuni in cases of bacterial gastroenteritis in the adult].		2001	11333596
[bacteremia due to campylobacter jejuni: report of two cases].		2001	11333614
molecular mimicry in campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides: contribution of gastrointestinal infections to autoimmunity.	molecular mimicry of host structures by the saccharide portion of lipopolysaccharides (lps) of the gastrointestinal pathogens campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori is thought to be associated with the development of autoimmune sequelae. c. jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis, is the most common antecedent infection in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), an inflammatory neuropathy. chemical analyses of the core oligosaccharides of neuropathy-associated c. jejuni strains have revealed str ...	2001	11334489
secretion of the virulence-associated campylobacter invasion antigens from campylobacter jejuni requires a stimulatory signal.	campylobacter jejuni are a common cause of human diarrheal illness. previous work has demonstrated that c. jejuni synthesize a novel set of proteins upon coculturing with epithelial cells, some of which are secreted. the secreted proteins have been collectively referred to as campylobacter invasion antigens (cia proteins). metabolic labeling experiments revealed that cia protein synthesis and secretion are separable and that secretion is the rate-limiting step of these processes. additional work ...	2001	11343209
functional analysis of rela and rsha, two rela/spot homologues of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2).	deletion of the (p)ppgpp synthetase gene, rela, of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2) results in loss of production of the antibiotics actinorhodin (act) and undecylprodigiosin (red) and delayed morphological differentiation when the mutant is grown under conditions of nitrogen limitation. to analyze the role of (p)ppgpp as an intracellular signaling molecule for the initiation of antibiotic production, several c-terminally deleted derivatives of s. coelicolor rela that could potentially function in ...	2001	11344157
microbiological status of commercially available medicinal herbal drugs--a screening study.	one hundred and thirty-eight medicinal herbal drugs obtained from different suppliers were examined for microbial contaminants and for the detectability of pathogenic microorganisms. for this purpose, several microbiological standard parameters (total aerobic mesophilic count, enterobacteria, coliforms, aerobic sporeformers, yeasts and moulds, enterococci, lactobacilli, pseudomonades and aeromades) and selective methods for the detection of indicator microorganisms and pathogens (e. coli, entero ...	2001	11345700
enrichment media for isolation of campylobacter jejuni from inoculated ground beef and chicken skin under normal atmosphere.	the efficiency of hunt broth containing oxyrase was compared with the gas replacement method for detection of campylobacter jejuni in inoculated ground beef and chicken skin. five strains of c. jejuni were inoculated individually into samples and cultured with various media under conditions generated by either flushing with a mixture of gases or supplementing with oxyrase. oxyrase media added with 7% lysed blood, 2.5% charcoal, or 6% ground cooked meat were compared with examinations from chicke ...	2001	11347991
effects of feed withdrawal and transport on cecal environment and campylobacter concentrations in a swine surgical model.	the objective of the present study was to evaluate how feed withdrawal and transportation influenced the cecal environment and cecal populations of campylobacter in swine. four miniature yucatan gilts (8.8 kg), naturally infected with campylobacter jejuni, were surgically implanted with cecal cannulas. the gilts were fasted for 48 h. samples of cecal contents were collected for 7 days prior to and for 7 days after the fast, and mean values were determined for ph, volatile fatty acids (vfa), and ...	2001	11348010
mycobacterium bovis bcg reca deletion mutant shows increased susceptibility to dna-damaging agents but wild-type survival in a mouse infection model.	pathogenic microorganisms possess antioxidant defense mechanisms for protection from reactive oxygen metabolites which are generated during the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells. these defense mechanisms include enzymes such as catalase, which detoxifies reactive oxygen species, and dna repair systems, which repair damage resulting from oxidative stress. to (i) determine the relative importance of the dna repair system when oxidative stress is encountered by the mycobacterium tuberculosis co ...	2001	11349014