Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| induction and maintenance of anti-influenza antigen-specific nasal secretory iga levels and serum igg levels after influenza infection in adults. | to determine the induction and changes in anti-influenza virus secretory iga (s-iga) levels in nasal washes and serum igg levels in patients with influenza. | 2012 | 22226319 |
| update: influenza a (h3n2)v transmission and guidelines - five states, 2011. | from august 17 to december 23, 2011, cdc received reports of 12 human infections with influenza a (h3n2)v viruses that have the matrix (m) gene from the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus (formerly called swine-origin influenza a [h3n2] and pandemic influenza a [h1n1] 2009 viruses, respectively). the 12 cases occurred in five states (indiana, iowa, maine, pennsylvania, and west virginia), and 11 were in children. six of the 12 patients had no identified recent exposure to swine. three of the 12 patie ... | 2012 | 22217624 |
| the use of antiviral drugs for influenza: guidance for practitioners 2012/2013. | the present article addresses the use of antiviral drugs in the management of seasonal influenza illness for the 2012/2013 season. it updates the previous document published in 2011 (1). noteworthy guidance updates since 2011 include the following: seasonal influenza in 2012/2013 is predicted to be caused by two human influenza a and one influenza b strain, all of which are anticipated to remain generally susceptible to oseltamivir.the predicted strains are a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like, ... | 2012 | 24294283 |
| sentinel surveillance for influenza in senegal, 1996-2009. | data on influenza in tropical and resource-limited countries are scarce. in this study we present results from 14 years of influenza surveillance in senegal, one of the few tropical countries in africa from which longitudinal data are available. | 2012 | 23169958 |
| the age distribution of mortality due to influenza: pandemic and peri-pandemic. | pandemic influenza is said to 'shift mortality' to younger age groups; but also to spare a subpopulation of the elderly population. does one of these effects dominate? might this have important ramifications? | 2012 | 23234604 |
| human monoclonal antibodies to pandemic 1957 h2n2 and pandemic 1968 h3n2 influenza viruses. | investigation of the human antibody response to the 1957 pandemic h2n2 influenza a virus has been largely limited to serologic studies. we generated five influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha)-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by hybridoma technology from the peripheral blood of healthy donors who were born between 1950 and 1968. two mabs reacted with the pandemic h2n2 virus, two recognized the pandemic h3n2 virus, and remarkably, one reacted with both the pandemic h2n2 and h3n2 viruses. e ... | 2012 | 22457520 |
| recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2012-2013. | the purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for routine use of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. the key points for the upcoming 2012-2013 season are: (1) this year's trivalent influenza vaccine contains a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)-like antigen (derived from influenza a [h1n1] pdm09 [ph1n1] virus); a/victoria/361/2011 (h3n2)-like antigen; and b/wisconsin/1/2010-like antigen (the influenza a [h3n ... | 2012 | 22966032 |
| a mouse model for the study of contact-dependent transmission of influenza a virus and the factors that govern transmissibility. | influenza a virus transmission by direct contact is not well characterized. here, we describe a mouse model for investigation of factors regulating contact-dependent transmission. strains within the h3n2 but not h1n1 subtype of influenza virus were transmissible, and reverse-engineered viruses representing hybrids of these subtypes showed that the viral hemagglutinin is a determinant of the transmissible phenotype. transmission to contact mice occurred within the first 6 to 54 h after cohousing ... | 2012 | 22951824 |
| a universal influenza a and b duplex real-time rt-pcr assay. | a high throughput universal influenza a and b duplex real-time rt-pcr was developed to meet effectively the heightened surveillance and diagnostic needs essential in managing influenza infections and outbreaks. primers and probes, designed to target highly conserved regions of the matrix protein of influenza a and the nucleoprotein of influenza b, were optimized using the high-throughput lightcycler 480 ii system. analytical sensitivity and specificity were characterized using rna transcripts di ... | 2012 | 22930514 |
| comparative study of influenza virus replication in mdck cells and in primary cells derived from adenoids and airway epithelium. | although clinical trials with human subjects are essential for determination of safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity, it is desirable to know in advance the infectiousness of potential candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine strains for human use. we compared the replication kinetics of wild-type and live attenuated influenza viruses, including h1n1, h3n2, h9n2, and b strains, in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, primary epithelial cells derived from human adenoids, and human bronch ... | 2012 | 22915797 |
| isolation of the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus and its reassortant with an h3n2 swine influenza virus from healthy weaning pigs in thailand in 2011. | a total of 300 nasal swabs were collected from 5 pig farms in two provinces in the eastern part of thailand in february 2011 and were subjected to viral isolation of influenza a viruses. two h3n2 and 6 h1n1 influenza a viruses were isolated from swabs collected from clinically healthy weaning pigs on farms in chonburi and chachoengsao provinces, respectively. the h3n2 isolates consisted of the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes closely related to thai sivs and derived from a cluster ... | 2012 | 22906589 |
| comparison of temporal and spatial dynamics of seasonal h3n2, pandemic h1n1 and highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus infections in ferrets. | humans may be infected by different influenza a viruses--seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic--which differ in presentation from mild upper respiratory tract disease to severe and sometimes fatal pneumonia with extra-respiratory spread. differences in spatial and temporal dynamics of these infections are poorly understood. therefore, we inoculated ferrets with seasonal h3n2, pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1), and highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza virus and performed detailed virological and pathological an ... | 2012 | 22905124 |
| evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for influenza a (h3n2)v virus and updated case count--united states, 2012. | previous reports have described cases of influenza a (h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus* infection with the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 m gene detected in the united states during july 2011-july 2012 (1-3). this report provides 1) an update on the number of reported cases of h3n2v infections from july 12 to august 9, 2012, in the united states, 2) an updated results interpretation for the cdc flu real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) dx panel for a(h3n2)v for public health la ... | 2012 | 22895386 |
| the regulatory t cells in anti-influenza antibody response post influenza vaccination. | the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines depend primarily on the vaccine recipient and the virus similarity to the endemic virus. regulatory t cells (tregs) and cytokines are known to restrict immune responses against viral infections. we conducted this study to explore the role of tregs, cytokines, and antibody production after influenza vaccination. the whole blood was collected from healthy subjects (n = 36) before and two weeks after influenza vaccine immunization for two or thre ... | 2012 | 22894960 |
| antigenic sites of h1n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin revealed by natural isolates and inhibition assays. | the antigenic sites of hemagglutinin (ha) are crucial for understanding antigenic drift and vaccine strain selection for influenza viruses. in 1982, 32 epitope residues (called laboratory epitope residues) were proposed for antigenic sites of h1n1 ha based on the monoclonal antibody-selected variants. interestingly, these laboratory epitope residues only cover 28% (23/83) mutation positions for 9 h1n1 vaccine strain comparisons (from 1977 to 2009). here, we propose the entropy and likelihood rat ... | 2012 | 22885274 |
| potential t cell epitopes within swine-origin triple reassortant influenza a (h3n2) variant virus which emerged in 2011: an immunoinformatics study. | an immuno-informatics study was conducted to determine possible pre-existing t cellular immunity to the recently emerged swine-origin triple reassortant h3n2 variant (s-otrh3n2v-2011) which acquired the matrix gene of influenza a (h1n1)pdm09. given the genetic origin of s-otrh3n2v-2011, our study focused on the hemagglutinin (ha) and matrix1 (m1) proteins to identify common and conserved t cell epitopes. we compared ha cd4+ t cell epitopes of s-otrh3n2v-2011 with seasonal h3n2 (1968-2011)-ha pro ... | 2012 | 22877860 |
| arylazolyl(azinyl)thioacetanilide. part 9: synthesis and biological investigation of thiazolylthioacetamides derivatives as a novel class of potential antiviral agents. | in continuation of our endeavor to develop new, potent, selective and less toxic antiviral agents, a novel series of 2-(2-amino/chloro-4-(2,4-dibromophenyl) thiazol-5-ylthio)acetamide derivatives was synthesized via an expeditious route and evaluated for their anti-hiv activities against wild-type virus and clinically relevant mutant strains, and for their anti-influenza virus activities against influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and influenza b in cellular assays. the selected active compounds were al ... | 2012 | 22870806 |
| protective effect of korean red ginseng extract on the infections by h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in mice. | ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years and is known to have multiple biological and immunomodulatory effects. in this study, we investigated whether korean red ginseng extract would have preventive and antiviral effects on influenza virus infection. oral administration to mice of red ginseng extract prior to infection significantly increased survival after infection with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus. daily oral treatment of vaccinated mice with red ginseng extract provided enhanc ... | 2012 | 22856395 |
| notes from the field: outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) virus among persons and swine at a county fair--indiana, july 2012. | during july 12-16, 2012, the indiana state department of health and the indiana board of animal health identified respiratory illness among swine and persons at a county fair held july 8-14. on july 16, specimens were collected from four persons with respiratory illness; two had become ill on july 12 and sought care at an emergency department, and two were identified as part of the subsequent public health investigation. all four persons were swine exhibitors or family members of swine exhibitor ... | 2012 | 22832938 |
| phase 4 randomized trial of intradermal low-antigen-content inactivated influenza vaccine versus standard-dose intramuscular vaccine in hiv-1-infected adults. | this study evaluated safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of intradermal (id) trivalent inactivated split influenza vaccine, with a lower antigen content (9 mcg ha per strain) than the conventional intramuscular one (15 mcg), in hiv-1-infected adults younger than 60 years. a total of 54 hiv-1-positive participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive a single dose of either id-administered low-antigen-content split inactivated vaccine or intramuscularly-administered (im) standard-do ... | 2012 | 22832261 |
| influenza a viruses target type ii pneumocytes in the human lung. | highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza viruses preferentially infect alveolar type ii pneumocytes in human lung. however, it is unknown whether this cellular tropism contributes to high viral virulence because the primary target cells of other influenza viruses have not been systematically studied. | 2012 | 22829640 |
| new adamantane derivatives can overcome resistance of influenza a(h1n1)pdm2009 and a(h3n2) viruses to remantadine. | new adamantane derivatives with amino acid residues and other bifunctional compounds were synthesized and their antiviral activity towards influenza a(h1n1)pdm and a(h3n2) viruses was studied. some of these adamantane derivatives completely suppressed replication of remantadine-resistant influenza a virus strains. | 2012 | 22816091 |
| quail as a potential mixing vessel for the generation of new reassortant influenza a viruses. | quail has been proposed as one of the intermediate hosts supporting the generation of newly reassortant influenza a viruses (iavs) with the potential to infect humans. to evaluate the role of quail as an intermediate host of iavs, co-infections of quail with swine-origin pandemic h1n1 2009 (ph1n1) and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) duck h3n2 (dkh3n2) viruses (n=10) or endemic thai swine h1n1 (swh1n1) and dkh3n2 viruses (n=10) were conducted. three additional groups of five quail were each ... | 2012 | 22763173 |
| genetic characterization of human influenza viruses in the pandemic (2009-2010) and post-pandemic (2010-2011) periods in japan. | pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus was first detected in japan in may 2009 and continued to circulate in the 2010-2011 season. this study aims to characterize human influenza viruses circulating in japan in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods and to determine the prevalence of antiviral-resistant viruses. | 2012 | 22761651 |
| heterologous interactions between ns1 proteins from different influenza a virus subtypes/strains. | non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of the influenza virus plays a crucial role in modulating the host immune response and facilitating virus replication. the formation of a homodimer or an oligomer is necessary for ns1 to exert its function efficiently. in the present study, the ns1 protein from the a/shantou/602/06(h3n2) virus (herein abbreviated as ns32) was found to interact with ns1 from a/shantou/169/06(h1n1), a/chicken/guangdong/1/05(h5n1) and a/quail/hong kong/g1/97(h9n2) (abbreviated as ns11 ... | 2012 | 22744180 |
| characterization of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line for influenza virus production. | we have developed a porcine intestine epithelial cell line, designated sd-pjec for the propagation of influenza viruses. the sd-pjec cell line is a subclone of the ipec-j2 cell line, which was originally derived from newborn piglet jejunum. our results demonstrate that sd-pjec is a cell line of epithelial origin that preferentially expresses receptors of oligosaccharides with sia2-6gal modification. this cell line is permissive to infection with human and swine influenza a viruses and some avian ... | 2012 | 22739061 |
| protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza dna vaccine encoding m2e, cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitope and consensus h3 hemagglutinin. | pigs have been implicated as mixing reservoir for the generation of new pandemic influenza strains, control of swine influenza has both veterinary and public health significance. unlike human influenza vaccines, strains used for commercially available swine influenza vaccines are not regularly replaced, making the vaccines provide limited protection against antigenically diverse viruses. it is therefore necessary to develop broadly protective swine influenza vaccines that are efficacious to both ... | 2012 | 22738661 |
| a human cd4+ t cell epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin is cross-reactive to influenza a virus subtypes and to influenza b virus. | the hemagglutinin protein (ha) of the influenza virus family is a major antigen for protective immunity. thus, it is a relevant target for developing vaccines. here, we describe a human cd4(+) t cell epitope in the influenza virus ha that lies in the fusion peptide of the ha. this epitope is well conserved in all 16 subtypes of the ha protein of influenza a virus and the ha protein of influenza b virus. by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from a healthy adult donor with pep ... | 2012 | 22718815 |
| novel measurement of spreading pattern of influenza epidemic by using weighted standard distance method: retrospective spatial statistical study of influenza, japan, 1999-2009. | annual influenza epidemics occur worldwide resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. spreading pattern of influenza is not well understood because it is often hampered by the quality of surveillance data that limits the reliability of analysis. in japan, influenza is reported on a weekly basis from 5,000 hospitals and clinics nationwide under the scheme of the national infectious disease surveillance. the collected data are available to the public as weekly reports which were summarized ... | 2012 | 22713508 |
| simultaneous investigation of influenza and enteric viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting in general practice for acute diarrhea. | gastrointestinal symptoms are not an uncommon manifestation of an influenza virus infection. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the presence of influenza viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting their general practitioner for uncomplicated acute diarrhea (ad) and the proportion of concurrent infections by enteric and influenza viruses. | 2012 | 22709374 |
| evolution of novel reassortant a/h3n2 influenza viruses in north american swine and humans, 2009-2011. | novel h3n2 influenza viruses (h3n2v) containing seven genome segments from swine lineage triple-reassortant h3n2 viruses and a 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm09) matrix protein segment (pm) were isolated from 12 humans in the united states between august and december 2011. to understand the evolution of these novel h3n2 viruses in swine and humans, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 674 m sequences and 388 ha and na sequences from influenza viruses isolated from north american swine during 2009 ... | 2012 | 22696653 |
| compensatory evolution of net-charge in influenza a virus hemagglutinin. | the propagation of influenza a virus depends on the balance between the activities of hemagglutinin (ha) for binding to host cells and neuraminidase (na) for releasing from infected cells (ha-na balance). since the host cell membrane and the sialic acid receptor are negatively charged, the amino acid substitutions increasing (charge+) and decreasing (charge-) the positive charge of ha subunit 1 (ha1) enhance and reduce, respectively, the binding avidity and affinity. the positive charge of ha1 i ... | 2012 | 22808159 |
| development and evaluation of a line probe assay for rapid typing of influenza viruses and detection of the h274y mutation. | adequate treatment of influenza requires identification of viral type as well as detection of mutation(s) conferring drug resistance. reverse hybridization-based line probe assays (lipa) can be performed using several probes immobilized on nitrocellulose, strips enabling lipa to determine simultaneously viral subtypes and detect the presence or absence of the h274y mutation, which confers oseltamivir resistance of h1n1 influenza viruses. lipa was developed for identification of h1n1 influenza vi ... | 2012 | 22796550 |
| reunion, a sentinel territory for influenza surveillance in europe. | in réunion, a french overseas territory located in the southern hemisphere, increase in influenza activity is generally observed several months earlier than in europe. influenza activity is monitored in réunion through a multi-source surveillance system including sentinel practitioners network, hospital emergency department, laboratory and mortality. since 2009, three successive influenza epidemics occurred on the island. the largest was observed in 2009 while epidemics in 2010 and 2011 were muc ... | 2012 | 22790605 |
| improved sensitivity of influenza a antigen detection using a combined np, m, and ns1 sandwich elisa. | a new modified triple-antigen detection test was developed for the direct detection of the influenza a virus. the nucleoprotein (np), matrix (m), and non-structural (ns1) proteins were used as target antigens because they are abundant in infected cells. monoclonal antibodies specific to the np, m, and ns1 proteins were generated. the antibody pairs were selected and evaluated for their reactivity individually and in combination in the triple-antigen detection using sandwich elisa. triple-antigen ... | 2012 | 22677225 |
| multiplex rt-pcr assay for differentiating european swine influenza virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2. | in europe, three major swine influenza viral (siv) subtypes (h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2) have been isolated in pigs. developing a test that is able to detect and identify the subtype of the circulating strain rapidly during an outbreak of respiratory disease in the pig population is of essential importance. this study describes two multiplex rt-pcrs which distinguish the haemagglutinin (ha) gene and the neuraminidase (na) gene of the three major subtypes of siv circulating in europe. the ha pcr was abl ... | 2012 | 22664185 |
| influenza m1 vlps containing neuraminidase induce heterosubtypic cross-protection. | influenza virus like particles (vlps) containing hemagglutinin were previously demonstrated to induce protection against the homologous strains. however, little information is available on the protective role of neuraminidase (na), the second major glycoprotein. in this study, we developed vlps (na vlps) containing na and m1 derived from a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) influenza virus, and investigated their ability to induce protective immunity. intranasal immunization with na vlps induced serum antibody resp ... | 2012 | 22658901 |
| clinical effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors--oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir--for treatment of influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1)pdm09 infection: an observational study in the 2010-2011 influenza season in japan. | the clinical effectiveness of the newly released neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) laninamivir and peramivir has not been sufficiently evaluated in influenza-infected patients in clinical and practical settings. in this study, we analyzed the clinical data of 211 patients infected with influenza a virus subtype h3n2 (a(h3n2)) and 45 patients infected with influenza a virus subtype h1n1pdm (a(h1n1)pdm09) who received the nais oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, or peramivir during the 2010-2011 in ... | 2012 | 22644080 |
| influenza viral infections among the iranian hajj pilgrims returning to shiraz, fars province, iran. | annually over two million muslims from across the world converge on mecca to perform the hajj pilgrimage. overcrowding at the hajj facilitates spread of communicable diseases, especially respiratory infections. the aim of this study was to determine the attack rate of seasonal and pandemic influenza among returning iranian pilgrims after the 2009 hajj. | 2012 | 22606996 |
| bovine lactoferrin-derived peptides as novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of influenza virus. | bovine lactoferrin (blf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that plays an important role in innate immunity against infections, including influenza. here we have dissected blf into its c- and n-lobes and show that inhibition of influenza virus hemagglutination and cell infection is entirely attributable to the c-lobe and that all major virus subtypes, including h1n1 and h3n2, are inhibited. by far-western blotting and sequencing studies, we demonstrate that blf c-lobe strongly binds to the ha(2) ... | 2012 | 22595270 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of c5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines. | starting from acetylated 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (3), 14 hitherto unknown c5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines (with cyclopropyl, hydroxymethyl, methylcyclopentane, p-(substituted)phenyl and disubstituted-phenyl substituents) have been synthesized via a nickel-copper catalyzed c-h activation between two terminal alkynes, in yields ranging from 19% to 67%. their antiviral activities were measured against a large number of dna and rna viruses including herpes simplex virus type 1 and type ... | 2012 | 22578783 |
| a novel pathogenic mechanism of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses involves hemagglutinin mediated resistance to serum innate inhibitors. | in this study, the effect of innate serum inhibitors on influenza virus infection was addressed. seasonal influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2), 2009 pandemic a(h1n1) (h1n1pdm) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses were tested with guinea pig sera negative for antibodies against all of these viruses as evaluated by hemagglutination-inhibition and microneutralization assays. in the presence of serum inhibitors, the infection by each virus was inhibited differently as measured by th ... | 2012 | 22563489 |
| nationwide surveillance of influenza during the pandemic (2009-10) and post-pandemic (2010-11) periods in taiwan. | although who declared the world moving into the post-pandemic period on august 10, 2010, influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus continued to circulate globally. its impact was expected to continue during the 2010-11 influenza season. this study describes the nationwide surveillance findings of the pandemic and post-pandemic influenza periods in taiwan and assesses the impact of influenza a(h1n1) 2009 during the post-pandemic period. | 2012 | 22545158 |
| a sentinel platform to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness and new variant circulation, canada 2010-2011 season. | during the 2010-2011 winter, a large number of outbreaks due to influenza a/h3n2 at long-term care facilities, including higher-than-expected attack rates among vaccinated staff, were reported in some regions of canada. interim analysis from the community-based sentinel surveillance system showed circulating h3n2 variants and suboptimal vaccine effectiveness (ve), assessed here for the entire season's data set. | 2012 | 22539661 |
| development of a proficiency testing program for molecular diagnosis of influenza viruses. | the molecular virology proficiency testing program at the wadsworth center began the assembly and distribution of influenza virus panels to us public health labs (phls) in 2008. the program was created to assist phls in assessing their performance and in meeting clia regulations for mandated proficiency testing (pt). | 2012 | 22538096 |
| the effect of rosuvastatin in a murine model of influenza a infection. | hmg-coa reductase inhibitors such as rosuvastatin may have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce the severity of influenza a infection. we hypothesized that rosuvastatin would decrease viral replication, attenuate lung injury, and improve mortality following influenza a infection in mice. | 2012 | 22536437 |
| genetic engineering of live attenuated influenza viruses. | the first live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) was licensed in the usa in 2003; it is a trivalent vaccine composed of two type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and one type b influenza virus each at 10(7) fluorescent focus units (ffu). each influenza vaccine strain is a reassortant virus that contains the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) gene segments from a wild-type influenza virus and the six internal protein gene segments from a master donor virus (mdv) of either cold-adapted a/ann arbor/6/60 ... | 2012 | 22528159 |
| the fluorescence neuraminidase inhibition assay: a functional method for detection of influenza virus resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors. | neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are presently the only effective antiviral drugs for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza a and b infections, due to the high prevalence of resistance to the adamantane class of drugs among influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1) viruses, including the 2009 pandemic h1n1 strain. the limited pharmaceutical options currently available for control of influenza infections underscore the critical need for surveillance on nai susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating ... | 2012 | 22528156 |
| in vitro anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives. | the theaflavins fraction (tf80%, with a purity of 80%) and three theaflavin (tf) derivatives from black tea have been found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects against influenza virus in vitro. they were evaluated with a neuraminidase (na) activity assay, a hemagglutination (ha) inhibition assay, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay for gene expression of hemagglutinin (ha) and a cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assay. the experimental results showed that they all exerted significant inhi ... | 2012 | 22521753 |
| human infections with novel reassortant influenza a(h3n2)v viruses, united states, 2011. | during july-december 2011, a variant virus, influenza a(h3n2)v, caused 12 human cases of influenza. the virus contained genes originating from swine, avian, and human viruses, including the m gene from influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus. influenza a(h3n2)v viruses were antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses and similar to proposed vaccine virus a/minnesota/11/2010. | 2012 | 22516540 |
| influenza-associated mortality in temperate and subtropical chinese cities, 2003-2008. | to estimate influenza-associated mortality in urban china. | 2012 | 22511824 |
| antibodies cross-reactive to influenza a (h3n2) variant virus and impact of 2010-11 seasonal influenza vaccine on cross-reactive antibodies - united states. | since august 2011, a total of 12 human infections with influenza a (h3n2) variant viruses with genes from avian, swine, and human viruses (i.e., a [h3n2]v) that had acquired the m gene from influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus have been reported to cdc. eleven of the cases occurred in children aged <10 years. in six cases, no history of recent exposure to swine was noted, suggesting that human-to-human transmission had occurred. this new gene constellation for a (h3n2)v viruses and its temporal associa ... | 2012 | 22495226 |
| estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness for 2007-2008 from canada's sentinel surveillance system: cross-protection against major and minor variants. | to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) for the 2007-2008 season and assess the sentinel surveillance system in canada for monitoring virus evolution and impact on ve. | 2012 | 22492921 |
| pathogenicity and transmission in pigs of the novel a(h3n2)v influenza virus isolated from humans and characterization of swine h3n2 viruses isolated in 2010-2011. | swine influenza virus (siv) h3n2 with triple reassorted internal genes (trig) has been enzootic in unites states since 1998. transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus to pigs in the united states was followed by reassortment with endemic siv, resulting in reassorted viruses that include novel h3n2 genotypes (rh3n2p). between july and december 2011, 12 cases of human infections with swine-lineage h3n2 viruses containing the pandemic matrix (pm) gene [a(h3n2)v] were detected. whole-geno ... | 2012 | 22491461 |
| childhood influenza in the outpatient setting in shanghai, china. | influenza is a common cause of outpatient visits in childhood. influenza vaccine has been widely used for children ≥ 6 months of age in developed countries based on accumulating evidence on the substantial socioeconomic burden of influenza in children. however, the data of childhood influenza in china are scarce. | 2012 | 22481425 |
| eps® 7630 (umckaloabo®), an extract from pelargonium sidoides roots, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. | a prodelphinidin-rich extract from pelargonium sidoides dc, eps® 7630 (umckaloabo®), which is licensed to treat respiratory tract infections such as acute bronchitis, was investigated for its antiviral effects. eps® 7630 showed dose-dependent anti-influenza activity at non-toxic concentrations against pandemic h1n1, oseltamivir-sensitive and -resistant seasonal h1n1, seasonal h3n2 and the laboratory h1n1 strain a/puerto rico/8/34, while it had no antiviral activity against adenovirus or measles ... | 2012 | 22475498 |
| small molecule inhibitors of influenza a and b viruses that act by disrupting subunit interactions of the viral polymerase. | influenza viruses are the cause of yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics that represent a significant challenge to public health. current control strategies are imperfect and there is an unmet need for new antiviral therapies. here, we report the identification of small molecule compounds able to effectively and specifically inhibit growth of influenza a and b viruses in cultured cells through targeting an assembly interface of the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. using an existing crysta ... | 2012 | 22474359 |
| molecular and antigenic characterization of reassortant h3n2 viruses from turkeys with a unique constellation of pandemic h1n1 internal genes. | triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 influenza viruses cause varying degrees of loss in egg production in breeder turkeys. in this study we characterized tr h3n2 viruses isolated from three breeder turkey farms diagnosed with a drop in egg production. the eight gene segments of the virus isolated from the first case submission (fav-003) were all of tr h3n2 lineage. however, viruses from the two subsequent case submissions (fav-009 and fav-010) were unique reassortants with pb2, pa, nucleoprotein (np) an ... | 2012 | 22470427 |
| swine influenza virus infection dynamics in two pig farms; results of a longitudinal assessment. | in order to assess the dynamics of influenza virus infection in pigs, serological and virological follow-ups were conducted in two whole batches of pigs from two different farms (f1 and f2), from 3 weeks of age until market age. anti-swine influenza virus (siv) antibodies (measured by elisa and hemagglutination inhibition) and nasal virus shedding (measured by rrt-pcr and isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and mdck cells) were carried out periodically. siv isolates were subtyped and hemagglut ... | 2012 | 22452923 |
| protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection. | ginseng polysaccharide has been known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. in this study, we investigated whether panax ginseng polysaccharide (gp) would have a preventive effect on influenza infection. administration of mice with gp prior to infection was found to confer a survival benefit against infection with h1n1 (a/pr/8/34) and h3n2 (a/philippines/82) influenza viruses. mice infected with the 2009 h1n1 virus suspended in gp solution showed moderately enhanced survival rates and lower ... | 2012 | 22442708 |
| identification of a novel compound with antiviral activity against influenza a virus depending on pa subunit of viral rna polymerase. | influenza viruses have developed resistance to current drugs, creating a need for new antiviral targets and new drugs to treat influenza virus infections. in this study, computational and experimental screening of an extensive compound library identified thc19, which was able to suppress influenza virus replication. this compound had no cytotoxic effects and did not disrupt cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis in mdck cells as confirmed by wst-1 assays, flow cytometry analysis, and caspase ... | 2012 | 22441116 |
| detecting patches of protein sites of influenza a viruses under positive selection. | influenza a viruses are single-stranded rna viruses capable of evolving rapidly to adapt to environmental conditions. examples include the establishment of a virus in a novel host or an adaptation to increasing immunity within the host population due to prior infection or vaccination against a circulating strain. knowledge of the viral protein regions under positive selection is therefore crucial for surveillance. we have developed a method for detecting positively selected patches of sites on t ... | 2012 | 22427709 |
| identification of dual receptor-binding specific strains of human h5n1 viruses in china. | both the 2, 6 linkage and its topology on target cells are critical for the recognition by human influenza virus. the binding preference of avian flu virus h5n1 ha to the 2, 3-linked sialylated glycans is considered the major factor limiting its efficient infection and transmission in humans. to monitor potential adaptation of h5n1 virus in human population, the surveillance of receptor-binding specificity was undertaken in china. | 2012 | 22424634 |
| clinical predictors for diagnosing pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in fever clinics in beijing, china. | symptomatic predictors of influenza could assess risks and improve decisions about isolation and outpatient treatment. to develop such predictors, we undertook a prospective analysis of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in patients attending fever clinics. | 2012 | 22424628 |
| innate immune response of human alveolar macrophages during influenza a infection. | alveolar macrophages (am) are one of the key cell types for initiating inflammatory and immune responses to influenza virus in the lung. however, the genome-wide changes in response to influenza infection in am have not been defined. we performed gene profiling of human am in response to h1n1 influenza a virus pr/8 using affymetrix hg-u133 plus 2.0 chips and verified the changes at both mrna and protein levels by real-time rt-pcr and elisa. we confirmed the response with a contemporary h3n2 infl ... | 2012 | 22396727 |
| the rna polymerase pb2 subunit of influenza a/hongkong/156/1997 (h5n1) restricts the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes [corrected]. | genetic reassortment plays a critical role in the generation of pandemic strains of influenza virus. the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has been suggested to influence the efficiency of genetic reassortment. however, the role of the rna polymerase in the genetic reassortment is not well understood. | 2012 | 22389716 |
| in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities of four neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 season in japan. | the half maximal inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of four neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir; was measured using influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 influenza season in japan. clinical samples for viral isolation were obtained from nasal aspiration, nasopharyngeal swab, or self-blown nasal discharge and cultured with madin-darby canine kidney cells. the type and subtype of h3n2 or b were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chai ... | 2012 | 22370919 |
| clinical validation of a point-of-care multiplexed in vitro immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies (the msd influenza test) in four hospitals in vietnam. | point-of-care (poc) diagnostic tests for influenza can considerably shorten the time to clinical decision making. an investigational poc test based on a multiplexed immunoassay was developed by meso scale diagnostics, llc (msd), with the objective to make a more sensitive rapid test that can also subtype influenza a viruses (1977 h1, h3, and h5). between february and november 2010, we conducted a prospective multicenter study at four hospitals in vietnam and compared the performance of this test ... | 2012 | 22357497 |
| serological response to influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix®) and seasonal influenza vaccine 2009/2010 in renal transplant recipients and in hemodialysis patients. | in the present study, antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination and to the adjuvanted one-shot influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix(®)) was investigated in 57 hemodialysis (hd) patients and 48 renal transplant (rt) recipients. specific antibodies were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using a pandemic h1n1 strain and a seasonal h3n2 virus. hi titers of ≥1:40 were considered as protective. hemodialysis patients showed seroprotection against pandemic h1n1 in 35.1%, against ... | 2012 | 22350187 |
| hapivirins and diprovirins: novel θ-defensin analogs with potent activity against influenza a virus. | θ-defensins are cyclic octadecapeptides found in nonhuman primates whose broad antiviral spectrum includes hiv-1, hsv-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and influenza a virus (iav). we previously reported that synthetic θ-defensins called retrocyclins can neutralize and aggregate various strains of iav and increase iav uptake by neutrophils. this study describes two families of peptides, hapivirins and diprovirins, whose design was inspired by retrocyclins. the goal was to develop ... | 2012 | 22345650 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza activity of aminoalkyl rupestonates. | a series of aminoalkyl rupestonates were designed and synthesized by reacting rupestonic acid with 1,ω-dibromoalkanes, followed by amination. all of the new compounds were bioassayed in vitro to determine their activities against influenza a (h3n2, h1n1) and b viruses. the results showed that compounds 5a-5g, which each contain a 1h-1,2,4-triazolyl moiety, were found to be the most potent set of compounds. compound 5g was demonstrated to possess the highest inhibitory activity against influenza ... | 2012 | 22341943 |
| design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents targeting virus nucleoprotein. | the influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) is an emerging target for anti-influenza drug development. nucleozin (1) and its closely related derivatives had been identified as np inhibitors displaying anti-influenza activity. utilizing 1 as a lead molecule, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents. one of the most potent compounds, 3b, inhibited the replication of various h3n2 and h1n1 influenza a virus strains wit ... | 2012 | 22332894 |
| the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus induces anti-neuraminidase (na) antibodies that cross-react with the na of h5n1 viruses in ferrets. | a miniaturized neuraminidase inhibition (ni) assay using ha-mismatched h6 reassortant viruses was performed to examine the neuraminidase (na)-specific antibody response in ferrets immunized with live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) strains. the strains tested possessed different nas derived from seasonal h1n1 and h3n2, 2009 pandemic h1n1, and the highly pathogenic influenza h5n1 virus. the anti-na antibodies from the 2009 pandemic strain (a/california/7/2009) immunized ferrets cross-reacted ... | 2012 | 22330124 |
| the community impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic in the who european region: a comparison with historical seasonal data from 28 countries. | the world has recently experienced the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century that lasted 14 months from june 2009 to august 2010. this study aimed to compare the timing, geographic spread and community impact during the winter wave of influenza pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 to historical influenza seasons in countries of the who european region. | 2012 | 22325082 |
| an influenza reassortant with polymerase of ph1n1 and ns gene of h3n2 influenza a virus is attenuated in vivo. | influenza viruses readily mutate by accumulating point mutations and also by reassortment in which they acquire whole gene segments from another virus in a co-infected host. the ns1 gene is a major virulence factor of influenza a virus. the effects of changes in ns1 sequence depend on the influenza polymerase constellation. here, we investigated the consequences of a virus with the polymerase of pandemic h1n1 2009 acquiring an ns gene segment derived from a seasonal influenza a h3n2 virus, a com ... | 2012 | 22323532 |
| safety and immunogenicity of multimeric-001--a novel universal influenza vaccine. | a new vaccine, multimeric-001, containing conserved linear epitopes from the ha, np, and m1 proteins of influenza type a and type b strains was designed to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains, regardless of mutations. we assessed its safety and tolerability and characterized humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by its administration. | 2012 | 22318394 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in influenza viruses and laboratory testing methods. | infection with influenza viruses, including seasonal, avian and pandemic viruses, remains a worldwide public health problem. although influenza virus infection is both vaccine preventable and drug treatable, high rates of mutation and reassortment of viruses can result in reduced effectiveness of vaccines or drugs. currently, two classes of drugs, adamantanes (m2 blockers) and neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), are available for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza infections. given th ... | 2012 | 22311680 |
| synergistic tlr2/6 and tlr9 activation protects mice against lethal influenza pneumonia. | lower respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a continue to exact unacceptable worldwide mortality, and recent epidemics have emphasized the importance of preventative and containment strategies. we have previously reported that induction of the lungs' intrinsic defenses by aerosolized treatments can protect mice against otherwise lethal challenges with influenza a virus. more recently, we identified a combination of toll like receptor (tlr) agonists that can be aerosolized to protect m ... | 2012 | 22299046 |
| one-step detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1) virus by the rt-smartamp assay and its clinical validation. | in 2009, a pandemic (pdm) influenza a(h1n1) virus infection quickly circulated globally resulting in about 18,000 deaths around the world. in japan, infected patients accounted for 16% of the total population. the possibility of human-to-human transmission of highly pathogenic novel influenza viruses is becoming a fear for human health and society. | 2012 | 22295077 |
| preexisting influenza-specific cd4+ t cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans. | protective immunity against influenza virus infection is mediated by neutralizing antibodies, but the precise role of t cells in human influenza immunity is uncertain. we conducted influenza infection studies in healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to the challenge viruses h3n2 or h1n1. we mapped t cell responses to influenza before and during infection. we found a large increase in influenza-specific t cell responses by day 7, when virus was completely cleared from nasal samples and ... | 2012 | 22286307 |
| modification of the ferret model for pneumonia from seasonal human influenza a virus infection. | the primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. a conventional animal model--intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 10(6) median tissue culture infectious dose of virus--results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 10(9) and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures wit ... | 2012 | 22262355 |
| a novel family of peptides with potent activity against influenza a viruses. | the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus has catalysed a search for new antiviral agents to supplement or replace existing drugs. following the success of the human immunodeficiency virus entry blocker enfuvirtide, there has been a resurgence of interest in peptide-based antivirals. in this paper, we report on the discovery of a novel family of peptides (flupep, fp) that function as inhibitors of influenza a virus infection. the prototype peptide (fp1, also known as tkip) inter ... | 2012 | 22258859 |
| dynamic patterns of circulating seasonal and pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza viruses from 2007-2010 in and around delhi, india. | influenza surveillance was carried out in a subset of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) presenting at an employee health clinic (ehs) at all india institute of medical sciences (aiims), new delhi (urban) and pediatric out patients department of civil hospital at ballabhgarh (peri-urban), under the comprehensive rural health services project (crhsp) of aiims, in delhi region from january 2007 to december 2010. of the 3264 samples tested, 541 (17%) were positive for influenza viruses, of ... | 2012 | 22235265 |
| comparison of shedding characteristics of seasonal influenza virus (sub)types and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09; germany, 2007-2011. | influenza viral shedding studies provide fundamental information for preventive strategies and modelling exercises. we conducted a prospective household study to investigate viral shedding in seasonal and pandemic influenza between 2007 and 2011 in berlin and munich, germany. | 2012 | 23240050 |
| molecular characterization of the predominant influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in mexico, december 2011-february 2012. | when the a(h1n1)pdm09 pandemic influenza virus moved into the post-pandemic period, there was a worldwide predominance of the seasonal influenza a(h3n2) and b viruses. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 became the prevailing subtype in the 2011-2012 influenza season in mexico and most of central america. during this season, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs of individuals presenting with influenza-like illness at our institution in mexico city. samples were tested for seasonal a(h3n2) and b influenza viruses ... | 2012 | 23209653 |
| influenza b-cells protective epitope characterization: a passkey for the rational design of new broad-range anti-influenza vaccines. | the emergence of new influenza strains causing pandemics represents a serious threat to human health. from 1918, four influenza pandemics occurred, caused by h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2 subtypes. moreover, in 1997 a novel influenza avian strain belonging to the h5n1 subtype infected humans. nowadays, even if its transmission is still circumscribed to avian species, the capability of the virus to infect humans directly from avian reservoirs can result in fatalities. moreover, the risk that this or novel ... | 2012 | 23202517 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1/2009) from other seasonal influenza a viruses. | we previously developed a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle(np)-based genomic microarray assay for identification of the avian h5n1 virus and its discrimination from other influenza a virus strains (h1n1, h3n2). in this study, we expanded the platform to detect the 2009 swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1/2009). multiple specific capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed for the matrix (m), hemagglutinin (ha), and neuraminidase (na) genes of the h1n1/2009 virus. the h1n1/2009 mic ... | 2012 | 23202513 |
| influenza surveillance among children with pneumonia admitted to a district hospital in coastal kenya, 2007-2010. | influenza data gaps in sub-saharan africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. | 2012 | 23169974 |
| spatiotemporal circulation of influenza viruses in 5 african countries during 2008-2009: a collaborative study of the institut pasteur international network. | although recent work has described the spatiotemporal diffusion of influenza viruses worldwide, comprehensive data on spatiotemporal patterns of influenza from the african continent and madagascar are still lacking. | 2012 | 23169972 |
| influenza surveillance in zambia, 2008-2009. | limited information exists about influenza viruses in africa. we used data from a new sentinel surveillance system to investigate the seasonality and characteristics of influenza, including pandemic (pdm) influenza a h1n1, in zambia. | 2012 | 23169966 |
| evolutionary dynamics of 2009 pandemic influenza a virus subtype h1n1 in south africa during 2009-2010. | the 2009 pandemic influenza a virus subtype h1n1 (a[h1n1]pdm09) was first detected in june 2009 in south africa and later resulted in extensive transmission throughout africa. established routine surveillance programs and collaboration between private and public sector laboratories allowed for comprehensive molecular epidemiological and antigenic investigation of the first and second waves of 2009-2010 pandemic influenza in south africa. | 2012 | 23169965 |
| characteristics of patients with influenza-like illness, severe acture respiratory illness, and laboratory-confirmed influenza at a major children's hospital in angola, 2009-2011. | there are no published data on influenza trends in angola, where pneumonia is a leading cause of death among young children. this study aims to describe the seasonal trends, types, and subtypes of influenza virus recovered from patients with respiratory illness who were admitted to the major children's hospital in angola from may 2009 through april 2011. nasal and oral swabs were collected from patients seen in the outpatient clinic with influenza-like illness (ili) or hospitalized with severe a ... | 2012 | 23169959 |
| influenza viruses in nigeria, 2009-2010: results from the first 17 months of a national influenza sentinel surveillance system. | influenza surveillance data from tropical, sub-saharan african countries are limited. to better understand the epidemiology of influenza, nigeria initiated influenza surveillance in 2008. | 2012 | 23169957 |
| outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, pennsylvania, usa, 2011. | during august 2011, influenza a (h3n2) variant [a(h3n2)v] virus infection developed in a child who attended an agricultural fair in pennsylvania, usa; the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09. we interviewed fair attendees and conducted a retrospective cohort study among members of an agricultural club who attended the fair. probable and confirmed cases of a(h3n2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respecti ... | 2012 | 23171635 |
| evaluation of rapid influenza virus tests in patients with influenza-like illness in thailand. | the influenza virus is responsible for causing major respiratory tract symptoms. a fast, accurate diagnosis is essential for efficient treatment, especially in patients with complications. the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) for influenza detection have been developed to subtype the influenza virus. the re-evaluation of the rapid test is needed in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. | 2012 | 23163105 |
| [the efficiency of influenza vaccines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive therapy]. | inactivated influenza vaccination is recommended yearly for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive therapy. | 2012 | 23160078 |
| vaccine development for protecting swine against influenza virus. | influenza virus infects a wide variety of species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds. weight loss caused by influenza infection and/or co-infection with other infectious agents results in significant financial loss in swine herds. the emergence of pandemic h1n1 (a/ca/04/2009/h1n1) and h3n2 variant (h3n2v) viruses, which cause disease in both humans and livestock constitutes a concerning public health threat. influenza virus contains eight single-stranded, negative-sense rna ge ... | 2012 | 23253165 |
| effects of two commonly found strains of influenza a virus on developing dopaminergic neurons, in relation to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. | influenza virus (infv) infection during pregnancy is a known risk factor for neurodevelopment abnormalities in the offspring, including the risk of schizophrenia, and has been shown to result in an abnormal behavioral phenotype in mice. however, previous reports have concentrated on neuroadapted influenza strains, whereas increased schizophrenia risk is associated with common respiratory infv. in addition, no specific mechanism has been proposed for the actions of maternal infection on the devel ... | 2012 | 23251423 |
| influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus suppresses rig-i initiated innate antiviral responses in the human lung. | influenza infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) is believed to play an important role in the recognition of, and response to, influenza virus and other rna viruses. our study focuses on the hypothesis that pandemic h1n1/09 influenza virus alters the influenza-induced proinflammatory response and suppresses host antiviral activity. we first compared the innate response to a clinical isolate of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus, ok/09, a clinical ... | 2012 | 23185463 |
| monitoring of influenza viruses in the aftermath of the great east japan earthquake. | influenza has a significant impact on public health when a natural disaster occurs during the influenza season. however, the epidemiological characteristics of influenza following natural disasters have not been well documented due to the difficulty of implementing laboratory-based influenza surveillance in such situations. the great east japan earthquake occurred on march 11, 2011, when influenza was already circulating. since routine influenza surveillance was not performed in miyagi prefectur ... | 2012 | 23183209 |