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on-off retinal ganglion cells temporally encode off/on sequence.while the functions of on and off retinal ganglion cells have been intensively investigated, that of on-off cells has not. in the present study, the temporal properties of spike trains emitted from on-off cells in response to randomly flickering or multiphase ramp stimuli were examined in the japanese quail. the results indicate that the firing of on-spikes was influenced by the recent firing of off-spikes, and vice versa. as a result of this interaction, off/on sequence of light intensity chang ...200811665757
growth variability in avian embryos as a source of experimental error.to reduce variability in an embryonic population to be used in experiments with electromagnetic fields, 820 japanese quail eggs (41 experiments, 20 eggs per experiment) were incubated to analyze different possible inputs of experimental variance. eggs came from a randombred progenitor population obtained from a poultry farm and selectively maintained. the results show that growth variability is significantly higher in some progenies, which show bimodal distributions; this is evidence of the exis ...20087881203
a comparison of genetic variability in strains of japanese quail selected for heavy body weight.electrophoretic analyses of body tissues from three strains of japanese quail from the quail genetic stock centre at the university of british columbia, two selected for heavy body weight and one randombred, were carried out to determine whether genetic variations in selected strains were different from randombred strains. in addition, the data were also compared with those obtained from domestic and wild populations in japan. the proportion of polymorphic loci was higher in the heavy strains th ...20081552157
rhodopsin-like sensitivity of extra-retinal photoreceptors mediating the photoperiodic response in quail.it has been known for some 50 years that birds use photoreceptors in or near the hypothalamus to mediate the photoperiodic responses that control seasonal breeding. so far, however, attempts to identify the photopigment by determining an action spectrum have failed. the problems stem from the selective filtering of light by the tissues surrounding the photoreceptors and the need to deliver defined amounts of light over the days or weeks required to induce a quantitative measure of photostimulati ...20083965970
relationship of serum alpha-amylase to aflatoxin resistance in japanese quail.serum alpha-amylase (s alpha a) activities were examined in a non-selected population (ns) of japanese quail and in two lines genetically selected for resistance to aflatoxin. normal s alpha a activities of both selected lines were significantly lower than that of the ns line (p less than or equal to 0.05). an oral dose of 2.5 mg aflatoxin/kg body weight significantly lowered s alpha a activity in ns quails after 24 hours; 18.0 mg/kg body weight was required to decrease the activity in selected ...20083490253
effect of rooibos tea ( aspalathus linearis ) on japanese quail growth, egg production and plasma metabolites. 200828140626
effect of rooibos tea (aspalathus linearis) on japanese quail growth, egg production and plasma metabolites.1. birds have been proposed as a suitable model for studies on ageing because of their long life in comparison with similar-sized mammals. however, some weak fliers, such as galliformes, are the exception to this rule. the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the treatment with rooibos tea (aspalathus linearis), a natural source of flavonoid antioxidants and compounds with phyto-oestrogenic activity, on postnatal development and egg production of aged japanese quail (coturnix ...200818210290
stimulus contingency and the malleability of species-typical auditory preferences in northern bobwhite (colinus virginianus) hatchlings.precocial avian hatchlings are typically highly social and show strong species-typical preferences for the maternal calls of their own species. the influence of social contingencies on the acquisition of species-specific preferences has, however, largely been neglected. we found that exposing bobwhite (bw) quail chicks to a japanese quail (jq) call contingent on their own vocalizations for 5 min was sufficient to eliminate their species-typical preference for the bw maternal call. yoked, noncont ...200818551463
effects of the usage of dried brewing yeast in the diets on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters in quails.this experiment was carried out to determine the effects of the usage of dried brewing yeast in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. a total of 240 japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 10 weeks were randomly allocated into one control group and three treatment groups. each group was divided into five replicates as subgroups, comprising 12 quails each. dried brewing yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used at the levels of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% in the di ...200822444084
growth response to chronic beta agonist feeding and mature carcass characteristics of quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) selected for high and low body densities.a study was conducted to determine the effect of long-term feeding of a beta agonist (cimaterol) on female japanese quail. quail used were from lines selected for high (hd) and low (ld) body density from a randombred population. dietary treatments consisted of 1) the basal feed, 2) the basal feed containing .5 ppm, or 3) 1.0 ppm of the beta agonist. the treatment period for the six experimental groups extended from 14 to 94 days of age. weight gains to 49 days and live weights at 94 days of age ...20082575254
the underestimated role of olfaction in avian reproduction?until the second half of the 20th century, it was broadly accepted that most birds are microsmatic if not anosmic and unable to detect and use olfactory information. exceptions were eventually conceded for species like procellariiforms, vultures or kiwis that detect their food at least in part based on olfactory signals. during the past 20-30 years, many publications have appeared indicating that this view is definitely erroneous. we briefly review here anatomical, electrophysiological and behav ...200818804490
calcium and calmodulin levels in late embryonic and early hatched japanese quail brain.characterizing the last phases of embryonic avian brain development are increased brain activity and increased absorption of shell calcium. the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, regulates many activities of calcium. in neural tissue, calmodulin modulates neural transmission, and is required for the phosphorylation of synaptosomal proteins. therefore, the objective was to compare levels of brain calcium and calmodulin in the japanese quail. brain extracts from embryonic days 11, 15, hatch, and ...20082327289
pattern formation in the epithelium of the oviduct of japanese quail.cellular patterns of the oviduct epithelium from the japanese quail were examined during maturation. the epithelium of a juvenile bird showed a jigsaw puzzle pattern consisting of a single, undifferentiated cell type. at the start of maturation, cells were rearranged into a pattern in which the length of boundaries between goblet type gland (g-) cells and ciliated (c-) cells (g-c boundaries) were maximized. at this stage, the surface area of g-cells was much smaller, but g-cells are more than 2 ...20082268543
key amino acids in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor predict dioxin sensitivity in avian species.dioxin-like compounds are toxic to most vertebrates, but significant differences in sensitivity exist among species. a recent study suggests that the amino acid residues corresponding to ile324 and ser380 in the chicken aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1 (ahr1) are important determinants of differential biochemical responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) in chickens and common terns. here, we investigate whether the identity of these amino acid residues can predict embryonic sensitivity ...200818939598
using mean infectious dose of high- and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses originating from wild duck and poultry as one measure of infectivity and adaptation to poultry.the mean infectious doses of selected avian influenza virus (aiv) isolates, determined in domestic poultry under experimental conditions, were shown to be both host-dependent and virus strain-dependent and could be considered one measure of the infectivity and adaptation to a specific host. as such, the mean infectious dose could serve as a quantitative predictor for which strains of aiv, given the right conditions, would be more likely transmitted to and maintained in a given species or subsequ ...200818939635
absence of donor-derived zona pellucida protein c homolog in the inner perivitelline layer of peking duck (anas platyrhynchos)-japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) chimeras (duails).avian blastodermal cells at stage x are used to produce interspecies chimeras for heterogenous poultry reproduction. however, recipient-derived inner perivitelline layer (ipvl)-enclosed donor-derived ova may affect the efficiency of germline transmission via chimera. among the proteins in the ipvl, zona pellucida protein c (zpc) plays an important role in sperm-egg binding and inducing the acrosome reaction. in the present study, peking duck blastodermal cells at stage x were transferred into su ...200818809869
chemoprevention of fibroid tumors by [-]-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in quail.spontaneous leiomyomas of the oviduct are common tumors of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), and fibroid tumors in the laying hen are similar to human fibroid tumors with respect to estrogen and progesterone receptors. this makes the quail a good animal model for screening potential agents for that aid in the prevention and treatment of human myoma uteri. we have previously reported a decreased incidence of leiomyomas in the oviduct of japanese quail with antioxidant supplementati ...200819083394
arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (gl. uropygialis) in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and silver polish (gallus gallus domesticus).this study focused on the morphological characteristics of the uropygial glands of the japanese quail and silver polish, particularly the arterial nourishment. with this respect, coloured-latex injected animals were dissected and their glands and related arteries were observed. the gland in the japanese quail was relatively longer than that in the silver polish. the first caudal segmental arteries in the japanese quail were specialized as the uropygial gland artery while the fourth caudal segmen ...200818162098
preference of birds for zinc phosphide bait formulations.zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. the base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. in this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (columba livia gmelin) and japanese quails (coturnix japonica temm. & schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (corvus monedula l., ...200818189327
origin of adenohypophysial lobes and cells from rathke's pouch in chicken (gallus gallus) and japanese quail (coturniz coturniz japonica). expression of calcium-binding proteins.a histological and immunochemical study of adenohypophysis development in two bird species: chicken (gallus gallus) and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) was carried out, focussing firstly morphologically on the origin of its different lobes, then secondly on the differentiation of hormone-producing cells from the adenohypophysial anlage and their involvement in the differentiation of three calcium-binding proteins. the results of the morphological development study show how the origin ...200818215203
gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih) receptor gene is expressed in the chicken ovary: potential role of gnih in follicular maturation.gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih), an rfamide peptide, has been found to inhibit pituitary lh secretion in avian and mammalian species. the gene encoding a putative receptor for gnih (gnihr) was recently identified in the chicken and japanese quail brain and pituitary gland. gnihr appears to be a seven-transmembrane protein belonging to a family of g-protein-coupled receptors. in the present study, we have characterized the expression of gnihr mrna in the chicken ovary and demonstrate that ...200818239054
secretion of inhibin in male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) from one week of age to sexual maturity.the objective of this study was to investigate the changes in secretion of inhibin and cellular localization of the inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (beta(a) and beta(b)) subunits in male japanese quail from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. the post-hatch profile of plasma luteinizing hormone (lh), immunoreactive (ir) inhibin and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. testes were immunostained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (abc) using polyclonal antisera raised against inh ...200818239351
genetic evaluation of the hsp70 protein in the japanese quail (coturnix japonica).heat stress is one of the main problems in modern aviculture, since it affects birds especially in the final phase of rearing, causing bird mortality and economic losses to the aviculturist. the quail, as most birds, has difficulties in dissipating heat. however, little is known about the mechanism that controls the responses of the organism to stressor agents. therefore, the study of heat shock proteins (hsps) in these birds is important. a 960-bp portion of hsp70 was amplified using oligonucle ...200818273829
transplantation of ovaries in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).this study aimed to extend techniques of ovarian transplantation from chickens to japanese quail. ovarian tissue was surgically transplanted from chicks obtained from a line of white-breasted (wb/wb) to those of wild-type (+/+) quail at 1-day of age or at 1 week, with or without subsequent administration of the immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil. only one out of seven quail (14.3%) transplanted at 1-day of age survived the surgery but 14 of 18 quail (77.8%) transplanted at a week of age su ...200818276089
urine concentration and avian aquaporin water channels.although birds and mammals have evolved from primitive tetrapods and advanced divergently, both can conserve water by producing hyperosmotic urine. unique aspects in the avian system include the presence of loopless and looped nephrons, lack of the thin ascending limb of henle's loop, a corticomedullary osmotic gradient primarily consisting of nacl without contribution of urea, and significant postrenal modification of final urine. the countercurrent multiplier mechanism operates between the des ...200818278509
maternal antibodies reduce costs of an immune response during development.young vertebrates are dependent primarily on innate immunity and maternally derived antibodies for immune defense. this reliance on innate immunity and the associated inflammatory response often leads to reduced growth rates after antigenic challenge. however, if offspring have maternal antibodies that recognize an antigen, these antibodies should block stimulation of the inflammatory response and reduce growth suppression. to determine whether maternal and/or offspring antigen exposure affect a ...200818281327
recessive black is allelic to the yellow plumage locus in japanese quail and associated with a frameshift deletion in the asip gene.the recessive black plumage mutation in the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene (rb) and displays a blackish-brown phenotype in the recessive homozygous state (rb/rb). a similar black coat color phenotype in nonagouti mice is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation at the agouti locus. an allelism test showed that wild type and mutations for yellow, fawn-2, and recessive black in japanese quail were multiple alleles (*n, *y, *f2, and *rb) at the same ...200818287406
characterization of japanese quail yellow as a genomic deletion upstream of the avian homolog of the mammalian asip (agouti) gene.asip is an important pigmentation gene responsible for dorsoventral and hair-cycle-specific melanin-based color patterning in mammals. we report some of the first evidence that the avian asip gene has a role in pigmentation. we have characterized the genetic basis of the homozygous lethal japanese quail yellow mutation as a >90-kb deletion upstream of asip. this deletion encompasses almost the entire coding sequence of two upstream loci, raly and eif2b, and places asip expression under control o ...200818287407
functional disorder of the retina in manganese-deficient japanese quail revealed by electroretinography using a contact lens electrode with built-in light source.manganese deficiency results in neurological and skeletal defects, together with ultrastructural disarrangement of the retina in rats. wild birds show a range of mn concentrations in their tissues, including the liver, raising the possibility of mn-related disorders in the wild. electroretinography (erg) provides a useful noninvasive approach to evaluate visual function. this method is especially useful in birds, as objective analysis of them is very difficult, while they have well-developed vis ...200818319573
thyrotrophin in the pars tuberalis triggers photoperiodic response.molecular mechanisms regulating animal seasonal breeding in response to changing photoperiod are not well understood. rapid induction of gene expression of thyroid-hormone-activating enzyme (type 2 deiodinase, dio2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (mbh) of the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) is the earliest event yet recorded in the photoperiodic signal transduction pathway. here we show cascades of gene expression in the quail mbh associated with the initiation of photoinduced secretion of lu ...200818354476
comparative embryonic development of the skeleton of the domestic turkey (meleagris gallopavo) and other galliform birds.ossification sequences are poorly known for birds in general, even for common domestic and experimental species. such sequences constitute a rich source of data on character evolution, and may even provide phylogenetic information. it is not clear, however, what factors influence ossification sequences and what the relative importance of phylogeny is to the sequences. galliformes constitute a good group to examine these variables. these birds are osteologically conservative, have precocial young ...200818375106
conformational flexibility and kinetic complexity in antibody-antigen interactions.the kinetics of dissociation of three structurally characterized anti-hen egg white lysozyme antibodies (h8, h10, and h26), with hen egg white lysozyme (hel) and the avian variant japanese quail lysozyme (jql) were examined. these antibodies share over 90% sequence identity and recognize the same epitope, but differ in their degree of cross-reactivity and predicted combining site rigidity. competitive dissociation induced by the addition of excess unlabeled hel after varied periods of antibody-a ...200818383102
comparative digestibility of amino acids of maize, sorghum, finger millet and pearl millet in cockerels and japanese quails.1. the objective of the present study was to determine the apparent digestibilities of amino acids of maize, low tannin sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet in adult cockerels and japanese quails. 2. adult white leghorn cockerels (25 weeks of age) and adult japanese quails (15 weeks of age) were used to determine the apparent digestibilities of amino acids in cereal grains. 3. the digestibilities of amino acids in sorghum determined with quails were similar to cockerels, with the exception of ...200818409091
detoxification and oxidative stress responses along with microcystins accumulation in japanese quail exposed to cyanobacterial biomass.the cyanobacterial exposure has been implicated in mass mortalities of wild birds, but information on the actual effects of cyanobacteria on birds in controlled studies is missing. effects on detoxification and antioxidant parameters as well as bioaccumulation of microcystins (mcs) were studied in birds after sub-lethal exposure to natural cyanobacterial biomass. four treatment groups of model species japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were exposed to controlled doses of cyanobacterial ...200818423819
developmental patterning deciphered in avian chimeras.i started my scientific carer by investigating the development of the digestive tract in the laboratory of a well-known embryologist, etienne wolff, then professor at the collège de france. my animal model was the chick embryo. the investigations that i pursued on liver development together with serendipity, led me to devise a cell-marking technique based on the construction of chimeric embryos between two closely related species of birds, the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and the ...200818430163
rapid action on neuroplasticity precedes behavioral activation by testosterone.testosterone has been shown to increase the volume of steroid-sensitive brain nuclei in adulthood in several vertebrate species. in male japanese quail the volume of the male-biased sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus (pom), a key brain area for the control of male sexual behavior, is markedly increased by testosterone. previous studies assessed this effect after a period of 8-14 days but the exact time course of these effects is unknown. we asked here whether testosterone-dependent pom p ...200818452920
[physiologically active argon-based gas mixtures as a means of creating fire-safe gaseous environments in pressurized modules of varying purpose].development of acute hypoxic hypoxia in consequence of fire in various pressurized modules was studied. the investigation was aimed to look into the effects of inert argon and dramatic oxygen reduction in gaseous environment on animals (wistar rats, mice c57bl/6, balb/c and f1cbaxbalb/c hybrids, japanese quail embryos) and microorganism (escherichia coli strains k-12 jf 238 and k-12 jm 83). also, inflammability of some widely used materials was assessed in order to provide inputs to developers o ...200818714727
individual and combined effects of fumonisin b1 and moniliformin on clinicopathological and cell-mediated immune response in japanese quail.a total of 390 one-day-old quail chicks (coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into 4 groups (3 replicates per treatment), viz. cx, fx, mx, and fm, containing 75, 105, 105, and 105 birds, respectively. birds in the control group (cx) were fed quail mash alone, whereas birds in group fx were fed 200 ppm of fumonisin b(1) (fb(1)) from fusarium verticillioides culture material; group mx was fed 100 ppm of moniliformin (m) from fusarium fujikuroi culture material; and group fm was fed a combinati ...200818492990
incorporation of zp1 into perivitelline membrane after in vivo treatment with exogenous zp1 in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).in birds, the egg envelope surrounding the oocyte prior to ovulation is called the perivitelline membrane and it plays important roles in fertilization. in a previous study we demonstrated that one of the components of the perivitelline membrane, zp3, which is secreted from the ovarian granulosa cells, specifically interacts with zp1, another constituent that is synthesized in the liver of japanese quail. in the present study, we investigated whether zp1 injected exogenously into the blood posse ...200818537820
immunohistochemical studies on the splenic lobe of the pancreas in young japanese quails (coturnix c. japonica).the splenic lobe (lobus splenicus) of the pancreas of young meat-type quails (coturnix c. japonica) was examined by immunohistochemical and light microscopic methods. the endocrine cells are mainly grouped as alpha, beta and mixed islets. a large region consisting of alpha cells is located in the central region of the splenic lobe whereas numerous beta islets are detected in the periphery of the splenic lobe. alpha islets are in the majority composed of toluidine blue positive a cells and a few ...200818547019
immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the galloanserae monophyly.the presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (mf) and intermediate filament (if) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. these proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between speci ...200818563450
toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species.the objective of the present study was to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of diclofenac in different avian species including broiler chicks (gallus gallus, 15 days old), pigeons (columba livia, 3 months old), japanese quail (coturnix japonica, 4 weeks old) and mynah (acridotheres tristis, independent young). for each species, five groups each containing 10 birds were maintained and administered diclofenac sodium orally at dose rates of 0, 0.25, 2.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respe ...200818568659
habituation to humans affects yolk steroid levels and offspring phenotype in quail.in the field as well as in the laboratory, human-generated stress responses are reduced in adult animals previously habituated to humans in comparison to non-habituated individuals. in birds, yolk steroid levels vary with maternal environment and condition. we tested the hypothesis that the experience of female birds with humans could affect yolk steroids levels and offspring phenotype. two groups of japanese quail, one habituated to humans (h) and a second non-habituated (nh), were exposed dail ...200818572170
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can result in immunosuppression, a runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticulum cell neoplasia, or t-cell and/or b-cell lymphomas, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. histopathological changes in rev infection are not sufficient to differentiate it from avian lymphoid leukosis and marek's disease, and currently there are no available in situ diagnostic methods for detection of active rev presence in pathologic specimens. to develop immunohist ...200818622864
gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone receptor expression in the chicken pituitary gland: potential influence of sexual maturation and ovarian steroids.gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (gnih), a hypothalamic rfamide, has been found to inhibit gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland originally in birds and, subsequently, in mammalian species. the gene encoding a transmembrane receptor for gnih (gnihr) was recently identified in the brain, pituitary gland and gonads of song bird, chicken and japanese quail. the objectives of the present study are to characterise the expression of gnihr mrna and protein in the chicken pituitary g ...200818638025
a comparison of the protective action of added egg yolks from five avian species to the cryopreservation of bull sperm.cryopreservation of domestic animal sperm has been widely used for artificial insemination (ai), and egg yolk is one of the most commonly used cryoprotectants during the freezing-thawing process. the objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of egg yolk from five avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, domestic goose, japanese quail or domestic pigeon) and to optimize the concentration of egg yolk on the cryopreservation of bull sperm in terms of frozen-thawed sperm prog ...200817662543
polychlorinated biphenyl effects on avian hepatic enzyme induction and thyroid function.polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) decrease thyroid function in laboratory rodents by inducing activity of a liver enzyme, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (udp-gt), thereby increasing thyroxine (t4) clearance. this loss of t4 can lead to hypothyroidism. in this study, an assay was validated for measuring udp-gt activity toward t4 in japanese quail. udp-gt induction by aroclor 1254 was evaluated in quail, and responses of quail and mice were compared. in experiment 1, japanese quail and ...200817950733
exclusion of polymeric immunoglobulins and selective immunoglobulin y transport that recognizes its fc region in avian ovarian follicles.in avian species, blood immunoglobulin (ig) y, the equivalent to mammalian igg, is selectively incorporated into ovarian follicles, but other classes, iga and igm, are much less abundant in the follicles. several mammalian igs, including igg and iga, are also incorporated into ovarian follicles when administered to birds. to clarify the ig structure required for incorporation into ovarian follicles, ig uptakes were determined after the intravenous injection of chicken and human igs. three chicke ...200818031828
correlation of nitric oxide (no) activity and gonadal function in japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica following temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations.nitric oxide (no), a highly reactive and short-lived radical, is considered to be an important trigger molecule for several physiological mechanisms including gonadotrophin releasing hormone (gnrh) secretion in mammals, although there is no such information in avian literature. on the other hand, specific temporal phase relation of circadian neural (serotonergic and dopaminergic) oscillations is reported to modulate reproductive activity in many avian species including japanese quail. the presen ...200817512145
intensity and duration of corticosterone response to stressful situations in japanese quail divergently selected for tonic immobility.two genotypes of japanese quail have been divergently selected since the 1980s for long (lti) or short (sti) duration of tonic immobility [mills, a.d., faure, j.m., 1991. divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility and social reinstatement behavior in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. j. comp. psychol. 105(1), 25-38.], an unlearnt catatonic state characteristic of a behavioral fear response ([jones, r.b., 1986. the tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a revi ...200817586506
risk assessment of the organophosphate pesticides isazofos and pyraclofos using a 21-day dietary toxicity study in japanese quail.six-week-old male and female japanese quails (coturnix japonica) received two organophosphate pesticides, isazofos and pyraclofos, for a 21-day dietary toxicity test, based on the oecd workshop report. during the treatment period, body weight and food consumption of the quail decreased with exposure to either isazofos or pyraclofos. using the up-and-down procedure to determine the 50% mortality value, we found that the 21-day lc(50) of isazofos and pyraclofos were 40 and 87 mg/kg body weight, re ...200817629558
production of quail (coturnix japonica) germline chimeras derived from in vitro-cultured gonadal primordial germ cells.a previous report from our laboratory documented successful production of quail (coturnix japonica) germline chimeras by transfer of gonadal primordial germ cells (gpgcs). subsequently, this study was designed to evaluate whether gpgcs can be maintained in vitro for extended period, and furthermore, these cultured pgcs can induce germline transmission after transfer into recipient embryos. in experiment 1, gonadal cells from the two strains (wild-type plumage (wp) and black (d) quail) were cultu ...200817874456
consequences of in ovo exposure to p,p'-dde on reproductive development and function in japanese quail.this study was conduced to assess the effects of a one time embryonic exposure to p,p'-dde (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; dde) on the reproductive development and function in japanese quail (coturnix japonica). embryos were exposed at day one of incubation to either 20 or 40 microg dde or a sesame oil vehicle control (injection volume=20 microl). onset of puberty, gonadal histopathology, sperm motility, cloacal gland size, and male copulatory behavior were assessed in adults. dde accelerated ...200818021774
secretion of inhibin in female japanese quails (coturnix japonica) from hatch to sexual maturity.to clarify the cellular source and secretory pattern of inhibin in the japanese quail during follicular development, the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) inhibin were measured from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. localization of the inhibin/activin alpha, beta a and beta b subunits was investigated by immunohistochemistry. to monitor development of the pituitary and ovarian functions, the plasma luteinizing hormone (lh) and progesterone concentrations were also measured. ovarian weight ...200817998775
the effects of tomato powder supplementation on performance and lipid peroxidation in quail.recent studies have suggested a protective role for lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid, in the prevention of stress including environmental stress. tomatoes and tomato products are the major dietary source of lycopene. the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary tomato powder supplementation on the performance and lipid peroxidation of meat in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to a high ambient temperature of 34 degrees c. a total of 180 ten-day ...200818212370
supplementation with organic or inorganic selenium in heat-distressed quail.the present study was carried out to determine the effects of different sources of selenium (se; sodium selenite [na2seo3] or selenomethionine [se-met]) supplementation on egg production, egg quality, levels of malondialdehyde (mda), and se in serum and egg yolk in heat-stressed japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). the birds (n = 360; 55 days old) were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups consisting of six replicates of five birds each in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatmen ...200818196210
pathological effects of sodium hypochlorite administration through drinking water in male japanese quails (coturnix japonica).fifty male japanese quails of 40 days of age were divided into five equal groups viz. a, b, c, d, and e. drinking water supplemented with sodium hypochlorite at dose level of 0, 25, 50, 200, and 400 mg chlorine/l, respectively was offered for 6 weeks. at the end of week 6 when no clinical signs of toxicity of sodium hypochlorite appeared, the birds in groups b and c were shifted to 100 mg chlorine/l drinking water, and this level was increased fourfold (400, 1600, 6400 mg chlorine/l drinking wat ...200819042964
selective estrogen receptor alpha activation disrupts sex organ differentiation and induces expression of vitellogenin ii and very low-density apolipoprotein ii in japanese quail embryos.the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) is a widely used model species for studying the roles of steroid hormones in avian sex differentiation. the aim of the present study was to elucidate the significance of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (eralpha and erbeta) in normal sex differentiation of the reproductive organs in the japanese quail and in xenoestrogen-induced disruption of reproductive organ differentiation. real-time pcr indicated that eralpha (esr1) mrna is expressed in both right and ...200818483074
molecular aspects of avian oogenesis and fertilisation.in this paper, we summarise studies which have been carried out on the metabolism of nucleic acids (maternal rna, dna, nucleolytic enzymes) in avian oocytes and embryos (japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica ) within the last 10 years in the institute of genetics and animal breeding of the polish academy of sciences. the accumulation of maternal rna in the quail oocyte during oogenesis is shown and discussed. several individual transcripts were identified in rna from the germinal disc and s ...200818311709
effects of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on the reproductive toxicity in female japanese quail (coturnix japonica).we previously showed that 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro-m-cresol, pnmc), a component of diesel exhaust particles and a degradation product of the insecticide fenitrothion, has reproductive toxicity in adult male and immature female japanese quail (coturnix japonica). here we investigated effects of pnmc on the reproductive toxicity of mature female japanese quail. the experiment consists of 3 periods of pretreatment, treatment, and post-treatment for 5 d each. the birds were reared, bred natur ...200818981592
japanese quail (coturnix japonica) as a laboratory animal model.for the past 50 years, the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) has been a popular animal model in numerous fields of research. the quail's 16-d developmental period and its easily accessible embryo make c. japonica a convenient model for studies of developmental biology. because its lifespan is relatively short and its physiology is comparable to that of humans, the adult quail is useful for studies of aging and disease. the authors describe the japanese quail as an animal model and, drawing on t ...200818948991
epigallocatechin-3-gallate supplementation can improve antioxidant status in stressed quail.1. heat stress causes oxidative stress, which decreases plasma antioxidants in poultry. epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea, is a powerful antioxidant against lipid peroxidation. this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary egcg supplementation on performance, carcase characteristics, concentrations of malondialdehyde, lipid peroxidation indicator, vitamins c, e, a, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose in japanese quail (coturnix cotur ...200818836912
developmental hyperoxia attenuates the hypoxic ventilatory response in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).early life experiences can influence development of the respiratory control system. we hypothesized that chronic hyperoxia (60% o(2)) during development would attenuate the hypoxic ventilatory response (hvr) of japanese quail (coturnix japonica), similar to the effects of developmental hyperoxia in mammals. quail were exposed to hyperoxia during prenatal development, during postnatal development, or during both prenatal and postnatal development (for approximately 2 or 4 weeks). hvr (11% o(2)) w ...200818824143
the effect of cryopreservation process on morphology and fertilising ability of japanese quail (coturnix japonica) spermatozoa.changes in the morphology and fertilising ability of japanese quail spermatozoa were studied after semen dilution, equilibration and freezing-thawing process in order to determine the optimal diluent, cryoprotectant and the freezing-thawing method. subsequent stages of quail semen cryopreservation caused significant decline in spermatozoa morphology and their ability to fertilise the ovum. semen dilution with lake's extender alone reduced the number of morphologically normal spermatozoa and decr ...200818754060
thermoregulatory and metabolic responses of japanese quail to hypoxia.common responses to hypoxia include decreased body temperature (tb) and decreased energy metabolism. in this study, the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on tb and metabolic oxygen consumption (vo2) were investigated in japanese quail (coturnix japonica). when exposed to hypoxia (15, 13, 11 and 9% o2), tb decreased only at 11% and 9% o2 compared to normoxia; quail were better able to maintain tb during acute hypoxia after a one-week acclimation to 10% o2. vo2 also decreased during hypoxia, but ...200818727957
effect of estrogen and its antagonist on the expression of arginine vasotocin (avt) and its oxytocic-like receptor vt3 in the shell gland of japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.avian neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasotocin (avt) is known to regulate shell gland contractility during oviposition. while studying the role of estrogen in the expression and regulation of avt and its oxytocic-like receptor vt3, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, it was observed that the expression of avt and its receptor was not detected in the shell gland of sexually immature japanese quail. however, administration of estrogen to these birds not only stimulates the gro ...200818678266
social context rather than behavioral output or winning modulates post-conflict testosterone responses in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).testosterone regulates the expression of sexual and aggressive behavior in male vertebrates and treatments with testosterone may promote territorial aggression and winning in dyadic contests. conversely, individual testosterone levels respond to sexual or aggressive interactions and the social environment. post-conflict testosterone in winner males though appears to be more complex than simply reflecting conflict outcome. expression and degree of post-conflict testosterone responses may adapt to ...200818675837
[prenatal acoustic stimulation and feeding behavior of japanese quail chicks (coturnix coturnix japonica)].effects of a prenatal rhythmic tone on behavior of japanese quail chicks were studied on the next days after hatching. the acoustically stimulated chicks demonstrated a significantly more frequent following response, feeding reaction and comfortable behavior when hearing the tone as compared with their controls. bandwidths stimulating this or another behavior were determined.200818672521
epoxiconazole causes changes in testicular histology and sperm production in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the fungicide epoxiconazole (epox), a triazole, belongs to the group of azole compounds that are extensively used as fungicides in various fruit crops. the frequent use of agricultural lands for wintering by migrating birds can be the source of their increased dietary intake of agricultural pesticides. we investigated whether exposure to epox causes effects on avian fertility and reproduction, using the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) as a model species for the assessment of reproduc ...200818522476
growth and muscle characteristics of a growth selected line of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), a control line and reciprocal crosses between them.body growth, muscle growth, bone growth, and measurements of muscle fiber area and fiber number were made in a line of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) selected for high 4 week body weight for 100 generations (line pp), in the control line from which they were derived (line cc), and in genetically equivalent reciprocal crosses (pc and cp) that develop in eggs that differ greatly in weight. there was no difference in body weight or weight of the p. superficialis of newly hatched cc or ...200810885856
sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in birds.it is currently accepted that most sex differences in brain and behavior do not result from direct genomic actions, but develop following early exposure to a sexually differentiated endocrine milieu. in japanese quail (coturnix japonica), in contrast to rodents, the male reproductive phenotype appears to develop in the absence of endocrine influence, and estradiol secreted by the ovary of the female embryo is responsible for the physiologic demasculinization of females. in zebra finches (taeniop ...200818406680
pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in the plasma of japanese quail.to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of florfenicol in the plasma of healthy japanese quail (coturnix japonica).200919966901
effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and soy isoflavones supplementation on bone mineralisation of quail.1. the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-oh-d(3)) and soy isoflavones supplementation on performance, carcase recovery, bone mineral density, and tibia ash, ca, p, and serum vitamin d concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to high ambient temperature were evaluated. 2. a total of 270 ten-d-old japanese quail were randomly assigned to 9 treatment groups, 6 replicates of 5 birds each in a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of ...200919946824
the crystal polymorphism of calcium carbonate is determined by the matrix structure in quail eggs.two calcified structures, the eggshell and sperm-associated body (sb), are present in the eggs of the japanese quail, coturnix japonica. x-ray diffractometry showed that calcium carbonates take the form of calcite in the eggshell and aragonite in the sb. the aim of the present study was to identify the factors that determine the morphology of calcium carbonate crystals. the matrix of edta-treated eggshell was a meshwork of vesicles, 200 to 500 nm in diameter, connected by fine fibers or fibrous ...200919903967
a possible role of chorion protease in shell membrane degradation during development of quail embryos.in the eggs of the quail coturnix japonica, the limiting membrane demarcates the shell membrane at the interface with the albumen and decreases in width during the hatching process. this study was done to identify agents that affect the width of this limiting membrane. zymography tests on extracts from extraembryonic tissues, yolk sacs, or chorioallantoic membranes, or all three, showed proteolytic activities during d 4 to 10 of incubation. localization experiments on these activities, performed ...200919903963
control of aquaporin 2 expression in collecting ducts of quail kidneys.birds and mammals are the only vertebrates that can concentrate urine. avian kidneys contain structurally primitive loopless nephrons and also more advanced looped nephrons, in the cortical and medullary regions, respectively. we have identified the gene sequence of an aquaporin 2 (aqp2)-homologue water channel in collecting ducts of kidneys from adult quail, coturnix japonica. although immunoreactive quail aqp2 (qaqp2) was found in both types of nephrons, the expression is enhanced more clearly ...200919135443
study of gabaa receptors on the sleep-like behavior in coturnix japonica (temminck schlegel, 1849) (galliformes: aves).the present study was carried out to investigate the influence of gabaa signaling on sleep-like behaviors through systemic administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin (gabaa antagonists) and thiopental (an allosterical modulator). a thiopental (20 mg/kg) injection increased the eye closure frequency compared to the control group. the birds quickly became sleepy with a low frequency of early behavioral stages, such as rapid oral movement (rom), feather ruffling and blinking. a bicuculline admini ...200919066908
genistein supplementation to the quail: effects on egg production and egg yolk genistein, daidzein, and lipid peroxidation levels.genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, is a powerful antioxidant. in the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary genistein supplementation on japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) laying performance and egg yolk contents of malondialdehyde (mda), vitamin a, and vitamin e. malondialdehyde is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, whereas vitamins a and e have antioxidant properties. birds (n=150; 5 wk old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups consisting of 50 birds (5 replicates of 1 ...200919762866
the effects of testosterone on immune function in quail selected for divergent plasma corticosterone response.the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ichh) suggests that the male sex hormone testosterone has a dual effect; it controls the development and expression of male sexually selected signals, and it suppresses the immune system. therefore only high quality males are able to fully express secondary sexual traits because only they can tolerate the immunosuppressive qualities of testosterone. a modified version of the ichh suggests that testosterone causes immunosuppression indirectly by increasin ...200919749105
cuticle formation in quail eggs.the present study was conducted to determine both the site at which cuticle materials are produced and the critical period for their production in the oviductal uterus of the japanese quail, coturnix japonica. an antiserum was produced against the 32-kda band in electrophoretic profiles of cuticle materials obtained from eggshells decalcified with edta. immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic observations revealed that the 32-kda protein was synthesized in luminal ciliated epithelial c ...200919663645
structure of the oesophagus and morphometric, histochemical-immunohistochemical profiles of the oesophageal gland during the post-hatching period of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).in the oesophagus, mucins, which originate from oesophageal submucosal glands, play an important role in the mucosal protection as a pre-epithelial barrier. in this study, the structure of cervical and thoracic parts of oesophagus of japanese quail during the post-hatching period was compared, and the contents of carbohydrate and gastric mucin muc5ac of the oesophageal glands in these parts were analysed at the light microscope levels by applying conventional histochemical and immunohistochemica ...200919650777
visual asymmetries in japanese quail (coturnix japonica) retain a lifelong potential for plasticity.adult japanese quail display left-eye/right-hemisphere dominance in visually guided sexual tracking. in 2 experiments, the authors set out to answer if this functional cerebral asymmetry is modifiable by posthatch monocular deprivation. in experiment 1, the left or the right eye of 2-day old quail were closed for 70 days. quail were run in a left- or a right-turning runway to obtain access to a conspecific of the opposite sex. the performance of both left and right eye systems was equal. in expe ...200919634940
ultrastructure and lectin cytochemistry of secretory cells in lingual glands of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).in the present study, as continuation of our previous research, japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) lingual glands were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (tem) to understand the cytoarchitecture and the subcellular sugar distribution within the different secretory structures. indeed, glycosidic residues were visualized by applying an indirect technique of binding and the terminal sialoglycoconjugate sequences were characterized by employing sialidase digestion com ...200919609855
hormones and sexual differentiation of avian social behavior.research on the hormonal basis of sexual differentiation of mammalian behavior and its neural substrates constitutes an important chapter in the study of neural development that has led to important insights into how to conceptualize sexuality. here research on sexual differentiation of avian social behavior is discussed with an eye toward potential insights into avian sexuality. hormone manipulation experiments with japanese quail (coturnix japonica) and zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata) reve ...200919546571
learning enhances female control over reproductive investment in the japanese quail.the adaptive significance of learning is supported by studies showing its positive effects on mating behaviour, but they rarely go beyond fertilization success. here we studied how learning contributes to qualitative reproductive investment, by testing the hypothesis that mating in the context that predicts male appearance has positive effects on female reproductive investment compared with unsignalled mating. using japanese quail (coturnix japonica), we found that effects of mating in the conte ...200919535375
organizational effects of dde on brain vasotocin system in male japanese quail.p,p'-dde, or ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl), is the main metabolite of the pesticide ddt, or 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane. it is an androgen receptor antagonist and testosterone hydroxylase modulator that is also more persistent than its parent compound. in a previous study we demonstrated that embryonic exposure to different doses of p,p'-dde accelerated onset of puberty in females and reduced male reproductive behavior. in the present study we investigated the ...200919442834
the effects of vitamin c and e supplementation on heat shock protein 70 response of ovary and brain in heat-stressed quail.1. the effects of vitamin c (l-ascorbic acid) and vitamin e (alpha-tocopherol acetate) supplementation on egg production and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) response of ovary and brain in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to high ambient temperature were evaluated. 2. the birds (n = 540; 55 d old) were randomly assigned to 18 groups consisting of 3 replicates of 10 birds each in a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. birds were kept in wire cages in a temperature-co ...200919373727
sensitive embryonic endpoints with in ovo treatment for detecting androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of chemicals in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).the aim of the current study was to establish the sensitive embryonic endpoints and a test system for detecting androgenic and anti-androgenic potential of chemicals using an in ovo treatment assay in japanese quail. in ovo injection with 0 to 75 microg of cyproterone acetate (ca) was performed on d 12 of incubation, followed by 0 to 300 microg of testosterone propionate (tp) injection on d 13 and histological examination on d 16. experimental groups were composed of control (twice injected corn ...200919359695
tolerance of japanese quail embryos and young chicks to hypothermia.the purpose of this study was to explore the tolerance of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos and young quail chicks to a very low ambient temperature. fifty (n = 50) quail embryos at age embryonic age d 6 were placed in a cold room at 13 degrees c for 24 h. the heart rate (hr) was determined with an infrared hr sensor in an instrument called "buddy." after 12 and 24 h, the average body temperature of the embryos was 13 degrees c with an average hr of 8.7 +/- 0.9 beats per minute ...200919359693
social motivation affects the display of individual discrimination in young and adult japanese quail (coturnix japonica).a simultaneous two-choice test was used to investigate discrimination between a familiar (f) and an unfamiliar conspecific (u) in japanese quail, selected for high (hsr) or low (lsr) social reinstatement behavior (tendency to rejoin and stay close to conspecifics). animals were 1-week unsexed and 6-week-old male quail. one-week-old lsr quail and 6-week-old male hsr quail displayed discrimination after 24 hr of pair contact (p < 0.05), and a tendency to discriminate (p < 0.10) was found in adult ...200919277976
aflatoxin effect on the oocysts morphometry and contribution on the morphology of eimeria bateri bhatia, pandey and pande, 1965 of the japanese quail coturnix japonica in brazil.the purpose of this study was to characterize eimeria bateri oocysts and to evaluate the aflatoxin effect in the morphometry of sporulated oocysts in japanese quails infected naturally. of a total of 50 quails naturally infected by e. bateri were randomly divided into two groups with 25 birds each. in one of them, quails were orally administered with aflatoxin in dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight previously. both experimental groups shed e. bateri oocysts. these oocysts were subspherical to ellipso ...200919265584
mucuna pruriens seed powder feeding influences reproductive conditions and development in japanese quail coturnix coturnix japonica.this study was designed to test whether mucuna pruriens, a natural source of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa, a dopamine precursor) feeding, can influence development and reproductive conditions in the high food value bird, japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica. experiments were performed in both male and female japanese quail. one-week-old quail chicks were divided into three groups of 36 birds each. group i was provided with normal diet and served as control. group ii was provided with f ...200922444229
effects of simulated hypo- and hyper-reproductive conditions on the characteristics of circadian rhythm in hypothalamic concentration of serotonin and dopamine and in plasma levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and testosterone in japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.in this study, hypo- and hyper-reproductive conditions, as measured by concentrations of plasma testosterone in male japanese quail held on long days ld 16:8, were experimentally simulated with injections of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) and l-dihydroxyphenylalanine, (l-dopa) with 8 h and 12 h phase angle differences between them in intact and melatonin-treated birds. the effects of these treatments were assessed on the characteristics of the circadian rhythm in the hypothalamic concentration of s ...200919142756
molecular characterization of egg envelope glycoprotein zpd in the ovary of japanese quail (coturnix japonica).the egg envelope surrounding avian oocytes exhibits a three-dimensional network of coarse fibers between the granulosa cells and the oocyte. our previous studies have demonstrated that one of the matrix's components, zp3, is synthesized in the ovarian granulosa cells. another component, zp1, which is critically involved in triggering the sperm acrosome reaction, is synthesized in the liver. we have previously isolated cdnas encoding quail zp3 and zp1, and we now report the isolation of cdna enco ...200919017723
[on the oviducts of the quail (coturnix japonica). i. morphology and structure]. 20095165355
estradiol, a key endocrine signal in the sexual differentiation and activation of reproductive behavior in quail.in japanese quail, estrogen's effects on sexual behavior can be divided into three classes based on the underlying mechanisms and time-course of action and release. during embryonic life, the embryonic ovary secretes large amounts of estrogens. in contrast to what is observed in mammals where sexual differentiation essentially proceeds via masculinization of the males, in quail, females are demasculinized by their endogenous ovarian estrogens, an effect that can be blocked by injection of an aro ...200918481266
identification of the photoperiodic signaling pathway regulating seasonal reproduction using the functional genomics approach.animals measure photoperiod (daylength) and adapt to seasonal changes in the environment by altering their physiology and behavior accordingly. although this photoperiodic response has long been of interest, the underlying mechanism has only recently begun to be uncovered at the molecular level. japanese quail provide an excellent model to study the molecular mechanism underlying the vertebrate photoperiodic response. the recent sequencing of the chicken genome allowed a system-level analysis of ...200919084017
calcium transport in strongly calcifying laying birds: mechanisms and regulation.birds that lay long clutches (series of eggs laid sequentially before a "pause day"), among them the high-producing, strongly-calcifying gallus gallus domesticus (domestic hen) and coturnix coturnix japonica (japanese quail), transfer about 10% of their total body calcium daily. they appear, therefore, to be the most efficient calcium-transporters among vertebrates. such intensive transport imposes severe demands on ionic calcium (ca2+) homeostasis, and activates at least two extremely effective ...200919118637
influence of avian reproduction ecotoxicological endpoints in the assessment of plant protection products.the aim of this paper is to examine the statistical relevance of bird species on the endpoints of avian long-term toxicity studies (eggs laid, eggs set, eggs hatching, embryo survivor, 14-day old survivors and eggshell thickness). data from 561 animals of three different species (colinus virginianus, anas platyrynchos and coturnix coturnix japonica) tested with five different pesticides were analyzed in this study. the substances considered were: thiamethoxam (ez-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmeth ...200919130368
molecular cloning and characterization of slc11a1 cdna in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).slc11a1 is one of the most potent candidate genes conferring host's genetic resistance/susceptibility to various antigenically different intracellular pathogens. in this manuscript, we report the cloning and characterization of the complete coding sequence of slc11a1 cdna in japanese quail. the 1680bp of cloned slc11a1 cdna consisted of an open reading frame of 1665bp which coded for a complete protein of 555 amino acid residues. at nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels, japanese quail slc11 ...200919150134
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