Publications

dna-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines.	prototypes of multivalent dna vaccines against lyssaviruses (lv: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric lv glycoprotein (clvg) dna and clvg dna carrying foreign epitopes. clvg is composed of the n-terminal half of an lv genotype (gt) containing antigenic site ii, the c-terminal half of gt containing antigenic site iii, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different gt. both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing an ...	2000	11713814
gene immunization of mice with plasmid dna expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	gene immunization can be an effective vaccine strategy eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. we constructed plasmid vectors expressing the full-length vnukovo-32 rabies virus glycoprotein g under the control of cmv ie promoter and enhancer, adenovirus tripartite leader sequences and poly a signal of sv40. the gene vaccines were evaluated for the ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies and to protect balb/c mice against lethal rabies virus challenge. first, mice were inject ...	2000	11402706
[studies on schedules for human rabies immunization].	to study the feasibility of interferon (inf) plus an immunization schedule of two dose-two dose-one dose (2 - 2 - 1) of rabies vaccine and a simple 2 - 2 - 1 schedule, and to explore immune regulation mechanism of inf.	2000	11860898
dna immunization in combination with the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid a.	the use of the mpl® immunostimulant, a monophosphoryl lipid a preparation derived from the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella minnesota r595, began with the studies of johnson et al. (1). it was shown that lps was a potent adjuvant for protein antigens, even if administered at a different site and a different time than the antigen (2,3). nonetheless, the toxicity of the lps precluded its usefulness as a practical adjuvant. studies by ribi and co-workers (4-6) and others (7) resulted in the a ...	2000	21374326
the effect of incubation time distribution on the extinction characteristics of a rabies epizootic.	the continuous model of anderson et al. (1981), nature 289, 765-771, is successful in describing certain characteristics of rabies epizootics, in particular, the secondary recurrences which follow the initial outbreak; however, it also predicts the occurrence of exponentially small minima in the infected population, which would realistically imply extinction of the virus. here we show that inclusion of a more realistic distribution of incubation times in the model can explain why extinction will ...	2000	10938626
appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures. emergency id net study group.	rabies postexposure prophylaxis (rpep) treatments and associated costs have increased in the united states. the extent to which rpep use is consistent with guidelines is not well understood.	2000	10944646
spread and pathogenic characteristics of a g-deficient rabies virus recombinant: an in vitro and in vivo study.	rabies virus (rv), a highly neurotropic enveloped virus, is known to spread within the cns by means of axonal transport. although the envelope spike glycoprotein (g) of cell-free virions is required for attachment to neuronal receptors and for virus entry, its necessity for transsynaptic spread remains controversial. in this work, a g gene-deficient recombinant rv (sad delta g) complemented phenotypically with rv g protein (sad delta g+g) has been used to demonstrate the absolute requirement for ...	2000	10950970
bovine respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 cooperatively antagonize alpha/beta interferon-induced antiviral response.	the functions of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 were studied by generation and analysis of recombinant brsv carrying single and double gene deletions. whereas in mdbk cells the lack of either or both ns genes resulted in a 5,000- to 10,000-fold reduction of virus titers, in vero cells a moderate (10-fold) reduction was observed. interestingly, cell culture supernatants from infected mdbk cells were able to restrain the growth of ns deletion mutants i ...	2000	10954520
virus neutralization by germ-line vs. hypermutated antibodies.	mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a cytopathic virus closely related to rabies virus, mount a virus-neutralizing antibody response protecting against lethal disease. vsvneutralizing monoclonal iggs isolated from primary immune responses were devoid of somatic mutations, whereas most secondary and all hyperimmune response iggs tested were hypermutated. a comparative analysis of recombinant single-chain antibody fragments (scfv-ckappa) revealed that even the germ-line precursor ...	2000	10963674
transcutaneous immunization of domestic animals: opportunities and challenges.	transcutaneous immunization (tci), the topical application of antigen and adjuvant directly onto intact skin, can safely and effectively elicit systemic immune responses in mice and humans against a variety of antigens. this novel method of vaccine delivery has the potential to provide a safe and convenient method by which vaccines may be delivered to elicit protective immunity in domestic animals. to date, however, immune responses induced by tci in companion and production animals has not been ...	2000	10967220
diffusion and fate of intramuscularly injected human rabies immune globulin.	the importance of rabies immune globulin (rig) in postexposure rabies treatment is well known and it has been emphasized that the local injection into the animal bite sites is crucial. this preliminary study used a radioisotope tracer that allows following the fate of human rabies immune globulin (hrig) injected intramuscularly. there was significant retention and local diffusion of the immune globulin at the injection site and significant radiotracer could still be detected at the site 24 h lat ...	2000	10974171
rabies virus infection prevents the modulation by alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, but not muscarinic receptors, of ca(2+) channels in ng108-15 cells.	in mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid (ng108-15) cells, we examined whether rabies virus infection affects the voltage-dependent ca(2+) current (i(ca)) and agonist-induced i(ca) inhibition. the viral infection had little effect on the current-voltage relationship for peak i(ca) or on the late i(ca) that remained at the end of a 200-ms step depolarization. noradrenaline and carbachol, via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors, respectively, reduced i(ca) concentration dependently. ...	2000	10980265
serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild north american river otters (lontra canadensis).	blood samples were collected from 64 wild north american river otters (lontra [lutra] canadensis) from northern and eastern new york state and analyzed for serologic evidence of exposure to selected viral agents during a 1995 1996 translocation program. no clinical signs of disease nor lesions suggestive of prior viral exposure were seen. titers were detected for antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine parvovirus-2 but not for antibodies against canine adenovi ...	2000	10982127
rabies in tamarins (callithrix jacchus) in the state of ceará, brazil, a distinct viral variant?	presently, the state of ceará reports the largest percentage of human rabies cases originated from wild animals in brazil, transmitted by the principal simian species, the tamarin (callithrix jacchus), found in various locations throughout the state, but concentrated along the coast. epidemiological studies indicated that possibly the same virus caused the deaths in humans and non-human primates. this rabies virus seem to be different from all other identified so far.	2000	10998207
neutralizing antibodies to rabies following injection of rabies immune globulin into gluteal fat or deltoid muscle.	this experiment was carried out to determine whether there is any difference in circulating rabies antibody when rabies immune globulin is administered into fat or muscle tissue.	2000	11003730
the modification of fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus.	the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn) for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus was modified by using a monoclonal anti-rabies antibodies and peroxidase anti-mouse conjugate instead of a fluorescent anti-rabies conjugate. the results were read on an automatic multi-channel spectrophotometer. a total of 182 serum samples from dogs were tested by both the original and modified favn methods and the results were compared. good correlation was found between the two test ...	2000	11014062
intradermal postexposure rabies vaccine regimens.		2000	11017848
the rabies virion-associated 100-kda polypeptide (vap100) is a host-derived minor component of the viral envelope.	we investigated a minor polypeptide component of 100-kda detected in the rabies virion (referred to as vap100) by using a monoclonal antibody (mab), #16743, which was shown to recognize the sds-denatured vap100 antigen by immunoblot analyses. although the vap100 antigen was hardly detectable in the cell by usual immunoblot methods with this mab, we could detect the antigen by a luminescent immunoblot method as well as by immunoprecipitation from the metabolically radiolabeled cell lysates and vi ...	2000	11021396
interaction of the rabies virus p protein with the lc8 dynein light chain.	the rabies virus p protein is involved in viral transcription and replication but its precise function is not clear. we investigated the role of p (cvs strain) by searching for cellular partners by using a two-hybrid screening of a pc12 cdna library. we isolated a cdna encoding a 10-kda dynein light chain (lc8). lc8 is a component of cytoplasmic dynein involved in the minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. we confirmed that this molecule interacts with p by coimmunoprecipi ...	2000	11024151
cytoplasmic dynein lc8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein.	using a yeast two-hybrid human brain cdna library screen, the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), a 10-kda protein, was found to interact strongly with the phosphoprotein (p) of two lyssaviruses: rabies virus (genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3). the high degree of sequence divergence between these p proteins (only 46% amino acid identity) favors the hypothesis that this interaction is a common property shared by all lyssaviruses. the p protein-dynein lc8 interaction was confirmed by col ...	2000	11024152
abortive rabies virus central nervous infection is controlled by t lymphocyte local recruitment and induction of apoptosis.	nonfatal paralysis, induced by the attenuated pasteur strain of rabies virus, is characterised by local and irreversible flaccid paralysis of the inoculated limbs. we characterised the spread and localisation of virus in the cns of infected mice, determined the nature of cell injury and examined the role of the immune response. data indicate that infection of balb/c mice induced paralysis in 60% of infected mice, the others recovering without sequelae. in both groups of mice, virus was detected ...	2000	11031689
reinvestigation of the role of the rabies virus glycoprotein in viral pathogenesis using a reverse genetics approach.	the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) gene of the highly neuroinvasive and neurotropic strains shbrv-18, cvs-n2c, and cvs-b2c was introduced into the non-neuroinvasive and less neurotropic sn-10 strain to provide further insight into the role of g in the pathogenesis of rabies. phenotypic analyses of the recombinant viruses revealed, as expected, that the neurotropism of a particular rabies virus strain was a function of its g. nevertheless, the pathogenicity of the recombinant viruses was, in every ...	2000	11031690
infection of bergmann glia in the cerebellum of a skunk experimentally infected with street rabies virus.	rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus and glial cell infection is not prominent in the central nervous system (cns). paraffin-embedded tissues from the cerebella of skunks experimentally infected with either a skunk salivary gland isolate of street rabies virus or the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus were examined with immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen by using an anti-rabies virus nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody. a skunk infected with ...	2000	11041500
first isolation of a rabies-related virus from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom.	on may 30, 1996, a sick daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was recovered from the cellar of a public house in newhaven, east sussex. its condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanased and examined. positive results, establishing the presence of a rabies or rabies-related virus in its brain, were obtained from the fluorescent antibody test, the rabies tissue culture isolation test, and a hemi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein gene was determined ...	2000	11073000
reactivation of nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene, in apoptosis induced by a street strain of rabies virus.	a laboratory strain of rabies virus has been reported to induce apoptosis in experimental animals. the present study demonstrated that a bat strain and a primary canine rabies virus isolate also induced apoptosis in vivo. this death process involved reactivation of the caspase gene, nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene. expression of nedd-2 was significantly up-regulated in infected adult and suckling mice. reactivation of nedd-2 in infected adult mice started at around day 3 ...	2000	11073159
rabies as a transneuronal tracer of circuits in the central nervous system.	the ability of selected neurotropic viruses to move transneuronally in the central nervous system makes them particularly well suited for use as tracers in experimental neuroanatomy. recently, techniques have been developed for using rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer. several features of rabies infection make the virus particularly useful for this purpose. we examined transneuronal transport of rabies in the central nervous system of primates after intracortical and intramuscular injections ...	2000	11074096
rna polymerase (l) gene and genome terminal sequences of ephemeroviruses bovine ephemeral fever virus and adelaide river virus indicate a close relationship to vesiculoviruses.	the sequence of the rna genome of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was determined from the start of the l (polymerase) gene to the end of the untranslated 5' trailer sequence, completing the sequence of the 14900 nucleotide (nt) genome. the 6470 nt l gene encodes a single long orf of 2144 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 249766 da. the 70 nt befv 5' trailer region displays partial terminal complementarity with the 3' leader sequence and contains a 26 nt direct repeat of the u-ri ...	2000	11074128
serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western united states.	a serologic survey of swift fox (vulpes velox) and kit fox (v. macrotis) from the western usa was conducted for 12 infectious diseases. samples from swift fox were collected between 1987 and 1992 from colorado (n = 44), kansas (n = 10), and wyoming (n = 9). samples from kit fox were collected in california (n = 86), new mexico (n = 18), utah (n = 9), and arizona (n = 6). overall antibody prevalence rates were 33 of 110 (30%) for canine parvovirus (cpv), 9 of 72 (13%) for canine distemper virus ( ...	2000	11085448
rabies.	human rabies is fatal except in the small number of patients who received rabies immunization before the onset of clinical rabies. therapy has been futile in all other cases once rabies has developed. rabies is always preventable after an exposure if current recommendations are followed. after a potential rabies exposure, details about the contact, the animal, and the local epidemiologic situation are important in making a decision whether to initiate postexposure prophylaxis (pep). rabies pep i ...	2000	11096762
rabies.	rabies is an important disease in wildlife in the united states and canada, and dog rabies is still a major public health problem in many developing countries of the world. rabies virus is transmitted in saliva by animal bites. bats transmitted most recent cases of human rabies in the united states, often without known exposures. there have been recent developments in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis. characteristic clinical features should raise the possibility of a diagnosis of rabies ...	2000	11097515
[phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. i. analysis of phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains isolated in poland].	the aims of these studies were: genetic characteristic of street rabies virus strains isolated from different animal species in poland and determination of phylogenetic relationships to reference laboratory strains of the street rabies viruses belonging to genotype 1 and 5. the variability of rabies isolates and their phylogenetic relationship were studied by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the virus genome fragment. the polish strains of genotype 1 belong to four phylogenetic groups (ne, c ...	2000	11107791
[phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. ii. correlation between genetic distance and antibody reactivity].	the aim of these studies was the estimation of the influence of genetic divergence of reactivity with sera of people vaccinated against rabies of polish rabies strains. genetic similarity between cvs strain and street rabies strains of genotype 1 is relatively high. however, cvs strain showed the highest reactivity with standard immunoglobulin and sera of antirabies vaccinated people (measured by western blot method). it was completely different from street viruses. cluster method based on genet ...	2000	11107792
a recombinant rabies virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein fails to protect against rabies virus infection.	to investigate the importance of the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in protection against rabies, we constructed a recombinant rv (rrv) in which the rv g ecto- and transmembrane domains were replaced with the corresponding regions of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) glycoprotein (rrv-vsv-g). we were able to recover rrv-vsv-g and found that particle production was equal to rrv. however, the budding of the chimeric virus was delayed and infectious titers were reduced 10-fold compared with the ...	2000	11114165
rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case.	animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. this is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitt ...	2000	11114763
the phosphoprotein of rabies virus is phosphorylated by a unique cellular protein kinase and specific isomers of protein kinase c.	the phosphoprotein (p) gene of rabies virus (cvs strain) was cloned and expressed in bacteria. the purified protein was used as the substrate for phosphorylation by the protein kinase(s) present in cell extract prepared from rat brain. two distinct types of protein kinases, staurosporin sensitive and heparin sensitive, were found to phosphorylate the p protein in vitro by the cell extract. interestingly, the heparin-sensitive kinase was not the ubiquitous casein kinase ii present in a variety of ...	2000	10590095
dna vaccination of mice against rabies virus: effects of the route of vaccination and the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl).	adjuvants are known to strongly enhance immune responses generated by traditional vaccines, but less is known about the effects of adjuvants on vaccination with dna. in this study, we investigated the use of the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl(r)) as an adjuvant, and analyzed three routes of dna vaccination to determine if this adjuvant could enhance anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody responses. compared with antibody titers elicited with dna only, antibody titers were enhanced ...	2000	10590326
rabies.		2000	10619725
safety and immunogenicity of preexposure rabies vaccination in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.		2000	10619765
mapping of epitopes and structural analysis of antigenic sites in the nucleoprotein of rabies virus.	linear epitopes on the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) recognized by six mabs raised against antigenic sites i (mabs 6-4, 12-2 and 13-27) and iv (mabs 6-9, 7-12 and 8-1) were investigated. based on our previous studies on sites i and iv, 24 consecutively overlapping octapeptides and n- and c-terminal-deleted mutant n proteins were prepared. results showed that all three site i epitopes studied and two site iv epitopes (for mabs 8-1 and 6-9) mapped to aa 358-367, and that the other site iv epitope ...	2000	10640549
in situ stimulation of a t helper cell hybridoma with a cellulose-bound peptide antigen.	many enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays take advantage of immobilized antigens for the identification of antibody binding sites. generally, the analysis of cellulose membrane-bound b-cell epitopes is currently considered of high utility. we adapted this methodology for the stimulation of a t helper cell hybridoma with known specificity. forty overlapping peptides corresponding to the entire rabies virus nucleoprotein were synthesized in duplicates on a single sheet of 90x130 mm size amino-modifi ...	2000	10648860
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from israel and other middle- and near-eastern countries.	a total of 226 isolates of rabies virus from different areas of israel, including three human isolates and one sample from south lebanon were identified between 1993 and 1998 by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein (n). an epidemiological survey based on nucleotide sequence analysis of 328 bp from the c terminus of the n coding region and the noncoding region between the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein (ns gene) was performed. phylogenetic analysi ...	2000	10655381
immune response in cattle vaccinated against rabies.	in order to determine the best type of rabies vaccine to use as a booster, 78 serological samples from singly vaccinated cattle were analyzed by counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique. the animals were divided into several groups, received the first vaccine dose with modified live virus vaccine (era strain) and were revaccinated with inactivated virus or modified live virus vaccines. boosters were given at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks following first vaccination. results showed high titres in the ca ...	2000	10656710
natural killer activity in mice infected with rabies virus and submitted to p. acnes (propionibacterium acnes) as immunomodulator.	the natural killer (nk) activity and lethality were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus and submitted to immunomodulation by p. acnes (formerly corynebacterium parvum). the infected animals were sacrificed at different times and spleen non-adherent cells were obtained through ficoll-hypaque gradient and depletion of glass-adherent cells. immunosuppression was observed in rabies virus infected mice correlated with lower nk activity in clinically ill animals. h ...	2000	10670698
the development of monoclonal human rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies as a substitute for pooled human immune globulin in the prophylactic treatment of rabies virus exposure.	to provide a more defined and safer replacement for the human rabies immune globulin (hrig) from pooled serum which is currently used for treatment of exposure to rabies virus we have developed a series of human rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. mouse-human heterohybrid myeloma cells producing rabies virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies were prepared using b cells obtained from volunteers recently-immunized with a commercial rabies virus vaccine (hdcv). cell lines producing anti ...	2000	10675760
update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states and canada, 1999.	in 1977, an outbreak of raccoon rabies was detected in an area on the west virginia-virginia border. since then, the area affected by this distinct variant of rabies virus associated with raccoons has spread to ohio in the west and new york, pennsylvania, vermont, new hampshire, and maine in the north. in addition, the once separate epizootics of rabies among raccoons in the southeastern and mid-atlantic states converged in north carolina. in july 1999, the raccoon rabies virus variant was repor ...	2000	10680602
assessment of template quality by the incorporation of an internal control into a rt-pcr for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses.	a method is described to assess rna template quality by the incorporation of a ribosomal rna (rrna) internal (in tube) control into a standard rabies and rabies-related virus specific rt-pcr. specific virus and rrna templates were co-amplified in a duplex reaction from rna extracts derived from 60 isolates representing all six of the established lyssavirus genotypes. to ensure a wide species applicability of this technique we demonstrated that the rrna assay was capable of functioning using the ...	2000	10680960
rabies in an american bison from north dakota.	in north dakota (usa) during april 1998, a ranched female bison (bison bison) was found dead. at gross necropsy, there was profound hair loss and consolidated lung lobes. intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions suggestive of negri bodies were observed in the brain stem and hippocampus, and a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. antigenic typing demonstrated the occurrence of a rabies virus variant associated with skunks from the upper midwestern usa. this case of a ra ...	2000	10682762
antigenic characterization of rabies virus isolates from vaccinated dogs in plateau state, nigeria.	rabies isolates (genotype 1 lyssaviruses) from vaccinated dogs that died of rabies infection in the plateau area of nigeria were characterized using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the isolates were examined for rabies (genotype 1) and rabies-related (genotypes 2, 3 and 4) viruses by the indirect fluorescent antibody test carried out with mab 502-2, which recognizes the nucleocapsid protein of all known lyssaviruses, and with mab 422-5, which identifies only rabies-related viruses. all three isola ...	2000	10836279
molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies-related european bat lyssaviruses.	a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and the rabies related european bat lyssaviruses (ebls) (genotypes 5 and 6) was developed. when combined with specific oligonucleotide probes and a pcr-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (pcr-elisa), genotype 5 and 6 viruses can be distinguished from each other and from genotype 1 viruses. ninety-two isolates from the six established genotypes of rabies and ...	2000	10856759
neither phosphorylation nor the amino-terminal part of rabies virus phosphoprotein is required for its oligomerization.	rabies virus (pv strain) phosphoprotein (p) was expressed in bacteria. this recombinant protein binds specifically to the nucleoprotein-rna complex purified from infected cells. chemical cross-linking and gel-filtration studies indicated that the p protein forms oligomers. analytical centrifugation data demonstrated the co-existence of monomeric and oligomeric forms of rabies virus p protein and suggested that there is an equilibrium between these species. as p expressed in bacteria is not phosp ...	2000	10859381
antibody response of patients after postexposure rabies vaccination with small intradermal doses of purified chick embryo cell vaccine or purified vero cell rabies vaccine.	although the introduction of tissue culture vaccines for rabies has dramatically improved the immunogenicity and safety of rabies vaccines, they are often prohibitively expensive for developing countries. to examine whether smaller doses of these vaccines could be used, we tested the safety and immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) on 211 patients in thailand with world health organization (who) category ii and iii exposures to rabies. the patients presented at two thai ho ...	2000	10859864
elisa test for rabies antibody titration in orally vaccinated foxes sampled in the fields.	the assessment of the efficacy of rabies oral vaccination campaigns requires the titration of specific antibodies in the target species. unfortunately, in continental europe, most fox serum samples are in fact "body fluids" taken from cadavers and the lack of a validated titration method for these poor quality sera made it impossible to survey and compare the efficacy of various oral vaccination protocols used by the different european teams. by using ready to use microplates sensitised with rab ...	2000	10869772
new cases of mokola virus infection in south africa: a genotypic comparison of southern african virus isolates.	mokola virus, one of the six genotypes within the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family, is believed to be exclusive to the african continent, where infections in various mammal species have been reported. after an isolation of mokola virus at umhlanga on the east coast of south africa in 1970, the virus was not reported in south africa until its reappearance in 1995. since then a total of six new isolates of the virus were made, three from the east london region in 1995 and 1996, two nea ...	2000	10872870
nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 modulate the rabies infection of adult sensory neurons in primary cultures.	with the aim of determining if the proportion of rabies virus (rv)-infected adult neurons from dorsal root ganglion are affected by in vitro treatment with different neurotrophins, experiments using nerve growth factor (ngf), brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) or neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) as supplements for cells in culture were performed. cultures treated with three different concentrations of each of the neurotrophins mentioned were infected with challenge virus standard rv strain. an indire ...	2000	10882791
evaluation of standard reagents for radial-immunodiffusion assays. in vitro control of rabies vaccines.	the rid assay is one of the in vitro methods used for in-process control in the production of rabies vaccines for veterinary use. it has been shown to be very useful for determining antigen concentration in the final bulk product. the work presented in this paper, including the production and standardization of candidate standard reagents for use in the radial immunodiffusion assay (rid) was carried out at the pan american institute for food protection and zoonoses (inppaz/paho/who). the study w ...	2000	10887375
differential transcription attenuation of rabies virus genes by intergenic regions: generation of recombinant viruses overexpressing the polymerase gene.	gene expression of nonsegmented negative-sense rna viruses involves sequential synthesis of monocistronic mrnas and transcriptional attenuation at gene borders resulting in a transcript gradient. to address the role of the heterogeneous rabies virus (rv) intergenic regions (igrs) in transcription attenuation, we constructed bicistronic model rnas in which two reporter genes are separated by the rv n/p gene border. replacement of the 2-nucleotide (nt) n/p igr with the 5-nt igrs from the p/m or m/ ...	2000	10906180
detection of rabies virus antigen in dog saliva using a latex agglutination test.	dog bites are responsible for more than 90% of human rabies deaths in asia. we developed a simple and inexpensive test based on latex agglutination (la) for rabies virus antigen detection in dog saliva. rabies virus antigen could be detected by agglutination on a glass slide using latex particles coated with gamma globulin. by evaluation of paired saliva-brain specimens from 238 dogs, the la test using saliva was 99% specific and 95% sensitive compared to the fluorescent antibody test (fat) on b ...	2000	10921987
rabies virus-induced membrane fusion pathway.	fusion of rabies virus with membranes is triggered at low ph and is mediated by the viral glycoprotein (g). the rabies virus-induced fusion pathway was studied by investigating the effects of exogenous lipids having various dynamic molecular shapes on the fusion process. inverted cone-shaped lysophosphatidylcholines (lpcs) blocked fusion at a stage subsequent to fusion peptide insertion into the target membrane. consistent with the stalk-hypothesis, lpc with shorter alkyl chains inhibited fusion ...	2000	10931871
recombinant rabies virus as potential live-viral vaccines for hiv-1.	recombinant, replication-competent rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors were developed expressing hiv type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp160) from both a laboratory-adapted (cxcr4-tropic) and a primary (dual-tropic) hiv-1 isolate. an additional transcription stop/start unit within the rv genome was used to express hiv-1 gp160 in addition to the other rv proteins. the hiv-1 gp160 protein was stably and functionally expressed, as indicated by fusion of human t cell lines after infec ...	2000	10706640
immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with a new chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (cprv): a two-stage randomised clinical trial in the philippines.	recent improvements in chromatographic purification procedures have made it possible to develop a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) by further purifying the current rabies vaccine prepared from vero-cell culture (pvrv) (verorab; pasteur merieux connaught). the immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with this new vaccine were evaluated in a two-stage clinical trial conducted in the philippines. in both study stages. post-exposure treatment consis ...	2000	10708006
study of the dog population and the rabies control activities in the mirigama area of sri lanka.	the national health authorities of sri lanka have adopted a combined strategy of rabies vaccination and stray dog removal to control endemic dog rabies. despite the control efforts, an increase of animal and human rabies cases has occurred since 1994. as a consequence, a project to evaluate the national rabies control program has been started and a study focussing on the dog population and rabies control activities in a limited area of mirigama was conducted. information on canine abundance and ...	2000	10708011
immunostimulatory effects of polar glycopeptidolipids of mycobacterium chelonae for inactivated rabies vaccine.	humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed with fuenzalida-palacios rabies vaccine associated with pgpl-mc, polar glycopeptidolipids extracted from mycobacterium chelonae, aiming at its use as adjuvant. these results were compared to those obtained with bcg, a well-known immunostimulator, under the same conditions. rabies vaccine plus pgpl-mc (2.5 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in serum neutralizing activity, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation (spontaneous, specific and mitogen st ...	2000	10715527
rabies vaccination: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses after priming and boosting with different combinations of dna, inactivated virus, or recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines.	long-term levels of neutralizing antibody were evaluated in mice after a single immunization with experimental dna or recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (g), or the commercially available inactivated virus human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv). anamnestic antibody titers were also evaluated after two booster immunizations with vaccines that were identical to or different from the priming vaccine. five hundred and forty days (1.5 year) after a single immu ...	2000	10738096
[neuronal expression of foreign genes with recombinant rabies virus variants].	rabies virus variants obtained by recombinant dna techniques enabled us to use the high neurotropism of rabies virus to express foreign genes (e.g: chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene) in neuronal cell cultures as well as in rodent brain. the foreign gene was inserted in the viral pseudogene region; this insertion did not affect the neurotropism of rabies virus, as shown by infection of neuronal cell cultures without any major cytopathic effects for several days. stereotaxic inoculation of t ...	2000	10740094
a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of value for sensitive strain discrimination.	a recombinant rabies virus phosphoprotein fusion product (gst-p) was used to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with anti-p reactivity. competitive binding assays classified 27 of these mabs into four groups (i to iv), and 24 of them were deemed to recognize linear epitopes, as judged by their reaction in immunoblots. the linear epitope recognized in each case was mapped by using two series of n- and c-terminally deleted recombinant phosphoproteins. assessment of the reactivities ...	2000	10747114
rabies seroprevalence of street dogs from são paulo city, brazil.	a sample of 602 street dogs captured by the são paulo zoonosis-control municipal service was analyzed for the presence of serum antibodies against the rabies virus and compared to a control sample of 37 dogs from the kennel of the police of são paulo. data were stratified into 4 age intervals and the age from the street-dog sample was estimated by general aspects and dental observation according to standard techniques. we assumed that seropositivity was due to previous vaccination (no sub-clinic ...	2000	10760397
genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis.	rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (shbrv) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the united states, which are not associated with a history of exposure. we compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (drv) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination.	2000	10774807
rabies virus entry at the neuromuscular junction in nerve-muscle cocultures.	early events in rabies virus entry into neurons were investigated in chick spinal cord-muscle cocultures. rabies virus (cvs strain) was adsorbed to the surface of cells in the cold. at times up to 10 min of warming to 37 degrees c, virus was most intensely localized to dense swellings on the myotube surface. texas red-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin, which binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, colocalized precisely with virus at the densities identifying these regions as neuromuscular junctions ...	2000	10797395
antibody response in cattle after vaccination with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines.	despite the absence of current official reports showing the number of cattle infected by rabies, it is estimated that nearly 30,000 bovines are lost each year in brazil. in order to minimize the important economic losses, control of the disease is achieved by eliminating bat colonies and by herd vaccination. in this study, we compare the antibody response in cattle elicited by vaccination with an attenuated era vaccine (aevac) and an inactivated-adjuvanted pv (ipvvac) vaccine. the antibody titer ...	2000	10810324
adult dogs receiving a rabies booster dose with a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein develop high titers of neutralizing antibodies.	retired greyhound dogs, with low or absent antibody titers to rabies virus following previous vaccinations with commercially available vaccines, were immunized either subcutaneously or intramuscularly with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein termed adrab.gp. immunized animals developed high titers (geometric mean titers of 2630 and 5329) of viral neutralizing antibodies (vna) against rabies virus by 10 days after vaccination. the antibody titer ...	2000	10812222
bat rabies in urban centers in chile.	one hundred and five rabies isolates obtained from domestic animals and insectivorous bats in chile between 1977 and 1998 were molecularly characterized by limited sequence analysis of their nucleoprotein genes. these isolates were compared with viruses isolated from known domestic and wildlife rabies reservoirs in the americas to identify potential reservoirs of rabies in chile. the phylogenetic analyses showed that none of the chilean isolates segregated with viruses from the terrestrial reser ...	2000	10813604
immunogenicity and safety of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in severely rabies-exposed patients in china.	the immunogenicity and safety of a purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv, verorab; aventis pasteur, france) were evaluated in 171 patients treated for severe exposure to rabies (who category iii contacts) at the shandong provincial antiepidemic station in jinan and an epi center in ping yin, china. post-exposure treatment consisted of a single dose of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig, 40 iu/kg body weight) on day (d) 0, and intra-muscular administration of pvrv on d 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. antir ...	2000	11127328
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.	during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...	2000	11132881
immunohistochemical study of human rabies.	rabies is a communicable disease that is almost always fatal. in its classic form, rabies is well recognized, but cases presenting with a paralytic illness mimic landre's guillain-barre syndrome and in such cases the diagnosis remains in doubt. this problem is further compounded when the history of dogbite is not forthcoming. at autopsy rabies can be diagnosed by subjecting fresh tissue to virologic investigations or examining formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the presence of ...	2000	11132935
absence of the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor promotes survival in rabies virus acute encephalitis.	we investigated the role played by inflammation in acute encephalitis following infection with a neurotropic virus by comparing the disease caused by the cvs strain of rabies virus in c57bl/6 and mice deficient for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr-/-). morbidity (weight loss and paralysis) and mortality of infected mice were associated with viral propagation, cytokine (il-6, il-10, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma) production, induction of apoptosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. mortality ...	2000	11175323
mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the united states, 1981-1998.	between 1981 and 1998, 37 cases of rabies were diagnosed in human beings in the united states. information directly linking the cause of infection to animal bite was available for only eight of these cases. indirect incrimination of the vector by analysis of cdna sequences obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples indicated that for all cases (12/12) believed to have been acquired in foreign countries, variants of the rabies virus (vrvs) associated with dogs (7/12 in ...	2000	11193644
[correction of measurement errors in the elisa test].	the authors followed the influence of the arrangement of measured and control samples on microtitration plate on the elisa test results by quantitative evaluation of rabies antibodies titres in human blood serum. they performed the test under identical conditions in all microtitration plate wells. they calculated the result according to five calibration curves--four of them were obtained by different positioning of the control positive and negative sera and the fifth curve was obtained from aver ...	2000	11218947
a survey of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan.	information on incidences of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan is scarce. in this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. sarcoptic mange (sarcoptes s ...	2000	11237140
[expression of glycoprotein gene of the rabies virus 3ag strain by e-3 deleted adenovirus recombinant].	to analyze chinese rabies virus vaccine strain 3ag glycoprotein (gp) gene and further produce gp by e3-deleted human adenovirus recombinant.	2000	11498699
[studies on clinical trials and immune effect of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells].	to observe the safety and neutralizing antibody response of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells.	2000	11503018
survey of bat populations from mexico and paraguay for rabies.	a mammalian survey was conducted in mexico (october 1994-january 1996) and in paraguay (august 1996-march 1997); a complete specimen was collected for each bat in the survey, including primary voucher specimen, ectoparasites, karyotype, and various frozen tissues. the surveys combined provided 937 brain samples (65 bat species) for rabies diagnosis. one male lasiurus ega, collected in paraguay, tested positive for the rabies virus (overall prevalence rate of 0.1%). nucleotide sequence from a 300 ...	2001	11504233
expression and immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag expressed by a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector.	a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein was characterized on human cell lines and analyzed for the induction of a cellular immune response in mice. we previously described a rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector expressing hiv-1 gp160. the recombinant rv was able to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the hiv-1 envelope protein in mice (m. j. schnell et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:3 ...	2001	11507217
report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and mokola virus) identified retrospectively from zimbabwe.	rabies isolates that had been stored between 1983 and 1997 were examined with a panel of anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. out of 56 isolates from cats and various wild carnivore species, 1 isolate of mokola virus and 5 other non-typical rabies viruses were identified. the mokola virus isolate was diagnosed as rabies in 1993 from a cat. genetic analysis of this isolate suggests that it falls in a distinct subgroup of the mokola virus genotype. the 5 non-typical rabies viruses w ...	2001	11513267
immunogenicity of an e1-deleted recombinant human adenovirus against rabies by different routes of administration.	the immunogenic properties of an e1-deleted, human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vaccine virus with activity against rabies were examined in mice, foxes and dogs using different routes of administration. nmri mice received 10(5.8), 10(5.3), 10(4.3), 10(3.3) and 10(2.3) tcid(50) by peroral or intramuscular (i.m.) administration. furthermore, six mice received 10(5.8) tcid(50) intracerebrally (i.c.). the construct elicited marked seroconversion in mice after oral administration. immunoreactivity in mice ...	2001	11514729
human lymphocyte proliferation responses following primary immunization with rabies vaccine as neoantigen.	evaluation of the t-cell immune response following primary antigenic challenge with a neoantigen is a critical aspect of assessment of the cellular immune response. while many antigens can be used to accurately assess in vitro t-cell proliferation to a recall antigen, only a few neoantigens have been tested for their capacities to measure t-cell responses in vitro to a primary immunization. rabies vaccination is an excellent candidate for the testing of t-cell proliferation responses to a primar ...	2001	11527796
human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus.		2001	11529212
rescue of rabies virus from cloned cdna and identification of the pathogenicity-related gene: glycoprotein gene is associated with virulence for adult mice.	in order to identify the viral gene related to the pathogenicity of rabies virus, we tried to establish a reverse genetics system of the attenuated rc-hl strain, which causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. a full-length genome plasmid encoding the complete antigenomic cdna of the rc-hl strain and helper plasmids containing cdnas of the complete open reading frame of the n, p, and l genes, respectively, were constructed. after transfection of these plasmids int ...	2001	11533176
immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	the immunogenicity and safety of a chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) was evaluated using us veterinary medical students. in the first study, 242 healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter trial and received five doses of either cprv or human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) by intramuscular injection on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 concurrently with human rabies immunoglobulin in a simulated post-exposure prophylaxis regimen. post-immunization titers ...	2001	11535311
kinetics of humoral immune response after rabies vr-g oral vaccination of captive fox cubs (vulpes vulpes) with or without maternally derived antibodies against the vaccine.	in western europe during the spring, the largest proportion of fox populations are cubs and the key to successful rabies oral vaccination campaigns is cub vaccination. in this paper we report on studies of the serology of 93 fox (vulpes vulpes) cubs born to unvaccinated and orally vaccinated captive vixens, some of which were orally vaccinated at 30 or at 90 days of age with the vaccinia recombinant vaccine (vr-g) that expresses the rabies virus glycoprotein. the duration of cub passively acquir ...	2001	11535333
functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains.	lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ...	2001	11559793
isolation and replication of rabies virus in c6 rat glioma cells (clone ccl-107).	the susceptibility of the c6 rat glioma cell line (atcc; ccl-107) to rabies virus was characterized. the kinetics of infection performed with a fixed and a wild strain (from an infected cow) of rabies virus was monitored by direct immunofluorescence. fluorescent cytoplasmic bodies were readily observed by uv microscopy from 24 hours post-infection (hpi) onwards. the ability of c6 to produce rabies infective virion particles was confirmed by determining the viral titres present in the supernatant ...	2001	11580211
immunohistochemical and histopathological studies of fixed rabies virus in goats.	the purpose of this study was to systematically demonstrate and compare the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in goats which were infected by a fixed rabies virus that was used in vaccine production. in the histopathological examinations, varying degrees of inflammatory, degenerative and necrotic changes were detected in the central nervous system. in the preparations stained by the immunoperoxidase (ip) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were observed on the cerebellu ...	2001	11585097
preexposure efficacy of a novel combination dna and inactivated rabies virus vaccine.	several strategies are being examined to enhance the potency of dna rabies vaccine (drv) so that it can be used for both prophylaxis and postexposure therapy of rabies. in this study, we report a novel combination rabies vaccine (crv) containing a low dose of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine and drv. mice immunized with crv develop higher levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) than those immunized with drv and are completely protected against peripheral as wel ...	2001	11589833
rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery.	in this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-g envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. after delivery of rabies-g pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. this retrograde transpor ...	2001	11590128
quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies.	rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. the extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different n ...	2001	11596101
rhabdoviruses and the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system: a budding interaction.	the matrix (m) proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rv) play a key role in both assembly and budding of progeny virions. a pppy motif (py motif or late-budding domain) is conserved in the m proteins of vsv and rv. these py motifs are important for virus budding and for mediating interactions with specific cellular proteins containing ww domains. the py motif and flanking sequences of the m protein of vsv were used as bait to screen a mouse embryo cdna library for cellul ...	2001	11602704
overexpression of cytochrome c by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates pathogenicity and enhances antiviral immunity.	the pathogenicity of individual rabies virus strains appears to correlate inversely with the extent of apoptotic cell death they induce and with the expression of rabies virus glycoprotein, a major inducer of an antiviral immune response. to determine whether the induction of apoptosis by rabies virus contributes to a decreased pathogenicity by stimulating antiviral immunity, we have analyzed these parameters in tissue cultures and in mice infected with a recombinant rabies virus construct that ...	2001	11602721
molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein p and the dynein light chain lc8: dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of p.	the lyssavirus phosphoprotein p is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase and plays a central role in virus transcription and replication. it has been shown previously that p interacts with the dynein light chain lc8, which is involved in minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. co-immunoprecipitation experiments and the two-hybrid system were used to map the lc8-binding site to the sequence (139)rssedkstqttgr(151). site-directed mutagenesis of residues d(143) and q(147) to ...	2001	11602781
higher production of rabies virus in serum-free medium cell cultures on microcarriers.	rabies virus suspensions were obtained from vero cells cultivated on solid microcarriers in a bioreactor after infection with the pasteur rabies virus strain (pv). virus production-serum free medium (vp-sfm) or leibovitz 15 (l15) medium supplemented or not with fetal calf serum (fcs) were used to cultivate the vero cells, before and after virus infection. the cell growth was shown to reach higher densities (1.6 x 10(6) cellsmol(-l)), when vp-sfm supplemented with 1% of fcs was used during the ce ...	2001	11604174
failure of multiple-site intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with low cd4+ t lymphocyte counts.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with low cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts had a poor neutralizing antibody response to pre- and postexposure rabies vaccination. this study of hiv-infected patients with cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts < 200/microl indicated that patients had a poor response after 4-site intradermal vaccinations (4-4-4-0-2-2, doubling the intradermal doses of cell-culture rabies vaccine).	2001	11641838