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polymyxin p is the active principle in suppressing phytopathogenic erwinia spp. by the biocontrol rhizobacterium paenibacillus polymyxa m-1.nine gene clusters dedicated to nonribosomal synthesis of secondary metabolites with possible antimicrobial action, including polymyxin and fusaricidin, were detected within the whole genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) paenibacillus polymyxa m-1. to survey the antimicrobial compounds expressed by m-1 we analyzed the active principle suppressing phytopathogenic erwinia spp.201323773687
sampling and selection factors that enhance the diversity of microbial collections: application to biopesticide development.diverse bacteria are known to colonize plants. however, only a small fraction of that diversity has been evaluated for their biopesticide potential. to date, the criteria for sampling and selection in such bioprospecting endeavors have not been systematically evaluated in terms of the relative amount of diversity they provide for analysis. the present study aimed to enhance the success of bio-prospecting efforts by increasing the diversity while removing the genotypic redundancy often present in ...201325288941
phenotype overlap in xylella fastidiosa is controlled by the cyclic di-gmp phosphodiesterase eal in response to antibiotic exposure and diffusible signal factor-mediated cell-cell signaling.eal is an eal domain protein in xylella fastidiosa homologous to one involved in resistance to tobramycin in pseudomonas aeruginosa. eal and hd-gyp domain proteins are implicated in the hydrolysis of the secondary messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (cyclic di-gmp). cell density-dependent communication mediated by a diffusible signal factor (dsf) also modulates cyclic di-gmp levels in x. fastidiosa, thereby controlling the expression of virulence genes and genes involved in insect transmiss ...201323542613
efficacy and safety of chondroitin sulfate/xanthan gum versus polyethylene glycol/propylene glycol/hydroxypropyl guar in patients with dry eye.to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two ophthalmic solutions in patients with mild to moderate dry eye.201323807826
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a new xyloglucanase from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.xyloglucanases (xghs) are important enzymes involved in xyloglucan modification and degradation. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is a phytopathogenic bacterium which produces a large number of glycosyl hydrolases (gh), but has only one family 74 gh (xcc-xgh). this enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. diffraction data sets were collected for the native enzyme and its complex with glucose to maximum resolutions of 2.0 and 2.1 å, respectively. the dat ...201323722852
genome sequence of xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, isolated from turkish filbert in colorado.previously, we reported the isolation of a bacterium producing leaf spots in turkish filbert. here, we present the draft genome assembly of the bacterium identified as xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. to our knowledge, this is the first published genome of this pathovar of x. arboricola.201323704178
mi-1-mediated resistance to meloidogyne incognita in tomato may not rely on ethylene but hormone perception through etr3 participates in limiting nematode infection in a susceptible host.root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp., are important pests of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and resistance to the three most prevalent species of this genus, including meloidogyne incognita, is mediated by the mi-1 gene. mi-1 encodes a nucleotide binding (nb) leucine-rich repeat (lrr) resistance (r) protein. ethylene (et) is required for the resistance mediated by a subset of nb-lrr proteins and its role in mi-1-mediated nematode resistance has not been characterized. infection of tomato roots w ...201323717408
substrate specificity provides insights into the sugar donor recognition mechanism of o-glcnac transferase (ogt).o-linked β-n-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (ogt) plays an important role in the glycosylation of proteins, which is involved in various cellular events. in human, three isoforms of ogt (short ogt [sogt]; mitochondrial ogt [mogt]; and nucleocytoplasmic ogt [ncogt]) share the same catalytic domain, implying that they might adopt a similar catalytic mechanism, including sugar donor recognition. in this work, the sugar-nucleotide tolerance of sogt was investigated. among a series of uridine 5'-diph ...201323700425
cyclic di-gmp modulates the disease progression of erwinia amylovora.the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is a nearly ubiquitous intracellular signal molecule known to regulate various cellular processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. the intracellular concentration of c-di-gmp is inversely governed by diguanylate cyclase (dgc) enzymes and phosphodiesterase (pde) enzymes, which synthesize and degrade c-di-gmp, respectively. the role of c-di-gmp in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease erwinia amylovora has not ...201323475975
requirement of the lipopolysaccharide o-chain biosynthesis gene wxocb for type iii secretion and virulence of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. a mutant disrupted in wxocb, predicted to encode an enzyme for lipopolysaccharide (lps) synthesis, was previously shown to suffer reduced virulence. here, we confirm a role for wxocb in virulence and demonstrate its requirement for lps o-chain assembly. structure analysis indicated that wild-type lps contains a polyrhamnose o chain with irregular, variant residues and a core oligosaccharide identical to that of other xanthomo ...201323435979
the burkholderia contaminans ms14 ocfc gene encodes a xylosyltransferase for production of the antifungal occidiofungin.burkholderia contaminans strain ms14 produces the antifungal compound occidiofungin, which is responsible for significant antifungal activities against a broad range of plant and animal fungal pathogens. occidiofungin is a cyclic glycolipopeptide made up of eight amino acids and one xylose. a 56-kb ocf gene cluster was determined to be essential for occidiofungin production. in this study, the ocfc gene, which is located downstream of ocfd and upstream of the ocfb gene in the ocf gene cluster, w ...201323435879
in the absence of thioredoxins, what are the reductants for peroxiredoxins in thermotoga maritima?three peroxiredoxins (prxs) were identified in thermotoga maritima, which possesses neither glutathione nor typical thioredoxins: one of the prx6 class; one 2-cys prxbcp; and a unique hybrid protein containing an n-terminal 1-cys prxbcp domain fused to a flavin mononucleotide-containing nitroreductase (ntr) domain. no peroxidase activity was detected for prx6, whereas both bacterioferritin comigratory proteins (bcps) were regenerated by a nadh/thioredoxin reductase/glutaredoxin (grx)-like system ...201322866991
high-resolution transcriptional analysis of the regulatory influence of cell-to-cell signalling reveals novel genes that contribute to xanthomonas phytopathogenesis.the bacterium xanthomonas campestris is an economically important pathogen of many crop species and a model for the study of bacterial phytopathogenesis. in x. campestris, a regulatory system mediated by the signal molecule dsf controls virulence to plants. the synthesis and recognition of the dsf signal depends upon different rpf proteins. dsf signal generation requires rpff whereas signal perception and transduction depends upon a system comprising the sensor rpfc and regulator rpfg. here we h ...201323617851
re-annotation of protein-coding genes in 10 complete genomes of neisseriaceae family by combining similarity-based and composition-based methods.in this paper, we performed a comprehensive re-annotation of protein-coding genes by a systematic method combining composition- and similarity-based approaches in 10 complete bacterial genomes of the family neisseriaceae. first, 418 hypothetical genes were predicted as non-coding using the composition-based method and 413 were eliminated from the gene list. both the scatter plot and cluster of orthologous groups (cog) fraction analyses supported the result. second, from 20 to 400 hypothetical pr ...201323571676
two roles for aconitase in the regulation of tricarboxylic acid branch gene expression in bacillus subtilis.previously, it was shown that an aconitase (citb) null mutation results in a vast overaccumulation of citrate in the culture fluid of growing bacillus subtilis cells, a phenotype that causes secondary effects, including the hyperexpression of the citb promoter. b. subtilis aconitase is a bifunctional protein; to determine if either or both activities of aconitase were responsible for this phenotype, two strains producing different mutant forms of aconitase were constructed, one designed to be en ...201323354745
synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bearing 5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl moiety.a series of new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, 4(a-h), containing 5-chloro-2-methoxy benzohydrazide moiety were synthesized by the reaction of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate with different aromatic carboxylic acids. these newly synthesized compounds were characterized by ft-ir, (1)h nmr, mass spectra, and also by elemental analysis. all the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. antimicrobial studies revealed that compounds 4c, 4f, and 4g showed s ...201325374693
construction of a plant-transformation-competent bibac library and genome sequence analysis of polyploid upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).cotton, one of the world's leading crops, is important to the world's textile and energy industries, and is a model species for studies of plant polyploidization, cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis. here, we report the construction of a plant-transformation-competent binary bacterial artificial chromosome (bibac) library and comparative genome sequence analysis of polyploid upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) with one of its diploid putative progenitor species, g. raimondii ulbr.201323537070
the alkaline pectate lyase pel168 of bacillus subtilis heterologously expressed in pichia pastoris is more stable and efficient for degumming ramie fiber.the conventional degumming process of ramie with alkaline treatment at high temperature causes severe environmental pollution. pectate lyases can be used to remove pectin from ramie in a degumming process with reduced environmental pollution and energy consumption. pectate lyase pel168 from bacillus subtilis has been previously characterized and the protein structure was resolved. however, bacillus is not a suitable host for pectate lyases during the degumming process since most bacillus produce ...201323510095
computational predictions provide insights into the biology of tal effector target sites.transcription activator-like (tal) effectors are injected into host plant cells by xanthomonas bacteria to function as transcriptional activators for the benefit of the pathogen. the dna binding domain of tal effectors is composed of conserved amino acid repeat structures containing repeat-variable diresidues (rvds) that determine dna binding specificity. in this paper, we present talgetter, a new approach for predicting tal effector target sites based on a statistical model. in contrast to prev ...201323526890
helicusin e, isochromophilone x and isochromophilone xi: new chloroazaphilones produced by the fungus bartalinia robillardoides strain lf550.microbial studies of the mediterranean sponge tethya aurantium led to the isolation of the fungus bartalinia robillardoides strain lf550. the strain produced a number of secondary metabolites belonging to the chloroazaphilones. this is the first report on the isolation of chloroazaphilones of a fungal strain belonging to the genus bartalinia. besides some known compounds (helicusin a (1) and deacetylsclerotiorin (2)), three new chloroazaphilones (helicusin e (3); isochromophilone x (4) and isoch ...201323481677
lateral transfer and gc content of bacterial resistant genes. 201323487592
the development of terminalia chebula retz. (combretaceae) in clinical research.medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. terminalia chebula retz. (fam. combretaceae), is called the 'king of medicine' in tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'ayurvedic materia medica' because of its extraordinary power of healing. the whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment ...201323620847
functional investigation of the plant-specific long coiled-coil proteins pamp-induced coiled-coil (picc) and picc-like (picl) in arabidopsis thaliana.we have identified and characterized two arabidopsis long coiled-coil proteins pamp-induced coiled-coil (picc) and picc-like (picl). picc (147 kda) and picl (87 kda) are paralogs that consist predominantly of a long coiled-coil domain (expanded in picc), with a predicted transmembrane domain at the immediate c-terminus. orthologs of picc and picl were found exclusively in vascular plants. picc and picl gfp fusion proteins are anchored to the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) ...201323451199
sequence determination of a novel tripeptide isolated from the young leaves of azadirachta indica a. juss.the neem tree has long been recognized for its unique properties, both against insects and in improving human health. every part of the tree has been used as a traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments, from antiquity. although the occurrence of various phytochemicals in neem has been studied, we have identified the presence of a novel tripeptide in the young leaves of neem using a simple and inexpensive paper chromatographic method, detected by cu(ii)-ninhydrin re ...201323509470
xanthomonas type iii effector xopd desumoylates tomato transcription factor slerf4 to suppress ethylene responses and promote pathogen growth.xopd, a type iii secretion effector from xanthomonas euvesicatoria (xcv), the causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato, is required for pathogen growth and delay of host symptom development. xopd carries a c-terminal sumo protease domain, a host range determining nonspecific dna-binding domain and two ear motifs typically found in repressors of stress-induced transcription. the precise target(s) and mechanism(s) of xopd are obscure. we report that xopd directly targets the tomato ethylene respon ...201323414755
salmonella enterica suppresses pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum population and soft rot progression by acidifying the microaerophilic environment.although enteric human pathogens are usually studied in the context of their animal hosts, a significant portion of their life cycle occurs on plants. plant disease alters the phyllosphere, leading to enhanced growth of human pathogens; however, the impact of human pathogens on phytopathogen biology and plant health is largely unknown. to characterize the interaction between human pathogens and phytobacterial pathogens in the phyllosphere, we examined the interactions between pectobacterium caro ...201323404399
phylogenomics and molecular signatures for species from the plant pathogen-containing order xanthomonadales.the species from the order xanthomonadales, which harbors many important plant pathogens and some human pathogens, are currently distinguished primarily on the basis of their branching in the 16s rrna tree. no molecular or biochemical characteristic is known that is specific for these bacteria. phylogenetic and comparative analyses were conducted on 26 sequenced xanthomonadales genomes to delineate their branching order and to identify molecular signatures consisting of conserved signature indel ...201323408961
genome sequence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain xca5.an annotated high-quality draft genome sequence for xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris race 1 strain xca5 (originally described as x. campestris pv. armoraciae), the causal agent of black rot on brassicaceae plants, has been determined. this genome sequence is a valuable resource for comparative genomics within the campestris pathovar.201323405315
crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of the catalytic domain of major extracellular endoglucanase from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.cellulases, such as endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glucosidases, are important enzymes used in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass. the bacteria xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris expresses a large number of hydrolases and the major endoglucanase (xcceg), a member of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5), is the most strongly secreted extracellularly. in this work, the native xcceg was purified from the extracellular extract and crystallization assays were performed on its ...201323385754
physiologic and metabolic characterization of a new marine isolate (bm39) of pantoea sp. producing high levels of exopolysaccharide.marine environments are the widest fonts of biodiversity representing a resource of both unexploited or unknown microorganisms and new substances having potential applications. among microbial products, exopolysaccharides (eps) have many physiological functions and practical applications. since eps production by many bacteria is too scarce for practical use and only few species are known for their high levels of production, the search of new high eps producers is of paramount importance. many ma ...201323360451
xylella fastidiosa differentially accumulates mineral elements in biofilm and planktonic cells.xylella fastidiosa is a bacterial plant pathogen that infects numerous plant hosts. disease develops when the bacterium colonizes the xylem vessels and forms a biofilm. inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy was used to examine the mineral element content of this pathogen in biofilm and planktonic states. significant accumulations of copper (30-fold), manganese (6-fold), zinc (5-fold), calcium (2-fold) and potassium (2-fold) in the biofilm compared to planktonic cells were obse ...201323349991
valorization of date palm (phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology - review.the date palm phoenix dactylifera has played an important role in the day-to-day life of the people for the last 7000 years. today worldwide production, utilization and industrialization of dates are continuously increasing since date fruits have earned great importance in human nutrition owing to their rich content of essential nutrients. tons of date palm fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date processing industries leading to environmental problems. wastes such as date pits represent an ...201323961227
xanthomonas filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein fha1 interacts with pepper hypersensitive-induced reaction protein cahir1 and functions as a virulence factor in host plants.pathogens have evolved a variety of virulence factors to infect host plants successfully. we previously identified the pepper plasma-membrane-resident hypersensitive-induced reaction protein (cahir1) as a regulator of plant disease- and immunity-associated cell death. here, we identified the small filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein (fha1) of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria as an interacting partner of cahir1 using yeast two-hybrid screening. coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluor ...201323931712
transcriptome profiling of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris grown in minimal medium mmx and rich medium nyg.xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of black rot disease in cruciferous plants worldwide. although the complete genomes of several xcc strains have been determined, the gene expression and regulation mechanisms in this pathogen are far from clear. in this work, transcriptome profiling of xcc 8004 grown in mmx medium (minimal medium for xanthomonas campestris) and nyg medium (peptone yeast glycerol medium) were investigated by rna-seq. using the illumina hiseq 200 ...201323470514
yersinia enterocolitica and photorhabdus asymbiotica β-lactamases blaa are exported by the twin-arginine translocation pathway.in general, β-lactamases of medically important gram-negative bacteria are sec-dependently translocated into the periplasm. in contrast, β-lactamases of mycobacteria spp. (blac, blas) and the gram-negative environmental bacteria stenotrophomonas maltophilia (l2) and xanthomonas campestris (bla(xcc-1)) have been reported to be secreted by the twin-arginine translocation (tat) system. yersinia enterocolitica carries 2 distinct β-lactamase genes (blaa and blab) encoding blaa(ye) and the ampc-like β ...201323276548
the rpfcg two-component system negatively regulates the colonization of sugar cane stalks by xanthomonas albilineans.the genome of xanthomonas albilineans, the causal agent of sugar cane leaf scald, carries a gene cluster encoding a predicted quorum sensing system that is highly related to the diffusible signalling factor (dsf) systems of the plant pathogens xylella fastidiosa and xanthomonas campestris. in these latter pathogens, a cluster of regulation of pathogenicity factors (rpf) genes encodes the dsf system and is involved in control of various cellular processes. mutation of xanthomonas albilineans rpff ...201323538716
arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1)-mediated resistance to the bacterial vascular pathogen, ralstonia solanacearum, is accompanied by cross-regulation of salicylic acid and tryptophan metabolism.inactivation of arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1), a gene required for secondary cell-wall deposition, conferred broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria ralstonia solanacearum and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. introduction of nahg, the bacterial salicylic acid (sa)-degrading salicylate hydroxylase gene, into the wat1 mutant restored full susceptibility to both r. solanacearum and x. campestr ...201322978675
effects of pesticides on the reduction of plant and human pathogenic bacteria in application water.overhead spray applications of in-field tomato treatments dissolved in aqueous solutions have specific pest targets (fungal, bacterial, insect, or other). any organism present in the solution or on treated plant surfaces that is not a specific target of the application is unlikely inactivated and can instead be spread through the phyllosphere. in this laboratory study, commercially labeled pesticides (including actigard 50wg, bravo weather stik 6f, cabrio 20eg, kasumin, kocide 3000 46wg, oxidate ...201323575141
pperf3b, a transcriptional repressor from peach, contributes to disease susceptibility and side branching in ear-dependent and -independent fashions.peach erf3b is a potent transcriptional repressor for defense-related genes even in the presence of similar levels of transcriptional activators and can interfere with plant development through pathways independent of the ear motif. ethylene response factors (erfs) are a major group of plant transcription factors with either activation or repression capabilities on gene transcription. repressor-type erfs are characterised by an intrinsic motif, namely the erf-associated amphiphilic repression mo ...201323515898
[identification of causative agent of brassica rapa bacterial diseases based on fatty acid composition of cellular lipids].the fatty acid composition of cell lipids of 15 strains isolated from the affected plants of rape and five collection strains has been studied. according to the results of chemotaxonomic analysis it has been found that 9 isolated strains are similar to representatives of species pseudomonas marginalis and pseudomonas fluorescens, and 6 - to those of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. the authors have established the efficiency of certain methods for the extraction of fatty acids used for the ...201324006784
cefoxitin is both an inhibitor of class a beta-lactamase of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 17 and an inducer of its gene.in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), the chromosomally encoded class a β-lactamase (bla(xcc)) is expressed at a high basal level in the absence of an inducer and its expression is inducible by ampicillin. like most of the class a β-lactamases, bla(xcc) cannot digest the β-lactam ring of cefoxitin. however, xcc exhibits high basal resistance to cefoxitin. a promoter activity assay with p(blaxcc)-lacz transcriptional fusion from a plasmid and western blotting using anti-bla(xcc) polyclo ...201322910283
proteomics analysis of the regulatory role of rpf/dsf cell-to-cell signaling system in the virulence of xanthomonas campestris.the black rot pathogen xanthomonas campestris utilizes molecules of the diffusible signal factor (dsf) family as signals to regulate diverse processes contributing to virulence. dsf signal synthesis and transduction requires proteins encoded by the rpf gene cluster. rpff catalyzes dsf synthesis, whereas the rpfcg two-component system links the perception of dsf to alteration in the level of the second messenger cyclic di-gmp. as this nucleotide can exert a regulatory influence at the post-transc ...201323819805
dynamic protein phosphorylation during the growth of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris b100 revealed by a gel-based proteomics approach.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) synthesizes huge amounts of the exopolysaccharide xanthan and is a plant pathogen affecting brassicaceae, among them the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. xanthan is produced as a thickening agent at industrial scale by fermentation of xcc. in an approach based on 2d gel electrophoresis, protein samples from different growth phases were characterized to initialize analysis of the xanthomonas phosphoproteome. the 2d gels were stained with pro-q diamond ...201323792782
the inner membrane protein hrcv from xanthomonas spp. is involved in substrate docking during type iii secretion.pathogenicity of the gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a membrane-spanning type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. in this study, we characterized the t3s system component hrcv, which is a member of the yscv/flha family of inner membrane proteins. hrcv consists of eight transmembrane helices and a cytoplasmic region (hrcvc). mutant and protein-protein interaction studies showed that ...201323777429
rna-seq facilitates a new perspective on signal transduction and gene regulation in important plant pathogens.rna-seq is opening new doors for the functional understanding of microorganisms. advances in rna-seq technology are allowing investigators to focus their studies on specific functional questions. an interesting example is presented by an et al. (2013) in this issue of molecular microbiology. new genes were identified for proteins and ncrnas when the authors concentrated on the role of the rpf genes, which code for key components of a signal transduction hub in the plant pathogen xanthomonas camp ...201323659691
a pepper (capsicum annuum l.) metacaspase 9 (camc9) plays a role in pathogen-induced cell death in plants.metacaspases, which belong to the cysteine-type c14 protease family, are most structurally similar to mammalian caspases than any other caspase-like protease in plants. atmc9 (arabidopsis thaliana metacaspase 9) has a unique domain structure, and distinct biochemical characteristics, such as ca²⁺ binding, ph, redox status, s-nitrosylation and specific protease inhibitors. however, the biological roles of atmc9 in plant-pathogen interactions remain largely unknown. in this study, a metacaspase ge ...201323522353
[influence of cryopreservation and lyophilization on exopolysaccharide synthesis and viability of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris imv b-7001].it is shown, that the producer of exopolysaccharides xantomonas campestris pv. campestris imv b-7001 is more sensitive to freeze-drying, than to freezing-thawing and keeps stable morphological properties. predicted preservation of viability is within the limits of 2-8 years at -70 degrees c and exceeds 30 years at -135 degrees c and freeze-drying. results of the latter essentially depend on the medium composition and storage conditions. synthesis of exopolysaccharides at preservation is kept, sh ...201323516835
characterization of citrus sinensis transcription factors closely associated with the non-host response to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.plants, when exposed to certain pathogens, may display a form of genotype-independent resistance, known as non-host response. in this study, the response of citrus sinensis (sweet orange) leaves to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv), a pepper and tomato pathogenic bacterium, was analyzed through biochemical assays and cdna microarray hybridization and compared with asiatic citrus canker infection caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. citrus leaves exposed to the non-host bacterium ...201323453188
establishment, in silico analysis, and experimental verification of a large-scale metabolic network of the xanthan producing xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain b100.the γ-proteobacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) b100 synthesizes the polysaccharide xanthan, a commercially important viscosifier. since the complete genome of xcc b100 is available, systems biology tools were applied to obtain a deeper understanding of the metabolism involved in xanthan biosynthesis. a large-scale metabolic network was reconstructed and manually curated. the reconstructed network included 352 genes, 437 biochemical reactions, 10 transport reactions, and 338 in ...201323395674
the avrb_avrc domain of avrxccc of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is required to elicit plant defense responses and manipulate aba homeostasis.plant disease induced by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris depends on type iii effectors but the molecular basis is poorly understood. here, avrxccc8004 was characterized, and it was found that the avrb_avrc domain was essential and sufficient to elicit defense responses in an arabidopsis-resistant ecotype (col-0). an upregulation of genes in responding to the avrb_avrc domain of avrxccc8004 was shown in a profile of host gene expression. the molecular changes were correlated with morphologi ...201323252460
gsmr, a response regulator with an hd-related output domain in xanthomonas campestris, is positively controlled by clp and is involved in the expression of genes responsible for flagellum synthesis.in prokaryotes, two-component signal transduction systems, consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator, play a critical role in regulating a range of cellular functions. a recent study suggests that xcc3315, a response regulator with a chey-like receiver domain attached to an uncharacterized hd-related output domain (hdod domain), plays a role in the general stress response of the gram-negative bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), the causal agent of black rot in ...201323137357
the diffusible factor synthase xanb2 is a bifunctional chorismatase that links the shikimate pathway to ubiquinone and xanthomonadins biosynthetic pathways.the diffusible factor synthase xanb2, originally identified in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), is highly conserved across a wide range of bacterial species, but its substrate and catalytic mechanism have not yet been investigated. here, we show that xanb2 is a unique bifunctional chorismatase that hydrolyses chorismate, the end-product of the shikimate pathway, to produce 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-hba) and 4-hba. 3-hba and 4-hba are respectively associated with the yellow pigment xan ...201323113660
xanthan chain length is modulated by increasing the availability of the polysaccharide copolymerase protein gumc and the outer membrane polysaccharide export protein gumb.xanthan is a polysaccharide secreted by xanthomonas campestris that contains pentameric repeat units. the biosynthesis of xanthan involves an operon composed of 12 genes (gumb to gumm). in this study, we analyzed the proteins encoded by gumb and gumc. membrane fractionation showed that gumb was mainly associated with the outer membrane, whereas gumc was an inner membrane protein. by in silico analysis and specific globomycin inhibition, gumb was characterized as a lipoprotein. by reporter enzyme ...201323089617
xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (cause of black rot of crucifers) in the genomic era is still a worldwide threat to brassica crops.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) (pammel) dowson is a gram-negative bacterium that causes black rot, the most important disease of vegetable brassica crops worldwide. intensive molecular investigation of xcc is gaining momentum and several whole genome sequences are available.201323051837
the effect of hydrodynamic stress on the growth of xanthomonas campestris cultures in a stirred and sparged tank bioreactor.the specific growth and the xanthan production rates by the bacterium xanthomonas campestris under different shear levels in shake flasks and in a stirred and sparged tank bioreactor have been studied. the shake flask has been used as a reference for studying the shear effects. an effectiveness factor expressed by the ratio of the observed growth rate and the growth rate without oxygen limitation or cell damage was calculated in both modes of cultures. it was observed that the effectiveness fact ...201323010723
homology modeling, molecular docking and md simulation studies to investigate role of cysteine protease from xanthomonas campestris in degradation of aβ peptide.cysteine protease is known to degrade amyloid beta peptide which is a causative agent of alzheimer's disease. this cleavage mechanism has not been studied in detail at the atomic level. hence, a three-dimensional structure of cysteine protease from xanthomonas campestris was constructed by homology modeling using geno3d, swiss-model, and modeller 9v7. all the predicted models were analyzed by procheck and prosa. three-dimensional model of cysteine protease built by modeller 9v7 shows similarity ...201324290922
genetic and proteomic analyses of a xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris purc mutant deficient in purine biosynthesis and virulence.bacterial proliferation in hosts requires activation of a number of housekeeping pathways, including purine de novo biosynthesis. although inactivation of purine biosynthesis genes can attenuate virulence, it is unclear which biochemical or virulence factors are associated with the purine biosynthesis pathway in vivo. we report that inactivation of purc, a gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase, caused complete loss of virulence in xanthomonas campestris pv. campe ...201324053949
in vivo and in vitro effects of secondary metabolites against xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.brassica rapa is a crucifer that is grown worldwide, mainly as a vegetable. the quality of b. rapa crops is highly affected by the disease caused by the bacteria xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). glucosinolates and phenolic compounds can confer resistance to brassica crops against pests and diseases, but few works have been done to evaluate their role in xcc resistance. the objectives of this work were: (1) to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial effect of gluconapin, its i ...201324029746
pepper osmotin-like protein 1 (caosm1) is an essential component for defense response, cell death, and oxidative burst in plants.osmotin or osmotin-like protein, a pr-5 family member, is differentially induced in plants by abiotic and biotic stresses. here, we demonstrate that the pepper (capsicum annuum) osmotin-like protein 1 gene, caosm1, was required for the defense and hypersensitive cell death response and oxidative burst signaling during xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) infection. caosm1 protein was localized to the plasma membrane in leaf cells of nicotiana benthamiana. agrobacterium-mediated transient ...201324022744
a new large-dna-fragment delivery system based on integrase activity from an integrative and conjugative element.during the past few decades, numerous plasmid vectors have been developed for cloning, gene expression analysis, and genetic engineering. cloning procedures typically rely on pcr amplification, dna fragment restriction digestion, recovery, and ligation, but increasingly, procedures are being developed to assemble large synthetic dnas. in this study, we developed a new gene delivery system using the integrase activity of an integrative and conjugative element (ice). the advantage of the integrase ...201323686268
antibacterial activity of the alkaloid-enriched extract from prosopis juliflora pods and its influence on in vitro ruminal digestion.the purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloid-enriched extracts from prosopis juliflora (fabaceae) pods in order to evaluate them as feed additives for ruminants. as only the basic chloroformic extract (bce), whose main constituents were juliprosopine (juliflorine), prosoflorine and juliprosine, showed gram-positive antibacterial activity against micrococcus luteus (mic = 25 μg/ml), staphylococcus aureus (mic = 50 μg/ml) and streptococcus mutans (mic = 5 ...201323595000
the pathochip, a functional gene array for assessing pathogenic properties of diverse microbial communities.pathogens present in the environment pose a serious threat to human, plant and animal health as evidenced by recent outbreaks. as many pathogens can survive and proliferate in the environment, it is important to understand their population dynamics and pathogenic potential in the environment. to assess pathogenic potential in diverse habitats, we developed a functional gene array, the pathochip, constructed with key virulence genes related to major virulence factors, such as adherence, colonizat ...201323765101
identification of residues required for stalled-ribosome rescue in the codon-independent release factor yaej.the yaej protein is a codon-independent release factor with peptidyl-trna hydrolysis (pth) activity, and functions as a stalled-ribosome rescue factor in escherichia coli. to identify residues required for yaej function, we performed mutational analysis for in vitro pth activity towards rescue of ribosomes stalled on a non-stop mrna, and for ribosome-binding efficiency. we focused on residues conserved among bacterial yaej proteins. additionally, we determined the solution structure of the ggq d ...201324322300
identification of residues required for stalled-ribosome rescue in the codon-independent release factor yaej.the yaej protein is a codon-independent release factor with peptidyl-trna hydrolysis (pth) activity, and functions as a stalled-ribosome rescue factor in escherichia coli. to identify residues required for yaej function, we performed mutational analysis for in vitro pth activity towards rescue of ribosomes stalled on a non-stop mrna, and for ribosome-binding efficiency. we focused on residues conserved among bacterial yaej proteins. additionally, we determined the solution structure of the ggq d ...201324322300
hexamers of the type ii secretion atpase gspe from vibrio cholerae with increased atpase activity.the type ii secretion system (t2ss), a multiprotein machinery spanning two membranes in gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for the secretion of folded proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane. the critical multidomain t2ss assembly atpase gspe(epse) had not been structurally characterized as a hexamer. here, four hexamers of vibrio cholerae gspe(epse) are obtained when fused to hcp1 as an assistant hexamer, as shown with native mass spectrometry. the enzymatic activity of the gs ...201323954505
argonaute protein as a linker to command center of physiological processes.micrornas (mirnas) post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to target mrnas with perfect or imperfect complementarity, recruiting an argonaute (ago) protein complex that usually results in degradation or translational repression of the target mrna. ago proteins function as the slicer enzyme in mirna and small interfering rna (sirna) pathways involved in human physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as antiviral responses and disease formation. although the past dec ...201323997530
metagenomics and novel gene discovery: promise and potential for novel therapeutics.metagenomics provides a means of assessing the total genetic pool of all the microbes in a particular environment, in a culture-independent manner. it has revealed unprecedented diversity in microbial community composition, which is further reflected in the encoded functional diversity of the genomes, a large proportion of which consists of novel genes. herein, we review both sequence-based and functional metagenomic methods to uncover novel genes and outline some of the associated problems of e ...201324317337
metagenomics and novel gene discovery: promise and potential for novel therapeutics.metagenomics provides a means of assessing the total genetic pool of all the microbes in a particular environment, in a culture-independent manner. it has revealed unprecedented diversity in microbial community composition, which is further reflected in the encoded functional diversity of the genomes, a large proportion of which consists of novel genes. herein, we review both sequence-based and functional metagenomic methods to uncover novel genes and outline some of the associated problems of e ...201324317337
structure and mechanism of the pilf dna transformation atpase from thermus thermophilus.many gram-negative bacteria contain specific systems for uptake of foreign dna, which play a critical role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. the ttpilf (pilf atpase from thermus thermophilus) is required for high transformation efficiency, but its mechanism of action is unknown. in the present study, we show that ttpilf is able to bind to both dna and rna. the structure of ttpilf was determined by cryoelectron microscopy in the presence and absence of the atp analogue p[nh]ppa (adenos ...201323252471
discovery of cellobionic acid phosphorylase in cellulolytic bacteria and fungi.a novel phosphorylase was characterized as new member of glycoside hydrolase family 94 from the cellulolytic bacterium xanthomonas campestris and the fungus neurospora crassa. the enzyme catalyzed reversible phosphorolysis of cellobionic acid. we propose 4-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-d-gluconic acid: phosphate α-d-glucosyltransferase as the systematic name and cellobionic acid phosphorylase as the short names for the novel enzyme. several cellulolytic fungi of the phylum ascomycota also possess homolog ...201324055472
analysis of supercooling activity of tannin-related polyphenols.based on the discovery of novel supercooling-promoting hydrolyzable gallotannins from deep supercooling xylem parenchyma cells (xpcs) in katsura tree (see wang et al. (2012) [38]), supercooling capability of a wide variety of tannin-related polyphenols (trps) was examined in order to find more effective supercooling-promoting substances for their applications. the trps examined were single compounds including six kinds of hydrolyzable tannins, 11 kinds of catechin derivatives, two kinds of struc ...201323644016
homologous expression and t3ss-dependent secretion of tap-tagged xo2276 in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae induced by rice leaf extract and its direct in vitro recognition of putative target dna sequence.xo2276 is a putative transcription activator-like effector (tale) in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). xo2276 was expressed with a tap-tag at the c-terminus in xoo cells to enable quantitative analysis of protein expression and secretion. nearly all tap-tagged xo2276 existed in an insoluble form; addition of rice leaf extracts from a xoo-susceptible rice cultivar, milyang23, significantly stimulated secretion of tap-tagged xo2276 into the medium. in a t3ss-defective xoo mutant strain, secreti ...201323314363
ampg is required for blaxc beta-lactamase expression in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 17.the chromosomal ampr(xc) -bla(xc) module is essential for the β-lactam resistance of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. bla(xc) β-lactamase is expressed at a high basal level in the absence of an inducer and its expression can be further induced by β-lactam. in enterobacteria, ampg encodes an inner membrane facilitator involved in the recycling of murein degradation compounds. an isogenic ampg mutant (xcampg) of x. campestris pv. campestris str. 17 (xc17) was constructed to investigate the l ...201323278458
the xylan utilization system of the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv campestris controls epiphytic life and reveals common features with oligotrophic bacteria and animal gut symbionts.xylan is a major structural component of plant cell wall and the second most abundant plant polysaccharide in nature. here, by combining genomic and functional analyses, we provide a comprehensive picture of xylan utilization by xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (xcc) and highlight its role in the adaptation of this epiphytic phytopathogen to the phyllosphere. the xylanolytic activity of xcc depends on xylan-deconstruction enzymes but also on transporters, including two tonb-dependent outer m ...201323442088
genome-wide transcriptome analysis of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis grown in xylem mimicking medium.the interaction between clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with its host, the tomato plant (solanum lycopersicum), is poorly understood and only few virulence factors are known. while studying of the bacteria in planta is time-consuming and difficult, the analysis in vitro would facilitate research. therefore, a xylem mimicking medium (xmm) for c. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was established in this study based on an apoplast medium for xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. i ...201324060828
the c-di-gmp recognition mechanism of the pilz domain of bacterial cellulose synthase subunit a.in some proteobacteria and firmicutes such as pseudomonas aeruginosa, vibrio cholerae, xanthomonas campestris, and clostridium difficile, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) is known to regulate cellular processes, including motility, biofilm formation, and virulence, as a second messenger. cellulose production in acetobacter xylinum, a model organism of cellulose biosynthesis, also depends on by cellular c-di-gmp level. in cellulose-synthesizing bacteria, a terminal complex locali ...201323291177
synergistic antibacterial effect of honey and herba ocimi basilici against some bacterial pathogens.to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the combination of different honey brands and methanolic fraction of herba ocimi basilici using agar well diffusion assay.201324660616
identification and antimicrobial activity of actinobacteria from soils in southern thailand.the aim of this research was to study on the identification and antimicrobial activity of actinobacteria from six soil samples collected around krung ching waterfall, nakhon si thammarat province, the southern part of thailand. thirty-one isolates of actinobacteria were isolated using the dilution plating method on modified starch casein nitrate agar plates and potato starch-glycerol agar plates. on the primary screening, 9 isolates exhibited the antimicrobial activity against bacillus subtilis, ...201323665707
elaiomycins k and l, new azoxy antibiotics from streptomyces sp. tü 6399*.elaiomycins k and l, two new azoxy-type antibiotics, were detected by hplc-diode array screening in the culture filtrate extract of streptomyces sp. tü 6399. the structures were determined by high-resolution ms and 2-dimensional (1)h and (13)c correlated nmr spectroscopy including (15)n-nmr experiments and established these compounds as new members of the elaiomycin family. both metabolites show a weak antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus lentus as well as against ...201323149516
synthesis of 3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2- a] pyrimidin-4-one derivatives as antibacterial agents.a series of novel 3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one aliphatic/ aromatic/ heterocyclic amine derivatives were synthesized in good yield. the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1h-nmr, ftir and elemental analysis. all the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion and micro dilution method against standard strains of gram-positive (bacillus subtilis mtcc 121 and staphylococcus epidermidis ...201322779789
identification of a histidine metal ligand in the arge-encoded n-acetyl-l-ornithine deacetylase from escherichia coli.the h355a, h355k, h80a, and h80k mutant enzymes of the arge-encoded n-acetyl-l-ornithine deacetylase (arge) from escherichia coli were prepared, however, only the h355a enzyme was found to be soluble. kinetic analysis of the co(ii)-loaded h355a exhibited activity levels that were 380-fold less than co(ii)-loaded wt arge. electronic absorption spectra of co(ii)-loaded h355a-arge indicate that the bound co(ii) ion resides in a distorted, five-coordinate environment and isothermal titration calorim ...201325674394
the selectable antibiotic marker, teta(c), increases pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility to the herbicide/superoxide generator, paraquat.the presence of the widely used selectable antibiotic marker, teta(c), unexpectedly increased the sensitivity of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 to the superoxide-generating herbicide, paraquat. a dna fragment spanning the first 99 amino acids of teta(c) was sufficient to confer paraquat sensitivity. the teta(c)-induced paraquat sensitive phenotype was observed in other gram-negative bacteria such as agrobacterium tumefaciens, salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium and xanthomonas campestris suggestin ...201323907582
filamentous phages of ralstonia solanacearum: double-edged swords for pathogenic bacteria.some phages from genus inovirus use host or bacteriophage-encoded site-specific integrases or recombinases establish a prophage state. during integration or excision, a superinfective form can be produced. the three states (free, prophage, and superinfective) of such phages exert different effects on host bacterial phenotypes. in ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease of crops, the bacterial virulence can be positively or negatively affected by filamentous phages, ...201324204365
plant antimicrobial peptides.plant antimicrobial peptides (amps) are a component of barrier defense system of plants. they have been isolated from roots, seeds, flowers, stems, and leaves of a wide variety of species and have activities towards phytopathogens, as well as against bacteria pathogenic to humans. thus, plant amps are considered as promising antibiotic compounds with important biotechnological applications. plant amps are grouped into several families and share general features such as positive charge, the prese ...201324092498
plant antimicrobial peptides.plant antimicrobial peptides (amps) are a component of barrier defense system of plants. they have been isolated from roots, seeds, flowers, stems, and leaves of a wide variety of species and have activities towards phytopathogens, as well as against bacteria pathogenic to humans. thus, plant amps are considered as promising antibiotic compounds with important biotechnological applications. plant amps are grouped into several families and share general features such as positive charge, the prese ...201324092498
the periplasmic hrpb1 protein from xanthomonas spp. binds to peptidoglycan and to components of the type iii secretion system.the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to translocate bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. the membrane-spanning secretion apparatus consists of 11 core components and several associated proteins with yet unknown functions. in this study, we analyzed the role of hrpb1, which was previously shown to be essential for t3s and the formation of the extracellular t3s pilus. we provide experimental evidence that ...201323934485
new clues in the nucleus: transcriptional reprogramming in effector-triggered immunity.the robustness of plant effector-triggered immunity is correlated with massive alterations of the host transcriptome. yet the molecular mechanisms that cause and underlie this reprogramming remain obscure. here we will review recent advances in deciphering nuclear functions of plant immune receptors and of associated proteins. important open questions remain, such as the identities of the primary transcription factors involved in control of effector-triggered immune responses, and indeed whether ...201324062762
an atypical kinase under balancing selection confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in arabidopsis.the failure of gene-for-gene resistance traits to provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance in an agricultural context has led to the search for genes underlying quantitative resistance in plants. such genes have been identified in only a few cases, all for fungal or nematode resistance, and encode diverse molecular functions. however, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance variation to other enemies and the associated evolutionary forces shaping this variati ...201324068949
brevibacillus laterosporus, a pathogen of invertebrates and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial species.brevibacillus laterosporus, a bacterium characterized by the production of a unique canoe-shaped lamellar body attached to one side of the spore, is a natural inhabitant of water, soil and insects. its biopesticidal potential has been reported against insects in different orders including coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera and against nematodes and mollusks. in addition to its pathogenicity against invertebrates, different b. laterosporus strains show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity includ ...201326462431
a three-year field validation study to improve the integrated pest management of hot pepper.to improve the integrated pest management (ipm) of hot pepper, field study was conducted in hwasung from 2010 to 2012 and an ipm system was developed to help growers decide when to apply pesticides to control anthracnose, tobacco budworm, phytophthora blight, bacterial wilt, and bacterial leaf spot. the three field treatments consisted of ipm sprays following the forecast model advisory, a periodic spray at 7-to-10-day intervals, and no spray (control). the number of annual pesticide application ...201325288956
directed evolution of the tale n-terminal domain for recognition of all 5' bases.transcription activator-like effector (tale) proteins can be designed to bind virtually any dna sequence. general guidelines for design of tale dna-binding domains suggest that the 5'-most base of the dna sequence bound by the tale (the n0 base) should be a thymine. we quantified the n0 requirement by analysis of the activities of tale transcription factors (tale-tf), tale recombinases (tale-r) and tale nucleases (talens) with each dna base at this position. in the absence of a 5' t, we observed ...201323980031
quorum quenching enzymes and their application in degrading signal molecules to block quorum sensing-dependent infection.with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, the available options for treating bacterial infections have become very limited, and the search for a novel general antibacterial therapy has received much greater attention. quorum quenching can be used to control disease in a quorum sensing system by triggering the pathogenic phenotype. the interference with the quorum sensing system by the quorum quenching enzyme is a potential strategy for replacing traditional antibiotics beca ...201324065091
xopac-triggered immunity against xanthomonas depends on arabidopsis receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase genes pbl2 and ripk.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) colonizes the vascular system of brassicaceae and ultimately causes black rot. in susceptible arabidopsis plants, xopac type iii effector inhibits by uridylylation positive regulators of the pamp-triggered immunity such as the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlck) bik1 and pbl1. in the resistant ecotype col-0, xopac is a major avirulence gene of xcc. in this study, we show that both the rlck interaction domain and the uridylyl transferase domain of ...201323951354
hrp mutant bacteria as biocontrol agents: toward a sustainable approach in the fight against plant pathogenic bacteria.sustainable agriculture necessitates development of environmentally safe methods to protect plants against pathogens. among these methods, application of biocontrol agents has been efficiently used to minimize disease development. here we review current understanding of mechanisms involved in biocontrol of the main gram-phytopathogenic bacteria-induced diseases by plant inoculation with strains mutated in hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes. these mutants are able to penetrate ...201323887499
the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj targets the host cell proteasome to suppress salicylic-acid mediated plant defence.the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) requires type iii effector proteins (t3es) for virulence. after translocation into the host cell, t3es are thought to interact with components of host immunity to suppress defence responses. xopj is a t3e protein from xcv that interferes with plant immune responses; however, its host cellular target is unknown. here we show that xopj interacts with the proteasomal subunit rpt6 in yeast and in planta to inhibit proteasome ...201323785289
natural genetic variation of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathogenicity on arabidopsis revealed by association and reverse genetics.abstract the pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot of brassicaceae, manipulates the physiology and the innate immunity of its hosts. association genetic and reverse-genetic analyses of a world panel of 45 x. campestris pv. campestris strains were used to gain understanding of the genetic basis of the bacterium's pathogenicity to arabidopsis thaliana. we found that the compositions of the minimal predicted type iii secretome varied extensively, ...201323736288
tal effectors: highly adaptable phytobacterial virulence factors and readily engineered dna-targeting proteins.transcription activator-like (tal) effectors are transcription factors injected into plant cells by pathogenic bacteria of the genus xanthomonas. they function as virulence factors by activating host genes important for disease, or as avirulence factors by turning on genes that provide resistance. dna-binding specificity is encoded by polymorphic repeats in each protein that correspond one-to-one with different nucleotides. this code has facilitated target identification and opened new avenues f ...201323707478
trehalases: a neglected carbon metabolism regulator?trehalases are enzymes that carry out the degradation of the non-reducing disaccharide trehalose. trehalase phylogeny unveiled three major branches comprising those from bacteria; plant and animals; and those from fungal origin. comparative analysis between several deduced trehalase structures and the crystallographic structure of bacterial trehalase indicated that these enzyme's structures are highly conserved in spite of the marked differences found at the sequence level. these results suggest ...201323656873
cytosporone b, an inhibitor of the type iii secretion system of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.bacterial virulence factors have been increasingly regarded as attractive targets for development of novel antibacterial agents. virulence inhibitors are less likely to generate bacterial resistance, which makes them superior to traditional antibiotics that target bacterial viability. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, an important food-borne human pathogen, has type iii secretion system (t3ss) as its major virulence factor. t3ss secretes effector proteins to facilitate invasion into host ...201323459474
genome-wide identification and functional analyses of calmodulin genes in solanaceous species.calmodulin (cam) is a major calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. it binds calcium and modulates the activity of a wide range of downstream proteins in response to calcium signals. however, little is known about the cam gene family in solanaceous species, including the economically important species, tomato (solanum lycopersicum), and the gene silencing model plant, nicotiana benthamiana. moreover, the potential function of cam in plant disease resistance remains largely unclear.201323621884
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