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chronic hepatitis e in solid-organ transplantation: the key implications of immunosuppressants.solid-organ recipients infected with hepatitis e virus (hev) bear an extremely high risk of developing chronic hepatitis, although this virus only causes acute infection in the general population. immunosuppressive medication universally used after transplantation to prevent organ rejection appears to be a main risk factor for developing chronic infection. this review aims to overview and emphasize the current clinical and experimental evidence regarding the key implications of immunosuppressant ...201424977682
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in general population in rural durango, mexico.the seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in rural areas in mexico has been poorly studied.201424976837
seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of genotype 4 hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china.to investigate the seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis e virus (hev) and assess the ancestor of hevs in china's shandong province.201424976732
estimation of hepatitis e virus (hev) pig seroprevalence using elisa and western blot and comparison between human and pig hev sequences in belgium.zoonotic transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) is of special concern, particularly in high income countries were waterborne infections are less frequent than in developing countries. high hev seroprevalences can be found in european pig populations. the aims of this study were to obtain prevalence data on hev infection in swine in belgium and to phylogenetically compare belgian human hev sequences with those obtained from swine. an elisa screening prevalence of 73% (95% ci 68.8-77.5) was deter ...201424975642
genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china.hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. in this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the shandong province of china were tested for the partial orf2 gene of hev by rt-npcr to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect elisa were developed for the detection of swine hev specific igm and igg antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, i ...201424975641
hepatitis e virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies.our previous studies indicated that hepatitis e virus (hev) forms membrane-associated particles in the cytoplasm, most likely by budding into intracellular vesicles, and requires the multivesicular body (mvb) pathway to release virus particles, and the released hev particles with a lipid membrane retain the trans-golgi network protein 2 on their surface. to examine whether hev utilizes the exosomal pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed whether the virion release from plc/prf/5 cell ...201424970738
transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis e: an update.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is an important public health concern in many developing countries, causing waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic autochthonous hepatitis. hev is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route in endemic areas through drinking of contaminated water. however, zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs to humans has also been suggested. three additional routes of hev transmission have been proposed to occur: blood borne, human to human, and vertical transmission ...201424966702
hepatitis e rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated peripheral expression profiling in patients with self-limiting hepatitis e infection.to improve the current knowledge on the involvement of peripheral lymphocytes in hepatitis e virus (hev) associated pathogenesis, we analyzed alterations in (1) immunophenotypic expressions (by flow cytometry) and (2) gene expression patterns (by taqman low density array) of activatory, inhibitory, integrin, homing, ectonucleotidase machinery, costimulatory, inflammatory markers, and t regulatory cells (treg) associated cytokines on hev rorf2p stimulated and unstimulated pbmcs of 43 acute hev pa ...201424963498
epidemiological investigation of the jaundice outbreak in lalkuan, nainital district, uttarakhand.in march 2013, cases of acute hepatitis were reported from lalkuan, nainital district. we investigated the outbreak to identify the source of infection and to facilitate control measures.201424963225
open reading frame 3 of genotype 1 hepatitis e virus inhibits nuclear factor-κappa b signaling induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in human a549 lung epithelial cells.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the primary causative agents of acute hepatitis, and represents a major cause of severe public health problems in developing countries. the pathogenesis of hev is not well characterized, however, primarily due to the lack of well-defined cell and animal models. here, we investigated the effects of genotype 1 hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) on tnf-α-induced nucleus factor-κappa b (nf-κb) signaling. human lung epithelial cells (a549) were transiently transfected w ...201424959724
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941186
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941185
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941184
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis e virus infection. 201424941183
spf rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis e virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis.this study focused on investigating the pathogenesis seen in specific-pathogen-free (spf) rabbits following infection with a homologous rabbit hev isolate (chn-bj-rb14) and comparing it to that seen following infection with a heterologous swine genotype 4 hev isolate (chn-xj-sw13). three of the four animals inoculated with the homologous rabbit hev became infected, exhibiting an intermittent viremia, obvious fluctuations of liver function biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate a ...201424937350
naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis e virus infection.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a single-stranded, positive-sense rna virus in the family hepeviridae. hepatitis e caused by hev is a clinically important global disease. there are currently four well-characterized genotypes of hev in mammalian species, although numerous novel strains of hev likely belonging to either new genotypes or species have recently been identified from several other animal species. hev genotypes 1 and 2 are limited to infection in humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 infect an e ...201424936039
detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs in italy using a recombinant swine hev capsid protein.the hepatitis e virus (hev) has been detected in both humans and animals, particularly pigs, worldwide. several evidences, including human infection following consumption of raw contaminated meat, suggest a zoonotic transmission of hev. in italy, large circulation of genotype 3 hev has been reported in swine, and recent studies have confirmed the involvement of this genotype in autochthonous human cases.201424934984
hepatitis e prevalence among hiv infected patients with elevated liver enzymes in the netherlands.in recent years chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in immunosuppressed patients, including hiv-positive patients with low cd4 cell counts. because of delayed anti-hev seroconversion in patients with cd4 cell count<200 cells/ml it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on hev-seroprevalence in a population of hiv positive patients.201424929755
survey of canadian retail pork chops and pork livers for detection of hepatitis e virus, norovirus, and rotavirus using real time rt-pcr.over the past 15 years, hepatitis e virus (hev), norovirus (nov), and rotavirus (rv) have been hypothesized to be potentially zoonotic; swine and pork have been suggested as possible human infection sources for all 3 viruses. our objective was to estimate hev, nov, and rv prevalence and load on canadian retail pork chops and livers. using the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) sampling platform, pork livers (n=283) and chops (n=599) were collected, pro ...201424929681
decline in hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in southeastern germany, 1996-2011.in the past decade, an increasing frequency of acute hepatitis e was noted in germany and other european countries. moreover, a high prevalence (17%) of hepatitis e virus (hev) immunoglobulin g antibodies (anti-hev) was recently found in the adult german population. although this suggests an emerging pathogen, reports from other countries gave hints to a completely new aspect: a possible decrease in anti-hev prevalence during the last decades. to investigate the time trends of hepatitis e in sou ...201424912687
optimization of the elution buffer and concentration method for detecting hepatitis e virus in swine liver using a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.the aim of this study was to develop an optimal technique for detecting hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine livers. here, three elution buffers and two concentration methods were compared with respect to enhancing recovery of hev from swine liver samples. real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested rt-pcr were performed to detect hev rna. when phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.4) was used to concentrate hev in swine liver samples using ultrafiltration, real-time ...201424907649
transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e in germany, 2013.the reported igg seroprevalence against hepatitis e virus (hev) in german blood donations is 6.8%, and hev rna detected in 0.08%, but documented evidence for hev transmission is lacking. we identified two donations from a single donor containing 120 iu hev rna/ml plasma and 490 iu/ml. an infectious dose of 7,056 iu hev rna was transmitted via apheresis platelets to an immunosuppressed patient who developed chronic hev. further, transmission was probable in an immunocompetent child.201424906377
older men with unexplained hepatitis.a 59-year-old caucasian man presented with painless jaundice for 6 weeks. he drank 70 units of alcohol per week. examination revealed jaundice, spider angiomata and a 3 cm firm hepatomegaly. initial bloods: bilirubin 152 µmol/l, alanine aminotransferase 1484 iu/l, alkaline phosphatase 130 iu/l, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase 1224 iu/l and international normalised ratio 1.1. a standard liver screen was normal, and an abdominal ultrasound/ct scan suggested cirrhosis, confirmed by liver biopsy on day 5. ...201424903723
a systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in africa.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a newly recognized serious threat to global public health and africa is suspected to be among the most severely affected regions in the world. understanding hev epidemiology in africa will expedite the implementation of evidence-based control policies aimed at preventing the spread of hev including policies for the use of available resources such as hev vaccines.201424902967
hepatitis e virus serosurvey among pet dogs and cats in several developed cities in china.infection by hepatitis e virus (hev), as a zoonotic disease virus, is well studied in pigs in china, but few studies in pets have been performed. this study was designed to characterize the prevalence of hev infection among pet dogs and cats in major metropolitan areas of china. we conducted a seroepidemiological survey from 2012 to 2013 in 5 developed cities, beijing, shanghai, canton, shenzhen and macao, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the overall hev seroprevalence in 658 dog an ...201424896257
severe acute hepatitis e in an hiv infected patient: successful treatment with ribavirin.in industrialized countries, most cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in humans are autochthonous, mainly through foodborne and zoonotic transmission routes. in europe, genotype 3 is a cause of acute self-limiting viral hepatitis, but can also be responsible for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis e and in a few cases of severe acute hepatitis e in immunocompetent patients. we report here the case of a ...201424894604
past and present of hepatitis e in the netherlands.recent studies show that endemic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occurs frequently in some developed countries. in the netherlands in 2013, the routine screening of 35,220 plasma donations for hev rna showed 20 donors to be viremic (1:1761), which seems to contradict reports of declining hev seroprevalence in the recent past.201424889277
multiplex hydrolysis probe real-time pcr for simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus.detection of hepatitis viral infections has traditionally relied on the circulating antibody test using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. however, multiplex real-time pcr has been increasingly used for a variety of viral nucleic acid detections and has proven to be superior to traditional methods. hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are the major causes of acute hepatitis worldwide; both hav and hev infection are a main public health problem. in the present study, a one-step ...201424886818
pcr detection and analysis of potentially zoonotic hepatitis e virus in french rats.hepatitis e virus has been detected in a wide range of animals. while genotypes 1-2 of this virus infect only humans, 3-4 can spread from animals to humans and cause sporadic cases of human disease. pig, and possibly also rats, may act as a reservoir for virus. from a public health perspective it is important to clarify the role of rats for infection of humans. rats often live close to humans and are therefore of special interest to public health. rats live of waste and inside the sewage system ...201424886183
maternal-fetal hepatitis e transmission: is it underestimated?hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus; and several modes of transmission have been proposed, including blood transfusion, person to person transmission, and transplacental transmission. hev during pregnancy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for mothers and in severe cases can cause acute fulminate hepatitis and death. transplacental transmission of hev usually results in unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, mainly fetal loss, preterm labor, and hepatic dysfunction i ...201426356414
rapamycin and everolimus facilitate hepatitis e virus replication: revealing a basal defense mechanism of pi3k-pkb-mtor pathway.humans are frequently exposed to hepatitis e virus (hev). nevertheless, the disease mainly affects pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. organ recipients receiving immunosuppressants, such as rapalogs, to prevent rejection have a high risk for developing chronic hepatitis following hev infection. rapalogs constitute potent inhibitors of mtor including rapamycin and everolimus. as a master kinase, the mechanism-of-action of mtor is not only associated with the immunosuppressive capaci ...201424859454
hepatitis e virus infection, papua new guinea, fiji, and kiribati, 2003-2005. 201424856799
new hepatitis e virus genotype in camels, the middle east.in a molecular epidemiology study of hepatitis e virus (hev) in dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates, hev was detected in fecal samples from 3 camels. complete genome sequencing of 2 strains showed >20% overall nucleotide difference to known hevs. comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a previously unrecognized hev genotype.201424856611
outbreak of hepatitis e in urban bangladesh resulting in maternal and perinatal mortality.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes outbreaks of jaundice associated with maternal mortality. four deaths among pregnant women with jaundice occurred in an urban community near dhaka, bangladesh, in late 2008 and were reported to authorities in january 2009. we investigated the etiology and risk factors for jaundice and death.201424855146
enhancement of interferon induction by orf3 product of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes both the endemic and epidemic spread of acute hepatitis in many parts of the world. hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes a 13-kda multifunctional protein (vp13) that is essential for hev infection of animals. the exact role of vp13 in hev infection remains unclear. in this study, vp13 was found to enhance interferon (ifn) production induced by poly(i · c), a synthetic analog of double-stranded rna. poly(i · c) treatment induced a higher level of ifn-β mrna in he ...201424850742
a systematic review of hepatitis e virus infection in children.a systematic review was conducted, seeking all literature relevant to the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in children. transmission is thought to be primarily from fecal-oral transmission, with the role of transmission from animal reservoirs not being clear in children. worldwide, seroprevalence is <10% up to 10 years of age, with the exception of 1 of 5 studies from india and the sole study from egypt. seroprevalence increases wit ...201424846637
establishment of culture systems for genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis e virus (hev) obtained from human blood and application of hev inactivation using a pathogen reduction technology system.it has been demonstrated that the hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted via blood transfusion, and the risk of hev transmission via transfusion has become a major global concern. an hev culture system for blood-derived hev has been sought to obtain valuable knowledge of the virus and the risk of hev infection through blood products.201424845192
seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis e virus infection in german blood donors.hepatitis e virus (hev) is transmissible by transfusion. more data are needed about seroprevalence, incidence, and viremia in blood donors for the assessment of risk of transfusion-transmitted (tt)-hev infections.201423441647
high genomic similarity between european type hepatitis e virus subgenotype 3e strains isolated from an acute hepatitis patient and a wild boar in mie, japan.a 67-year-old male living in tsu city, mie prefecture, japan was referred to our hospital for further examination of acute liver injury and was diagnosed as having clinical hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in january 2010. the hev strain (he-ja11-1701) isolated from the patient belonged to genotype 3 and european-type subgenotype 3e. it was presumed that the patient had been infected from a wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax) because he consumed meat/viscera from a wild boar that he had captured ...201423639180
hepatitis e virus in england and wales: indigenous infection is associated with the consumption of processed pork products.indigenously acquired hepatitis e infections have increased substantially in england and wales since 2010. epidemiological investigations were undertaken to determine risk factors for the acquisition of infection. a case-control study (25 cases, 75 controls) was used to test the hypothesis that hepatitis e infection was related to consumption of pork products. in a multivariable model, consumption of pork pie [odds ratio (or) 6·33, 95% confidence interval (ci) 1·41-28·48, p = 0·009] and consumpt ...201424054519
guillain-barré syndrome associated with autochthonous infection by hepatitis e virus subgenotype 3c.in this report, we present a case of a 50-year-old immunocompetent man with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) associated with an autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. the patient presented with tetraparesis and elevated liver enzymes. hev infection was confirmed serologically and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from blood and stool. phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel hev genotype 3 isolate closely related to other subgenotype 3c isolates from pig livers purchased in germany. this i ...201423512540
epidemiological and clinical features of hev infection: a survey in the district of foggia (apulia, southern italy).in this study we assessed the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in both the italian population and immigrants from developing countries in foggia (apulia, southern italy). the seroprevalence of hev was determined in 1217 subjects [412 (34%) immigrants and 805 italian subjects (blood donors, general population, hiv-positive, haemodialysis patients)]. serum samples were tested for anti-hev and confirmed by western blot assay; in positive patients hev rna and genotype were also de ...201423673019
features of hepatitis e virus infection in humans and animals in japan.in japan, hepatitis e had long been considered to be a rare liver disease which can be accidentally imported from endemic countries in asia and africa, where the sanitation conditions are suboptimal. however, since the identification of the first autochthonous hepatitis e case and hepatitis e viremic domestic pigs in japan in 2001, our understanding of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in this country has been changing markedly. this has largely been due to the development of serological and gen ...201423721425
hepatitis e virus in wild boar in the central northern part of italy.hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for sporadic acute hepatitis in developed countries, where the infection is acquired probably through ingestion of contaminated food, in addition to travel-related cases. in this study, the circulation of hev in wild boar from nine italian provinces was evaluated. an overall seroprevalence of 10.2% was found, although there were differences among the provinces, while no samples were positive for hev rna detection. this study indicates an active circulation ...201523865469
making the case for the development of a vaccination against hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a global problem that affects 20 million individuals, and cause acute hepatitis in 3.5 million, with approximately 70,000 deaths worldwide per year. while the acute disease is generally self-limited, however, it may progress to fatal fulminant liver failure in certain individuals. contaminated water supplies disseminate this virus through the faecal-oral route, and swine is thought to be its zoonotic reservoir. attempts have been made to develop effective hev ...201524836400
hepatitis e infection in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a known cause of acute-on-chronic liver failure in developing countries, but its implication in western countries remains unknown. hev burden in the setting of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (aah) was assessed.201524904954
hepatitis e virus and fulminant hepatitis--a virus or host-specific pathology?fulminant hepatitis is a rare outcome of infection with hepatitis e virus. several recent reports suggest that virus variation is an important determinant of disease progression. to critically examine the evidence that virus-specific factors underlie the development of fulminant hepatitis following hepatitis e virus infection.201524974734
rare case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e from the blood of a donor infected with the hepatitis e virus genotype 3 indigenous to japan: viral dynamics from onset to recovery.the transfusion transmission of hepatitis e can occur even in non-endemic areas in the world as autochthonous hepatitis e has been increasingly reported in developed countries where the hepatitis e virus (hev) is not prevalent. we investigated the post-transfusion transmission of hepatitis e in a patient by molecularly confirming its presence, and characterized the viral kinetics of hev in this case.201525041213
decline in hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in the united states from 1988-1994 to 2009-2010.previous population-based estimates in the united states have shown a relatively high prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibody. we sought to determine whether changes in the prevalence of hev antibody have occurred over time.201525147277
hepatitis e virus exposure in pregnant women in rural durango, mexico.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection represents a risk for mortality in pregnant women. the seroepidemiology of hev infection in rural pregnant women in the americas is largely unknown. the aim of the study was to determine the seroepidemiology of anti-hev igg antibodies in rural pregnant women in durango, mexico.201525152983
hepatitis e virus: chronic infection, extra-hepatic manifestations, and treatment.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a worldwide disease. an improved understanding of the natural history of hev infection has been achieved within the last decade. several reservoirs and transmission modes have been identified. it is an underdiagnosed disease because of the use of low-sensitivity serological assays; however, diagnostics tools, including nucleic-acid tests, have improved. hev infection is usually an acute self-limiting disease, but causes chronic infection with rapidly progress ...201525150374
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus among pregnant women and control subjects in china.hepatitis e infection, caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev), is an important global public health concern, with particularly high mortality in pregnant women. china is generally judged to be an hev-endemic area, but epidemiological data for hev among pregnant women are limited. between june 2011 and july 2013, a case-control study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with the acquisition of hev infection by pregnant women in china. nine-hundred and ...201525164987
hepatitis e virus genotypes 1 and 3 in wastewater samples in tunisia.hepatitis e represents an important public-health concern throughout the world. it is one of the leading causes of hepatitis in north africa, asia and the middle east. in tunisia, the true burden of hev infection is still unknown. the objectives of the present study were to assess the occurrence of hepatitis e virus in tunisia through the monitoring of urban sewage and to characterize the strains identified using molecular assays. a total of 150 sewage samples (raw and treated) were collected fr ...201525307960
protracted fecal shedding of hev during ribavirin therapy predicts treatment relapse.twenty-four solid-organ-transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections were given ribavirin therapy for 3 months. all the patients with protracted fecal hev shedding during treatment suffered a relapse. monitoring hev fecal excretion could be used to determine the optimal duration of ribavirin therapy.201525249523
reply to "does chronic hepatitis e virus infection exist in immunocompetent patients?". 201525203636
serological and virological survey of hepatitis e virus in wild boar populations in northwestern italy: detection of hev subtypes 3e and 3f.although rare in developed countries, most acquired human cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection are associated with travel to developing countries where hev is endemic. increasingly, however, sporadic, non-travel-related hev cases have been reported in developed countries. in italy, only two studies to date have investigated the presence of hev in wild boars. here, we report a serological and virological survey of hev in wild boar populations in northwestern italy. during the hunting season ...201525283611
evidence of mapk-jnk1/2 activation by hepatitis e virus orf3 protein in cultured hepatoma cells.hepatitis e virus (hev) has recently emerged to cause chronic infection in some immunosuppressed individuals, including extrahepatic manifestations in acute and chronic patients. mammalian mapk-jnk1/2 is expressed in hepatocytes, which is known to be involved in anti-apoptotic signaling pathway for the establishment of persistent infection. though in vitro modulation of cellular mapk-erk cascade by hev-orf3 protein is suggested to have a role in host pathobiology, activation of the jnk module ha ...201525280525
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among hemodialysis and hemophiliac patients in tunisia (north africa).the aims of this study are to determine seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in tunisian blood donors and to evaluate its risk of parenteral transmission. sera collected from 426 blood donors were tested for hev igg by indirect elisa. individuals were recruited from two national transfusion centers, in the north and the south of the country. seroprevalence of hev igg was then compared with two other groups with increased risk of exposure to parenterally transmitted agents: 80 hemophiliac an ...201525331682
acute fulminant hepatitis e virus genotype 3e infection: description of the first case in europe. 201525390687
fatal outcome of autochthonous hepatitis e in a patient with b cell lymphoma in southeastern france.we describe a case of fatal fulminant hepatitis e concomitant to malignant b cell lymphoma in a 73-year-old french woman. infection was with an autochthonous hepatitis e virus of genotype 3f. frequent consumption of uncooked pig liver sausage (figatellu) was the only risk factor found.201525339404
ferret hepatitis e virus infection in japan.we examined 85 fecal samples from pet ferrets in 10 animal hospitals in japan for the detection of ferret hepatitis e virus (hev) rna. we found that 6 (7.1%) of the samples were positive for ferret hev rna. phylogenetic analysis based on the partial orf1 indicated that these ferret hev strains were clearly separated from the netherlands strains and were divided into 2 distinct clusters. these results suggest that ferret hev is genetically diverse, and since ferrets are not indigenous to japan, f ...201525420653
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) and detection of hev rna with a transcription-mediated amplification assay in blood donors from catalonia (spain).hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging threat to the safety of blood transfusion. the aim of this study was to determine hev immunoglobulin (ig)g and rna prevalence in catalan blood donors.201525403913
risk factors for hepatitis e virus infection and disease.hepatitis e, caused by hepatitis e virus, is a disease of global significance, causing 20 million infections each year. genotypes 1 and 2 have vastly different epidemiological patterns from genotypes 3 and 4. in genotype 1 and 2 endemic areas, most infections and illness occur in persons 15-30 years of age, with pregnant women being the most likely to experience severe disease. in genotype 3 and 4 endemic areas, most infections and illness occur in those of age 40-60 years, with males representi ...201525399510
molecular detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) in liver biopsies after liver transplantation.we aimed to determine the rate of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, a recently increasingly recognized disease in the western world, in liver transplant patients by direct molecular testing of liver tissue. a rt-pcr assay was designed for detecting the hev open reading frame (orf) 2/3 gene region in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and applied to all liver biopsies (n=683) taken 4 weeks or later from all patients (n=282) after liver transplantation of two large academic centers. hev-r ...201525412844
prevalence of hepatitis e virus in slaughter-age pigs in scotland.the prevalence of anti-hev isotype-specific antibodies and viraemia were investigated in serum samples collected from slaughter-age pigs (aged 22-24 weeks) from 23 farms in scotland. of 176 serum samples tested, 29·0% (n = 51) were anti-hev igg positive, 36·9% (n = 65) anti-hev iga positive and 29·0% (n = 51) anti-hev igm positive. overall seroprevalence (anti-hev igg+ and/or iga+ and/or igm+) was 61·4% (n = 108). hev rna was detected in 72/162 serum samples (44·4%). partial sequence of orf2 (98 ...201525410494
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in mennonites in mexico.the seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in mennonites has not been studied. we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-hev igg antibodies in mennonites in durango, mexico, and to compare it with the seroprevalence in general population in rural durango. the socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics of mennonites associated with hev seropositivity were also investigated.201525436027
oral immunization with recombinant hepatitis e virus antigen displayed on the lactococcus lactis surface enhances orf2-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice.hepatitis e virus (hev) as a recognized zoonotic pathogen has posed global burden on public health, which is exacerbated by lack of efficient vaccine. in this study, we constructed a recombinant (inaq-orf2 gene fusion) lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) strain nz3900 that expresses and displays the hepatitis e virus antigen orf2 utilizing an ice uncleation protein-based anchor system. after oral vaccination of balb/c mice, significantly higher levels of orf2-specific mucosal iga and serum igg were d ...201525445956
absence of occult hepatitis e virus infection among hiv immunosuppressed patients. 201525453620
hepatitis e as a cause of acute jaundice syndrome in northern uganda, 2010-2012.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries; however, its contribution to acute jaundice syndrome is not well-described. a large outbreak of hepatitis e occurred in northern uganda from 2007 to 2009. in response to this outbreak, acute jaundice syndrome surveillance was established in 10 district healthcare facilities to determine the proportion of cases attributable to hepatitis e. of 347 acute jaundice syndrome cases reported, the majority (42%) h ...201525448237
establishment of hepatitis e virus infection-permissive and -non-permissive human hepatoma plc/prf/5 subclones.plc/prf/5 cells show limited permissiveness, meaning that almost all subclones are permissive; however, some subclones do not exhibit permissiveness for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. in this study, the single-cell cloning of plc/prf/5 was performed and heterogeneous subclones characterized. notably, the efficiency of intracellular virus replication did not correlate with the permissiveness for hev infection. however, as well as binding permissive subclones, virus-like particles bound non-pe ...201525495578
detection of hepatitis e virus in pork liver sausages.hepatitis e infection is regarded as an emerging public-health concern. the disease is normally self-limiting (mortality rate 1%), but chronic infections have recently been observed in transplanted patients. the etiological agent hev is a small rna virus infecting both humans and animals. in humans, the disease may be food-borne and pig is a main reservoir for zoonotic strains. in the present study, we evaluated the presence of hev and swine fecal cross-contamination in pork liver sausages sold ...201525462920
survival of porcine teschovirus as a surrogate virus on pork chops during storage at 2°c.due to the lack of an efficient cultivation system, little is known about the stability and inactivation of hepatitis e virus (hev). in addition, there is a lack of information on which cultivable virus(es) are suitable as model or surrogate viruses for hev. murine norovirus (mnv) and f-rna coliphage ms2 are potential surrogates and f-rna coliphages are a potential indicator for enteric viruses. however, the numbers of f-rna coliphages excreted by swine are relatively low. in contrast, porcine t ...201525461604
hepatitis e virus and coliphages in waters proximal to swine concentrated animal feeding operations.north carolina is the second leading state in pork production in the united states, with over 10 million swine. swine manure in nc is typically collected and stored in open-pit lagoons before the liquid waste is sprayed onto agricultural fields for disposal. components of this waste may be able to impact surface water quality with the potential for human exposure. this study examined viruses of public health concern in creeks adjacent to swine concentrated animal feeding operation (cafo) spray f ...201525461050
renal transplantation in 2014: renal transplantation-reducing risk and improving outcome.several studies published in 2014 might facilitate improvements in the treatment and long-term care of renal transplant recipients. the potential risks of living kidney donation, the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab-based induction therapy, and the treatment of chronic hepatitis e virus infection have been addressed.201525511759
in silico and in vitro interrogation of a widely used hev rt-qpcr assay for detection of the species orthohepevirus a.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a public health concern worldwide, associated with waterborne outbreaks in developing countries and reported as an emerging zoonotic infection in high-income countries. a recent consensus proposal classified the isolates from human, swine, wild boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit and camel in seven genotypes within the species orthohepevirus a. in this report a popular hev rt-qpcr assay was assessed for the detection of the species orthohepevirus a. in silico analys ...201525528997
in silico and in vitro interrogation of a widely used hev rt-qpcr assay for detection of the species orthohepevirus a.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a public health concern worldwide, associated with waterborne outbreaks in developing countries and reported as an emerging zoonotic infection in high-income countries. a recent consensus proposal classified the isolates from human, swine, wild boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit and camel in seven genotypes within the species orthohepevirus a. in this report a popular hev rt-qpcr assay was assessed for the detection of the species orthohepevirus a. in silico analys ...201525528997
high prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in hiv-infected patients with unexplained liver disease.to look for evidence of hepatitis e virus (hev) exposure in hiv-infected patients with unexplained elevations of liver stiffness (ls).201525533742
a valuable antigen detection method for diagnosis of acute hepatitis e.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a serious public health problem. the commonly used tests that are specific for current hev infection diagnosis include the detection of anti-hev igm and hev rna. here, we report an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method for hev antigen detection with a linear range equivalent to 6.3 × 10(3) to 9.2 × 10(5) rna copies per ml. the monoclonal antibody (mab) 12f12, a high-ability mab that binds hev virus, was selected as the capture antibody from a panel ...201525540394
temporal evolution of the distribution of hepatitis e virus genotypes in southwestern france.southwest france is a highly endemic region for hepatitis e virus (hev). this study examined the circulation of hev strains between 2003 and 2014 in the midi-pyrénées, and compared these data with those from the rest of france. the polyproline region (ppr) of the orf1 region of the hev genome was also analyzed. hev genotype was determined by sequencing a 348-nt fragment within the orf2 gene for 333 strains in the midi-pyrénées and for 571 strains from the rest of france. ppr region was character ...201526218544
analysis of complete genome sequences and a v239a substitution in the helicase domain of swine hepatitis e virus strains isolated in canada.among canadian swine hev strains, only one complete genome sequence has been published so far, and there are no data on the virulence of these strains. a collection of 28 canadian swine hev strains was used in this study. after rna extraction, a portion of orf2, the 3' end of the helicase domain, and two complete genomes were amplified and sequenced. these two new canadian complete genomes belonged to two different subtypes and showed 87.5 and 87.7% sequence identity to the canadian swine hev st ...201525916609
hepatitis e virus infection as a possible cause of acute liver failure in europe.in western countries, infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered to be rare and imported from endemic regions. however, the prevalence of hev infection has increased among adults in central europe. hev infection can cause acute liver failure (alf), but there have been only a few confirmed cases of hev-associated alf in europe. we investigated the number of cases of indeterminate alf associated with hev infection.201525912835
high prevalence of hepatitis e virus in swedish moose--a phylogenetic characterization and comparison of the virus from different regions.hepatitis e virus (hev) infects a range of species, including humans, pigs, wild boars and deer. zoonotic transmission may contribute to the high hev seroprevalence in the human population of many countries. a novel divergent hev from moose (alces alces) in sweden was recently identified by partial genome sequencing. since only one strain was found, its classification within the hev family, prevalence in moose and zoonotic potential was unclear. we therefore investigated samples from 231 moose i ...201525906163
hepatitis e virus in young pigs in finland and characterization of the isolated partial genomic sequences of genotype 3 hev.hepatitis e virus (hev) infections occur in swine worldwide. the porcine infection is usually subclinical, but hev genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic agents that cause sporadic, indigenous human cases of hepatitis e. the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence and dynamics of hev infections in young pigs by analyzing a total of 273 fecal samples collected from six farrowing farms, to genetically characterize the hev isolates obtained, and to examine the phylogenetic relationships of he ...201525568927
hepatitis e virus: do locally acquired infections in australia necessitate laboratory testing in acute hepatitis patients with no overseas travel history?hepatitis e virus (hev) is emerging as a global public health threat. water-borne hev outbreaks are common in developing countries and are associated with genotypes 1 and 2. in industrialised countries, sporadic cases of zoonotic transmission associated with genotypes 3 and 4 are increasingly being reported. transfusion- and transplantation-transmitted hev have been documented, although ingestion of contaminated food is thought to be the major transmission route. severe disease is possible and c ...201525560836
preliminary molecular epidemiological investigation of hepatitis e virus sequences from québec, canada.our study objective was to describe the canadian hepatitis e virus (hev) sequences currently cataloged in genbank from three populations: commercially raised pigs, retail pork, and locally acquired hepatitis e cases, and to interpret the molecular evidence they provide. we searched the genbank for any/all canadian hev sequences from these populations, and identified highly similar matches using the basic local alignment search tool (blast) algorithm, studying sequences of the partial orf2 gene. ...201525555901
hepatitis e virus in developed countries: one of the most successful zoonotic viral diseases in human history?until recently, hepatitis e was thought to be largely confined to hyperendemic areas in asia, africa and mexico. over the last 10 years it has become clear that this is not the case, as it is surprisingly common in developed countries. in these settings, it is caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4, and is a porcine zoonosis. it causes a range of human illness including acute and chronic hepatitis, and a spectrum of neurological injury. hev rna has been found in donated blood from an increasing number ...201527482393
frequent hepatitis e in the netherlands without traveling or immunosuppression.in several western countries, silent endemic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is common among blood donors. immunocompromised persons may develop chronic hepatitis e, but the relevance of endemic hev for immunocompetent persons remains largely unknown. we investigated the immune status and travel history in cases of hepatitis e in the netherlands.201525542468
hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland.hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ...201524655475
successful treatment of chronic hepatitis e after an orthotopic liver transplant with ribavirin monotherapy.hepatitis e virus infection is increasingly reported as a cause of chronic hepatitis in organ transplant recipients. besides reduction of immunosuppressive therapy or pegylated-interferon therapy, promising results have been reported for ribavirin monotherapy of hepatitis e virus after kidney transplant. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful ribavirin monotherapy for chronic hepatitis e virus infection after and orthotopic liver transplant.201524779678
hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in a pig farm, italy, 2013.zoonotic strains of hepatitis e virus (hev) in europe have been reported to belong to genotypes 3 and 4. in 2012 and 2013, 57 pig farms in northern italy that had previously resulted seropositive for hev were surveyed for the presence of the virus, with positive samples subsequently genotyped. hepatitis e rna was identified in 17/57 (29·8%) seropositive farms. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that distinct subtypes of genotype 3 were circulating in the north-east of italy; as well, for the fir ...201524831185
chronic hepatitis e virus infection following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an important differential diagnosis for graft versus host disease. 201525015055
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in the united states: no easy answers. 201524995930
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in the national health and nutrition examination survey: facts trump opinion. 201524995541
phylogenetic demonstration of hepatitis e infection transmitted by pork meat ingestion.hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for a small number of acute hepatitis in developed countries. in this setting, hev infection seems to be a zoonosis, although this has not been completely demonstrated. high morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute infections have been described, as well as the possible role of ribavirin therapy in those cases. we describe a case of acute hepatitis after pork meat ingestion in a patient with waldeström macroglobulinemia with immunoglobulin a def ...201524637729
detailed investigation of ongoing subclinical hepatitis e virus infections; occurring in outbreak settings of north india.every year globally who reports 20 million hepatitis e virus (hev) infections. the disease occurs as sporadic cases or focused outbreaks and has potentials to cause massive epidemics. the reservoir of hev during inter-epidemic period is not well characterized. the sporadic cases usually lack history of contact with clinically overt hev patients. in the present context we evaluated the occurrence of subclinical hev as a possible reservoir in endemic region.201524750588
chronic hepatitis e virus infection: challenges in diagnosis and recognition in the united states. 201524492403
[epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in spain].the general features of the epidemiology and ecology of hepatitis e virus in spain are already known after 20 years of investigations. genotype 3 strains, mainly from sub-genotype 3f, circulated among swine livestock and certain wild mammals, and would be sporadically transmitted to humans through direct contact with the reservoirs or by consumption of foods derived from them. bivalve shellfish contaminated by hepatitis e virus from sewage could also play a role in transmission. although the int ...201524447919
hepatitis e virus: new faces of an old infection.hepatitis e virus is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis worldwide, with the majority of cases occurring in asia. in recent years, however, an increasing number of acute and chronic hepatitis e virus infections have been reported in industrialized countries. the importance of this infection resides in the associated morbidity and mortality. in acute cases, a high mortality rate has been reported in patients with previously undiagnosed alcoholic liver disease. hepatitis e infection c ...201524114815
a nationwide survey of hepatitis e virus infection and chronic hepatitis e in liver transplant recipients in japan.recently, chronic hepatitis e has been increasingly reported in organ transplant recipients in european countries. in japan, the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection after transplantation remains unclear, so we conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study to clarify the prevalence of chronic hev infection in japanese liver transplant recipients.201526870785
design, construction and cloning of truncated orf2 and tpasp-padre-truncated orf2 gene cassette from hepatitis e virus in the pvax1 expression vector.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis and has high mortality rate of up to 30% among pregnant women. therefore, development of a novel vaccine is a desirable goal.201526865938
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