Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| childbirth in the north. a qualitative study in the moose factory zone. | cree women from the moose factory zone were asked about their views on evacuation for childbirth. significant concerns cited were separation from children, loneliness, boredom, and the hospital accommodations. shopping, the medical staff and equipment, and the opportunity to visit relatives were considered positive factors. suggested improvements were to bring along family members, to provide alternative accommodation, and to have activities to occupy the time. | 1993 | 8495136 |
| wolves, moose, and tree rings on isle royale. | investigation of tree growth in isle royale national park in michigan revealed the influence of herbivores and carnivores on plants in an intimately linked food chain. plant growth rates were regulated by cycles in animal density and responded to annual changes in primary productivity only when released from herbivory by wolf predation. isle royale's dendrochronology complements a rich literature on food chain control in aquatic systems, which often supports a trophic cascade model. this study p ... | 1994 | 17841718 |
| native canadians relocating for renal dialysis. psychosocial and cultural issues. | to examine the effects of relocation from remote native communities for dialysis treatment and explore the receptiveness of patients, caregivers, and their communities to establishing a local satellite dialysis unit. second, to examine the methodological issues inherent in a qualitative, cross-cultural study. | 1994 | 7841825 |
| effects of competition, herbivory and substrate disturbance on growth and size structure in pin cherry (prunus pensylvanica l.) seedlings. | we examined separate and interactive effects of intraspecific competition, vertebrate browsing and substrate disturbance on the growth and size structure of pin cherry (prunus pensylvanica l.) in the first two seasons of growth after clearcutting, in a hardwoods forest in new hampshire, united states. over the 15-month study period, 97.5% of 1801 individuals survived, and mean plant height increased from 4-fold at high density to 5-fold at low density. relative height growth was significantly lo ... | 1994 | 28313972 |
| residues of p,p'-dde in lake trout in little moose lake in new york state. | residues of p,p'-dde were found in lake trout sampled in 1993 from little moose lake located remotely in the adirondack region of new york state. length accounted for 81% of the variation in p,p'-dde concentration when the data was fit to an exponential model. the presence of p,p'-dde in the fish was believed due to its long persistence in the aquatic environment following applications of ddt in the 1950s for control of black flies and mosquitoes. | 1994 | 7922150 |
| radiocaesium transfer to man from moose and roe deer in sweden. | studies of radiocaesium in the forest ecosystems in sweden resulted in aggregated transfer factors quantified for the transfer of 137cs from soil to moose and roe deer. these aggregated transfer factors were 0.02 m2 kg-1 for moose and 0.05 m2 kg-1 for roe deer. there seems to be no decrease in the 137cs activity concentrations in moose harvested in our research area and therefore we suggest the use of the physical half-life of 137cs (30 years) as the effective ecological half-life. the time-inte ... | 1994 | 7839118 |
| erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, serotype 17, septicemia in moose (alces alces) from algonquin park, ontario. | erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia was diagnosed in three of four moose found dead in algonquin provincial park, ontario, canada, in the spring of 1989. type 17 e. rhusiopathiae was isolated from liver, lung, kidney, and lymph nodes of affected animals, which were in poor body condition, and suffering hair loss associated with tick (dermacentor albipictus) infestations. microscopic lesions consisted of mild, multifocal, necrotizing myocarditis, sarcocystosis, and lymph node atrophy. the bac ... | 1994 | 7933291 |
| protostrongylidae in cervidae and ovibos moscatus: a clustering based on isoelectric focusing on nematode body proteins. | isoelectric focusing for protein separation and evaluation by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (upgma) clustering was tested as an alternative to a morphological approach to taxonomical studies of the family protostrongylidae and the genus elaphostrongylus. these analyses revealed a close relationship among first stage protostrongylid larvae from roe deer, muskoxen and varestrongylus alces first stage larvae. furthermore, first stage larvae collected from moose faeces and ad ... | 1994 | 7951396 |
| moose soup shigellosis in alaska. | following a community gathering held in early september 1991, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in galena, alaska. we conducted an epidemiologic investigation to determine the cause of the outbreak. a case of gastroenteritis was defined as diarrhea or at least 2 other symptoms of gastrointestinal illness occurring in a galena resident within a week of the gathering. control subjects included asymptomatic residents who either resided with an affected person or were contacted by us during a ... | 1994 | 8048226 |
| forensic application of repetitive dna markers to the species identification of animal tissues. | highly repetitive dna markers have been used for determining the species origin of animal tissues in cases of illegal commercialization and poaching of game animals. this approach has been used in cases involving white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), moose (alces alces) and black bear (ursus americanus). digesting the dna with various restriction enzymes, agarose electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide revealed unique banding patterns for each species. these patterns have been u ... | 1994 | 8195749 |
| association of a retrovirus with a wasting condition in the swedish moose. | a wasting disease in moose (alces alces) has killed more than one thousand animals in a densely populated, limited geographical area in sweden. to investigate the cause, local environmental conditions were studied and infectious agents, mainly viruses, were looked for. a virus, identified as a retrovirus, has repeatedly been isolated from diseased animals by cocultivation of their leukocytes with fetal moose kidney cells. the virus has the characteristics of a member of the oncovirinae subfamily ... | 1994 | 7518166 |
| influence of herbivory on caesium turnover in a forest ecosystem. | the effect of herbivory by bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and moose (alces alces) in relation to litterfall in a boreal forest is analysed. the main purpose is to estimate the relative importance of these processes for the transfer of caesium-137 to soil. biomasses of litterfall and food consumption were selected from different forest biotopes. the analysis of the input and output of caesium-137 in the vole and moose populations is based on mass balance calculations for caesium-137 in stead ... | 1994 | 7839117 |
| cerebellar abiotrophy in a moose (alces alces l) related to copper deficiency. a case report. | 1994 | 8209814 | |
| postpartum immobilization of adult female moose using xylazine, ketamine and yohimbine hydrochlorides. | twenty-two free-ranging adult female moose (alces alces) were immobilized with a 1:4 mixture of xylazine hydrochloride (xh) and ketamine hydrochloride (kh). mean (sd) dosages/animal for xh and kh were 419 (148) and 1565 (433) mg, respectively. mean (sd) induction time was 18.4 (9.7) minutes. reversal with yohimbine hydrochloride using a mean dosage of 83 mg/animal resulted in a mean (sd) recovery time of 22.8 (28.5) minutes. | 1994 | 8151816 |
| anatomy of the moose craniomandibular joint (alces alces, linnaeus, 1758). | the craniomandibular joints (cmj) were investigated in 10 swedish mooses (eight cows: five 1-year-old, two two-year-old, and one 7-year-old) together with one bull moose (2 years) and a yearling. the cmjs, situated at a high distance from the occlusal plane of the tooth rows, comprised a temporal component, a disc and a condyle. the temporal component lacked a mandibular fossa as well as articular eminence. the joint surface was oval, almost flat and convex. the condyle had about two-thirds of i ... | 1995 | 7472736 |
| geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of swedish moose (alces alces). | we examined the geographical pattern in growth and adult body size among 14 populations of swedish moose (alces alces) using data from 4,294 moose (≥1.5 years old) killed during the hunting season in 1989-1992. in both sexes, adult body mass was significantly positively correlated with latitude. moose in northern populations had a 15-20% larger adult body mass than moose in the south. juvenile body mass was correlated with neither latitude nor adult body mass. thus, variation in time (years) and ... | 1995 | 28306886 |
| influence of size and density of browse patches on intake rates and foraging decisions of young moose and white-tailed deer. | we examined the functional response and foraging behavior of young moose (alces alces) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) relative to animal size and the size and distribution of browse patches. the animals were offered one, three, or nine stems of dormant red maple (acer rubrum) in hand-assembled patches spaced 2.33, 7, 14, or 21 m apart along a runway. moose took larger twig diameters and bites and had greater dry matter and digestible energy intake rates than did deer, but had low ... | 1995 | 28306920 |
| evolution of protamine p1 genes in mammals. | protamine p1 genes have been sequenced following pcr amplification from 11 mammals representing five major mammalian orders: rodentia (rat and guinea pig), carnivora (cat and bear), proboscidea (elephant), perissodactyla (horse), and artiodactyla (camel, deer, elk, moose, and gazelle). the predicted amino acid sequence for these genes together with previously reported sequences results in a data set of 25 different p1 genes and 30 different p1 amino acid sequences. the alignment of all these seq ... | 1995 | 7643410 |
| determination of aluminium in liver from reindeer, moose and sheep by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. | aluminium in liver from reindeer, moose and sheep from the northeast part of norway was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry following digestion of the samples with nitric acid. the concentration of aluminium in the liver was markedly higher for reindeer than for moose and sheep; the median values obtained were 0.56 microgram g-1 al (wet wt.) for 101 reindeer, 0.06 microgram g-1 al for 72 moose and 0.09 microgram g-1 al for 40 sheep. the detection limit of the method was ... | 1995 | 7644911 |
| low major histocompatibility complex class ii diversity in european and north american moose. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes encode cell surface proteins whose function is to bind and present intracellularly processed peptides to t lymphocytes of the immune system. extensive mhc diversity has been documented in many species and is maintained by some form of balancing selection. we report here that both european and north american populations of moose (alces alces) exhibit very low levels of genetic diversity at an expressed mhc class ii drb locus. the observed polymorphism ... | 1995 | 7753793 |
| polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis: a simple method for species identification in food. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was applied to meat species identification in marinated and heat-treated or fermented products and to the differentiation of closely related species. dna was isolated from meat samples by using a dna-binding resin and was subjected to pcr analysis. primers used were complementary to conserved areas of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene and yielded a 359 base-pair (bp) fragment, including a variable 307 bp region. restriction endonu ... | 1995 | 8664595 |
| forensic identification of ungulate species using restriction digests of pcr-amplified mitochondrial dna. | a survey of mitochondrial d-loop variation in 15 species of ungulates was conducted via amplification by the polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. this survey included moose (alces alces), caribou (rangifer tarandus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (o. h. columbianus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), waipiti (cervus elaphus), pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), stone's she ... | 1995 | 8522926 |
| investigation, control and epizootiology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, free-roaming bison population in northern canada. | in july 1993 anthrax caused significant mortality in an isolated, free-ranging population of bison (bos bison athabascae) west of great slave lake in the northwest territories. there was no previous record of anthrax in this area. an emergency response was undertaken to reduce the scale of environmental contamination and dissemination of anthrax spores and hence to reduce the likelihood of future outbreaks. one-hundred-and-seventy-two bison, 3 moose (alces alces), and 3 black bear (ursus america ... | 1995 | 8548686 |
| survey of bioavailable selenium in sweden with the moose (alces alces l.) as monitoring animal. | liver tissues were collected from moose (alces alces l.) from the regular hunting seasons of 1981 and 1982. the material (from about 4300 animals) was stored at -20 degrees c at the national veterinary institute (sva). from this material, 2080 specimens from 12 counties representing 14 regions were analyzed for selenium. the counties included were norrbotten, västernorrland (northern region), uppsala, kopparberg, gävleborg, jämtland (central region), north and south kalmar (eastern region), hall ... | 1995 | 8560217 |
| application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ... | 1995 | 8592352 |
| ruminant uptake of nickel and other elements from industrial air pollution in the norwegian-russian border area. | concentrations of the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc in liver, and of nickel in kidneys, were studied in reindeer, moose and sheep from south varanger in eastern finnmark and comparable districts in western finnmark, norway. the study included samples from 31 reindeer, 10 moose and 10 sheep from jarfjord (south varanger); 31 reindeer, 27 moose and 15 sheep from pasvik (south varanger); and 40 reindeer, 16 moose and 15 shee ... | 1995 | 15091503 |
| generation of mhc class ii diversity by intra- and intergenic recombination. | the occurrence and significance of recombination events in the generation of mhc class ii diversity were discussed. evidence that intragenic recombination has contributed to the generation of allelic diversity at a drb locus in the moose was presented. intergenic recombination (i.e. exchange of sequence information between nonallelic genes) is expected to be rare and only to play a minor role in the generation of class ii diversity. exchange of sequence information between the major isotypic for ... | 1995 | 7558082 |
| [chromosomal differentiation of moose (alces)]. | 1996 | 8924861 | |
| moose-motor vehicle collisions. an increasing hazard in northern new england. | to analyze the epidemiology and epizootiology of moose-motor vehicle collisions (mmvc) and outcomes in severely injured patients to identify variables that might be modified to reduce the impact of this mutually deleterious interspecies interaction. | 1996 | 8615722 |
| limited polymorphism at major histocompatibility complex (mhc) loci in the swedish moose a. alces. | the swedish moose was analysed for genetic variability at major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i and class ii dqa, dqb and drb loci using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) techniques. both methods revealed limited amounts of polymorphism. since the sscp analysis concerned an expressed drb gene it can be concluded that the level of functional mhc class ii polymorphism, at least at the drb locus, is low in swedish moose. dna ... | 1996 | 9147694 |
| composites of bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) and type iv collagen, coral-derived coral hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate ceramics. | few studies have been performed to investigate the characteristics of native bone morphogenetic protein (bmp). we derived 5.85 g of native moose bmp from 102 kg of fresh moose bone and performed chromatographic studies to characterise its structure. we found the bmp molecule to have a molecular weight of 11-700 kda. to investigate the ideal local delivery system for bmp we used porous discs as a carrier. these were implanted into 132 mice. the volume of new bone formed was evaluated by means of ... | 1996 | 8930726 |
| the possible importance of wintering yards in the transmission of parelaphostrongylus tenuis to white-tailed deer and moose. | terrestrial gastropods were collected, 15 june to 25 november 1994, from beneath cardboard sheets on deer range in northeastern minnesota (usa) and examined individually for larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis, the meningeal worm of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). overall, 10 (0.08%) of 12,096 snails and slugs were infected with a mean (+/- sd) of 3.2 +/- 2.5 p. tenuis larvae. the prevalence of infection in gastropods was greater in a traditional deer wintering yard (seven of 4,401, ... | 1996 | 8627933 |
| experimental studies on brucella abortus in moose (alces alces). | four moose (alces alces) were inoculated conjunctivally with b. abortus biovar 1 to determine their susceptibility to brucellosis, and to describe the serology, bacteriology, hematology, clinical chemistry, and pathology associated with infection. all moose became infected. two moose were killed at day 70 post-exposure, one (83f) died acutely at day 85, and one was killed at day 166. none of the moose had clinical signs, except for 83f immediately before death. infected moose were readily detect ... | 1996 | 8627944 |
| [the use of bone morphogenetic proteins in delayed fracture healing, pseudoarthrosis and in ulna osteotomy carried out because of elbow joint diseases]. | this study deals with the application of bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) as an osteoinductive factor in the treatment of fractures and elbow disease in the dog. partially purified canine bone morphogenetic protein (cbmp) was used in the repair of a delayed union fracture and a pseudoarthrosis. the cbmp was applied in biocoral and tricalciumphosphate carriers using a subcortical grafting method. two dogs suffering from incongruence and subluxation of the elbow joint were treated with a partially ... | 1996 | 8650686 |
| fluoride exposure in cervids inhabiting areas adjacent to aluminum smelters in norway. i. residue levels. | mandibular fluorine concentrations were determined in 1,425 red deer (cervus elaphus), 240 moose (alces alces), and 424 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) collected in norway from 1990 to 1993 in seven municipalities in which aluminum smelters are located, in eight neighboring municipalities, and in eight reference areas representing background levels. background fluorine concentration was significantly correlated with age in all three species. roe deer had the highest mean background fluorine level ... | 1996 | 8722253 |
| fluoride exposure in cervids inhabiting areas adjacent to aluminum smelters in norway. ii. fluorosis. | mandibles from 1104 red deer (cervus elaphus), 147 moose (alces alces), and 453 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected between 1990 and 1993 in the vicinity of seven norwegian aluminum smelters, were examined for dental fluorotic and osteofluorotic lesions. the metacarpal or metatarsal bones from 214 of these cervids also were evaluated. dental fluorotic lesions occurred in all three cervid species. prevalence of dental fluorosis was generally low at the various locations, with the exception ... | 1996 | 8722254 |
| use of ethnographic methods for applied research on diabetes among the ojibway-cree in northern ontario. | this article presents the results of applied ethnographic research aimed at developing a community-based diabetes prevention program in an isolated ojibway-cree community in northern ontario. using qualitative techniques, the authors describe diabetes in its sociocultural context and underlying belief systems that affect related activity and dietary behaviors. local concepts of food and illness are dichotomized into "indian" and "white man's" groupings, with indian foods perceived as healthy and ... | 1996 | 8841820 |
| xenogeneic moose (alces alces) bone morphogenetic protein (mbmp)-induced repair of critical-size skull defects in sheep. | a standardized skull defect in adult sheep was used to test the healing capacity of xenogeneic, partially purified, moose-derived bone morphogenetic protein (mbmp) extracted from the fresh long bones of moose (alces alces) calves. an amount of 52 mg of mbmp mixed with 13 mg of purified type iv collagen (5:1) (mbmp/col) in gelatin capsules was implanted into six 22-mm-diameter skull defects in adult sheep for comparison with six defects implanted with fresh autogenous bone marrow (bm) and six oth ... | 1996 | 8872228 |
| partial purification and characterization of bone morphogenetic protein from bone matrix of the premature moose (alces alces): degradation of bone-inducing activity during storage. | in spite of the advances in recombinant techniques in the production of bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps), the best clinical results so far have been obtained with human and animal source-extracted bmps. also, the poor availability of recombinant products gives rise to continued research with different extracted and purified proteins. in a search for a new source of bone-matrix-derived bmp with high osteoinductive activity, bmp was extracted from fresh bone matrix of the premature moose (alces ... | 1996 | 8954322 |
| estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by the method of esr-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals. | esr-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, european bison, moose), and man. values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, p1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mw for animals and man. a new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total esr spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. 'dose-response' depen ... | 1996 | 9022192 |
| life history patterns in female moose (alces alces): the relationship between age, body size, fecundity and environmental conditions. | i examined the relationship between age, body size and fecundity in 833 female moose (alces alces) from 14 populations in sweden sampled during 1989-1992. data on population density, food availability and climatic conditions were also collected for each population. age and body mass were both significantly positively related to fecundity, measured as ovulation rate, among female moose. the relationship between the probability of ovulation and body mass was dependent on age with (1) a higher body ... | 1996 | 28307646 |
| osteoporotic skull lesions in moose at isle royale national park. | osteoporotic lesions were evaluated in the skulls of moose (alces alces) collected in isle royale national park, michigan (usa), from 1958 to 1994. circular lesions which penetrated the outer table of the skull were distributed over the frontal and nasal bones asymmetrically in both sexes. about 32% of skulls recovered had some porotic lesions with slightly greater prevalence among males. | 1996 | 8627919 |
| [chromosomal differences in moose (mammalia, artiodactyla, alces alces l.)]. | earlier studies on differences in moose (alces alces) chromosome sets concerned only european (scandinavia, finland, the volga region, and western siberia) and american (the united states and canada) forms. the first group had a 68-chromosome set, and the second group, a 70-chromosome set. these differences were considered interspecies chromosomal polymorphism. however, the chromosome number in a. alces living in eastern and northeastern siberia remains unknown, although these data are important ... | 1997 | 9378292 |
| pathology of ocular lesions in free-living moose (alces alces) from saskatchewan. | clinical signs of impaired vision or neurological disease occurred in seven of 74 free-living moose (alces alces) from saskatchewan, canada, submitted for necropsy between 1969 and 1994. several lesions were found in each eye, including retinal degeneration (seven cases), cataract (six cases), lymphocytic-plasmacytic anterior uveitis (six cases), corneal scars (six cases), keratitis (four cases), and microphthalmia (one case), but their cause was not determined. moraxella bovis was isolated from ... | 1997 | 9027695 |
| repetitive sequence families in alces alces americana. | high-resolution derivative melting was used to obtain detailed distributions of local (g + c) contents in a number of ruminant dnas. profiles over low (g + c) regions [20-36% (g + c)] are congruent for all ruminants. this region represents 45-50% of the nuclear dna content and primarily contains intergenic and intron sequences. the high (g + c) region, where most coding sequences are found [38-68% (g + c)], is marked by satellite bands denoting the presence of transcriptionally inert, tandemly r ... | 1997 | 9115175 |
| cross-infection of moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) with elaphostrongylus alces and elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, protostrongylidae): effects on parasite morphology and prepatent period. | moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were experimentally cross-infected with elaphostrongylus rangiferi and elaphostrongylus alces, respectively. both elaphostrongylus species completed their development in the alternate hosts but produced fewer larvae than in their usual host species. reindeer infected with elaphostrongylus alces developed patent infections after 39-130 days. in moose, the prepatent period of this parasite was 39-73 days. elaphostrongylus rangiferi infections we ... | 1997 | 9231986 |
| the use of a coral composite implant containing bone morphogenetic protein to repair a segmental tibial defect in sheep. | a composite implant consisting of a coral cylinder, moose bone morphogenetic protein and type iv collagen was used to repair a segmental tibial defect in sheep. healing, related variance in mechanical strength and immune responses were evaluated. in comparison with a coral control, a larger amount of newly formed external callus was observed in the composite group at 6 weeks. the maximal torque capacity, maximal angular deformation at failure and bone stiffness of a healed osteotomised tibia rec ... | 1997 | 9266302 |
| comparison of native xenogeneic and allogeneic bone morphogenetic proteins in the sheep skull defect assay model. | the purpose of this study was to determine, if there is any difference in the osteoinductive response between xenogeneic and allogeneic bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) in the skull defect assay model. | 1997 | 9435939 |
| changing patterns of mortality seasonality among the western james bay cree. | anglican church of canada burial records from 1851-1964 for the moose factory first nation are analysed for mortality seasonality. the 113-year study period is subdivided into three death cohorts (1851-1906, 1914-1945 and 1946-1964) that broadly reflect the late 19th century, early 20th century, and the post-wwii periods, respectively. the data are partitioned into three age groups: infants (< 1), children (1-14), and adults (15+) to determine whether the hazards of death by season varied by age ... | 1997 | 9494300 |
| a topographical erp study of healthy premature 5-year-old children in the auditory and visual modalities. | the aim of this research is to study the impact of extreme prematurity on the cognitive development of the child as assessed at age 5 years 9 months. our samples include 15 healthy prematures born between 25 and 28 weeks of gestational age carefully matched with 15 full-term controls. in the first experiment, two different auditory stimuli were presented to the subjects who listened passively without instruction. the second experiment consisted of a standard visual oddball task in which the subj ... | 1997 | 9186238 |
| effects of above-ground browsing by mammals on mycorrhizal infection in an early successional taiga ecosystem. | using an exclosure experiment in the willow stage of primary succession on the floodplain of the tanana river, we tested the hypothesis that browsing can reduce mycorrhizal infection. we measured the effects winter browsing by moose (alcesalces) and snowshoe hare (lepusamericanus) had on mycorrhizal infection and fine root biomass of willow (salix spp.) and balsam poplar (populusbalsamifera). we found that protection from winter browsing increased ectomycorrhizal infection by 10% in the top 5 cm ... | 1997 | 28307473 |
| the potential for ontario region's health information system to facilitate case management, program planning, and evaluation and to promote enhanced first nations' control of health services. | the ontario region of medical services branch, health canada, comprises approximately 63,000 first nations people living on-reserve in four geographical areas: sioux lookout, moose factory, thunder bay, and southern ontario. as of april 1996, 35% of the 126 first nations communities in ontario region have either assumed control of the delivery of health services or are in the process of transfer negotiations with the federal government. another 14% have entered into integrated community-based he ... | 1998 | 10093364 |
| surviving change: one district health board's experience. | this qualitative evaluation examines critical steps the moose jaw-thunder creek district health board initiated to address health reform; in particular, the adoption of a governance philosophy, restructuring of services, development of a comprehensive planning process, and implementation of a communication strategy. the outcome has been a yearly health plan that maintains quality health services; provides opportunities for service growth, client-centred health delivery and increased accountabili ... | 1998 | 10180685 |
| [the moose test and the medical product law]. | 1998 | 9617355 | |
| 'mysterious' moose disease in sweden. similarities to copper deficiency and/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. biochemical background of clinical signs and organ lesions. | the moose (alces alces l.) in an acid rain affected region in south-west sweden has developed a complex disease with numerous clinical signs, most of which are consistent with those of secondary copper (cu) deficiency and/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. the clinical signs of the moose disease reported to date include diarrhoea, anorexia, emaciation, achromotrichia, alopecia, sudden heart failure and osteoporosis. findings at necropsy included mucosal oedema, atrophied lymphoid tissues of th ... | 1998 | 9496661 |
| trace metals in moose (alces alces) liver. | 1998 | 9557189 | |
| sex identification of elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) using the polymerase chain reaction. | we have developed a pcr-based protocol to determine the gender of tissue samples originating from elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). the technique simultaneously amplifies a conserved region of the sex-determining gene on the y-chromosome (sry) and a region of the fragile x mental retardation gene (fmr-1). the multiplex nature of this protocol allows the determination of gender using the sry marker with the fmr-1 marker providing ... | 1998 | 9608686 |
| risk assessment of cadmium exposure in fort resolution, northwest territories, canada. | the aim of this study is to investigate the cadmium (cd) exposure level from traditional food in fort resolution, northwest territories. we used 24-h dietary recalls and traditional food use frequency to obtain information on traditional food consumption, and analysed cadmium concentrations in traditional food. we also estimated total cadmium intake via market and traditional food, and cigarette smoking. traditional food accounted for only 10% of the dietary energy. about 30 species of wildlife ... | 1998 | 9666890 |
| [the role of the forestomachs in the adaptation of the alimentary function in ruminants]. | dietary character of ruminants in the north is principally different between "nonselective" (cattle, sheep) and "selective" (reindeer, moose) species. due to the developed polyfunctioning, forestomach in ruminants, primarily rumen and reticulum, are involved in the homeostasis formation in enteral and interior mediums, nutrients deposition and recirculation. that provides efficiency in utilization of deficient in nutrients forage and body reserves of wild ruminants during the winter. the origina ... | 1998 | 9749460 |
| accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by concentrate selecting ruminants. | depot fat samples from ruminants of different feeding type and--for comparison--fat samples from simple-stomached animals were collected within 3 months. individual fatty acid proportions, especially the relation of essential, polyunsaturated fatty acids to nonessential, saturated plus monounsaturated fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. species can be separated into two distinct groups: depot fat of wild boar showed by far the highest content of essential fatty acids compared with a ... | 1998 | 9773506 |
| tissue migration of elaphostrongylus spp. in guinea pigs (cavia porcellus). | third-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi, originating from red deer (cervus elaphus), first reached the central nervous system (cns) of guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) 11 days postinfection (dpi). neurologic signs were seen between 11 and 62 dpi in 4 of a total of 18 infected guinea pigs killed up to 112 dpi. animals showing signs had 3 or more larvae in the cns. only 1, of a total of 1,114 larvae recovered, had developed to the fourth stage at 40 dpi. a direct tissue migration by third-stage ... | 1998 | 9794639 |
| microsatellite variation in scandinavian cervidae using primers derived from bovidae. | the possibility of using microsatellite primers developed in bovidae to amplify microsatellite markers in cervidae was surveyed by using 75 microsatellite primer sets of bovine, ovine or caprine origin to analyse dna from moose, red deer, reindeer and roe deer from scandinavia. on average for the four cervids, approximately 50% of the ovine/caprine primer pairs amplified a specific pcr product, compared to only 16% of the bovine primers. approximately 50% of both ovine/caprine and bovine primers ... | 1998 | 9868926 |
| phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna. | red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ... | 1998 | 9878235 |
| the biological basis of grooming in moose: programmed versus stimulus-driven grooming. | in domestic and wild mammals, tick infestation can be a significant fitness cost. grooming behaviour has been shown to be effective in removing ticks. we studied grooming by moose, alces alces, infested with winter ticks, dermacentor albipictus, to determine which of two nonexclusive models for the regulation of tick-removal grooming, programmed or stimulus driven, best fit this host-parasite relationship. the programmed grooming model states that most grooming is driven by an internal timing me ... | 1998 | 9933554 |
| urban encroachment on the wilderness: moose-vehicle collisions in anchorage, alaska, 1991-1995. | moose have successfully adapted to urban sprawl in anchorage, alaska, using greenbelt areas for shelter, forage, and protection. however, the proximity of moose to people poses unique hazards: a collision with a moose may cause significant injury and vehicle damage. | 1998 | 10093336 |
| [traditional concept of madness and therapeutic difficulties in the moose of kadiogo.]. | the practice of psychiatry in the south of the sahara in africa collides with many problems of acceptability of care for the ill and their families. the frequent rejection of the psychiatrist's therapeutic approach can often be explained by the inadaptation of the etiopathogenic approach. indeed, in black africa, responsibility of illness differs according to the fact that one has been schooled or not. the western world teaches minorities having the chance to live there or learn about it, that t ... | 1998 | 18253558 |
| probable elaeophorosis in a moose (alces alces) from eastern washington state. | 1998 | 9526866 | |
| range-body mass interactions of a northern ungulate - a test of hypothesis. | summer diet, summer temperature, length of the growth season and animal density appeared to best explain annual and regional differences in calf and yearling body mass in moose from southeastern norway. in general animals inhabiting steep, alpine landscapes had less body mass than animals using flat, low-altitude habitats. autumn body mass of calves and yearlings decreased with increasing snow depth during the preceding winter and spring. however, calf body mass was more influenced by the summer ... | 1999 | 28307755 |
| relative efficiency of succinylcholine, xylazine, and carfentanil/xylazine mixtures to immobilize free-ranging moose. | we compared the efficiency of succinylcholine chloride, xylazine hydrochloride and carfentanil/xylazine mixtures in immobilizing 364 free-ranging moose (alces alces) between 1987 and 1997 in québec (canada). with succinylcholine chloride (0.070, 0.062, 0.051 mg/kg of estimated body weight for calves, juveniles and adults), 63% of the 252 immobilization attempts led to complete immobilization and marking, whereas 7% of the darted animals died of respiratory paralysis during handling. the moose to ... | 1999 | 10073344 |
| characterization of mhc-drb allelic diversity in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) provides insight into mhc-drb allelic evolution within cervidae. | although white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are one of north america's best studied mammals, no information is available concerning allelic diversity at any locus of the major histocompatibility complex in this taxon. using the polymerase chain reaction, single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, and dna sequencing techniques, 15 drb exon 2 alleles were identified among 150 white-tailed deer from a single population in southeastern oklahoma. these alleles represent a single locu ... | 1999 | 10199919 |
| management of indigenous north american deer at the end of the 20th century in relation to large predators and primary production. | five deer species occupy north america: caribou (3.6 x 10(6) individuals), moose (1.1 x 10(6)), white-tailed deer (28.5 x 10(6)), mule deer (5.0 x 10(6)) and wapiti (1.1 x 10(6)). caribou characterise the north of the boreal forest and the tundra, whereas moose dominate in coniferous and mixed forests growing further south. white-tailed deer are typical of the deciduous forests of the east while mule deer replace them in the mountainous terrain of the west. wapiti possess the smallest range, mos ... | 1999 | 10213925 |
| osteoporosis, bone mineralization, and status of selected trace elements in two populations of moose calves in norway. | this study was conducted to clarify the etiology of a high frequency of bone fractures and osteoporosis in the moose (alces alces) population in southern norway. liver samples, both metacarpi, and carcass data were collected from 21 and 22 moose calves shot in 1994 in birkenes (southern norway), and naerøy (central norway), respectively. the liver samples were analyzed for copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium. bone samples were subject to histologic, radiologic, an ... | 1999 | 10231747 |
| monomorphism and polymorphism at mhc drb loci in domestic and wild ruminants. | genetic polymorphism at mhc class ii drb loci was investigated in samples of musk-ox from canada and greenland; moose from sweden, norway, canada, and alaska; roe deer from norway and sweden; reindeer from svalbard and norway; fallow deer from norway and sweden; and red deer from norway. the results were compared with published data on cattle, bison, goat, sheep, and red deer. cattle-specific primers amplified a single drb locus in all species except fallow deer and red deer, in which two loci w ... | 1999 | 10319259 |
| moose, a new family of ltr-retrotransposons in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | a novel ltr retrotransposable element called moose has been cloned and characterized from the malaria transmitting mosquito, anopheles gambiae. this element has all the characteristic features of ltr retroelements and is related to retroelements from other insects and nematodes, belonging to a subgroup of retroelements distinct from the copia/ty1 and gypsy/ty3 groups. the moose element appears to be active in a. gambiae, and strong rna expression is detected in the male and female gonads. the us ... | 1999 | 10380104 |
| its2 sequences of dictyocaulus species from cattle, roe deer and moose in sweden: molecular evidence for a new species. | total dna was isolated from adult lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus, collected from cattle, moose (alces alces) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in sweden. the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer was amplified with pcr, and dna sequences were determined from nine individual worms that all came from different hosts in order to avoid analysis of siblings. the sequence data obtained were aligned and compared with similar data derived from german lungworm isolates from cattle and fallow ... | 1999 | 10428637 |
| population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose, alces alces, in canada. | moose, alces alces, occur naturally throughout most of canada but successful introductions of known numbers of animals have been made to the islands of newfoundland and cape breton. five microsatellite loci were used to investigate the population genetic structure and any change in genetic variability due to founder events of moose in canada. comparisons of allele frequencies for moose from 11 regions of the country suggested that there are at least seven genetically distinct populations (p < 0. ... | 1999 | 10447871 |
| use of western immunoblot analysis for testing moose serum for brucella suis biovar 4 specific antibodies. | to determine if 12 moose (alces alces) from northern alaska with agglutinating antibodies specific for brucella spp. had been exposed to either b. suis biovar 4 or b. abortus biovar 1, western immnnoblot serologic analysis was performed. differential serologic responses to strain specific a and m antigenic variances of the lipopolysaccharide o-polysaccharide sugar allowed strain identification. prior to examination, test sera were absorbed with killed whole cells from either b. abortus biovar 1, ... | 1999 | 10479098 |
| isolation, purification, and characterization of pregnancy-specific protein b from elk and moose placenta. | pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from elk and moose placenta. the procedure, which was monitored by bovine pspb (bpspb) ria, included homogenization and extraction in aqueous solution, acidic and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatographies. the estimated molecular sizes of moose pspb (mpspb) were 58 kda and 31 kda, and of elk pspb (epspb) were 57 kda, 45 kda, and 31 kda by sds-page. the iso ... | 1999 | 10491644 |
| application of a dna hybridization-hydrophobic-grid membrane filter method for detection and isolation of verotoxigenic escherichia coli. | verotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) strains were isolated from food and animal fecal samples by using pcr to screen for the presence of vtec after broth enrichment and then filtering vtec-positive cultures through hydrophobic-grid membrane filters (hgmfs) which were incubated on macconkey agar. the filters were probed with a digoxigenin-labeled pcr product generated by amplification of a conserved verotoxin gene sequence. replication of the growth on filters allowed probe-positive colonies to ... | 1999 | 10543785 |
| the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of artiodactyles. | the complete coding region of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene was characterized in species belonging to the two families bovidae and cervidae; cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), muskox (ovibos moschatus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). this well conserved gene is a central regulator of mammalian coat colour. examination of the interspecies ... | 1999 | 10628296 |
| anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens. | the recent extinction of grizzly bears (ursus arctos) and wolves (canis lupus) by humans from 95-99% of the contiguous usa and mexico in less than 100 years has resulted in dramatically altered and expanded prey communities. such rampant ecological change and putative ecological instability has not occurred in north american northern boreal zones. this geographical variation in the loss of large carnivores as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance offers opportunities for examining the poten ... | 1999 | 10629976 |
| contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (canis lupus) from the yukon territory, canada. | kidney, liver and bone samples were taken from 19 wolves (canis lupus) collected from two locations in the yukon territory. liver samples pooled by age and sex were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 101 pcb congeners. individual kidney and liver samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium and zinc. thirteen individual bone samples were analyzed for lead. while most organochlorines were not present at detectable levels in wolf liver, some chlorobe ... | 1999 | 10635602 |
| isolation and characterization of 3-methoxy-2(5h)-furanone as the principal nephrotoxin from narthecium ossifragum (l.) huds. | the principal substance in narthecium ossifragum (l.) huds, responsible for the nephrotoxic effects on cattle, moose, goats and other ruminants has been isolated and identified by x-ray crystallography as 3-methoxy-2(5h)-furanone. the fourier-transform infra-red, 1h and 13c nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra are also given. the concentration in four different batches of plant material varied from 113 to 344 microg g(-1) (wet weight). extracts of n. ossifragum and fractions derived from ... | 1999 | 10647513 |
| recreation, consumption of wild game, risk, and the department of energy sites: perceptions of people attending the lewiston, id, "roundup". | several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration, and are considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current land uses and local needs. understanding potential recreational and wild game consumption patterns and risk perceptions are critical for determining cleanup levels and assessing potential risk associated with certain uses. in this article, recreational rates of people attending the lewiston "roundup" rodeo in northwestern idaho were exa ... | 1999 | 10706241 |
| experimental narthecium ossifragum nephrotoxicity in cervids from norway. | one moose (alces alces), two red deer (cervus elaphus), two reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and two fallow deer (dama dama) were dosed intraruminally with an aqueous extract made from 30 g of bog asphodel (narthecium ossifragum) (wet weight) per kg live weight. the moose and one of the two reindeer were mildly depressed and had reduced appetite 3 to 7 days and 1 to 4 days after dosing, respectively. the serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased markedly in the moose and red deer, and moder ... | 1999 | 10073342 |
| toxic nephrosis in moose in norway. | during the summers 1995/96, toxic nephrosis was diagnosed in nine free-living moose (alces alces) from aust-agder county in southern norway. histopathological kidney lesions included tubular degeneration and necrosis, tubular regeneration, and interstitial fibrosis. the disease was probably caused by ingestion of the toxic plants, bog asphodel (narthecium ossifragum) or oak (quercus spp.). | 1999 | 10073363 |
| prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among swampy cree women in moose factory, james bay. | although high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus have been documented in native populations, few studies have examined rates of the disease among native indians in canada. the authors conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes among swampy cree women, to identify factors predictive of the occurrence of gestational diabetes, and to identify delivery and infant outcomes related to the presence of the disease. | 1999 | 10333831 |
| the prevalence of diabetes in the cree of western james bay. | diabetes prevalence and general demographic data for individuals with diabetes were evaluated in the cree of moose factory, ontario. individuals with diabetes were identified through a retrospective review of the diabetes registry as well as of outpatient and inpatient records. the crude prevalence of diabetes was 62 (95% confidence interval: 54 72) per 1,000. the direct age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 103 per 1,000 for the entire population (95% confidence interval: 89 118 per 1,000 ... | 2000 | 11082349 |
| diet overlap among ruminants in fennoscandia. | information on overlap in resource use is central to understanding of interspecific exploitation competition and resource partitioning. despite this, measures of diet overlap among northern ruminants in fennoscandia is limited to one earlier study (reindeer and sheep). diet overlap between sympatric moose and roe deer calculated with schoener's index was 20.7% and 33.6% during summer (data from one area) and winter (data from two areas), respectively, whereas average diet overlap between moose a ... | 2000 | 28308406 |
| meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) group. | because of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature, research results must be synthesized. meta-analyses are increasingly used to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. a workshop was held in atlanta, ga, in april 1997, to examine the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. | 2000 | 10789670 |
| serologic evidence of puumala virus infection in wild moose in northern sweden. | puumala (puu) virus is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, the scandinavian form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the infection is acquired by airborne transmission of puu virus from its rodent reservoir, the bank vole. besides serologic data indicating that the virus may spread also to heterologous rodents, there is little information on the susceptibility of wild living animals to puu virus. we studied the occurrence of antibodies to puu virus in serum samples from 427 wild ... | 2000 | 10761733 |
| the 'mysterious' disease in swedish moose. concentrations of trace elements in liver and kidneys and clinical chemistry. comparison with experimental molybdenosis and copper deficiency in the goat. | moose (alces alces l.) affected by a disease with unknown aetiology were compared with healthy moose regarding trace element concentrations in liver and kidneys, as well as certain clinical chemical parameters of blood plasma. the diseased moose showed decreased hepatic concentrations of cu, cd and mg. renal concentrations of cd, co, mg and mn were also decreased. substantially increased concentrations in both liver and kidneys were seen for al, ca, fe, pb and zn, while se and mo were increased ... | 2000 | 10813451 |
| a syndrome of molybdenosis, copper deficiency, and type 2 diabetes in the moose population of south-west sweden. | since the mid-1980s, a 'mysterious' disease has been afflicting the moose (alces alces l.) population of south-western sweden. molybdenosis combined with secondary copper deficiency syndrome has been suggested as the cause of the clinical signs and of necropsy findings, supported by trace element analysis. copper deficiency has long been associated with disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and also with oxidative stress. when testing the oxidative stress hypothesis, we found increased concentration ... | 2000 | 10813452 |
| experimental copper and chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats. i. feed consumption and weight development. | secondary cu deficiency, cr deficiency and molybdenosis were suggested causes of the 'mysterious' disease afflicting moose (alces alces l.) in a region in south-west sweden affected by acid rain. a model experiment with goats was performed to study the clinical chemical parameters, determine the tissue contents of trace and minor elements, to perform pathological and histopathological investigations and to compare the findings with those in moose disease. twenty 3-month-old male goats were assig ... | 2000 | 10813453 |
| experimental copper and chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats. ii. concentrations of trace and minor elements in liver, kidneys and ribs: haematology and clinical chemistry. | since the mid-1980s a previously undescribed disease has affected moose in south-western sweden. investigations made to reveal evidence of a viral aetiology have proved unsuccessful. trace element studies in apparently healthy moose shot during regular hunting suggested a trace element imbalance, with excessive molybdenum uptake causing secondary copper deficiency. the results also indicated a possible chromium deficiency. to verify this hypothesis, an experimental study was performed in male go ... | 2000 | 10813454 |
| serologic survey for toxoplasma gondii in selected wildlife species from alaska. | blood was collected from selected wildlife species in specific areas of alaska (usa) during 1976-96. a modified agglutination test was used to test sera for evidence of exposure to toxoplasma gondii. serum antibody prevalence was 43% (62 positive of 143 tested) for black bears (ursus americanus), 9% (11/125) for wolves (canis lupus), 7% (22/319) for dall sheep (ovis dalli), 6% (14/241) for caribou (rangifer tarandus), 1% (3/240) for moose (alces alces), and 1% (2/241) for bison (bison bison). a ... | 2000 | 10813602 |
| association of moraxella ovis with keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer and moose in wyoming. | six cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and moose (alces alces) in wyoming (usa) were investigated during fall and winter of 1995 and 1996. excessive lacrimation, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal opacity were observed in mule deer. moose had severe mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. hemolytic, non-piliated moraxella ovis was isolated from two mule deer and two moose. we attempted to reproduce ikc in thr ... | 2000 | 10813605 |
| septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in oregon. | as part of a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn (antilocapra americana) neonates on hart mountain national antelope refuge (hmnar), oregon (usa), 55 of 104 neonates captured during may 1996 and 1997 were necropsied (n = 28, 1996; n = 27, 1997) to determine cause of death. necropsies were conducted on fawns that died during may, june, or july of each year. the objectives of this study were to report the occurrence and pathology of pasteurellosis in ... | 2000 | 10813624 |
| identification of dictyocaulus spp. in ruminants by morphological and molecular analyses. | lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus from cattle, roe deer, and moose in sweden were subjected to morphological and molecular analyses. the objectives of the study were to investigate whether mixed or monospecific dictyocaulus infections occur in swedish cattle and whether wild cervids may act as reservoirs. the morphological characters examined were thickness and shape of the buccal capsule wall (bcw) and total spicular length (tsl). morphometry was also done on the total body length, and bcw th ... | 2000 | 11085239 |
| climbing simulated vegetation to heights of ungulate hosts by larvae of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae). | larvae of winter ticks, dermacentor albipictus (packard), ascend vegetation in autumn and form clumps that attach to passing ungulate hosts. we tested the hypothesis that vegetation height determines the height of clumps. during the vegetation-to-ungulate transmission period (early september to mid-november), larvae were released at the base of simulated vegetation (nylon rods 245 cm tall) in outdoor and laboratory trials and in the absence of host cues. rod height exceeded the height of the tal ... | 2000 | 15218914 |