Publications

relationship between domestic and wild birds in live poultry market and a novel human h7n9 virus in china.	to trace the source of the avian h7n9 viruses, we collected 99 samples from 4 live poultry markets and the family farms of 3 patients in hangzhou city of zhejiang province, china. we found that almost all positive samples came from chickens and ducks in live poultry markets. these results strongly suggest that the live poultry markets are the major source of recent human infections with h7n9 in hangzhou city, zhejiang province of china. therefore, control measures are needed, not only in the dom ...	2014	23990569
epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china.	the first identified cases of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in humans occurred in china during february and march 2013. we analyzed data obtained from field investigations to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of h7n9 cases in china identified as of december 1, 2013.	2014	23614499
management of the first confirmed case of avian influenza a h7n9.	in march 2013, the first patient infected with the avian influenza a h7n9 virus was identified in china. the infection progressed rapidly, and the patient died of ards. during hospitalization, the patient was suspected of having an infectious respiratory disease, and contingency plans for public health emergencies were promptly started. when the viral infection was identified, strict procedures for disinfection and protection were carried out. none of the health care workers involved in the mana ...	2014	24046465
virological, serological, and antiviral studies in an imported human case of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in taiwan.	we describe the clinical course and virological characteristics of the first h7n9 influenza case in a taiwanese patient; this patient had detectable viruses in the airway for 2 weeks, during which time an oseltamivir resistance-associated r292k mutation rapidly emerged. anti-h7n9 antibody was detected 21 days after onset of symptoms, when h7n9 viral load declined significantly.	2014	24076969
the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is effective against a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9) influenza virus in a mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome.	high mortality and uncertainty about the effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) in humans infected with influenza a(h7n9) viruses are public health concerns.	2014	24133191
effective strategy for managing h7n9 virus infection.		2014	24234400
a novel pyrosequencing assay for the detection of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance-conferring mutations among clinical isolates of avian h7n9 influenza virus.	a novel reassortant avian influenza a virus (h7n9) emerged in humans in eastern china in late february 2013. all virus strains were resistant to adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine), but susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) (oseltamivir and zanamivir). one strain (a/shanghai/1/2013) contained the r294k substitution in the neuraminidase (na) gene, indicating resistance to oseltamivir. pyrosequencing has proven to be a useful tool in the surveillance of drug resistance in influenza a ...	2014	24211668
how will physicians respond to the next influenza pandemic?	the emergence of the h7n9 virus in china is another reminder of the threat of a global influenza pandemic. many believe we could confront a pandemic by expanding our capacity to provide timely supplies of affordable pandemic vaccines and antiviral agents. experience in 2009 demonstrated that this cannot and will not be done. consequently, physicians may have little more to offer their patients than they had in the 1918 pandemic. fortunately, several modern drugs (eg, statins, angiotensin ii rece ...	2014	24145877
effect of closure of live poultry markets on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza a h7n9 virus: an ecological study.	transmission of the novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus seems to be predominantly between poultry and people. in the major chinese cities of shanghai, hangzhou, huzhou, and nanjing--where most human cases of infection have occurred--live poultry markets (lpms) were closed in april, 2013, soon after the initial outbreak, as a precautionary public health measure. our objective was to quantify the effect of lpm closure in these cities on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza a h7n9 virus ...	2014	24183056
clinical features of three avian influenza h7n9 virus-infected patients in shanghai.	since february 2013, a novel reassortant h7n9 virus associated with human deaths, but no apparent outbreaks in poultry and wild birds has emerged in eastern china.	2014	24308324
h3 stalk-based chimeric hemagglutinin influenza virus constructs protect mice from h7n9 challenge.	the recent outbreak of h7n9 influenza virus infections in humans in china has raised concerns about the pandemic potential of this strain. here, we test the efficacy of h3 stalk-based chimeric hemagglutinin universal influenza virus vaccine constructs to protect against h7n9 challenge in mice. chimeric hemagglutinin constructs protected from viral challenge in the context of different administration routes as well as with a generic oil-in-water adjuvant similar to formulations licensed for use i ...	2014	24307585
effective strategy for managing h7n9 virus infection.		2014	24323784
one-shot vaccination with an insect cell-derived low-dose influenza a h7 virus-like particle preparation protects mice against h7n9 challenge.	human infections with a novel influenza a h7n9 subtype virus were reported in china recently. the virus caused severe disease with high mortality rates and it raised concerns over its pandemic potential. here, we assessed in the mouse model protective efficacy of single immunisations with low vaccine doses of insect cell-derived h7 virus-like particles, consisting of hemagglutinin and matrix protein. vaccinated mice were fully protected and survived a stringent lethal challenge (100 mld50) with ...	2014	24262313
[a case of report of h7n9 influenza virus infection and review of the literature].		2014	24506857
laboratory preparedness in eu/eea countries for detection of novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, may 2013.		2014	24507469
identification of amino acid changes that may have been critical for the genesis of a(h7n9) influenza viruses.	novel influenza a viruses of the h7n9 subtype [a(h7n9)] emerged in the spring of 2013 in china and had infected 163 people as of 10 january 2014; 50 of them died of the severe respiratory infection caused by these viruses. phylogenetic studies have indicated that the novel a(h7n9) viruses emerged from reassortment of h7, n9, and h9n2 viruses. inspections of protein sequences from a(h7n9) viruses and their immediate predecessors revealed several amino acid changes in a(h7n9) viruses that may have ...	2014	24522919
comparison of commercial influenza a virus assays in detecting avian influenza h7n9 among poultry cloacal swabs, china.	avian h7n9 virus emerged in china in february 2013 and has since spread widely among china's poultry, causing numerous human infections.	2014	24529843
possible pandemic threat from new reassortment of influenza a(h7n9) virus in china.	avian influenza a(h7n9) virus re-emerged in china in december 2013, after a decrease in the number of new cases during the preceding six months. reassortment between influenza a(h7n9) and local h9n2 strains has spread from china's south-east coast to other regions. three new reassortments of a(h7n9) virus were identified by phylogenetic analysis: between a(h7n9) and zhejiang-derived strains, guangdong/hong kong-derived strains or hunan-derived a(h9n2) strains. our findings suggest there is a pos ...	2014	24556346
one family cluster of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in shandong, china.	the first case of human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus was identified in march, 2013 and the new h7n9 virus infected 134 patients and killed 45 people in china as of september 30, 2013. family clusters with confirmed or suspected the new h7n9 virus infection were previously reported, but the family cluster of h7n9 virus infection in shandong province was first reported.	2014	24559386
cross-reactive antibody responses to the novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus in shanghai adults.		2014	24565924
an investigational antiviral drug, das181, effectively inhibits replication of zoonotic influenza a virus subtype h7n9 and protects mice from lethality.	human infections caused by avian influenza a virus type subtype h7n9 have been associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. emergence of virus variants carrying markers of decreased susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors was reported. here we show that das181 (fludase), an antiviral drug with sialidase activity, potently inhibited replication of wild-type influenza a(h7n9) and its oseltamivir-resistant r292k variants in mice. a once-daily administration initiated early after lethal i ...	2014	24569063
early hypercytokinemia is associated with interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 dysfunction and predictive of fatal h7n9 infection.	a unique avian-origin a/h7n9 influenza virus has so far caused 134 cases with 44 deaths. probing the host factors contributing to disease severity, we found that lower levels of plasma inflammatory cytokines on hospital admission correlated with faster recovery in 18 patients with a/h7n9 influenza virus, whereas high concentrations of (in particular) il-6, il-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β were predictive of a less favorable or fatal outcome. analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage samples ...	2014	24367104
host immunological response and factors associated with clinical outcome in patients with the novel influenza a h7n9 infection.	in march 2013, an influenza outbreak caused by the novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza a virus emerged in eastern china and had caused 43 fatalities by 31 july 2013, although the basis for disease pathogenesis still remains unclear. to assess the immunological and viral factors associated with disease severity, viral rna and inflammatory cytokines were quantified for 18 h7n9 patients in shanghai, china. detailed clinical information was collected and clinical laboratory investigations were perform ...	2014	24350809
emergence of a novel drug resistant h7n9 influenza virus: evidence based clinical potential of a natural ifn-α for infection control and treatment.	the novel avian h7n9 influenza virus has caused more than 130 human infections with 43 deaths (as of september, 2013) in china. because of the lack of existing immunity against h7 subtype influenza viruses in the human population and the absence of a licensed commercial vaccine, antiviral drugs are critical tools for the treatment of infection with this novel h7n9. both m2-ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors are used as antiviral drugs for influenza infections of humans. the emergi ...	2014	24350808
epidemiologic report and serologic findings for household contacts of three cases of influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.	we conducted epidemiologic investigations and serologic assays on household contacts that were extensively exposed to three influenza a (h7n9) virus infected case-patients before infection-control practices were implemented.	2014	24388209
discovery process, clinical characteristics, and treatment of patients infected with avian influenza virus (h7n9) in shanghai.		2014	24384446
attitudes, practices and information needs regarding novel influenza a (h7n9) among employees of food production and operation in guangzhou, southern china: a cross-sectional study.	as of 30 may 2013, 132 human infections with avian influenza a (h7n9) had been reported in 10 chinese cities. on 17 may 2013, because a chicken infection with h7 subtype avian influenza virus was detected in guanzhou, guangzhou became the 11th city to conduct emergency response operations. the goal of this study was to identify attitudes, practices and information needs among employees of food production and operation in guangzhou.	2014	24383626
virulence-affecting amino acid changes in the pa protein of h7n9 influenza a viruses.	novel avian-origin influenza a(h7n9) viruses were first reported to infect humans in march 2013. to date, 143 human cases, including 45 deaths, have been recorded. by using sequence comparisons and phylogenetic and ancestral inference analyses, we identified several distinct amino acids in the a(h7n9) polymerase pa protein, some of which may be mammalian adapting. mutant viruses possessing some of these amino acid changes, singly or in combination, were assessed for their polymerase activities a ...	2014	24371069
dynamic reassortments and genetic heterogeneity of the human-infecting influenza a (h7n9) virus.	influenza a (h7n9) virus has been causing human infections in china since february 2013, raising serious concerns of potential pandemics. previous studies demonstrate that human infection is directly linked to live animal markets, and that the internal genes of the virus are derived from h9n2 viruses circulating in the yangtze river delta area in eastern china. here following analysis of 109 viruses, we show a much higher genetic heterogeneity of the h7n9 viruses than previously reported, with a ...	2014	24457975
immunogenetics: ethnic differences in sensitivity to h7n9 virus.		2014	24457478
avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in pregnant woman, china, 2013.		2014	24457138
human antibody responses to avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, 2013.	understanding host antibody response is crucial for predicting disease severity and for vaccine development. we investigated antibody responses against influenza a(h7n9) virus in 48 serum samples from 21 patients, including paired samples from 15 patients. igg against subtype h7 and neutralizing antibodies (nabs) were not detected in acute-phase samples, but elisa geometric mean titers increased in convalescent-phase samples; nab titers were 20-80 (geometric mean titer 40). avidity to igg agains ...	2014	24447423
importance of internet surveillance in public health emergency control and prevention: evidence from a digital epidemiologic study during avian influenza a h7n9 outbreaks.	outbreaks of human infection with a new avian influenza a h7n9 virus occurred in china in the spring of 2013. control and prevention of a new human infectious disease outbreak can be strongly affected by public reaction and social impact through the internet and social media.	2014	24440770
prediction of h7n9 epidemic in china.	in march 2013, human cases of infection with a novel a (h7n9) influenza virus emerged in china. the epidemic spread quickly and as of 6 may 2013, there were 129 confirmed cases. the purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of the confirmed cases, determine the impacts of bird migration and temperature changes on the h7n9 epidemic, predict the future trends of the epidemic, explore the response patterns of the government and propose preventive suggestions.	2014	24438612
serological responses following influenza a(h7n9) virus infection.		2014	24415788
amino acid substitutions in polymerase basic protein 2 gene contribute to the pathogenicity of the novel a/h7n9 influenza virus in mammalian hosts.	a novel avian-origin influenza a/h7n9 virus emerged in 2013 to cause more than 130 cases of zoonotic human disease, with an overall case fatality rate of around 30% in cases detected. it has been shown that an e-to-k amino acid change at residue 627 of polymerase basic protein 2 (pb2) occurred frequently in the h7n9 isolates obtained from humans but not in viruses isolated from poultry. although this mutation has been reported to confer increased mammalian pathogenicity in other avian influenza ...	2014	24403592
influenza h7n9 and h9n2 viruses: coexistence in poultry linked to human h7n9 infection and genome characteristics.	avian influenza virus a of the novel h7n9 reassortant subtype was recently found to cause severe human respiratory infections in china. live poultry markets were suspected locations of the human h7n9 infection sources, based on the cases' exposure histories and sequence similarities between viral isolates. to explore the role of live poultry markets in the origin of the novel h7n9 virus, we systematically examined poultry and environmental specimens from local markets and farms in hangzhou, usin ...	2014	24403589
preexisting cd8+ t-cell immunity to the h7n9 influenza a virus varies across ethnicities.	the absence of preexisting neutralizing antibodies specific for the novel a (h7n9) influenza virus indicates a lack of prior human exposure. as influenza a virus-specific cd8(+) t lymphocytes (ctls) can be broadly cross-reactive, we tested whether immunogenic peptides derived from h7n9 might be recognized by memory ctls established following infection with other influenza strains. probing across multiple ethnicities, we identified 32 conserved epitopes derived from the nucleoprotein (np) and mat ...	2014	24395804
the pb2 e627k mutation contributes to the high polymerase activity and enhanced replication of h7n9 influenza virus.	human infection by h7n9 influenza virus was first identified in china in march 2013. as of 12 august 2013, a total of 135 documented cases with 44 fatalities had been reported. genetic and laboratory analyses of the novel h7n9 viruses isolated from patients indicate that these viruses possess several polymerase gene mutations previously associated with human adaptation and potential pandemic capabilities. however, the function of these mutations in the emergence and pathogenicity of the viruses ...	2014	24394699
clinical severity of human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, china, 2013/14.	assessing the severity of emerging infections is challenging because of potential biases in case ascertainment. the first human case of infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus was identified in china in march 2013; since then, the virus has caused two epidemic waves in the country. there were 134 laboratory-confirmed cases detected in the first epidemic wave from january to september 2013. in the second epidemic wave of human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china from october 201 ...	2014	25523971
predicting host tropism of influenza a virus proteins using random forest.	majority of influenza a viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. with the huge influenza a virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as sh ...	2014	25521718
discovery of potential drugs for human-infecting h7n9 virus containing r294k mutation.	after the first epidemic wave from february through may 2013, the influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged and has followed a second epidemic wave since june 2013. as of june 27, 2014, the outbreak of h7n9 had caused 450 confirmed cases of human infection, with 165 deaths included. the case-fatality rate of all confirmed cases is about 36%, making the h7n9 virus a significant threat to people's health. at present, neuraminidase inhibitors are the only licensed antiviral medications available to treat h7 ...	2014	25489236
immune camouflage: relevance to vaccines and human immunology.	high strain sequence variability, interference with innate immune mechanisms, and epitope deletion are all examples of strategies that pathogens have evolved to subvert host defenses. to this list we would add another strategy: immune camouflage. pathogens whose epitope sequences are cross-conserved with multiple human proteins at the tcr-facing residues may be exploiting "ignorance and tolerance," which are mechanisms by which mature t cells avoid immune responses to self-antigens. by adopting ...	2014	25483703
quantification of bird-to-bird and bird-to-human infections during 2013 novel h7n9 avian influenza outbreak in china.	from february to may, 2013, 132 human avian influenza h7n9 cases were identified in china resulting in 37 deaths. we developed a novel, simple and effective compartmental modeling framework for transmissions among (wild and domestic) birds as well as from birds to human, to infer important epidemiological quantifiers, such as basic reproduction number for bird epidemic, bird-to-human infection rate and turning points of the epidemics, for the epidemic via human h7n9 case onset data and to acquir ...	2014	25479054
epidemiological and viral genome characteristics of the first human h7n9 influenza infection in guangdong province, china.	the first h7n9 human case in south of china was confirmed in guangdong province on august 2013, outside of the typical influenza season. for investigating the h7n9 virus source and transmission in the local community, we analyze the epidemiology and genome features of the virus isolated from the first human infection detected in guangdong province.	2014	25589974
viral genome and antiviral drug sensitivity analysis of two patients from a family cluster caused by the influenza a(h7n9) virus in zhejiang, china, 2013.	in the winter of 2013, people were facing the risk of human-to-human transmission of the re-emerging influenza a(h7n9) virus. we report herein information on the clinical features of two patients from the same family infected with this virus, the genomic sequences of the viruses harbored, and antiviral drug sensitivity.	2014	25462187
meeting report vlpnpv: session 6: development and characterization.		2014	25458600
adaptive evolution of a novel avian-origin influenza a/h7n9 virus.	in china, the recent outbreak of novel influenza a/h7n9 virus has been assumed to be severe, and it may possibly turn brutal in the near future. in order to develop highly protective vaccines and drugs for the a/h7n9 virus, it is critical to find out the selection pressure of each amino acid site. in the present study, six different statistical methods consisting of four independent codon-based maximum likelihood (cml) methods, one hierarchical bayesian (hb) method and one branch-site (bs) metho ...	2014	25449177
avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection in humans: epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis.	new human influenza a virus strains regularly emerge causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. lately, several zoonotic avian influenza a strains have been reported to directly infect humans. in early 2013, a novel avian influenza a virus (h7n9) strain was discovered in china to cause severe respiratory disease in humans. since then, over 450 human cases of h7n9 infection have been discovered and 165 of them have died. multiple epidemiological, phylogenetic, in vivo, and in vitro stud ...	2014	25446940
circulation of reassortant influenza a(h7n9) viruses in poultry and humans, guangdong province, china, 2013.	influenza a(h7n9) virus emerged in eastern china in february 2013 and continues to circulate in this region, but its ecology is poorly understood. in april 2013, the guangdong provincial center for disease control and prevention (cdc) implemented environmental and human syndromic surveillance for the virus. environmental samples from poultry markets in 21 city cdcs (n=8,942) and respiratory samples from persons with influenza-like illness or pneumonia (n=32,342) were tested; viruses isolated fro ...	2014	25418838
development of reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus.	the emerged human infection with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in china since 2013 has aroused global concerns. there is great demand for simple and rapid diagnostic method for early detection of h7n9 to provide timely treatment and disease control. the aim of the current study was to develop a rapid, accurate and feasible reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detection of h7n9 virus.	2014	25394781
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) mediates influenza h7n9 virus-induced acute lung injury.	since march 2013, the emergence of an avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus has raised concern in china. although most infections resulted in respiratory illness, some severe cases resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), which is a severe form of acute lung injury (ali) that further contributes to morbidity. to date, no effective drugs that improve the clinical outcome of influenza a (h7n9) virus-infected patients have been identified. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) and ace2 ...	2014	25391767
enabling the 'host jump': structural determinants of receptor-binding specificity in influenza a viruses.	the recent emergence of the h7n9 avian influenza a virus and its ability to infect humans emphasize the epidemic and pandemic potential of these viruses. interspecies transmission is the result of many factors, which ultimately lead to a change in the host tropism of the virus. one of the key factors involved is a shift in the receptor-binding specificity of the virus, which is mostly determined by mutations in the viral haemagglutinin (ha). in this review, we discuss recent crystallographic stu ...	2014	25383601
[safety and immunogenicity of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (split virion) and cross-reactive antibody responses to the h7n9 avian influenza virus].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (split virion) and to analyze its cross-reactive antibody responses to h7n9 avian influenza virus.	2014	25376689
transmission of h7n9 influenza virus in mice by different infective routes.	on 19 february 2013, the first patient infected with a novel influenza a h7n9 virus from an avian source showed symptoms of sickness. more than 349 laboratory-confirmed cases and 109 deaths have been reported in mainland china since then. laboratory-confirmed, human-to-human h7n9 virus transmission has not been documented between individuals having close contact; however, this transmission route could not be excluded for three families. to control the spread of the avian influenza h7n9 virus, we ...	2014	25367670
serologic screenings for h7n9 from three sources among high-risk groups in the early stage of h7n9 circulation in guangdong province, china.	the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the novel avian influenza a virus (h7n9) in three high risk groups. the groups were divided into those exposed through infected individuals, those exposed through poultry and those individuals exposed through the external environment, in the early stage of the epidemic in guangdong province, which is located in the southern region of china.	2014	25342002
human influenza a(h7n9) virus infection associated with poultry farm, northeastern china.	we report on a case of human infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus in jilin province in northeastern china. this case was associated with a poultry farm rather than a live bird market, which may point to a new focus for public health surveillance and interventions in this evolving outbreak.	2014	25340624
poultry market closures and human infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus, china, 2013-14.	closure of live poultry markets was implemented in areas affected by the influenza virus a(h7n9) outbreak in china during winter, 2013-14. our analysis showed that closing live poultry markets in the most affected cities of guangdong and zhejiang provinces was highly effective in reducing the risk for h7n9 infection in humans.	2014	25340354
a cross-sectional study of avian influenza in one district of guangzhou, 2013.	since feb, 2013, more than 100 human beings had been infected with novel h7n9 avian influenza virus. as of may 2013, several h7n9 viruses had been found in retail live bird markets (lbms) in guangdong province of southern china where several human cases were confirmed later. however, the real avian influenza virus infection status especially h7n9 in guangzhou remains unclear. therefore, a cross-sectional study of avian influenza in commercial poultry farms, the wholesale lbm and retail lbms in o ...	2014	25356738
three cases of avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus infection in zhejiang province, china: case report and literature review.	this report provides information on the clinical characteristics and treatment of three patients with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus treated in zhejiang province, china. the infection was characterized by respiratory symptoms, fever, rapid progression, and significant hypoxemia. laboratory tests showed a low level or decrease in leukocytes. it is recommended that neuraminidase inhibitors be administered at early stage of the disease.	2014	25318811
[epidemics of conjunctivitis caused by avian influenza virus and molecular basis for its ocular tropism].	avian influenza virus (aiv) has caused several outbreaks in humans, leading to disasters to human beings. the outbreak of h7n9 avian influenza in china in 2003 re-attracted our close attention to this disease. more and more evidences demonstrated that eye is one of invasion portals of aiv, leading to conjunctivitis. the current studies showed that only subtypes h7 and h5 could cause severe systemic infections. abundant distribution of α-2, 3 siliac acid receptor in conjunctiva and cornea as well ...	2014	25312466
detection of a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in humans by multiplex one-step real-time rt-pcr assay.	a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged in eastern china in february 2013. 413 confirmed human cases, including 157 deaths, have been recorded as of july 31, 2014.	2014	25298249
[effects of resting days on live poultry markets in controlling the avian influenza pollution].	to analyze the results of nine-round environmental specimen surveillance programs in five live poultry markets pre-, during and post the 'closing days' and to evaluate the effects of 'closing days' on live poultry markets regarding the control against avian influenza pollution.	2014	25294077
complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant avian influenza h9n9 virus isolated from chicken in eastern china.	the genome sequence of the strain a/chicken/changzhou/c08/2013 (h9n9) shows that the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of this strain are closely related to those of the strain a/chicken/shanghai/1107/2013 (h9n2) and share 99.2% nucleotide homology, while the other seven genes had the greatest sequence identities with the novel h7n9 virus. we speculate that this strain may be a novel natural reassortant avian influenza virus (aiv).	2014	25291762
serological responses to an avian influenza a/h7n9 vaccine mixed at the point-of-use with mf59 adjuvant: a randomized clinical trial.	human infections with avian influenza a/h7n9 have resulted in high morbidity and mortality in china.	2014	25291577
[drug susceptibility of wild-type and mutant h7n9 neuraminidase to zanamivir and oseltamivir].	this study aimed to investigate the drug susceptibility of wild-type and mutant avian influenza a (h7n9) virus neuraminidase (na) to oseltamivir and zanamivir. codon optimized dna of h7n9 (a/ hangzhou/1/2013) na was synthesized and constructed into the pcdna3.1/his vector (na(h7n9-wt)). mutant na(h7n9-h274y) and na(h7n9-r292k) plasmids were constructed by directed mutagenesis pcr using na(h7n9-wt) plasmid as the template followed by sequencing. na plasmids were transfected into 293t cells and ce ...	2014	25272593
[detection of an na gene molecular marker in h7n9 subtype avian influenza viruses by pyrosequencing].	this study aimed to establish a method for the detection and identification of h7n9 avian influenza viruses based on the na gene by pyrosequencing. according to the published na gene sequences of the avian influenza a (h7n9) virus, a 15-nt deletion was found in the na gene of h7n9 avian influenza viruses. the 15-nt deletion of the na gene was targeted as the molecular marker for the rapid detection and identification of h7n9 avian influenza viruses by pyrosequencing. three h7n9 avian influenza v ...	2014	25272588
an internet-based epidemiological investigation of the outbreak of h7n9 avian influenza a in china since early 2013.	in early 2013, a new type of avian influenza, h7n9, emerged in china. it quickly became an issue of great public concern and a widely discussed topic on the internet. a considerable volume of relevant information was made publicly available on the internet through various sources.	2014	25257217
avian influenza a h7n9 virus induces severe pneumonia in mice without prior adaptation and responds to a combination of zanamivir and cox-2 inhibitor.	human infection caused by the avian influenza a h7n9 virus has a case-fatality rate of over 30%. systematic study of the pathogenesis of avian h7n9 isolate and effective therapeutic strategies are needed.	2014	25232731
entry properties and entry inhibitors of a human h7n9 influenza virus.	the recently identified human infections with a novel avian influenza h7n9 virus in china raise important questions regarding possible risk to humans. however, the entry properties and tropism of this h7n9 virus were poorly understood. moreover, neuraminidase inhibitor resistant h7n9 isolates were recently observed in two patients and correlated with poor clinical outcomes. in this study, we aimed to elucidate the entry properties of h7n9 virus, design and evaluate inhibitors for h7n9 virus entr ...	2014	25222852
detection of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus from live poultry markets in guangzhou, china: a surveillance report.	a virologic surveillance program for a(h7n9) virus was conducted from april 15, 2013 to february 14, 2014 in guangzhou, aiming to clarify the geographical distribution of a(h7n9) viruses among live poultry markets (lpms) and poultry farms in guangzhou. virological and serological surveys of poultry workers were also conducted to evaluate the risk of poultry-to-human transmission of the a(h7n9) virus.	2014	25216284
occurrence and reassortment of avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses derived from coinfected birds in china.	over the course of two waves of infection, h7n9 avian influenza a virus has caused 436 human infections and claimed 170 lives in china as of july 2014. to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of h7n9, we surveyed avian influenza viruses in poultry in jiangsu province within the outbreak epicenter. we found frequent occurrence of h7n9/h9n2 coinfection in chickens. molecular clock phylogenetic analysis confirms coinfection by h7n9/h9n2 viruses and also reveals that the identity of the ...	2014	25210174
influenza a ha's conserved epitopes and broadly neutralizing antibodies: a prediction method.	a conserved epitope is an epitope retained by multiple strains of influenza as the key target of a broadly neutralizing antibody. identification of conserved epitopes is of strong interest to help design broad-spectrum vaccines against influenza. conservation score measures the evolutionary conservation of an amino acid position in a protein based on the phylogenetic relationships observed amongst homologous sequences. here, average amino acid conservation score (aaacs) is proposed as a method t ...	2014	25208658
global gene expression changes in human peripheral blood after h7n9 infection.	a novel avian influenza a virus (h7n9) of human infection emerged in eastern china in 2013, causing mild to lethal human respiratory infections. however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. in this work, we attempt to gain insights into the underlying genetic basis of this disease at the transcription level. we collected peripheral blood samples from patients with h7n9 infection and healthy people, and then we performed transcriptome profiling to comprehensively investiga ...	2014	25192803
protection from infection with influenza a h7n9 virus in a mouse model by equine neutralizing f(ab')2.	influenza a h7n9 virus has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential in china ever since early spring 2013. until now, there have been no specific medicines to treat influenza a h7n9 virus infected patients. development of a safe and effective h7n9 therapeutic preparation is urgently needed. to this end, we prepared and evaluated the pepsin-digested f(ab')2 fragments of serum iggs from the horses inoculated with a inactivated influenza a h7n9 whole virus antigens. the protective effects of th ...	2014	25192652
phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of influenza a h7n9 virus.	recently, human infections with the novel avian-origin influenza a h7n9 virus have been reported from various provinces in china. human infections with avian influenza a viruses are rare and may cause a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. this is the first time that human infection with a low pathogenic avian influenza a virus has been associated with a fatal outcome. here, a phylogenetic and positive selective pressure analysis of haemagglutin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix protein (mp) g ...	2014	25180852
global comparison of multiple-segmented viruses in 12-dimensional genome space.	we have recently developed a computational approach in a vector space for genome-based virus classification. this approach, called the "natural vector (nv) representation", which is an alignment-free method, allows us to classify single-segmented viruses with high speed and accuracy. for multiple-segmented viruses, typically phylogenetic trees of each segment are reconstructed for discovering viral phylogeny. consensus tree methods may be used to combine the phylogenetic trees based on different ...	2014	25172357
asymptomatic, mild, and severe influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in humans, guangzhou, china.	targeted surveillance for influenza a(h7n9) identified 24 cases of infection with this virus in guangzhou, china, during april 1, 2013-march 7, 2014. the spectrum of illness ranged from severe pneumonia to asymptomatic infection. epidemiologic findings for 2 family clusters of infection highlight the importance of rigorous close contact monitoring.	2014	25148539
patients infected with avian influenza a h7n9 virus have abnormally low thyroid hormone levels.	in march 2013, the novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus spread throughout china. this study evaluated whether thyroid function was altered in patients infected with h7n9 virus.	2014	25134397
technology transfer and scale-up of the flublok recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) influenza vaccine manufacturing process.	multiple different hemagglutinin (ha) protein antigens have been reproducibly manufactured at the 650l scale by protein sciences corporation (psc) based on an insect cell culture with baculovirus infection. significantly, these ha protein antigens were produced by the same universal manufacturing process as described in the biological license application (bla) for the first recombinant influenza vaccine approved by the fda (flublok). the technology is uniquely designed so that a change in vaccin ...	2014	25131727
kinetic analysis of the immunity in a pregnant patient infected with avian influenza h7n9.	human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 has emerged in china since february, 2013. the immunologic changes in pregnant women infected with h7n9 are not known.	2014	25126178
continuous reassortments with local chicken h9n2 virus underlie the human-infecting influenza a (h7n9) virus in the new influenza season, guangdong, china.		2014	25109943
nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent.	originally developed and commercialized as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide was later identified as a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drug and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. a phase 2b/3 clinical trial recently published in the lancet infectious diseases found that oral administration of nitazoxanide 600mg twice daily for five days reduced the duration of clinical symptoms and reduced viral shedding compared to placebo in persons with laboratory-confirmed influen ...	2014	25108173
a clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9) in a hospital emergency department setting.	human infections with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus are associated with severe illness and high mortality. to better inform triage decisions of hospitalization and management, we developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosing patients with a(h7n9) and determined its predictive performance.	2014	25091477
epidemiological situation and genetic analysis of h7n9 influenza viruses in shanghai in 2013.	the first reported human case of h7n9 influenza virus infection in shanghai prompted a survey of local avian strains of influenza virus, involving the analysis of a large number of samples taken from poultry, wild birds, horses, pigs, dogs and mice. seven instances of h7n9 virus infection were identified by real-time rt-pcr (1.47 % of samples), all in chickens sold in live-poultry markets. h7n9 antibody was not detected in serum samples collected from local poultry farms since 2006. the two h7n9 ...	2014	25085623
surveillance of low pathogenic novel h7n9 avian influenza in commercial poultry barns: detection of outbreaks and estimation of virus introduction time.	both high and low pathogenic subtype a avian influenza remain ongoing threats to the commercial poultry industry globally. the emergence of a novel low pathogenic h7n9 lineage in china presents itself as a new concern to both human and animal health and may necessitate additional surveillance in commercial poultry operations in affected regions.	2014	25085078
a single amino acid substitution in the novel h7n9 influenza a virus ns1 protein increases cpsf30 binding and virulence.	although an effective interferon antagonist in human and avian cells, the novel h7n9 influenza virus ns1 protein is defective at inhibiting cpsf30. an i106m substitution in h7n9 ns1 can restore cpsf30 binding together with the ability to block host gene expression. furthermore, a recombinant virus expressing h7n9 ns1-i106m replicates to higher titers in vivo, and is subtly more virulent, than the parental virus. natural polymorphisms in h7n9 ns1 that enhance cpsf30 binding may be cause for conce ...	2014	25078692
infection with possible precursor of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in a child, china, 2013.	during the early stage of the avian influenza a(h7n9) epidemic in china in march 2013, a strain of the virus was identified in a 4-year-old boy with mild influenza symptoms. phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain, which has similarity to avian subtype h9n2 viruses, may represent a precursor of more-evolved h7n9 subtypes co-circulating among humans.	2014	25061975
immune derangement occurs in patients with h7n9 avian influenza.	currently, little is known about the immunological characteristics of patients with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.	2014	25030090
the dysfunctional host response to influenza a h7n9: a potential treatment option?	the newly emerging human pathogen influenza a h7n9 represents a potentially major threat to human health. the virus was first shown to be pathogenic in humans in 2013, and outbreaks continue to occur in china to the present time. the current incident mortality rate is disturbingly high despite the frequent use of antiviral therapy and intensive care management. if the virus gains the capacity for efficient person-to-person transmission, a global influenza pandemic could ensue with devastating co ...	2014	25029246
phylogenetic analysis of h7n9 avian influenza virus based on a novel mathematical descriptor.	a new mathematical descriptor was proposed based on 3d graphical representation. using the method, we construct the phylogenetic trees of nine proteins of h7n9 influenza virus to analyze the originated source of h7n9. the results show that the evolution route of h7n9 avian influenza is from america through europe to asia. furthermore, two samples collected from environment in nanjing and zhejiang and one sample collected from chicken are the sources of h7n9 influenza virus that infected human in ...	2014	25019083
persistent detection of avian influenza a/h7n9 virus among poultry in huzhou city, china, in the summer of 2013.	in eastern china, live poultry markets were successively re-opened in the summer of 2013 following their closure in april 2013. we detected influenza a/h7n9 rna with positive rates from 4% to 22.2% among poultry samples in targeted markets in huzhou city, china, from august 6 to september 24, 2013. phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes confirmed that the strain prevalent among poultry in huzhou city in the summer of 2013 belonged to the same genotype as those capable of ...	2014	25018091
profiles of acute cytokine and antibody responses in patients infected with avian influenza a h7n9.	the influenza a h7n9 virus outbreak in eastern china in the spring of 2013 represented a novel, emerging avian influenza transmission to humans. while clinical and microbiological features of h7n9 infection have been reported in the literature, the current study investigated acute cytokine and antibody responses in acute h7n9 infection. between march 27, 2013 and april 23, 2013, six patients with confirmed h7n9 influenza infection were admitted to drum tower hospital, nanjing, china. acute phase ...	2014	25003343
cocirculation of three hemagglutinin and two neuraminidase subtypes of avian influenza viruses in huzhou, china, april 2013: implication for the origin of the novel h7n9 virus.	we detected three avian influenza hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes (h7, h9, and h5) and two neuraminidase (na) subtypes (n9 and n2), as well as h7n9-related h9n9 reassortant intermediates, cocirculating among poultry in huzhou, china, during april 2013. the results of our study reveal not only that huzhou is one of the geographic origins of the novel h7n9 virus but also that cocirculation poses a potential threat to humans in the future.	2014	24623437
transmission potential of the novel avian influenza a(h7n9) infection in mainland china.	we propose and analyze a mathematical model to mimic its transmission dynamics to assess the transmission potential of the novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. by fitting the model to data of the confirmed human cases we estimate the reproduction number for human-to-human transmission as 0.467 (95% ci 0.387-0.651). simulation results indicate that approximate twofold of the current human-to-human transmission rate or periodic outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry may induce an outbreak in huma ...	2014	24607746
rapid adaptation of avian h7n9 virus in pigs.	how the h7n9 avian influenza virus gained the distinct ability to infect humans is unclear. pigs are an important host in influenza virus ecology because they are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses and are often involved in interspecies transmission. here, we passaged one avian isolate and one human isolate in pigs to examine the mammalian host adaptation of the h7n9 virus. the avian virus replicated to a high titer after one passage, whereas the human isolate r ...	2014	24606700
laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza virus h7n9 infection in a renal transplant recipient.	a renal transplant recipient who had atypical clinical manifestations, unclear epidemiological exposure history and negative results from influenza virus antigen and nucleic acid amplification in throat swab specimens was admitted into our hospital on april 17, 2013. he was finally diagnosed as avian influenzavirus h7n9 infection. here, we reviewed the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of this patient. we speculated that the specimens should be collected repeatedly at different s ...	2014	24600505
epidemiological and clinical characteristics and risk factors for death of patients with avian influenza a h7n9 virus infection from jiangsu province, eastern china.	a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus has caused great morbidity as well as mortality since its emergence in eastern china in february 2013. however, the possible risk factors for death are not yet fully known.	2014	24595034
correlation between reported human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 virus and cyber user awareness: what can we learn from digital epidemiology?	data on the topic of novel avian influenza a (h7n9) were collected based on the web analysis tool 'baidu index', a major chinese search engine. we found a positive correlation between the volume of h7n9-related 'cyber user awareness' and the epidemic situation during the h7n9 outbreak in china (r=0.98, p<0.01, cumulative; r=0.43, p=0.018, daily) except in the early stage; the ranks of h7n9-related topics changed at different epidemic stages. this study may improve our understanding of the role o ...	2014	24576842
unique reassortant of influenza a(h7n9) virus associated with severe disease emerging in hong kong.	human infections caused by avian influenza virus a(h7n9) re-emerged in late 2013. we reported the first hong kong patient without risk factors for severe a(h7n9) disease.	2014	24576826