Publications

cruising for trouble. don't blame the ocean liners. you can get this stomach bug almost anywhere.		2002	12510478
sick cruise ships. cleaning vessels.		2002	12500725
[a gastroenteritis epidemic caused by a norwalk-like virus after 2 weddings in a restaurant; a plea for integral microbiological investigation].	to elucidate the cause of an epidemic of gastroenteritis amongst the guests and waiting staff of two weddings celebrated on the same day in the same restaurant.	2002	12518521
[an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhea in a nursing home caused by the norwalk-like virus: implications of the dutch law on infectious diseases and new diagnostic options].	several residents on a psychogeriatric ward developed vomiting and diarrhoea within a short time of each other. the causal factor was the highly contagious norwalk-like virus (nlv) with a high rate of infection amongst both residents and staff (84%). this virus is the most frequent cause of gastroenteritis in institutions. the illness is self-limiting and can be transmitted from person to person. in weakened individuals the course can be serious. the virus can be detected in faeces with modern m ...	2002	12518523
outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--united states, 2002.	during january 1-december 2, 2002, cdc's vessel sanitation program (vsp), which conducts surveillance for acute gastroenteritis (age) on cruise ships with foreign itineraries sailing into u.s. ports received reports of 21 outbreaks of age on 17 cruise ships. of the 21 outbreaks, nine were confirmed by laboratory analysis of stool specimens from affected persons to be associated with noroviruses, three were attributable to bacterial agents, and nine were of unknown etiology. seven outbreaks were ...	2002	12530708
microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases.	many classes of pathogens excreted in feces are able to initiate waterborne infections. there are bacterial pathogens, including enteric and aquatic bacteria, enteric viruses, and enteric protozoa, which are strongly resistant in the water environment and to most disinfectants. the infection dose of viral and protozoan agents is lower than bacteria, in the range of one to ten infectious units or oocysts. waterborne outbreaks of bacterial origin (particularly typhoid fever) in the developing coun ...	2002	12546197
norwalk-like virus--issues for surveillance.		2002	12549522
norwalk-like virus outbreak in canberra: implications for infection control in aged care facilities.	this paper reports on an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in three institutions (two aged care facilities and one hospital) in canberra during the winter of 2002. norwalk-like virus genotype ii was detected in samples from staff and/or residents in all three institutions. a case series investigation was conducted amongst both staff and residents. it is likely that the outbreaks in the three institutions were linked due to transfers of infected residents from one institution to another, early in ...	2002	12549523
laboratory capability in europe for foodborne viruses.	this report describes a survey of national laboratory capabilities of diagnostics and surveillance databases for foodborne viruses among the "foodborne viruses in europe" consortium. all the countries have laboratories that can test for hav antibody in human serum. eight of the ten surveyed european countries maintain a national database of hav cases. food can be tested for the presence of hav in finland, italy, spain, france and denmark. all surveyed countries have at least one laboratory that ...	2002	12631939
foodborne diseases.		2003	12635640
comparison of primers for nlv diagnosis.		2003	12637089
comparative reduction of norwalk virus, poliovirus type 1, f+ rna coliphage ms2 and escherichia coli in miniature soil columns.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are important agents of waterborne illness and have been linked to several groundwater-related outbreaks. the presence of human enteric viruses, in particular the presence of nlvs, is difficult to detect in the environment. consequently, surrogate organisms are typically used as indicators of viruses from faecal contamination. whether traditional bacterial indicators are reliable indicators for viral pathogens remains uncertain. few studies have directly compared mobi ...	2003	12639010
a summertime peak of "winter vomiting disease": surveillance of noroviruses in england and wales, 1995 to 2002.	noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in industrialised countries. gastroenteritis caused by norovirus infection has been described as a highly seasonal syndrome, often referred to as "winter vomiting disease".	2003	12659651
[a food poisoning outbreak caused by purple washington clam contaminated with norovirus (norwalk-like virus) and hepatitis a virus].	a party of 57 people dined together in a restaurant in hamamatsu city on december 11, 2001. the next day, 22 of them developed symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. examination of 4 fecal specimens from these patients by elisa for norovirus (norwalk-like virus, nv) detected both genogroup i (gi) and genogroup ii (gii) nv in all the 4 specimens. in addition, rt-pcr and real-time pcr methods for nv detected the nv gene. approximately one month after the outbreak ...	2003	12661084
[poliovirus uptake into and excretion from oysters: a model experiment for elimination of norwalk-like viruses from oysters].	outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by norwalk-like viruses are often induced by the consumption of raw shellfish such as oysters. incidences reach a peak during the cold season in japan, when seawater temperatures fall below 10 degrees c. we investigated oysters' uptake and excretion of viruses, over varying lengths of exposure, monitoring the effects of changes in temperature and flow rate of seawater, and the presence of plankton. the study was performed using a poliovirus and an experimental ...	2003	12661085
virus-contaminated oysters: a three-month monitoring of oysters imported to switzerland.	molluscan shellfish are known to be carriers of viral and bacterial pathogens. the consumption of raw oysters has been repeatedly linked to outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis a. switzerland imports over 300 tons of oysters per year, 95% of which originate in france. to assess the level of viral contamination, a 3-month monitoring study was conducted. therefore, the sensitivities of several previously described methods for virus concentration were compared, and one protocol was fina ...	2003	12676712
snow mountain virus genome sequence and virus-like particle assembly.	snow mountain virus (smv) belongs to the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae family. smv is a genogroup ii (gii) reference strain of human enteric caliciviruses associated with epidemic gastroenteritis. in this study, the positive sense rna genome sequence of smv was determined to be 7,537 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' polyadenylated tract. the genome is organized into three open reading frames typical of caliciviruses in the norovirus genus. pairwise sequence alignments showed smv orf ...	2003	12680695
international collaborative study to compare reverse transcriptase pcr assays for detection and genotyping of noroviruses.	to allow more rapid and internationally standardized assessment of the spread of noroviruses (previously called norwalk-like viruses [nlvs]) as important food-borne pathogens, harmonization of methods for their detection is needed. diagnosis of nlvs in clinical diagnostic laboratories is usually performed by reverse transciptase pcr (rt-pcr) assays. in the present study, the performance of five different rt-pcr assays for the detection of nlvs was evaluated in an international collaborative stud ...	2003	12682125
broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-pcr.	we have developed an assay for the detection of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) based on reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) that is highly sensitive to a broad range of nlvs. we isolated virus from 71 nlv-positive stool specimens from 37 outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis and sequenced the open reading frame 1 (orf1)-orf2 junction region, the most conserved region of the nlv genome. the data were subjected to multiple-sequence alignment analysis and similarity plot analysis. we used the ...	2003	12682144
prevalence of norwalk-like virus infections in cases of viral gastroenteritis among children in osaka city, japan.	surveillance of norwalk-like virus (nlv) infections in cases of pediatric gastroenteritis between april 1996 and march 2000 showed that nlvs were an important causative agent in viral gastroenteritis cases among children between november and january in those years. the predominant type of nlv was closely related to lordsdale virus in genogroup 2. during the 1999-2000 season, arg320-like strains, which may be genetic recombinants, suddenly appeared and spread.	2003	12682179
human susceptibility and resistance to norwalk virus infection.	infectious diseases have influenced population genetics and the evolution of the structure of the human genome in part by selecting for host susceptibility alleles that modify pathogenesis. norovirus infection is associated with approximately 90% of epidemic non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. here, we show that resistance to norwalk virus infection is multifactorial. using a human challenge model, we showed that 29% of our study population was homozygous recessive for the alpha(1,2)f ...	2003	12692541
infantile viral gastroenteritis: on the way to closing the diagnostic gap.	a total of 305 faecal specimens collected from children under the age of 5 who presented with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis either as inpatients at addenbrooke's hospital (n = 100) or to general practitioners in east anglia (n = 205) during 1999-2001 were tested for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, enteric adenoviruses (group f, serotypes 40 and 41), and astrovirus. an aetiologic agent was found in 184 specimens (60.3%). the most commonly found single viral pathogen was rotav ...	2003	12696113
[an outbreak of srsv-gastroenteritis among schoolchildren and teachers in early summer].		2003	12704835
are waterborne astrovirus implicated in acute digestive morbidity (e.mi.r.a. study)?	with rotavirus and norwalk-like viruses, astroviruses are now recognized as important etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis in all age groups. however, astrovirus is neither routinely screened for in stool samples, nor in environmental samples, and data on the health impact of waterborne astrovirus are lacking.	2003	12727532
trans activity of the norovirus camberwell proteinase and cleavage of the n-terminal protein encoded by orf1.	the virus-encoded proteinase of camberwell virus, a genogroup 2 norovirus, was synthesized in escherichia coli. the purified proteinase had correct n and c termini and showed trans activity in cell-free assays. trans activity was also demonstrated in cos cells transfected with constructs encoding either the proteinase or a proteinase-polymerase fusion. the n-terminal protein of orf1 was cleaved in cos cells, possibly at the site e(194)/s.	2003	12768037
explosive outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the shipboard environment attributed to norovirus.		2003	12775163
[norovirus gastroenteritis at the ulleval university hospital].		2003	12789806
studies of epidemiology and seroprevalence of bovine noroviruses in germany.	jena virus (jv) is a bovine enteric calicivirus that causes diarrhea in calves. the virus is approximately 30 nm in diameter and has a surface morphology similar to the human norwalk virus. the genome sequence of jv was recently described, and the virus has been assigned to the genus norovirus of the family caliciviridae: in the present study, the jv capsid gene encoded by open reading frame 2 was cloned into the baculovirus transfer vector pfastbac 1, and this was used to transform escherichia ...	2003	12791840
precise characterization of norovirus (norwalk-like virus)-specific monoclonal antibodies with broad reactivity.	we have been characterizing monoclonal antibodies against norovirus (norwalk-like virus). in the course of our study, two monoclonal antibodies generated against norovirus genogroup ii capsid protein were found to react not only to genogroup ii but also to genogroup i recombinant capsid proteins. in addition, we showed that these two monoclonal antibodies reacted to a 40-amino-acid-fragment located close to the n-terminal region of genogroup ii norovirus. similar reactivity was observed with the ...	2003	12791850
cruising with confidence.		2003	12793391
development of a rapid method using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for the detection of astrovirus.	we have developed a rapid method to detect astrovirus in fecal specimens utilizing nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and several detection methodologies, including a sandwich hybridization assay based on dna-tagged liposomes (liposome-strip detection assay). rna was extracted from 65 stool specimens that were positive for astrovirus by enzyme immunoassay and was amplified by both nasba and reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr). also extracted and amplified were 19 specimens containi ...	2003	12798238
molecular epidemiology of norwalk-like virus (nlv) outbreaks occurring in kyushu japan between 1988 and 1993.	in nine outbreaks that occurred in the kyushu district between 1988 and 1993, we determined the nucleotide sequences of norwalk-like virus (nlv) gene fragments amplified by rt-pcr and molecular-epidemiologically analyzed the nlv epidemics. it is known that the nlv strains isolated from nine outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, were divided into five clusters consisting of two genogroups. described by the year of outbreaks, the genogroup-1 (norwalk-like virus group) was prevalent in 1988, 1989, an ...	2003	12803379
calicivirus infections in children.	caliciviruses are a major cause of human illness, and are listed as category b pathogens according to the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases classification of pathogens important for biodefense. caliciviruses are commonly encountered in contaminated food and water, and a large variety has been implicated as sources of infection during outbreak investigations.	2003	12821815
noroviruses bind to human abo, lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns.	we characterized the binding of 8 noroviruses (nors) to histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) in human saliva using recombinant nor (rnor) capsid proteins. among the 8 rnors tested, 6 formed viruslike particles (vlps) when the capsid proteins were expressed in insect cells, all of which revealed variable binding activities with saliva; the remaining 2 rnors did not form vlps, and the proteins did not bind, or bound weakly, to saliva. four distinct binding patterns were associated with different his ...	2003	12825167
reverse transcription-pcr assays for detection of bovine enteric caliciviruses (bec) and analysis of the genetic relationships among bec and human caliciviruses.	two genetically distinct bovine enteric caliciviruses (becs) have been identified: the norovirus (nlv) jena and newbury agent-2 (na-2) becs, which are genetically related to human noroviruses, and the nebraska (nb) becs, which is related to sapoviruses and lagoviruses but may also represent a new calicivirus genus. the prevalence of these two bec genotypes in cattle is unknown. although reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) primers for human nlv recognize nlv-becs, the genetic relationships between ...	2003	12843048
[new foodborne infections].	the last 20 years have witnessed a profound reshaping of the spectrum of foodborne infections in industrialized countries. food products are overall very safe, but the industrial scale and standardisation of food production have spawned spectacular epidemics, bringing into the light previously little known microorganisms such as listeria or escherichia coli o157:h7, the causative agent of the "hamburger disease". the recent "mad cow disease" crisis is another illustration of a food industry gone ...	2003	12846023
viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in german children: prevalence and molecular diversity.	acute gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality among young children in developed and developing countries. enteropathogenic viruses are regarded as particularly relevant causative agents. between february 2001 and january 2002, fecal specimens were obtained from german children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis and examined for rotaviruses, noroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and astroviruses using (rt-)pcr methods. of the 59% (129/217) samples positive for > or ...	2003	12858413
molecular cloning, expression, self-assembly, antigenicity, and seroepidemiology of a genogroup ii norovirus isolated in france.	virus-like particles of dijon171/96 virus, a genogroup ii norovirus, were expressed in a baculovirus system and were used for a seroepidemiological study of 1078 age-stratified human sera collected in dijon, france. the results showed a seroprevalence of 74.1%. furthermore, we showed that murine antibodies generated against recombinant dijon171/96 virus, and human antibodies recognized discontinuous epitopes on the particles.	2003	12904414
an outbreak of norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis in an aged-care residential hostel.		2003	12907999
foodborne disease in australia: incidence, notifications and outbreaks. annual report of the ozfoodnet network, 2002.	in 2002, ozfoodnet continued to enhance surveillance of foodborne diseases across australia. the ozfoodnet network expanded to cover all australian states and territories in 2002. the national centre for epidemiology and population health together with ozfoodnet concluded a national survey of gastroenteritis, which found that there were 17.2 (95% c.i. 14.5-19.9) million cases of gastroenteritis each year in australia. the credible range of gastroenteritis that may be due to food each year is bet ...	2003	12926736
a semiquantitative approach to estimate norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters implicated in an outbreak.	gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to shellfish consumption are numerous and norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are frequently the responsible causative agents. however, molecular data linking shellfish and clinical samples are still rare despite the availability of diagnostic methods. in a recent outbreak we found the same nlv sequence in stool and shellfish samples (100% identity over 313 bp in the capsid region), supporting the epidemiological data implicating the shellfish as the source of infection. ...	2003	12927712
laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: which method is the best?	noroviruses (nv) are transmitted by fecally contaminated food, vomit, and person-to-person contact. they are one of the main causes of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in nursing, old people and children's homes. nv outbreaks are characterized by a short incubation period (12-48 h), nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and high secondary attack rates. the illness is generally mild and self-limiting. the aim of diagnostic procedures in viral gastroenteritis is to avoid nosocomial infections on the o ...	2003	12931032
update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention. norovirus activity-united states, 2002.		2003	12944897
a school outbreak of norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne transmission.	an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected a school attended by children aged 4-11 years. epidemiological features suggested this was due to norwalk-like virus (nlv) and this was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). nucleotide sequence analysis of the pcr amplicons revealed identical strains in all five positive stool samples. pupils were significantly more likely to become ill following an episode of vomiting within their classroom (adjusted odds ratio 4.1, 95% ci 1.8-9.3). the times from ...	2003	12948373
a norwalk-like virus waterborne community outbreak in a swedish village during peak holiday season.	an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to norwalk-like virus (nlv) affecting approximately 500 people occurred in a swedish ski resort during february-march 2002. epidemiological investigations were performed on cohorts of schoolchildren, permanent residents and skiers visiting the area. attack rates were respectively 39.7, 29.9 and 38.5%. drinking un-boiled water originating from one of the three communal water systems was a significant risk factor for all groups. for schoolchildren, the risk of il ...	2003	12948374
waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirus.	the wyoming department of health investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among persons who dined at a tourist saloon in central wyoming during october 2001. human caliciviruses (hucvs) were suspected as the etiological agent of the outbreak based on the incubation period, duration of illness, and symptoms observed in ill patrons. a retrospective cohort study demonstrated that ill patrons were 4.5 times more likely to have exposure to drinking water and/or ice than nonill patrons. no fo ...	2003	12957912
the agony and the ecstasy.	the authors, who are from the vessel sanitation program of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), summarize the recent outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (age), which occurred on five different cruise ships. attack rates among passengers ranged from 4% to 13% and among crew members from 0.2% to 3.3%. subsequent epidemiological investigations by the cdc suggested that the incidence was higher, approaching 19-41% of passengers. overall there were 21 outbreaks of age on 17 cruise shi ...	2003	14499795
in vitro proteolytic processing of the md145 norovirus orf1 nonstructural polyprotein yields stable precursors and products similar to those detected in calicivirus-infected cells.	the md145-12 strain (gii/4) is a member of the genus norovirus in the caliciviridae and was detected in a patient with acute gastroenteritis in a maryland nursing home. the open reading frame 1 (orf1) (encoding the nonstructural polyprotein) was cloned as a consensus sequence into various expression vectors, and a proteolytic cleavage map was determined. the virus-encoded cysteine proteinase mediated at least five cleavages (q(330)/g(331), q(696)/g(697), e(875)/g(876), e(1008)/a(1009), and e(118 ...	2003	14512545
evaluation of a newly developed immunochromatographic method for detection of norovirus.		2003	14515760
rapid propagation of norovirus gastrointestinal illness through multiple nursing homes following a pilgrimage.	reported here is an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to norovirus infection that affected at least 450 persons from nursing homes and similar institutions in switzerland during and after an organised pilgrimage to lourdes in france. the outbreak was characteristic of direct person-to-person transmission, with the primary cases occurring in the hospital that harboured some of the pilgrims in lourdes.	2003	14517725
rotavirus detection and characterisation in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities.	although rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, its role in adult gastroenteritis and the sensitivity of different methods for its detection in specimens collected from adults are less well understood.	2003	14522072
gastroenteritis outbreak with norovirus in a swiss university hospital with a newly identified virus strain.	we report an outbreak of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in patients and healthcare workers (hcws) at a university hospital in switzerland during the period from 28 february to 31 march 2001. faecal and vomitus specimens and bottled and drinking water were investigated for norovirus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) sixty-three patients and hcws were affected. 37% of the investigated stool specimens were positive for norovirus. sequencing showed a new phylogenetic ...	2003	14529638
detection, quantitation, and phylogenetic analysis of noroviruses in japanese oysters.	noroviruses (nvs) cause many cases of oyster- or clam-associated gastroenteritis in various countries. we collected 191 samples from japanese oysters intended for raw consumption that had been harvested from the sea in two different areas between december 2001 and february 2002. to detect, quantitate, and phylogenetically analyze the nv genome in purified concentrates from the stomachs and digestive diverticula of these oysters, we amplified the nv capsid gene by reverse transcription-pcr. phylo ...	2003	14532025
transcriptional enhancement of rt-pcr for rapid and sensitive detection of noroviruses.	previously reported nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) primers specific for the gii noroviruses were adapted for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and detection sensitivity was then enhanced by a subsequent in vitro transcription of the rt-pcr amplicons. the nasba-derived primers performed comparably to other broadly reactive gii norovirus primers with respect to detection limits (i.e. 1 rt-pcr amplifiable unit (rt-pcru) per reaction). detection limits impr ...	2003	14553931
norwalk virus nonstructural protein p48 forms a complex with the snare regulator vap-a and prevents cell surface expression of vesicular stomatitis virus g protein.	norwalk virus (nv), a reference strain of human calicivirus in the norovirus genus of the family caliciviridae, contains a positive-strand rna genome with three open reading frames. orf1 encodes a 1,789-amino-acid polyprotein that is processed into nonstructural proteins that include an ntpase, vpg, protease, and rna-dependent rna polymerase. the n-terminal protein p48 of orf1 shows no significant sequence similarity to viral or cellular proteins, and its function in the human calicivirus replic ...	2003	14557663
[noroviruses are the most common pathogens causing nosocomial gastroenteritis outbreaks in hungarian hospitals].	norovirus (genera; previously "norwalk-like viruses") of the family caliciviridae are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. epidemics commonly occur in crowded community and spread by fecal-oral route through contaminated food, water and direct contact.	2003	14564921
factsheet: viral gastroenteritis.		2003	14578954
detection of norovirus (gi, gii), sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex pcr.	a reverse transcription (rt) single-round multiplex polymerase chain reaction (smpcr) assay was developed to detect simultaneously norovirus genogroup i and ii, sapovirus and astrovirus. a total of 377 diarrhea stool samples (screened for rotavirus- and adenorivus-negative) from four regions in japan during july 2000 to june 2001 were examined by rt-smpcr. the positive rate was 16.4% (62 out of 377 stool samples). norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus were detected in 42, 16, 4 of 60 positive samp ...	2003	14599677
reverse transcription-pcr analysis of bottled and natural mineral waters for the presence of noroviruses.	a seminested reverse transcription-pcr method coupled to membrane filtration was optimized to investigate the presence of norovirus (nv) rna sequences in bottled and natural mineral waters. the recovery of viral particles by filtration varied between 28 and 45%, while the limit of detection of the overall method ranged from 6 to 95 viral particles. the assay was broadly reactive, as shown by the successful detection of 27 different viral strains representing 12 common genotypes of nvs. a total o ...	2003	14602612
mutations within the p2 domain of norovirus capsid affect binding to human histo-blood group antigens: evidence for a binding pocket.	noroviruses (nors) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis. recent studies of nor receptors showed that different nors bind to different histo-blood group antigens (hbgas), and at least four distinct binding patterns were observed. to determine the structure-function relationship for nors and their receptors, two strains representing two of the four binding patterns were studied. strain va387 binds to hbgas of a, b, and o secretors, whereas strain moh binds to hbgas of a and b secretors ...	2003	14610179
the effect of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin b on the ability of feline calicivirus (a norovirus surrogate) and poliovirus to infect cell cultures.	to characterize the effect of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin b against feline calicivirus (fcv), a norovirus surrogate and poliovirus (pv), as models for enteric viruses.	2003	14633031
evolution of human calicivirus rna in vivo: accumulation of mutations in the protruding p2 domain of the capsid leads to structural changes and possibly a new phenotype.	in the present study we report on evolution of calicivirus rna from a patient with chronic diarrhea (i.e., lasting >2 years) and viral shedding. partial sequencing of open reading frame 1 (orf1) from 12 consecutive isolates revealed shedding of a genogroup ii virus with relatively few nucleotide changes during a 1-year period. the entire capsid gene (orf2) was also sequenced from the same isolates and found to contain 1,647 nucleotides encoding a protein of 548 amino acids with similarities to t ...	2003	14645568
[which hygiene methods must be carried out in norovirus infections?].		2003	14648441
[food-borne human pathogenic viruses and their molecular detection with special consideration of noroviruses and hepatitis a virus in mussels].	viruses are increasingly important as etiological agents of gastrointestinal infections. because of improved diagnostic methods, in particular, because of molecular biological techniques, viruses can be detected much more frequently as pathogens of foodborne diseases. apart from the hepatitis a virus (hav) the norovirus (nlv) is becoming more significant. on an international level methods are developed to detect the amount of viruses which minimise pcr inhibitors and which are applicable in rout ...	2003	14655629
electron microscopy and the investigation of new infectious diseases.	to review and assess the role of electron microscopy in the investigation of new infectious diseases.	2003	14656415
molecular characterization of bovine enteric caliciviruses: a distinct third genogroup of noroviruses (norwalk-like viruses) unlikely to be of risk to humans.	bovine enteric caliciviruses (bocvs) have been classified in the norovirus (norwalk-like virus) genus of the caliciviridae, raising questions about zoonotic transmission and an animal reservoir for the human norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), an important cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. we examined the genetic relationship of human nlvs to bocvs that were identified by using reverse transcription-pcr with primer pairs originally designed to detect human nlvs. polymerase, capsid, and o ...	2003	12552024
homologous versus heterologous immune responses to norwalk-like viruses among crew members after acute gastroenteritis outbreaks on 2 us navy vessels.	host immune responses to human caliciviruses are difficult to study because of the lack of a clear definition of antigenic or serological types. this report describes antibody responses to several norwalk-like viruses in large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on 2 us navy ships. enzyme immunoassays (eias) were used to measure antibody responses. to understand the antibody response to a homologous strain causing the outbreaks, the viral capsid gene of one isolate (c59) was expressed in baculovi ...	2003	12552443
a waterborne outbreak of norwalk-like virus among snowmobilers-wyoming, 2001.	in february 2001, episodes of acute gastroenteritis were reported to the wyoming department of health from persons who had recently vacationed at a snowmobile lodge in wyoming. a retrospective cohort study found a significant association between water consumption and illness, and testing identified norwalk-like virus (nlv) in 8 of 13 stool samples and 1 well. nucleotide sequences from the positive well-water specimen and 6 of the positive stool samples were identical. this multistrain nlv outbre ...	2003	12552455
epidemiology of norwalk-like virus infections in cattle in the netherlands.	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. cattle may be a reservoir of nlvs although never bovine nlvs have been found in humans. to gain more insight into the epidemiology of nlv, infections in cattle in the netherlands were studied. individual faecal samples from a large dairy herd and 243 pooled samples from veal calf farms were analysed for nlv by rt-pcr. calves under 3 months of age in the dairy herd were sampled three to five ...	2003	12554100
acute gastroenteritis outbreaks on cruise ships linked to norwalk-like viruses.		2003	12557129
evaluation of the nuclisens basic kit assay for detection of norwalk virus rna in stool specimens.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are a genetically diverse group of human caliciviruses that are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis and are detected typically in stool by reverse transcription (rt)-pcr or electron microscopy (em). the application of a rapid nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assay for the detection of nlv rna in stool is described using the nuclisens basic kit. primers and probes for the nlv basic kit assay were based on the rna polymerase region of the ...	2003	12565163
norovirus activity--united states, 2002.	during june-december 2002, an increased number of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (age) were reported on cruise ships sailing into u.s. ports. in addition, since october 2002, several states have noted an increase in outbreaks of age consistent clinically and epidemiologically with norovirus infection, particularly in institutional settings such as nursing homes (cdc, unpublished data, 2002). this report describes recent norovirus activity in two states and new york city (nyc) and data from c ...	2003	12570319
incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in wisconsin.	recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. the objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. ...	2003	12571044
from the centers for disease control and prevention. norovirus activity--united states, 2002.		2003	12585935
evaluation of a commercial elisa for detecting norwalk-like virus antigen in faeces.	a commercially available enzyme immunoassay, the ideia norwalk-like virus (nlv) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa; dako cytomation, ely, uk) for detecting nlv antigen in faecal samples and determining the nlv genogroup was evaluated. the performance of the elisa was compared with that of electron microscopy and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction by testing a panel of faecal samples collected from patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. when compared with revers ...	2003	12589841
incidence and characteristics of endemic norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis.	endemic gastroenteritis associated with the norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) is little understood. this study tested for nlv in gastroenteritis cases in 257 households in melbourne, australia, for the period september 1997 to february 1999 by a reverse transcription hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction. positive samples were studied by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. nlv was detected in 73 (11.4%) of 638 faecal specimens tested. twelve (1.9%) were nlv genogroup 1 (g1) and 61 (9.6%) ...	2003	12601766
stat1-dependent innate immunity to a norwalk-like virus.	norwalk-like caliciviruses (noroviruses) cause over 90% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide, but the pathogenesis of norovirus infection is poorly understood because these viruses do not grow in cultured cells and there is no small animal model. here, we report a previously unknown murine norovirus. analysis of murine norovirus 1 infection revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-dependent innate immunity, but not t and b cell-dependent adaptive immunity, i ...	2003	12624267
a gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus associated with a colorado hotel.	describing the system components of norovirus outbreaks is important in understanding how to prevent future outbreaks. investigation of these components includes environmental, epidemiologic, and laboratory perspectives. this study describes how an investigation from these three perspectives was conducted and the significance of each component in understanding norovirus outbreaks. on may 23, 2000, members of a professional group attending two meetings at a local hotel in englewood, colorado, beg ...	2003	14679720
a modified cholera holotoxin ct-e29h enhances systemic and mucosal immune responses to recombinant norwalk virus-virus like particle vaccine.	in this study, we evaluated the potential of a genetically modified cholera toxin, ct-e29h as an adjuvant for recombinant norwalk virus like particle (nv-vlp) vaccine. this detoxified mutant, containing e to h substitution at amino acid 29 of the ct-a1 subunit, was administered with a recombinant norwalk virus like particle vaccine to balb/c mice by mucosal routes to monitor the induction of mucosal, humoral and cellular responses. we observed that a low dose of nv-vlp (5 microg) with the adjuva ...	2003	12531635
two epidemiologic patterns of norovirus outbreaks: surveillance in england and wales, 1992-2000.	in the period 1992-2000, the public health laboratory service communicable disease surveillance centre collected standardized epidemiologic data on 1,877 general outbreaks of norovirus (formerly "norwalk-like virus") infection in england and wales. seventy-nine percent of general outbreaks occurred in health-care institutions, i.e., hospitals (40%) and residential-care facilities (39%). when compared with outbreaks in other settings, those in health-care institutions were unique in exhibiting a ...	2003	12533284
viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in europe, 1995-2000.	to gain understanding of surveillance and epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in europe, we compiled data from 10 surveillance systems in the foodborne viruses in europe network. established surveillance systems found norovirus to be responsible for >85% (n =3,714) of all nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis reported from 1995 to 2000. however, the absolute number and population-based rates of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks differed markedly among european surveillance systems. ...	2003	12533287
from the centers for disease control and prevention. outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--united states, 2002.		2003	12523333
microbial contamination of two urban sandstone aquifers in the uk.	development of urban groundwater has historically been constrained by concerns about its quality. rising urban water tables and overabstraction from rural aquifers in the uk have led to a renewed interest in urban groundwater, particularly the possibility of finding water of acceptable quality at depth. this study assessed the microbial quality of groundwater collected from depth-specific intervals over a 15-month period within the permo-triassic sherwood sandstone aquifers underlying the cities ...	2003	12502063
a feline kidney cell line-based plaque assay for feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norwalk virus.	feline calicivirus (fcv) has been used by researchers as a surrogate for norwalk virus (nv), since they share a similar genomic organization, physicochemical characteristics, and are grouped in the same family, caliciviridae. unlike nv, however, fcv can grow in established cell lines and produce a syncytial form of cytopathic effect. in this report, we describe the development and standardization of a plaque assay for fcv using monolayers of an established line of feline kidney (crfk) cells in 1 ...	2003	12505630
capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus.	the exceptional stability of enteric viruses probably resides in their capsids. the capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus (fcv) were determined. viruses were inactivated by uv, hypochlorite, high temperature (72 degrees c), and physiological temperature (37 degrees c), all of which are pertinent to transmission via food and water. poliovirus (pv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are transmissible via water and food, and fcv is the best available surrogate for the ...	2003	12514015
norwalk-like viruses: when the runs can slow you down.		2003	12515788
general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in hospitals, england and wales, 1992-2000.	between 1992 and 2000, 26.6% (1,396/5,257) of all general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) reported to the public health laboratory service (phls) communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) occurred in hospitals. over 29,000 patients and staff were affected and the mortality risk was higher than for outbreaks in other settings [relative risk 2.00 (95% ci: 1.52-2.63) p<0.001]. person-to-person spread was the predominant mode of transmission. the mortality risk was highest in ...	2003	12495678
molecular diversity of noroviruses associated with outbreaks on cruise ships: comparison with strains circulating within the uk.	the molecular diversity of norovirus (nv) strains associated with 26 outbreaks of nv gastroenteritis has been determined. the outbreaks occurred on 14 cruise ships from seven cruise lines, during the period from 1998 to 2002. the ships cruised in seas worldwide, including the mediterranean, the baltic and the caribbean. genogroup i nvs were more common in the cruise ship setting than in hospitals, with 38% of the cruise ship outbreaks associated with genotype i nvs, as compared to < 10% in hospi ...	2003	15067852
comparison of real-time pcr and eia for the detection of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus.	we compared real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a newly developed enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of noroviruses (nov) in 70 stool samples taken from outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. the real-time pcr classified more samples as positive than the eia (26 versus 10) and detected more outbreaks of nov (six versus two). real-time pcr offers rapid and sensitive diagnosis for both sporadic cases and outbreaks of nov gastroenteritis and, by comparison, the red ...	2003	15067854
[community gastroenteritis caused by adenovirus type 41].	viral gastroenteritis is caused mainly by nv (norovirus). rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans although there are rare cases. from the end of june to the beginning of july 2002, we had an endemic of community gastroenteritis by adenovirus. in our investigation, the patients were separated into 3 groups. on comparison of the viruses from each groups we observed that they had the same characteristics. in conclusion, we found that the infection was c ...	2003	14768347
a large infantile gastroenteritis outbreak in albania caused by multiple emerging rotavirus genotypes.	by the end of december 2000, the epidemiological system 'alert' of the public health institute in tirane reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. the outbreak involved children in tirane and in the rural area. in total, 2722 children were seen in tirane hospital and 982 (56.4%) were treated for acute gastroenteritis. the age group with the highest morbidity was 0-5 years (89.7%), followed by the 6-9 (6.2%) and 10-15 years age groups (4.1%). the distribution of acute gastroenteritis cases, ...	2003	14959777
the wisconsin state laboratory of hygiene and emerging enteric pathogens.	at the turn of the 20th century, typhoid fever was common in wisconsin, and was a major impetus for the establishment of the wisconsin state laboratory of hygiene (wslh) in 1903. by the 1940s, typhoid was virtually eliminated in the united states due to public health measures such as disinfection of drinking water, sewage treatment, pasteurization, and shellfish bed sanitation. however, new food and waterborne pathogens have emerged to take the place of salmonella typhi. infections with non-typh ...	2003	14658567
molecular surveillance of enterovirus and norwalk-like virus in oysters relocated to a municipal-sewage-impacted gulf estuary.	an 18-month survey was conducted to examine the prevalence of enteric viruses and their relationship to indicators in environmentally polluted shellfish. groups of oysters, one group per 4 weeks, were relocated to a coastal water area in the gulf of mexico that is impacted by municipal sewage and were analyzed for enteroviruses, norwalk-like viruses (nlv), and indicator microorganisms (fecal coliform, escherichia coli, and male-specific coliphages). the levels of indicator microorganisms were co ...	2003	14660358
[water-borne disease outbreaks in norway].	the drinking water in norway has traditionally been considered being of good quality. however, outbreaks related to drinking water are reported every year. we review waterborne outbreaks in norway over the last 15 years, and describe the aetiology of and contributory factors in these outbreaks.	2003	14713983
[genotype of human calicivirus from infants with diarrhea in guangzhou city in 2001].	to understand the characteristics of human calicivirus (hucv) infection in infants with diarrhea in guangzhou city and to study genotype of the virus.	2003	14728892
the norovirus on the march: triggers of acute diseases of the stomach and intestine.	gastroenteritis (diseases of the stomach and intestine) is widespread all over the world and one of the most frequent causes of infant mortality in the third world. in industrial countries, gastroenteritis occurs second to respiratory diseases in children, rarely, however, with any complications.	2003	15285185
a simple method for isolation of enteric viruses (noroviruses and enteroviruses) in water.	a simple and improved protocol for the isolation and detection of noroviruses ('norwalk-like viruses', nlvs) and enteroviruses in ground- and drinking water is described. an improved procedure was developed for concentration of enteric viruses from water, whereby viruses are directly lysed after filtration on a negatively charged membrane. as the method is free from possible recovery losses during usual rinsing, elution, flocculation or concentration steps prior to rna extraction, a high sensiti ...	2003	12445931
emerging genotype (ggiib) of norovirus in drinking water, sweden.	from may through june 2001, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis that affected at least 200 persons occurred in a combined activity camp and conference center in stockholm county. the source of illness was contaminated drinking water obtained from private wells. the outbreak appears to have started with sewage pipeline problems near the kitchen, which caused overflow of the sewage system and contaminated the environment. while no pathogenic bacteria were found in water or stools specimens, norov ...	2003	14720394
risk factors for norovirus, sapporo-like virus, and group a rotavirus gastroenteritis.	viral pathogens are the most common causes of gastroenteritis in the community. to identify modes of transmission and opportunities for prevention, a case-control study was conducted and risk factors for gastroenteritis attributable to norovirus (nv), sapporo-like virus (slv), and rotavirus were studied. for nv gastroenteritis, having a household member with gastroenteritis, contact with a person with gastroenteritis outside the household, and poor food-handling hygiene were associated with illn ...	2003	14720397
[norwalk virus and noro virus].	norwalk virus and noro virus are members of the caliciviridae. these viruses are morphological similarity in each other and shows small round structure. these viruses also are well known as main pathogens of acute infectious gastroenteritis. clinical features include an incubation period of 24 of 48 hours and illness period of 18 to 72 hours with vomiting and diarrhea in most patients and high secondary attack rates. oral transmitted infection occurs contaminated water and foods. in our country, ...	2003	15552834