Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| immunocontraceptive activity guided fractionation and characterization of active constituents of neem (azadirachta indica) seed extracts. | a novel approach for immunocontraception by intervention of local cell mediated immunity in the reproductive system by using single intrauterine application of neem oil has been described earlier. the reversible block in fertility was reported to last for 107-180 days in female wistar rats (upadhyay et al., 1990. antifertility effects of neem oil by single intrauterine administration: a novel method of contraception. proceedings of the royal society of london b 242, 175-180) and 7-11 months in m ... | 1998 | 9613837 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in trinidad and tobago. | ethnoveterinary research was conducted in trinidad and tobago in 1995, in order to document existing ethnoveterinary practices. this paper describes 20 medicinal plants used to treat ruminants. the main plants used were azadirachta indica and curcuma longa. medicinal plants were used predominantly for endoparasites, internal and external injuries and pregnancy-related conditions. a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. this documentation cou ... | 1998 | 9658442 |
| the effect of subacute administration of a neem pesticide on rat metabolic enzymes. | acute toxicity of a neem pesticide (vepacide-tech) was studied in male wistar rats by oral (single) intubation for 7 days. vepacide was found to be moderately toxic to rat based on ld50 value. subacute toxicity of vepacide-tech was also studied in male rats by oral (multiple) intubation of low (80 mg kg-1 day-1), medium (160 mg kg-1 day-1) and high dose (320 mg kg-1 day-1) for 90 days. high dose caused a significant decrease in cytochrome p-450 (cyt. p-450) concentration at 45 and 90 days and th ... | 1998 | 9674151 |
| effects of neem flowers, thai and chinese bitter gourd fruits and sweet basil leaves on hepatic monooxygenases and glutathione s-transferase activities, and in vitro metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens in rats. | the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding of four vegetables commonly consumed in thailand, namely, flowers of the neem tree (azadirachta indica var. siamensis), fruits of thai and the chinese bitter gourd (momordica charantia linn.) and leaves of sweet basil (ocimum basilicum linn) on the levels of phase i enzymes, which include cytochrome p450 (p450), aniline hydroxylase (anh) and aminopyrine-n-demethylase (amd) as well as the capacity to activate the mutagenicities ... | 1998 | 9674955 |
| antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic potentials of some thai vegetables. | fifteen kinds of commonly consumed thai vegetables were sequentially extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol, and then tested for antimutagenic activities against direct-acting (af-2 and nan3) and indirect-acting (afb1 and b(a)p) mutagens using ames' salmonella mutagenicity test with salmonella typhimurium ta100 as tester strain. it was found that only the methanol extract of neem leaves contain weak antimutagen inhibiting the mutagenicities of both direct-acting mutagens. interestingly, ... | 1998 | 9675301 |
| inhibition of the growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of drug-sensitive and resistant strains of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum by neem (azadirachta indica) fractions. | neem (azadirachta indica) has been shown to possess anti-malarial activity. in this study we systematically evaluated extracts of neem seeds and purified fractions further enriched in polar or non-polar constituents for their effect on in vitro growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. use of synchronized stages of parasites suggested trophozoites/schizonts as the susceptible target stages to various neem extracts. in addition, all t ... | 1998 | 9687079 |
| in vitro antiplasmodial activity of stem and root extracts of nauclea latifolia s.m. (rubiaceae). | aqueous extracts from nauclea latifolia s.m. (rubiaceae), a plant commonly used in ivory coast by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria, were tested on two strains of plasmodium faliparum: fcb1-colombia (chloroquine-resistant) and a nigerian strain (chloroquine-sensitive). the extracts were obtained from stems and roots of the plant in two forms, infusion and decoction, both methods used by most traditional healers. the in vitro activity of n. latifolia extracts on p. falciparum was a ... | 1998 | 9705007 |
| possible biochemical mode of anti-inflammatory action of azadirachta indica a. juss. in rats. | the water soluble part of alcoholic extract of a. indica leaves at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o., exerted significant antiinflammatory activity in cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats. the extract also inhibited significantly the biochemical parameters (viz. dna, rna, lipid peroxide, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) studied in cotton pellet exudate. | 1998 | 9717455 |
| the toxicity of margosan-o, a product of neem seeds, to selected target and nontarget aquatic invertebrates | margosan-o, an insecticide formulated from extracts of neem tree (azadirachta indica) seed kernels, besides being toxic, also has feeding, oviposition-deterring, and growth-inhibitory effects on insects. this product, registered in the united states for ornamental plants, has been proposed for food crop use. however, little information exists on its effects on aquatic organisms. this study investigated toxicity of margosan-o to the mosquito culex spp., a possible target species, and to nontarget ... | 1998 | 9732473 |
| neem (azadirachta indica) kernel meal in the diet of white leghorn layers. | 1. neem kernel meal (nkm) was incorporated into a standard layer diet at 0, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg, replacing parts of the soyabean meal and deoiled rice bran. each diet was offered to 18 white leghorn layers (25 weeks, 50% egg production) in individual cages for a period of 12 weeks. 2. results indicated significantly lower food intakes (p < 0.01), rates of egg production and egg weights in birds fed on the diets with nkm at 150 and 200 g/kg. fertility and hatchability were also adversely affect ... | 1998 | 9925318 |
| immunopotentiating effects of azadirachta indica (neem) dry leaves powder in broilers, naturally infected with ibd virus. | effects of feeding of powdered dry leaves of a. indica (ai) were investigated on humoral and cell mediated immune responses, in a flock of broilers which had survived an outbreak of infectious bursal disease (ibd). ai (2 g/kg) treatment significantly enhanced the antibody titres against new castle disease virus (ncdv) antigen and also potentiated the inflammatory reactions to 1. chloro-2,4-di- nitro benzene (dncb) inskin contact test. the results indicate that ai could be beneficial in immunosup ... | 1998 | 10085786 |
| morphological and oil content variation in seeds of azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem) from northern and western provenances of india. | seed morphology (seed length and 20 seed weight) and oil content was studied in azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem) of five provenances of northern and western india. trees with wide ranges of girths were considered for study. maximum average oil content was observed in trees from hisar provenance. seed oil content in most of the provenances was not consistently and significantly correlated with morphological parameters of seeds. age of the tree had no significant effect on the oil yield. | 1998 | 10426116 |
| isolation of antioxidant principle from azadirachta seed kernels: determination of its role on plant lipoxygenases. | an antioxidant principle was isolated from azadirachta indica seed using high pressure liquid chromatography with a hydrophobic reverse-phase chromatography column. the eluted molecule had lambdamax at 224 and 272 nm and was a potent inhibitor of plant lipoxygenases. in in vivo studies of horsegram during germination, low levels of lipoxygenase activity and lipid peroxides were found upon treatment with the azadirachta extract. the antioxidant property of azadirachta indica has not been previous ... | 1998 | 10520761 |
| evaluation of ash from some tropical plants of nigeria for the control of sclerotium rolfsii sacc. on wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | eleven ash samples, from organs of nine tropical plants, were screened for their abilities to inhibit mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of a nigerian isolate of sclerotium rolfsii on agar and in the soil. ten ash samples showed some activity against mycelial growth of s. rolfsii in vitro. ash samples from delonix regia stem wood, mangifera indica leaf and vernonia amygdalina leaf were most effective as each totally inhibited mycelial growth of s. rolfsii in vitro. ocimum gratissimum lea ... | 1998 | 16284852 |
| response and effect of two plant crude extracts on mosquito larvae culex pipiens. | the response and effect of two plant crude extract from dry damsissa (ambrosia maritima) and neem seeds (azadirachta indica) were tested against the first and third instar larvae of mosquito (culex pipiens). the results showed that both extracts had a larvicidal effect. neem seed extract was more toxic than damsissa extract against both the first and third instar larvae. in addition, the young larvae (first instar) were more susceptible to neem seeds than the old ones (third instar) as revealed ... | 1998 | 17217029 |
| efficacy of neem oil-water emulsion against mosquito immatures. | neem oil-water emulsion was used in mosquito breeding habitats to find out its larvicidal effect on immatures of different mosquito species. application of 5% neem oil-water emulsion @ 50 ml/sq m in pools and @ 100 ml/sq m in tanks resulted in 100% reduction of iii and iv instar larvae of an. stephensi after 24 h while, against cx. quinquefasciatus it was 51.6 and 91.2% reduction in the larval density after day 1 and 14 respectively. similarly, application of 10% emulsion in desert coolers again ... | 1998 | 10319557 |
| on the antifeedant and anthellmintic potential of anacardium occidentale l. | the antifeedant and anthelmintic activities of crude extracts of the shells of anacardium occidentale were studied by comparing it's activity with the activity of azadirachta indica a juss (kernel), a commercial standard. the test extracts of a. occidentale in petroleum ether, dichloromethane: methanol showed better activities compared to a. indica. to study the anthelmintic activity, the addition of piperine to the formulation significantly enhances the activity. the phytochemical investigation ... | 1998 | 22556881 |
| antifeedancy of neem products containing azadirachtin against culex tarsalis and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | in order to develop and utilize new botanical insecticides originating from neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) in mosquito control programs as a potential larvicide, the antifeedant activity of three formulations of neem against the larvae of culex tarsalis coquillett and culex quinquefasciatus say was investigated under laboratory conditions. a significant antifeedancy was indicated at 5 ppm and 10 ppm azadirachtin (az) for all formulations and both species. within the test concentration range o ... | 1998 | 9879068 |
| rapd profile variation amongst provenances of neem. | neem, described as a tree for solving global problems, is an evergreen, long-lived, multipurpose tree of the tropics with a wide distribution range in india. it is believed to be highly cross-pollinated. inter-provenance variations have been reported in neem in case of morphological and physiological characters. yet no reports about the genetic determinism for these variations are available to our knowledge. in order to have an idea about the extent and/or nature of genetic (dna) variation in ne ... | 1998 | 9739458 |
| ovicidal activity of neem products (azadirachtin) against culex tarsalis and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | bioactive compounds contained in the seed kernel and other parts of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss) have been found to show insecticidal activities and other effects in many species of insects. these activities include antifeedancy, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, male sterility, oviposition repellency, changes in biological fitness such as loss of flying ability, immunodepression, enzyme inhibition, splitting of biological rhythms, and so forth. we investigated the ovicidal ... | 1998 | 9673924 |
| anti - inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the root, bark and leaves of azadirachta indica. | azadirachta indica is a plant of varied uses in ayurveda since ancient times and is highly extolled by expert physicians and as well as practitioners of folk medicines. almost every part of the tree has long been used in folklore and traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of a variety of human ailments. the 50% acetone extract of the root, bark and leaves of a. indica sowed marked anti- inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced edema in rats, antimicrobial activity was also tested. | 1998 | 22556865 |
| chromatographic studies on a herb decoction. | argwadhadhi kwatham is a compound preparation of 3 single drugs viz cassia fistula l. azadirachta indica a., tinospora cordifolia l. literature survey show tat all3 ingredients are very effective for skin diseases. kahayams prepared individually with these 3 drugs was found to be more effective for skin dideases. this paper deals with a comparative study of the chemical constituents present in aragwadhadhi kwatham and the individual kwathams, all the four kwarham were chemically analysed t.l.c. ... | 1998 | 22556839 |
| chemopreventive potential of neem (azadirachta indica) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. | the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis was investigated in syrian male hamsters. all hamsters painted on their buccal pouch with dmba for 14 weeks developed squamous cell carcinoma. administration of neem leaf extract effectively suppressed oral carcinogenesis initiated with dmba as revealed by the reduced incidence of neoplasms. lipid peroxidation, glutathione (gsh) content a ... | 1999 | 10619383 |
| effects of neem products containing azadirachtin on blood feeding, fecundity, and survivorship of culex tarsalis and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | when late 3rd or early 4th-instar larvae of culex tarsalis coquillett and culex quinquefasciatus say mosquitoes were treated with sublethal dosages of neem insecticide until pupation, the blood-feeding activity of the resulting adults was essentially the same as that of untreated controls. in contrast, blood-feeding activity was suppressed when newly emerged adults were fed continuously on 10 parts per million (ppm) or 50 ppm azadirachtin (az) in 10% sucrose solution for seven days. fecundity wa ... | 1999 | 10672550 |
| extraction of azadirachtin a from neem seed kernels by supercritical fluid and its evaluation by hplc and lc/ms. | a new supercritical extraction methodology was applied to extract azadirachtin a (aza-a) from neem seed kernels. supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide (co(2)) were used as extractive agents in a three-separation-stage supercritical pilot plant. subcritical conditions were tested too. comparisons were carried out by calculating the efficiency of the pilot plant with respect to the milligrams per kilogram of seeds (ms/mo) of aza-a extracted. the most convenient extraction was gained using an ms/ ... | 1999 | 10606604 |
| extraction and colorimetric determination of azadirachtin-related limonoids in neem seed kernel. | a colorimetric method was developed for the determination of total azadirachtin-related limonoids (azrl) in neem seed kernel extracts. the method employed acidified vanillin solution in methanol for the colorization of the standard azadirachtin or neem seed kernel extracts in dichloromethane. through the investigation of various factors influencing the sensitivity of detection, such as the concentration of vanillin, acid, and the time required for the formation of color, optimum conditions were ... | 1999 | 10552715 |
| stabilization of azadirachtin a in neem formulations: effect of some solid carriers, neem oil, and stabilizers. | formulation of azadirachtin a on attapulgite, kaolinite, fuller's earth, hydrated calcium silicate, and fly ash revealed that it degraded to the tune of 70-95% on different solid carriers as compared to 56% in neem oil, during the 14 day heat storage studies at 54 +/- 1 degrees c in the laboratory. the degradation was reduced by 26-60% on different carriers by employing either anthraquinone or epichlorohydrin as stabilizer. pyrogallol and hydroquinone enhanced the degradation. the cation exchang ... | 1999 | 10564046 |
| rapid preconcentration method for the determination of azadirachtin-a and -b, nimbin and salannin in neem oil samples by using graphitised carbon solid phase extraction. | a simple and rapid method involving solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography for the determination of azadirachtin-a and -b, nimbin and salannin at nanogram levels in neem oil samples is presented. the neem oil samples are defatted and the compounds of interest extracted by mixing the sample with hexane and passing the hexane solution through a graphitised carbon black column. after washing the column with 2 ml of hexane, azadirachtin-a and -b, nimbin and salannin are eluted with 5 ml of ... | 1999 | 10563041 |
| coating of prilled urea with neem (azadirachta indica juss) oil for efficient nitrogen use in rice | a field study made with rice at the indian agricultural research institute, new delhi, showed that coating urea with neem oil, neem cake or neem oil microemulsion improved rice growth and resulted in more grain and straw than did commercial prilled urea. | 1999 | 10551949 |
| acute lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on nontarget aquatic insects in stream channels. | 1999 | 10475915 | |
| two novel azadirachtin derivatives from azadirachta indica | two novel compounds, the first 29-oxymethylene azadirachtin analogue, 29-oxymethylene-11- demethoxycarbonyl-11alpha-hydroxyazadirachtin (azadirachtin m) (1) and 22, 23-dihydro-23alpha-hydroxy-3-tigloyl-11-deoxyazadirachtinin (azadirachtin n) (2), together with known compound 11-epi-azadirachtin h were isolated from a methanolic extract of the seed kernels of azadirachta indica. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods. | 1999 | 10425132 |
| triterpenoids of the fruit coats of azadirachta indica | three new triterpenoids, azadironolide [24,25,26, 27-tetranorapoeupha-7alpha-acetoxy-23xi-hydroxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14, 20(22)-trien-3,21-dione] (1), isoazadironolide [24,25,26, 27-tetranorapoeupha-7alpha-acetoxy-21xi-hydroxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14, 20(22)-trien-3,23-dione] (2), and azadiradionolide [24,25,26, 27-tetranorapoeupha-7alpha-acetoxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3, 16,21-trione] (3), were isolated from the fresh fruit coats of azadirachta indica. their structures have been elucidated through s ... | 1999 | 10425127 |
| preparation and evaluation of tincture of azadirachta indica a. juss. leaves. | different strength of alcohol 40.50,60,70,80,90 per cent (v/v) and absolute were utilized for the preparation of tincture of azadirachta indica a. juss leaves by maceration for 7, 14,21 days. 60 per cent tincture produced after 21 says of maceration showed a maximum solid content of 1.425 per cent (v/v) and sowed ph 3.15. this tincture was characterized by studying is various physico-chmicla properties along wit its thin-layer chromatographic characteristics. | 1999 | 22556923 |
| antifertility efficacy of neem bark (azadirachta indica a.juss.) in male rats. | subcutaneous treatment of 50% etoh extract of neem bark (azadirachta indica a. juss) to male rats at the dose of 10 mg for 30 days caused arrest of spermatogenesis. the diameter of serminiferous tubule, leydig cell nucleus and epithelial heights of epididymides were significantly reduced (p≤0.001). sperm motility and density were significantly reduced. reduced testicular and accessory organ protein, sialic acid and vesicular fructose content manifested arrest of spermatogenesis and depletion of ... | 1999 | 22556912 |
| plant products used as mosquito repellents in guinea bissau, west africa. | by standardized interviews of people in 23 rural villages, in the oio region of guinea bissau, we collected data on which plant species and plant derived products or methods people use to reduce mosquito biting activity. the following plants were used to reduce numbers of mosquitoes indoors at night: fresh or smouldering hyptis suaveolens poit. (lamiaceae), smoke of the bark of daniellia oliveri rolfe (caesalpiniaceae), smoke of the infructescence of elaeis guineensis jacq. (arecaceae), smoke of ... | 1999 | 9924960 |
| variation in net photosynthesis, stomatal characteristics, leaf area and whole-plant phytomass production among ten provenances of neem (azadirachta indica). | variation in net photosynthesis, co(2) exchange parameters, stomatal characteristics, leaf area and seedling dry weight were investigated among 10 provenances of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.). significant provenance variation was established for net photosynthesis (8.14 to 15.13 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1)), stomatal conductance (0.37 to 0.59 mol m(-2) s(-1)), stomatal density (145 to 204 mm(-2)), and total guard cell length (2681 to 3873 &mgr;m). net photosynthesis was positively correlated with ... | 1999 | 12651331 |
| in vitro evaluation on inhibitory nature of some neem formulations against plant pathogenic fungi. | different neem formulations derived from the neem tree (azadirachta indica) have been found to be potential fungicides against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi. some neem formulations viz. achook (0.15% ec), bioneem (0.03% ec), nimbecidine (0.03% ec) and neemark (0.03% ec) were examined against some plant pathogenic fungi such as (fusarium oxysporum, alternaria solani, curvularia lunata, helminthosporium sp. and sclerotium rolfsii). among these achook (0.15% ec) was found to be more ac ... | 1999 | 12024976 |
| 'in vitro' antiviral activity of neem (azadirachta indica. a. juss) leaf extract against group b coxsackieviruses. | the antiviral and virucidal effect of methanolic extract fraction of leaves of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) (ncl-11) was studied regarding its activity and possible mechanism of action against coxsackie b group of viruses. ncl-11 inhibited plaque formation in 6 antigenic types of coxsackie virus b at a concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml at 96 hrs. 'in vitro'. additionally virus inactivation, yield reduction and effect of time of addition assays suggested that ncl-11 was most effective agai ... | 1999 | 10810594 |
| the antimicrobial effects of extracts of azadirachta indica (neem) and salvadora persica (arak) chewing sticks. | chewing sticks (miswak) is most commonly used int he middle east and indian subcontinent salvadora persica (arak) and azadirachta indica (neem) are commonly used as oral hygiene tools in different parts of the world, several studies have demonstrated the anti-plaque anticarious and antibacterial effect of these sticks. the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of neem and arak chewing stick's aqueous extracts at various concentrations. the microbial inhibit ... | 1999 | 10865390 |
| effect of azadirachta indica leaves on rat spermatozoa. | histochemical studies and sem observations on the morphological changes in the head of the spermatozoa in general, and the acrosome in particular, in a. indica treated rats are reported. in the treated rats change in the shape and size of the sperm head, with a dorso-ventral constriction of the middle region of the sperm head i.e., between the anterior and posterior regions was observed. it was rather difficult to differentiate the outer acrosomal and outer plasma membranes. a decrease in the pe ... | 1999 | 10865894 |
| field evaluation of herbal mosquito repellents. | repellent properties of zanthoxylum armatum dc. syn. z. alatum roxb. (timur), curcuma aromatica (jungli haldi) and azadirachta indica (neem) oils were evaluated against mosquitoes in mustard (brassica sp.) and coconut (cocos sp.) oil base and compared with synthetic repellent. dimethyl phthalate (dmp) as standard. timur and jungli haldi afforded better protection in the both the base at all the concentrations. tepellents in mustard oil gave longer protection time than those in coconut oil. at 0. ... | 1999 | 10937301 |
| chemistry of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss.). | 1999 | 10592761 | |
| early post implantation contraceptive effects of a purified fraction of neem (azadirachta indica) seeds, given orally in rats: possible mechanisms involved. | neem seed and leaf extracts have immunomodulators that induce cellular immune reactions. these aspects of neem were exploited in earlier studies, where the oral administration of the neem seed extracts in rodents and primates could completely abrogate pregnancy at an early post implantation stage. complete restoration of fertility was observed in the animals treated in the subsequent cycles. for the purpose of using neem as a long term contraceptive, an activity guided fractionation, followed by ... | 1999 | 10617063 |
| a comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. | a comparison of blood sugar lowering activity of four important medicinal plants (azadirachta indica, gymnema sylvestre, catharanthus roseus and ocimum sanctum) were carried out against normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models. the plant extracts decreased the blood sugar level in varying degrees. blood sugar lowering unit (blu) of activity of each leaf extract and tolbutamide was calculated by ed50 values. statistical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) variation among the tre ... | 1999 | 10617074 |
| possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of azadirachta indica leaf extract: part v. | effect of azadirachta indica leaf extract on serotonin inhibition in glucose mediated insulin release in rat pancreas was studied in vitro to elucidate the possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of a. indica leaf extract. a. indica leaf extract blocks significantly (p < 0.05) the inhibitory effect of serotonin on insulin secretion mediated by glucose. | 1999 | 10617075 |
| toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on culex pipiens larvae (diptera: culicidae). | the toxic and/or development retarding effects on culex pipiens mosquito larvae by methanol and ether extracts of azadirachta indica, rhazya stricta and syzygium aromaticum were investigated separately. all were found to show biological activity, however, the methanol extracts showed the most profound effects. r. stricta showed marked acute (2 d) and chronic (10 d) toxic effects, having an lc(50) and 95% cl of 251(209-326) and 140(110-178); 467(416-699) and 211(198-421) ppm, for the methanol and ... | 1999 | 10441777 |
| sub-chronic effect of neem based pesticide (vepacide) on acetylcholinesterase and atpases in rat. | acetylcholinesterases (ache), na(+)-k+, mg2+ and ca(2+)-atpases were monitored in rat brain when treated orally with 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg of vepacide, an active ingredient from neem seed oil, daily for 90 days. brain ache, na(+)-k+ and ca(2+)-atpases were inhibited whereas mg(2+)-atpase levels were enhanced in both the sexes after 45 and 90 days of treatment. the relative sensitivities of these atpases to vepacide indicated that ca(2+)-atpase being more sensitive than na(+)-k(+)-atpase in both ... | 1999 | 10466107 |
| toxicity of neem seed oil (azadiracta indica) against the larvae of amblyomma variegatum a three-host tick in cattle. | the in vitro toxicity of neem seed oil (azadiracta indica, family: meliaceae, 'dogon yaro' in hausa -language) was tested against the larvae of a three-host tick, amblyomma variegatum (family: ixodidae or hard tick) parasitic to cattle commonly found in nigeria. undiluted neem oil (100% concentration) was found to kill all (100% mortality) the larvae after 48 h. the toxicity was concentration and time dependent. | 1999 | 10479769 |
| neem (azadirachta indica) extract as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogenic bacteria. | aquaneem, an emulsified product prepared from the neem (a. indica) kernel was tested against four pathogenic bacteria of fish (i.e. aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas fluorescens, escherichia coli and myxobacteria spp.) to test its efficacy as an antibacterial agent. growth inhibitory property of the product at 10, 15 and 20 ppm has been noticed and recorded. the percentage reduction of bacterial cell population was noted to be maximum on 9th day at 20 ppm concentration (i.e. 70.14%, 74.15% and 6 ... | 1999 | 10783742 |
| prolonged murine genotoxic effects of crude extracted from neem. | oral administration of a crude ethanol extract of the leaves of neem (azadirachta indica a juss) to adult swiss albino mice for 7 days at 5 mg, 10 mg or 20 mg/10 g bw/day significantly increased the incidence of structural and mitosis disruptive changes in metaphase chromosomes of bone marrow cells on days 8, 15 and 35th of observation. it is proposed that one or other of the many constituents of the extract, along with genera free radicals, interfered with dna to yield chromosome strand breakag ... | 1999 | 10189960 |
| antiplasmodial activity of selected sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on maytenus senegalensis (lam.) exell. | the antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts related to four families was tested on chloroquine sensitive strain 3d7 and chloroquine resistant strain dd2 of plasmodium falciparum. the methanolic extract of harrisonia abyssinica (simaroubaceae) inhibited dd2 with ic50 value of 4.7 microg/ml, while in 3d7, the ic50 value was 10 microg/ml. most of the plants from the family meliaceae showed highly potent antiplasmodial activity against the two tested strains. khaya senegalensis, azadirachta indica ... | 1999 | 10363837 |
| effect of an aqueous extract of azadirachta indica on the immune response in mice. | because of the very wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious diseases for which preparations from azadirachta indica are said to be efficacious, it was suspected that a general immunopotentiating ability could be part of the mechanisms by which it ameliorates so many disease conditions. using the haemolytic plaque technique, an aqueous extract of azadirachta indica stem bark was shown to enhance the immune response of balb/c mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo. | 1999 | 10396765 |
| performance of broiler chicks fed on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (azadirachta indica) kernel cake. | 1. the performance, nutrient utilisation, blood profile, carcase composition, gross pathology and sensory evaluation of meat from broiler chicks fed from 3 to 42 d on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (azadirachta indica, a.juss) kernel cake (nkc) as a protein supplement to replace peanut meal (pnm), were evaluated. nkc was ammoniated with urea at 15 (uankc 1) or 25 g (uankc 2)/kg and incorporated into the test diets to replace either half (134.5 g/kg (l-uankc 1) and 127.5 g/kg (l-uankc 2), ... | 1999 | 10405039 |
| activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. | botanical insecticides are relatively safe and degradable, and are readily available sources of biopesticides. the most prominent phytochemical pesticides in recent years are those derived from neem trees, which have been studied extensively in the fields of entomology and phytochemistry, and have uses for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. the neem products have been obtained from several species of neem trees in the family meliaceae. six species in this family have been the subject of botanical ... | 1999 | 10412110 |
| treatment of psoroptic mange with reference to epidemiology and history. | treatment methods in the last century involved the use of substances such as sulphur, mercury, hellebore, arsenic, nicotine and others, applied in various ways. the advent of dips in 1843 signalled an advance. however, the biology of the mite, psoroptes ovis, the epidemiology of sheep scab and the lack of persistence of the acaricides necessitated repeated laborious treatments to ensure success. in 1947 this changed with the use of organo chlorines (ocs) which had up to 3 months residual activit ... | 1999 | 10423001 |
| toxicity of a neem (azadirachta indica) insecticide to certain aquatic organisms. | neem based insecticides are likely to show a large increase in use in the near future. in the present work, the toxicity of a neem insecticide, neem-azal-t/s, was tested against the mosquito larvae, as well as against certain non target organisms occurring in a polluted pond and a shallow stream, located in a cultivated area in giza, egypt. samples of water containing the experimental animals were collected from this area, and toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory by exposing them to a ... | 2000 | 10786033 |
| effect of different combinations of mgk-264 or piperonyl butoxide with plant-derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. | effect of sublethal treatment (20% and 60% of lc(50)/24 h) of plant-derived molluscicides, viz. polianthes tuberosa, trachyspermum ammi, allium sativum powder; azadirachta indica oil; oleoresin of zingiber officinale; and their active molluscicidal component in combination (1:5) with mgk-264 or piperonyl butoxide on the reproduction of snail lymnaea acuminata have been studied. it was observed that the combination of plant derived molluscicide and their active molluscicidal components, viz. tigo ... | 2000 | 10629280 |
| modulatory effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. | the effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during administration of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), a carcinogenic nitrosamine were evaluated in male wistar rats. extracts of garlic and neem leaf were administered orally for five consecutive days before intraperitoneal injection of mnng. enhanced lipid peroxidation in the stomach, liver and circulation of mnng-treated rats was accompanied by a significant decrease in glutathione (gsh) a ... | 2000 | 10686579 |
| how safe is neem extract with respect to thyroid function in male mice? | in this investigation we attempted to find out the hitherto unstudied adverse effects of neem (azardirachta indica) leaf extract on the thyroid function of male mice. neem leaf extract was orally administered in two different doses (40 mg and 100 mg kg(-1)day(-1)for 20 days). the extract exhibited differential effects. while the higher dose decreased serum tri-iodothyonine (t(3)) and increased serum thyroxine (t(4)) concentrations, no significant alterations of levels were observed in the lower ... | 2000 | 10704265 |
| studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. | resistance of sarcoptes scabiei to various topical therapies has been described, but clinical assessment of treatment failure is problematic and in-vitro assays are generally not available. we describe a simple in-vitro analysis used to evaluate the relative efficacy of a range of topical, oral, and herbal treatments available in australia for the treatment of scabies. s. scabiei var. hominis mites were collected from skin scrapings obtained from 7 crusted scabies patients over a period of 2 yea ... | 2000 | 10748911 |
| anti-microbial activity of a new vaginal contraceptive nim-76 from neem oil (azadirachta indica). | efficacy of nim-76, a spermicidal fraction from neem oil, was investigated for its antimicrobial action against certain bacteria, fungi and polio virus as compared to whole neem oil. the nim-76 preparation showed stronger anti-microbial activity than the whole neem oil. it inhibited growth of various pathogens tested including escherichia coli and kleibsiella pneumoniae which were not affected by the whole neem oil. nim-76 also exhibited antifungal activity against candida albicans and antiviral ... | 2000 | 10940573 |
| the toxicity of a neem insecticide to populations of culicidae and other aquatic invertebrates as assessed in in situ microcosms. | microcosm trials were conducted with the botanical insecticide margosan-o(r) to assess the potential hazards of the product to aquatic organisms. laboratory chronic bioassays with water from the treated microcosms were conducted to provide an estimate of the residual effect of margosan-o. results from chronic tests showed margosan-o toxicity to be greater in the laboratory exposures than in situ with culicidae larvae exposed to the same concentrations. residue analyses of the active ingredient, ... | 2000 | 10948283 |
| effect of emulsion size and shelf life of azadirachtin a on the bioefficacy of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) emulsifiable concentrates. | in a study of 33 recipes of neem oil based emulsifiable concentrates, the specific surface area of the emulsions and cream plus oil layer separation in emulsions at 24 h revealed a correlation of -0.6874 between them and correlations of -0.8940 and 0.6972, respectively, with bioefficacy (lc(50)) against the 3-day-old second-instar larvae of the bihar hairy caterpillar, spilosoma obliqua walker. nearly 96-99% of azadirachtin a in emulsifiable concentrates (aza-a content = 617.93-1149.65 ppm) degr ... | 2000 | 10956167 |
| effect of single and binary combinations of plant-derived molluscicides on reproduction and survival of the snail achatina fulica. | the effects of sublethal treatments (20% and 60% of lc(50)/24 h) with plant-derived molluscicides on the reproduction of the giant african snail achatina fulica were studied. azadirachta indica oil, cedrus deodara oil, allium sativum bulb powder, and nerium indicum bark powder singly and binary combinations on reproduction and survival of a. fulica were investigated. repeated treatment occurred on day 0, day 15, and day 30. these plant-derived molluscicides significantly reduced fecundity, egg v ... | 2000 | 11031309 |
| post harvest physiconutritional changes in kagzi limes (citrus aurantifolia swingle) treated with selected oil emulsions and diphenyl. | influence of oil emulsions and diphenyl on post-harvest physiconutritional changes in kagzi limes (citrus aurantifolia) was studied. during twelve days of storage, physiological loss in weight (plw) and rotting were at a minimum in fruits treated with neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) oil plus diphenyl; juice content was at a maximum in mustard oil + diphenyl treated fruits. with the advancement of storage period, total soluble solids were increased while ascorbic acid and acidity of fruits dec ... | 2000 | 11086872 |
| variations in fatty acid composition of neem seeds collected from the rajasthan state of india. | neem (azadirachta indica) is a multipurpose tree native to the indian subcontinent and south-east asian countries. products derived from neem have been used for centuries, particularly in india, for medicinal and pest-management purposes. azadirachtin and neem oil are the two major commercially important products derived from the tree. the oil contains palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in good proportion. although there is growing demand for quality planting material for plantation of ... | 2000 | 11171243 |
| evaluation of the in-vitro pediculicidal action of four known insecticides and three medicinal plant extracts. | human lice is an increasing community health problem worldwide. this is particularly true among school children who spend most of their daytime in crowded areas. four commercially known insecticides and three medicinal plant extracts were studied to evaluate their pediculicidal activities in-vitro. the best result with insecticides was achieved with malathion (lt5o 10.396 and slope function 1.183). the best result with medicinal plant extracts was achieved with neem oil (a. indica) (lt5o 85.27 a ... | 2000 | 11198367 |
| a preliminary field study on repellency of neem oil against anopheles dirus (diptera:culicidae) in assam. | 2000 | 11198400 | |
| field evaluation of neem and canola oil for the selective control of the honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae). | neem oil, neem extract (neem-aza), and canola oil were evaluated for the management of the honey bee mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (oudemans) and acarapis woodi (rennie) in field experiments. spraying neem oil on bees was more effective at controlling v. jacobsoni than feeding oil in a sucrose-based matrix (patty), feeding neem-aza in syrup, or spraying canola oil. neem oil sprays also protected susceptible bees from a. woodi infestation. only neem oil provided v. jacobsoni control comparable ... | 2000 | 10902299 |
| effects of biorational pesticides on four coccinellid species (coleoptera: coccinellidae) having potential as biological control agents in interiorscapes. | the direct toxicity of insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, azatin, an extract from the neem tree containing azadiractin, and botainigard, a commercial formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana, was assessed on adults of four species of coccinellids--hippodamia convergens (guérin-ménéville), coleomegilla maculata (degeer), harmonia axyridis pallas, and cryptolaemus montrouzieri mulsant. all biorationals caused less mortality than a conventional pesticide, carbaryl (sevin). h ... | 2000 | 10902323 |
| effect of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf aqueous extract on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. | the effect of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica (a. indica) was evaluated in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. liver necrosis was produced by administering single dose of paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.). the liver damage was evidenced by elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine aminotransferase (alt), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-gt) and by histopathological observations of liver sections. aqueous a. indica leaf extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) significan ... | 2000 | 10919097 |
| a study of hypoglycaemic effects of azadirachta indica (neem) in normaland alloxan diabetic rabbits. | hypoglycaemic effect was observed with azadirachta indica when given as a leaf extract and seed oil, in normal as well as diabetic rabbits. the effect, however, was more pronounced in diabetic animals in which administration for 4 weeks after alloxan induced diabetes, significantly reduced blood glucose levels. hypoglycaemic effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide. pretreatment with a. indica leaf extract or seed oil administration, started 2 weeks prior to alloxan, partially prevented th ... | 2000 | 10919098 |
| medicinal plants used for dogs in trinidad and tobago. | this paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in trinidad and tobago. in 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (rra) technique. semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agri ... | 2000 | 10821961 |
| comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae), their mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascophaera apis. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (apis mellifera l.) pests. neem pesticides inhibited the growth of paenibacillus larvae (ash, priest & collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of ascophaera apis (olive & spiltoir). azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against p. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. neem-aza, however, ... | 2000 | 10826163 |
| antifungal activity of some tetranortriterpenoids. | natural tetranortriterpenoids such as cedrelone from toona ciliata, azadiradione from azadirachta indica, limonin, limonol and nomilinic acid from citrus medica, along with some cedrelone derivatives were tested for their antifungal activity against puccinia arachidis, a groundnut rust pathogen. results show that cedrelone was the most effective in reducing rust pustule emergence. replacement of functional groups or modification of the a or the b ring in cedrelone reduced the effectiveness indic ... | 2000 | 10844171 |
| garlic and neem leaf extracts enhance hepatic glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes during n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in rats. | the protective effect of garlic (allium sativum l.) and neem leaf (azadirachta indica a. juss.) was investigated on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in male wistar rats. enhanced lipid peroxidation in the liver of tumour-bearing animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) and ... | 2000 | 10861977 |
| pb, zn, and cu levels in tree barks as indicator of atmospheric pollution. | barks of seven species of trees were sampled at 32 locations having different pollution levels in abeokuta, nigeria. the concentrations of pb, zn, and cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. the pb and zn contents, 1.9-159.8 and 16.5-659.1 micrograms g-1, dry weight respectively, correlate with traffic volume, indicating pollution from anthropogenic sources. the results obtained for cu, 4.2-20.7 micrograms g-1, dry weight, though lower, were still significant but did not show any c ... | 2000 | 11345732 |
| immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtin in oreochromis mossambicus (peters). | the effect of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid derived from azadirachta indica on the immune response was studied in the freshwater teleost, o. mossambicus. bovine serum albumin (bsa) and sheep erythrocytes (srbc) were used as antigens to evoke immune response. the immune responses in fish were measured by quantifying antibodies produced and counting the peripheral blood leucocytes in control and experimental fish. in general, azadirachtin significantly enhanced the antibody response and leucocyte c ... | 2000 | 11395951 |
| axenic germination of scutellospora erythropa and scutellospora nigra in in vitro conditions. | spores of scutellospora erythropa and scu. nigra isolated from neem rhizosphere soils from coastal regions of chennai were tested for axenic germination in in vitro conditions. they showed positive results in media of different composition using root exudates, soil extract, thiamine hcl and inositol. the combined medium increased the spore germination in scu. erythropa and in scu. nigra over water agar control. the germ tube often grew up to 3.8 cm on combined media but no vegetative spores and ... | 2000 | 11395963 |
| a study of cutaneous myiasis in sri lanka. | cutaneous myiasis (cm) due to diptera fly larvae shows different patterns in different regions. many modalities of treatment have been described. the objectives of our study were to identify the species causing cm in sri lanka, the common sites of infestation, and the contributory factors, and to assess some treatment modalities, in particular mineral turpentine and certain herbal preparations. | 2000 | 11044194 |
| control of aedes breeding using bactoculicide and neem oil combination in evaporation coolers. | 2000 | 11820084 | |
| two insecticidal tetranortriterpenoids from azadirachta indica. | two new triterpenoids, 6 alpha-o-acetyl-7-deacetylnimocinol [24,25,26,27-tetra-norapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6 alpha-acetoxy-7 alpha-hydroxy-1,14,20,22-tetraen-21,23-epoxy-3-one] (1) and meliacinol [24,25,26,27-tetranorapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-1 alpha-trimethylacryloxy-21,23-6 alpha,28-diepoxy-16-oxo-17-oxa-14,20,22-trien-3 alpha,7 alpha-diol] (2) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fresh leaves of azadirachta indica (neem). their structures have been elucidated through spectral studies ... | 2000 | 10703059 |
| a new triterpenoid from azadirachta indica. | a new triterpenoid, 1 alpha,7 alpha-diacetoxyapotirucall-14-en e-3 alpha, 21,22,24,25-pentaol (1), and the two known compounds odoratone (2) and 2 beta,3 beta,4 beta-trihydroxypregnan-16-o ne (3) were isolated from a methanolic extract of the seed kernels of azadirachta indica. their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods. | 2000 | 11077174 |
| rapid and sensitive analysis of azadirachtin and related triterpenoids from neem (azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. | based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (apci) mass spectrometry, a hplc-ms method was developed to permit the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of azadirachtin and related tetranortriterpenoids from seeds and tissue cultures of neem (azadirachta indica). apci+ standard scanning mass spectra of the major neem triterpenoids were recorded and utilized to select suitable ions for selected ion monitoring (sim). t ... | 2000 | 10950279 |
| a study of water relations in neem (azadirachta indica) seed that is characterized by complex storage behaviour. | neem (azadirachta indica) seed is reputed to have limited tolerance to desiccation, to be sensitive to chilling and imbibitional stress, and to display intermediate storage behaviour. to understand this behaviour the properties of water in seed tissues were studied. water sorption isotherms showed that at similar relative humidity (rh), the water content was consistently higher in axes than in cotyledons, mainly due to the elevated lipid content (51%) in the cotyledons. using differential scanni ... | 2000 | 10938819 |
| government watch: neem partially redeemed. | 2000 | 21662082 | |
| [evaluation of plant protectants against pest insects]. | an interference index of population control (iipc) was constructed for investigating the complex effects of plant protectants, including the effects of repelling insect pests away from the plant, deterring the egg laying of adults and the continuation of feeding, and causing death by toxicity. at the same time, indicated by iipc, the alcohol extracts of some common plants, such as eucalytus rubusta, wedelia chinensis etc. and the neem oil gave very good results to protect the plant against plute ... | 2000 | 11766564 |
| glutaraldehyde crosslinked sodium alginate beads containing liquid pesticide for soil application. | this paper presents experimental results on the successful encapsulation of a natural liquid pesticide 'neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) seed oil' hereafter designated as nso, using sodium alginate (na-alg) as a controlled release (cr) polymer after crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (ga). the nso-containing beads have been prepared by changing the experimental variables such as the extent of crosslinking and the amount of loading in order to optimize the process variables. the absence of chemic ... | 2000 | 10640583 |
| effect of fatty acids and oils on photodegradation of azadirachtin-a. | azadirachtin-a on exposure to uv-light (254 nm) as a thin film on glass surface gave a isomerised (z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate product. half-life of azadirachtin-a as thin film under uv light was found to be 48 min. azadirachtin-a was irradiated along with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and fatty oils under ultra-violet light as thin film. saturated fatty acid increased the rate of photodegradation of azadirachtin-a, whereas unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and elaidic acid re ... | 2000 | 10874625 |
| greens persuade europe to revoke patent on neem tree... | 2000 | 10830934 | |
| spermicidal activity in vitro of bark extract of azadirachta indica in rats. | ethanolic extract of bark of azadirachta indica showed potent spermicidal activity when tested on rat spermatozoa in vitro. when the extract was applied in 1:1 and 1:2 ratio at tree different concentration using wet drop method, cent percent mortality of spermatozoa was observed within 10 seconds. 10% concentration of the extract was considered as an effective dose. | 2000 | 22557001 |
| pharmacognostic profiles of azadirachta indica a.juss.leaves. | the microscopic and macroscopic characters of the leaves, physical constant values, behavior on treatment with different chemical reagents, fluorescence characters under ultra violet light after treatment with different chemical reagents of the powdered leaves of azadirachta indica a. juss (family-meliaceae) were studies to fix some pharmacognostical parameters. | 2000 | 22556932 |
| potential of combining neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, callosobruchus maculatus (f.). | the efficacy of different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/5 g seed) of application of neem (azadirachta indica) seed oil (nso) was assessed on four cowpea varieties (kanannado, it89kd-391, borno brown and it89kd-374) with differing susceptibilities to callosobruchus maculatus. the different rates of nso significantly interacted with cowpea varietal resistance and reduced oviposition and percentage adult emergence of c. maculatus. the interaction of the strategies also significantly reduced percenta ... | 2000 | 10758260 |
| nematodes and the neem tree on the net. | 2001 | 11700237 | |
| comparative residual toxicities of pesticides to the predator agistemus industani (acari: stigmaeidae) on citrus in florida. | residual toxicities of registered and selected experimental pesticides used on citrus against agistemus industani gonzalez (acari: stigmaeidae) were compared. pesticides considered highly toxic to a. industani were: abamectin 0.15 ec at 731 ml/ha + fc 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 l/ha, pyridaben 75 wp at 469 g/ha, ethion 4 ec at 7.01 l/ha + fc 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 l/ha, propargite 6.55 ec at 3.51 l/ha, chlorfenapyr 2 sc at 1.46 l/ha applied alone or in combination with fc 435-66 petroleu ... | 2001 | 11697784 |
| influence of operating parameters on the use of the microwave-assisted process (map) for the extraction of azadirachtin-related limonoids from neem (azadirachta indica) under atmospheric pressure conditions. | the use of the microwave-assisted process (map) for the extraction of azadirachtin-related limonoids (azrl) from various parts of the neem tree was investigated under different operating conditions. the influence of microwave power, solvent, and irradiation time on the recovery of azrl was studied. the efficiency of the microwave-assisted extraction (mae) of the seed kernel, the seed shell, the leaf, and the leaf stem was compared to that of conventional extraction methods. the content of azrl i ... | 2001 | 11599992 |
| genotoxicity of a crude leaf extract of neem in male germ cells of mice. | the oral administration of a soxhlated crude ethanolic extract of leaves of neem (azadirachta indica ajuss; family meliaceae) to adult male mice for 6 weeks (one spermatogenic duration) at the rate of 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg body weight per day increased the incidences of structural changes and synaptic-disturbances in meiotic chromosomes and also caused more disruptions of meiosis. the extract reduced the sperm count and increased the frequency of spermatozoa with abnormal head morphology. it is s ... | 2001 | 11545443 |
| combinations of azadirachta indica and cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl butoxide, mgk-264 and embelia ribes against lymnaea acuminata. | the binary and tertiary combinations of plant-derived molluscicides azadirachta indica and cedrus deodara oil with synergists mgk-264, piperonyl butoxide (pb) and fruit powder of embelia ribes were used against the lymnaea acuminata. it was observed that the toxic effects of these mixtures were time- and dose-dependent. the binary and tertiary mixtures of plant-derived molluscicides with synergists were more toxic with respect to the single treatment of the plant-derived molluscicides. maximum s ... | 2001 | 11534900 |
| population-level effects of the neem insecticide, neemix, on daphnia pulex. | although natural insecticides from the neem tree are generally perceived as less harmful to the environment than synthetic insecticides, new evidence indicates that these products may pose a risk to certain nontarget organisms. in this paper, acute and chronic effects of commercial neem insecticides on the aquatic invertebrate, daphnia pulex were examined. the acute toxicity of two commercial neem insecticides, neemix, azatin and the experimental insecticide, rh-9999 to d. pulex was investigated ... | 2001 | 11495023 |
| viability loss of neem (azadirachta indica) seeds associated with membrane phase behaviour. | storage of neem (azadirachta indica) seeds is difficult because of their sensitivity to chilling stress at moisture contents (mc) > or =10% or imbibitional stress below 10% mc. the hypothesis was tested that an elevated gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (tm) of membranes is responsible for this storage behaviour. to this end a spin probe technique, fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, and electron microscopy were used. the in situ tm of hydrated membranes was betwee ... | 2001 | 11432909 |