Publications

crystal structures of nipah and hendra virus fusion core proteins.	the nipah and hendra viruses are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these characteristics have led to their classification into the new genus henpavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathog ...	2006	16972940
resurrecting abandoned proteins with pure water: cd and nmr studies of protein fragments solubilized in salt-free water.	many proteins expressed in escherichia coli cells form inclusion bodies that are neither refoldable nor soluble in buffers. very surprisingly, we recently discovered that all 11 buffer-insoluble protein fragments/domains we have, with a great diversity of cellular function, location, and molecular size, could be easily solubilized in salt-free water. the circular dichroism (cd) and nmr characterization led to classification of these proteins into three groups: group 1, with no secondary structur ...	2006	16980357
mutation of ymyl in the nipah virus matrix protein abrogates budding and alters subcellular localization.	matrix (m) proteins reportedly direct the budding of paramyxoviruses from infected cells. in order to begin to characterize the assembly process for the highly lethal, emerging paramyxovirus nipah virus (niv), we have examined the budding of niv m. we demonstrated that expression of the niv m protein is sufficient to produce budding virus-like particles (vlps) that are physically and morphologically similar to niv. we identified in niv m a sequence, ymyl, with similarity to the ypdl late domain ...	2006	17005661
feline model of acute nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are paramyxoviruses capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. case reports from outbreaks and previous challenge experiments have suggested that cats were highly susceptible to niv infection, responding with a severe respiratory disease and systemic infection. here we have assessed the cat as a model of experimental niv infection and use it in the evaluation of a subunit vaccine comprised o ...	2006	17005664
[generation of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing attachment glycoprotein of nipah virus].	the mammalian condon optimized g gene was synthesized by over-lapping pcr and used to generate recombinant vaccinia virus, rwr-niv-g. the expression of nipah virus g protein in rwr-niv-g infected hela cells was confirmed by western-blot with niv g protein specific mouse antiserum generated by dna immunization.the recombinant g protein showed sensitive and specific antigenic reaction to rabbit serum anti-nipah virus in indirect florescence. syncytium formation was induced in bhk cells by rwr-niv- ...	2006	17037071
establishment of a nipah virus rescue system.	nipah virus (niv), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. fruit bats, living in vast areas extending from india to the western pacific, were identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. however, the mechanisms that resulted in severe pathogenicity in humans (up to 70% mortality) and that enabled crossing the species barrier were not known. in this study, we established a system tha ...	2006	17053073
a single amino acid substitution in the v protein of nipah virus alters its ability to block interferon signalling in cells from different species.	the v protein of the paramyxovirus nipah virus (niv) has been shown to antagonize the interferon (ifn) response in human cells via sequestration of stat1 and stat2. this study describes a mutant of the niv v protein, referred to as v(aahl), that is unable to antagonize ifn signalling and demonstrates that a single amino acid substitution is responsible for its inactivity. the molecular basis for this was identified as a failure to interact with stat1 and stat2. it was also shown that niv v, but ...	2006	17098981
efficacy of dna immunization with f and g protein genes of nipah virus.	we investigated the antibody response of dna immunization with two mammalian codon optimized envelope glycoprotein genes, f and g, of nipah virus in a mouse model. the results indicated that g gene immunization elicited more significant specific serum igg response and neutralization antibody response than f gene did, suggesting that the g gene dna immunization is a potential vaccine strategy against nipah virus.	2006	17135518
nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, siliguri, india.	during january and february 2001, an outbreak of febrile illness associated with altered sensorium was observed in siliguri, west bengal, india. laboratory investigations at the time of the outbreak did not identify an infectious agent. because siliguri is in close proximity to bangladesh, where outbreaks of nipah virus (niv) infection were recently described, clinical material obtained during the siliguri outbreak was retrospectively analyzed for evidence of niv infection. niv-specific immunogl ...	2006	16494748
going to bat.		2006	16502604
potent neutralization of hendra and nipah viruses by human monoclonal antibodies.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae. each has a broad species tropism and can cause disease with high mortality in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins (envs). seven fabs, m101 to -7, were selected for their significant binding to a soluble form of hendra g (sg) which w ...	2006	16378991
antibody prophylaxis and therapy against nipah virus infection in hamsters.	nipah virus (niv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes a zoonotic infection in which the reservoir, the fruit bat, may pass the infection to pigs and eventually to humans. in humans, the infection leads to encephalitis with >40 to 70% mortality. we have previously shown that polyclonal antibody directed to either one of two glycoproteins, g (attachment protein) or f (fusion protein), can protect hamsters from a lethal infection. in the present study, we have developed monoclonal antib ...	2006	16439553
developments towards effective treatments for nipah and hendra virus infection.	hendra and nipah virus are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the subfamily paramyxovirinae and are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. in particular, the high mortality and person-to-person transmission associated with the most recent nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of hendra virus, has confirmed the importance and necessity of developing effective therapeutic interventions. much r ...	2006	16441208
development of human monoclonal antibodies against diseases caused by emerging and biodefense-related viruses.	polyclonal antibodies have a century-old history of being effective against some viruses; recently, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have also shown success. the humanized mab synagis (palivizumab), which is still the only mab against a viral disease approved by the us fda, has been widely used as a prophylactic measure against respiratory syncytial virus infections in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. the first fully human mabs against two other paramyxoviruses, hendra and nipah virus, wh ...	2006	16441209
nipah virus: impact, origins, and causes of emergence.	nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. the natural reservoir for nipah virus and related members of the genus henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus pteropus. nipah virus emerged in ...	2006	16448602
a mature and fusogenic form of the nipah virus fusion protein requires proteolytic processing by cathepsin l.	the nipah virus fusion (f) protein is proteolytically processed to f1 + f2 subunits. we demonstrate here that cathepsin l is involved in this important maturation event. cathepsin inhibitors ablated cleavage of nipah f. proteolytic processing of nipah f and fusion activity was dramatically reduced in cathepsin l shrna-expressing vero cells. additionally, nipah virus f-mediated fusion was inhibited in cathepsin l-deficient cells, but coexpression of cathepsin l restored fusion activity. both puri ...	2006	16460775
two key residues in ephrinb3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for nipah virus.	ephrinb2 was recently discovered as a functional receptor for nipah virus (niv), a lethal emerging paramyxovirus. ephrins constitute a class of homologous ligands for the eph class of receptor tyrosine kinases and exhibit overlapping expression patterns. thus, we examined whether other ephrins might serve as alternative receptors for niv. here, we show that of all known ephrins (ephrina1-a5 and ephrinb1-b3), only the soluble fc-fusion proteins of ephrinb3, in addition to ephrinb2, bound to solub ...	2006	16477309
foodborne transmission of nipah virus, bangladesh.	we investigated an outbreak of encephalitis in tangail district, bangladesh. we defined case-patients as persons from the outbreak area in whom fever developed with new onset of seizures or altered mental status from december 15, 2004, through january 31, 2005. twelve persons met the definition; 11 (92%) died. serum specimens were available from 3; 2 had immunoglobulin m antibodies against nipah virus by capture enzyme immunoassay. we enrolled 11 case-patients and 33 neighborhood controls in a c ...	2006	17326940
hendra and nipah viruses: different and dangerous.	hendra virus and nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these features led to their classification into the new genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathogens. t ...	2006	16357858
public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective.	bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ...	2006	17187565
pulau virus; a new member of the nelson bay orthoreovirus species isolated from fruit bats in malaysia.	after the outbreak of nipah virus (niv) in 1998-99, which resulted in 105 human deaths and the culling of more than one million pigs, a search was initiated for the natural host reservoir of niv on tioman island off the east coast of malaysia. three different syncytia-forming viruses were isolated from fruit bats on the island. they were nipah virus, tioman virus (a novel paramyxovirus related to menangle virus), and a reovirus, named pulau virus (puv), which is the subject of this study. puv di ...	2006	16205863
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated nipah virus.	nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (bei). the inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. the gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly nipah matrix (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins was used for immunizing balb/c mice to generate hybridomas. screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five ...	2006	16226320
emerging henipaviruses and flying foxes - conservation and management perspectives.	wildlife populations are affected by a series of emerging diseases, some of which pose a significant threat to their conservation. they can also be reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health. in this paper, we review the ecology of two viruses that have caused significant disease in domestic animals and humans and are carried by wild fruit bats in asia and australia. the first, hendra virus, has caused disease in horses and/or humans in australia every five years sinc ...	2006	32226079
quantitative analysis of nipah virus proteins released as virus-like particles reveals central role for the matrix protein.	nipah virus (niv) is an emerging paramyxovirus distinguished by its ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. together with hendra virus (hev), they comprise the genus henipavirus in the paramyxoviridae family. niv and hev are also restricted to biosafety level-4 containment and this has hampered progress towards examining details of their replication and morphogenesis. here, we have established recombinant expression systems to study niv particle assembly and budding throug ...	2007	17204159
inhibition of henipavirus infection by nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-b2 or ephrin-b3.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are newly identified members of the family paramyxoviridae and have been classified in the new genus henipavirus based on unique genetic characteristics distinct from other paramyxoviruses. transgenic cell lines were generated that expressed either the attachment protein (g) or the fusion protein (f) of niv. functional expression of niv f and g was verified by complementation with the corresponding glycoprotein, which resulted in the development of syncyt ...	2007	17251577
emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer.	the role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly emergent viruses such as nipah virus, hendra virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. this article expands on recent findings about bats and viruses and their relevance to human infections. it briefly reviews the history of chiropteran viruses and discusses their emergence in the context of geography, phylogeny ...	2007	17278066
neutralization assays for differential henipavirus serology using bio-plex protein array systems.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are related emerging paramyxoviruses classified in the genus henipavirus. both cause fatal disease in animals and humans and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. here we detail two new multiplexed microsphere assays, one for antibody detection and differentiation and another designed as a surrogate for virus neutralization. both assays utilize recombinant soluble attachment glycoproteins (sg) whereas the latter incorporates the cellular receptor ...	2007	17292974
polybasic kkr motif in the cytoplasmic tail of nipah virus fusion protein modulates membrane fusion by inside-out signaling.	the cytoplasmic tails of the envelope proteins from multiple viruses are known to contain determinants that affect their fusogenic capacities. here we report that specific residues in the cytoplasmic tail of the nipah virus fusion protein (niv-f) modulate its fusogenic activity. truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of niv-f greatly inhibited cell-cell fusion. deletion and alanine scan analysis identified a tribasic kkr motif in the membrane-adjacent region as important for modulating cell-cell fus ...	2007	17301148
expression of truncated phosphoproteins of nipah virus and hendra virus in escherichia coli for the differentiation of henipavirus infections.	the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae compromises two newly identified dangerous pathogens, nipah virus and hendra virus. phosphoprotein of the two viruses is one of the major immunodominant antigens and the most divergent protein in the viral genomes. we have now expressed two pairs of truncated phosphoproteins of the two viruses in escherichia coli in a soluble form using a vector tailored from pet32a. the truncated recombinant phosphoproteins were purified with his-tag affinity ...	2007	17322967
[bad bats?].	for many centuries, man is fascinated by bats, the only flying mammals. probably because of their particular immune system, bats can be considered an important reservoir for new emerging viral diseases like sars-coronavirus, marburg fever, ebola fever and nipah virus encephalitis. during closer contact, they can transmit rabies and probably other nonviral infectious diseases. bats get closer to man due to ecological modifications like deforestation, so that transmission of new infectious agents ...	2007	17985603
role of electron microscopy in nipah virus outbreak investigation and control.	in 1998, a novel paramyxovirus (order mononegavirales, family paramyxoviridae, subfamily paramyxovirinae, genus henipavirus) emerged in peninsular malaysia causing fatal encephalitis in humans and severe respiratory illness with encephalitis in pigs. the virus was successfully isolated in cultured mammalian cells. transmission electron microscopy of infected tissue culture cells played a crucial role in the early preliminary identification of the causative agent of the outbreak. this in turn was ...	2007	18705447
lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia.	the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia (september 1998 to may 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. because it was initially attributed to japanese encephalitis, early control measures were ineffective, and the outbreak spread to other parts of malaysia and nearby singapore. the isolation of the novel aetiological agent, the nipah virus (niv), from the cerebrospinal fluid of an outbreak victim was the turnin ...	2007	19108397
genetic analysis of j-virus and beilong virus using minireplicons.	j-virus (jpv), isolated from wild mice in australia, and beilong virus (beipv), originally isolated from human mesangial cells in china and subsequently detected in rat mesangial cells, represent a new group of paramyxoviruses which have exceptionally large genomes (>19 kb) and contain more than six transcriptional units. in this study, minireplicons were employed to assess the taxonomic status of jpv and beipv. our results demonstrated that, whilst the genome replication machineries of jpv and ...	2007	17397895
proceedings of a meeting entitled emerging viral infectious diseases, april 4-5, 2005, hanoi, vietnam.		2007	17470907
molecular characteristics of the nipah virus glycoproteins.	nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998 from fruit bats in malaysia and caused an outbreak of severe respiratory disease in pigs and fatal encephalitis in humans with high mortality rates. in contrast to most paramyxoviruses, niv can infect a large variety of mammalian species. due to this broad host range, its zoonotic potential, its high pathogenicity for humans, and the lack of effective vaccines or therapeutics, niv was classified as a biosafety level 4 ...	2007	17470910
envelope-receptor interactions in nipah virus pathobiology.	nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are members of the newly defined henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. nipah virus (niv) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70% of infected patients, and there is increasing evidence of human-to-human transmission. niv is designated a priority pathogen in the niaid biodefense research agenda, and could be a devastating agent of agrobioterrorism if used against the pig farming industry. endothelial syncytium is a pathognom ...	2007	17470911
[nipah virus infection].		2007	17491382
experimental nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (pteropus poliocephalus).	seventeen grey-headed fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated subcutaneously with an isolate of nipah virus derived from a fatally infected human. a control group of eight guinea-pigs was inoculated intraperitoneally with the same isolate in order to confirm virulence. three of eight infected guinea-pigs developed clinical signs 7-9 days post-inoculation. infected fruit bats developed a subclinical infection characterized by the transient presence of virus within selected viscera, ep ...	2007	17498518
serine/threonine kinase dependent transcription from the polyhedrin promoter of spltnpv-i.	polyhedrin (polh) and p10 are the two hyper-expressed very late genes of nucleopolyhedroviruses. alpha amanitin resistant transcription from spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (spltnpv-i) polyhedrin promoter was observed with virus infected nuclear extract of niv-ha-197 cells but not with that from uninfected nuclear extract. anti-protein kinase-1 (pk1) antibody inhibited the transcription and the inhibition reversed on addition of pk1, however, pk1 mutant protein, k50m having no phosphoryla ...	2007	17512903
risk of nosocomial transmission of nipah virus in a bangladesh hospital.	we conducted a seroprevalence study and exposure survey of healthcare workers to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of nipah virus during an outbreak in bangladesh in 2004. no evidence of recent nipah virus infection was detected despite substantial exposures and minimal use of personal protective equipment.	2007	17520553
human neuronal cell protein responses to nipah virus infection.	nipah virus (niv), a recently discovered zoonotic virus infects and replicates in several human cell types. its replication in human neuronal cells, however, is less efficient in comparison to other fully susceptible cells. in the present study, the sk-n-mc human neuronal cell protein response to niv infection is examined using proteomic approaches.	2007	17553172
recent progress in henipavirus research.	following the discovery of two new paramyxoviruses in the 1990s, much effort has been placed on rapidly finding the reservoir hosts, characterising the genomes, identifying the viral receptors and formulating potential vaccines and therapeutic options for these viruses, hendra and nipah viruses caused zoonotic disease on a scale not seen before with other paramyxoviruses. nipah virus particularly caused high morbidity and mortality in humans and high morbidity in pig populations in the first out ...	2007	17629946
molecular determinants of antiviral potency of paramyxovirus entry inhibitors.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) constitute the henipavirus genus of paramyxoviruses, both fatal in humans and with the potential for subversion as agents of bioterrorism. binding of the hev/niv attachment protein (g) to its receptor triggers a series of conformational changes in the fusion protein (f), ultimately leading to formation of a postfusion six-helix bundle (6hb) structure and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. the ectodomain of paramyxovirus f proteins contains two co ...	2007	17652384
single amino acid changes in the nipah and hendra virus attachment glycoproteins distinguish ephrinb2 from ephrinb3 usage.	the henipaviruses, nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), are lethal emerging paramyxoviruses. ephrinb2 and ephrinb3 have been identified as receptors for henipavirus entry. niv and hev share similar cellular tropisms and likely use an identical receptor set, although a quantitative comparison of receptor usage by niv and hev has not been reported. here we show that (i) soluble niv attachment protein g (sniv-g) bound to cell surface-expressed ephrinb3 with a 30-fold higher affinity than that ...	2007	17652392
[expression of nipah virus structural proteins f1 and g and preparation of hyperimmune antisera against two proteins].	the fusion protein (f) and attachment glycoprotein (g) of nipah virus (niv) are important for the virus to infect cells and induce protective immunity. in this study, the niv f1 and g gene fragments without the sequences of signal peptide and transmembrane domain were amplified by pcr, then cloned into e. coli expression vector pgex-6p-1 and modified baculovirus vector, respectively. after induction by iptg, niv f1 and g proteins were efficiently expressed in e. coli when analyzed by sds-page, b ...	2007	17672307
long-term neurological and functional outcome in nipah virus infection.	nipah virus (niv) is an emerging zoonosis. central nervous system disease frequently results in high case-fatality. long-term neurological assessments of survivors are limited. we assessed long-term neurologic and functional outcomes of 22 patients surviving niv illness in bangladesh.	2007	17696217
cis-acting elements in the antigenomic promoter of nipah virus.	genome synthesis in paramyxoviruses, including nipah virus (niv), is controlled by sequence elements that reside in the non-coding nucleotides at the 5'-trailer (3'-antigenomic) end that make up the antigenomic promoter (agp). using a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase-based plasmid-driven minigenome system, the terminal 96 nt of niv agp were first mutagenized in blocks of three hexamers to enable broad mapping of the minigenome functional regions. this was followed by further dissection of thes ...	2007	17698665
in utero transmission of nipah virus: role played by pregnancy and vertical transmission in henipavirus epidemiology.		2007	17703408
vertical transmission and fetal replication of nipah virus in an experimentally infected cat.	a female adult cat developed clinical disease 13 days after subcutaneous inoculation with nipah virus (niv) and was discovered to be pregnant at necropsy. viral genome was detected in a variety of specimens, including blood, serum, tonsil swabs, and urine, up to 3 days before the onset of disease. samples collected postmortem, including placenta, uterine fluid, and fetal tissues, were also positive for niv genome, and the placenta and uterine fluid contained high levels of recoverable virus. the ...	2007	17703410
infection and disease in reservoir and spillover hosts: determinants of pathogen emergence.	infection and disease in reservoir and spillover hosts determine patterns of infectious agent availability and opportunities for infection, which then govern the process of transmission between susceptible species. in this chapter, using the zoonotic agents hendra virus and nipah virus as examples, the pathogenesis of infection in various species including the wildlife reservoirs and domestic spillover hosts is reviewed with an emphasis on the aspects of pathogenesis which contribute to the diss ...	2007	17848063
henipaviruses: emerging paramyxoviruses associated with fruit bats.	two related, novel, zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been described recently. hendra virus was first reported in horses and thence humans in australia in 1994; nipah virus was first reported in pigs and thence humans in malaysia in 1998. human cases of nipah virus infection, apparently unassociated with infection in livestock, have been reported in bangladesh since 2001. species of fruit bats (genus pteropus) have been identified as natural hosts of both agents. anthropogenic changes (habitat loss, ...	2007	17848064
person-to-person transmission of nipah virus in a bangladeshi community.	an encephalitis outbreak was investigated in faridpur district, bangladesh, in april-may 2004 to determine the cause of the outbreak and risk factors for disease. biologic specimens were tested for nipah virus. surfaces were evaluated for nipah virus contamination by using reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). thirty-six cases of nipah virus illness were identified; 75% of case-patients died. multiple peaks of illness occurred, and 33 case-patients had close contact with another nipah virus patien ...	2007	18214175
effects of single amino acid substitutions at the e residue in the conserved gdne motif of the nipah virus polymerase (l) protein.	nipah virus (niv) is an emergent zoonotic paramyxovirus. the l proteins of most paramyxoviruses contain a gdnq motif, thought to be part of the catalytic site for polymerase activity. conversely, niv l has gdne in this position. we substituted the e residue with eight different amino acid residues and examined the effect on l function in an in vitro replication assay. our results demonstrated that niv l functioned with similar efficiency with either gdne or gdnq, but polymerase activity was seve ...	2007	17143779
duplex nested rt-pcr for detection of nipah virus rna from urine specimens of bats.	a method for duplex nested rt-pcr (nrt-pcr) with internal control (ic) for the detection of nipah virus rna is described. incorporation of ic rna distinguished false and true negative results. the extrinsic rna was added directly to the pcr master mix and co-amplified with virus specific rna in a duplex reaction to determine the presence of pcr inhibitor. limit of detection was affected minimally when ic was added. of 53 pooled urine samples collected from fruit bats (pteropus lylei), 16 were va ...	2007	17184850
[global threats from emerging viral diseases].	emerging viral diseases are nothing new. smallpox probably reached europe from asia in the 5th century, and yellow fever emerged in the americas during the 16th century as a consequence of the african slave trade. dengue fever arose simultaneously in south-east asia, africa, and north america during the 18th century. in 1918-1919 the so-called spanish flu spread like wildfire through all five continents, killing between 25 and 40 million people. the second half of the 20th century saw the emerge ...	2007	18666456
henipavirus infection in fruit bats (pteropus giganteus), india.	we tested 41 bats for antibodies against nipah and hendra viruses to determine whether henipaviruses circulate in pteropid fruit bats (pteropus giganteus) in northern india. twenty bats were seropositive for nipah virus, which suggests circulation in this species, thereby extending the known distribution of henipaviruses in asia westward by >1,000 km.	2008	18680665
inhibition of henipavirus infection by rna interference.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses exclusively grouped within a new genus, henipavirus. these viruses cause fatal disease in a wide range of species, including humans. both niv and hev have continued to re-emerge sporadically in bangladesh and australia, respectively. there are currently no therapeutics or vaccines available to treat henipavirus infection and both are classified as bsl4 pathogens. rna interference (rnai) is a process by which d ...	2008	18687361
a recombinant subunit vaccine formulation protects against lethal nipah virus challenge in cats.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are closely related deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses that have emerged and re-emerged over the last 10 years. in this study, a subunit vaccine formulation containing only recombinant, soluble, attachment glycoprotein from hev (sg(hev)) and cpg adjuvant was evaluated as a potential niv vaccine in the cat model. different amounts of sg(hev) were employed and sg-induced immunity was examined. vaccinated animals demonstrated varying levels of niv-specific ig s ...	2008	18556094
histopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of nipah virus infection in the guinea pig.	mortality rate in humans infected with nipah virus (niv) has been reported as high as 92%. humans infected with niv show a widespread multisystemic vasculitis with most severe clinical and pathologic manifestations in the brain, lungs, and spleen. the purpose of this study was to study pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in guinea pigs infected with niv. of 28 animals inoculated intraperitoneally, only 2 survived the infection, and most died between 4 and 8 days postinoculation (dpi). vi ...	2008	18587107
host cell recognition by the henipaviruses: crystal structures of the nipah g attachment glycoprotein and its complex with ephrin-b3.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus are the type species of the highly pathogenic paramyxovirus genus henipavirus, which can cause severe respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis infections in humans, with case fatality rates approaching 75%. niv contains two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor-binding g glycoprotein (niv-g) that facilitates attachment to host cells and the fusion (f) glycoprotein that mediates membrane merger. the henipavirus g glycoproteins lack both hemagglutinating and neu ...	2008	18632560
selective receptor expression restricts nipah virus infection of endothelial cells.	nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes severe diseases in animals and humans. endothelial cell (ec) infection is an established hallmark of niv infection in vivo. despite systemic virus spread via the vascular system, ec in brain and lung are preferentially infected whereas ec in other organs are less affected. as in vivo, we found differences in the infection of ec in cell culture. only brain-derived primary or immortalized ec were found to be permissive to niv infec ...	2008	19036148
antibodies to nipah or nipah-like viruses in bats, china.		2008	19046545
characterization of the complete genome of influenza a (h5n1) virus isolated during the 2006 outbreak in poultry in india.	an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus in poultry was reported from nandurbar and jalgaon districts of maharashtra and adjoining areas of uchhal in gujarat and burhanpur in madhya pradesh in india from january to april, 2006. in the present study, the full genome of two previously uncharacterized strains of h5n1 viruses isolated at the national institute of virology (niv), pune, from post-mortem tissues of chicken collected from navapur, nandurbar district during the out ...	2008	18214665
exceptionally potent cross-reactive neutralization of nipah and hendra viruses by a human monoclonal antibody.	we have previously identified neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) by panning a large nonimmune antibody library against a soluble form of the hev attachment-envelope glycoprotein g (sg hev). one of these antibodies, m102, which exhibited the highest level of cross-reactive neutralization of both niv and hev g, was affinity maturated by light-chain shuffling combined with random mutagenesis of its heavy-chain variable domain and panning agains ...	2008	18271743
development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for nipah and hendra virus.	there are currently no antiviral drugs approved for the highly lethal biosafety level 4 pathogens nipah and hendra virus. a number of researchers are developing surrogate assays amenable to biosafety level 2 biocontainment but ultimately, the development of a high throughput screening method for directly quantifying these viruses in a biosafety level 4 environment will be critical for final evaluation of antiviral drugs identified in surrogate assays, in addition to reducing the time required fo ...	2008	18313148
[study on the dna immunogenicity of fusion and attachment glycoproteins of nipah virus].	the two mammalian codon optimized genes, f and g genes of nipah virus, were generated by assembly pcr, and inserted into mammalian expression vector pcaggs under chicken beta-actin promoter to construct pcagg-niv-f and pcagg-niv-g. syncytium formation was induced in bhk cells by plasmid pcagg-niv-f and pcagg-niv-g transfection, which indicate recombination proteins f and g were expressed in bhk cell and possessed good biologic activity. six-week-old female balb/c mice were intramuscularly primed ...	2008	18320822
role of endocytosis and cathepsin-mediated activation in nipah virus entry.	the recent discovery that the nipah virus (niv) fusion protein (f) is activated by endosomal cathepsin l raised the question if niv utilize ph- and protease-dependent mechanisms of entry. we show here that the niv receptor ephrin b2, virus-like particles and infectious niv are internalized from the cell surface. however, endocytosis, acidic ph and cathepsin-mediated cleavage are not necessary for the initiation of infection of new host cells. our data clearly demonstrate that proteolytic activat ...	2008	18342904
identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray.	the emergence of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and nipah virus has underscored the role of animal reservoirs in human disease and the need for reservoir surveillance. here, we used a panviral dna microarray to investigate the death of a captive beluga whale in an aquatic park. a highly divergent coronavirus, tentatively named coronavirus sw1, was identified in liver tissue from the deceased whale. subsequently, the entire genome of sw1 was sequenced, yielding a ge ...	2008	18353961
bacterial infections in pigs experimentally infected with nipah virus.	nipah virus (niv; paramyxoviridae) caused fatal encephalitis in humans during an outbreak in malaysia in 1998/1999 after transmission from infected pigs. our previous study demonstrated that the respiratory, lymphatic and central nervous systems are targets for virus replication in experimentally infected pigs. to continue the studies on pathogenesis of niv in swine, six piglets were inoculated oronasally with 2.5 x 10(5) pfu per animal. four pigs developed mild clinical signs, one exudative epi ...	2008	18405339
henipavirus v protein association with polo-like kinase reveals functional overlap with stat1 binding and interferon evasion.	emerging viruses in the paramyxovirus genus henipavirus evade host antiviral responses via protein interactions between the viral v and w proteins and cellular stat1 and stat2 and the cytosolic rna sensor mda5. polo-like kinase (plk1) is identified as being an additional cellular partner that can bind to nipah virus p, v, and w proteins. for both nipah virus and hendra virus, contact between the v protein and the plk1 polo box domain is required for v protein phosphorylation. results indicate th ...	2008	18417573
the c, v and w proteins of nipah virus inhibit minigenome replication.	nipah virus (niv) is a recently emergent, highly pathogenic, zoonotic paramyxovirus of the genus henipavirus. like the phosphoprotein (p) gene of other paramyxoviruses, the p gene of niv is predicted to encode three additional proteins, c, v and w. when the c, v and w proteins of niv were tested for their ability to inhibit expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene in plasmid-based, minigenome replication assays, each protein inhibited cat expression in a dose-depen ...	2008	18420809
induction and sequencing of rousette bat interferon alpha and beta genes.	bats are considered to be natural reservoirs for several viruses of clinical importance, including rabies virus, nipah virus, and hendra virus. type i interferons (ifns) is an important part of the immune system in the defense against viral infection. to investigate the function of type i ifns upon viral infection in bats, the nucleic acid, and amino acid sequences of egyptian rousette (rousettus aegyptiacus) ifn-alpha and -beta were characterized. sequence data indicated that bat ifn-alpha cons ...	2008	18436311
clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in bangladesh.	in bangladesh, 4 outbreaks of nipah virus infection were identified during the period 2001-2004.	2008	18444812
processing of genome 5' termini as a strategy of negative-strand rna viruses to avoid rig-i-dependent interferon induction.	innate immunity is critically dependent on the rapid production of interferon in response to intruding viruses. the intracellular pathogen recognition receptors rig-i and mda5 are essential for interferon induction by viral rnas containing 5' triphosphates or double-stranded structures, respectively. viruses with a negative-stranded rna genome are an important group of pathogens causing emerging and re-emerging diseases. we investigated the ability of genomic rnas from substantial representative ...	2008	18446221
[nipah encephalitis].	nipah encephalitis is a particular dangerous disease that affects animals and man. fatal cases of the disease have been identified in the persons looking after pigs in the villages of malaysia. the causative agent is presumably referred to as morbilliviruses of the paramixoviridae family. two hundred persons died among the ill patients with the signs of encephalitis. the principal hosts of the virus were fox-bats (megaschiroptera) inhabiting in the surrounding forests. the present paper descries ...	2008	18450103
structural basis of nipah and hendra virus attachment to their cell-surface receptor ephrin-b2.	nipah and hendra viruses are emergent paramyxoviruses, causing disease characterized by rapid onset and high mortality rates, resulting in their classification as biosafety level 4 pathogens. their attachment glycoproteins are essential for the recognition of the cell-surface receptors ephrin-b2 (efnb2) and ephrin-b3 (efnb3). here we report crystal structures of both nipah and hendra attachment glycoproteins in complex with human efnb2. in contrast to previously solved paramyxovirus attachment c ...	2008	18488039
establishment and characterization of plasmid-driven minigenome rescue systems for nipah virus: rna polymerase i- and t7-catalyzed generation of functional paramyxoviral rna.	in this study we report the development and optimization of two minigenome rescue systems for nipah virus, a member of the paramyxoviridae family. one is mediated by the t7 rna polymerase supplied either by a constitutively expressing cell line or by transfection of expression plasmids and is thus independent from infection with a helper virus. the other approach is based on rna polymerase i-driven transcription, a unique approach for paramyxovirus reverse genetics technology. minigenome rescue ...	2008	17904180
monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid proteins of henipaviruses: production, epitope mapping and application in immunohistochemistry.	four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated by immunizing balb/c mice with recombinant nucleocapsid protein (n) of nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) expressed in e. coli. two mabs each were obtained for the hev n and niv n, respectively. all four mabs displayed specific reactivity with the recombinant n proteins of both viruses by western blot, which was further confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody assay using fixed insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses expressing e ...	2008	17978885
ephrin-b2 expression critically influences nipah virus infection independent of its cytoplasmic tail.	cell entry and cell-to-cell spread of the highly pathogenic nipah virus (niv) requires binding of the niv g protein to cellular ephrin receptors and subsequent niv f-mediated fusion. since expression levels of the main niv entry receptor ephrin-b2 (eb2) are highly regulated in vivo to fulfill the physiological functions in axon guidance and angiogenesis, the goal of this study was to determine if changes in the eb2 expression influence niv infection.	2008	19108727
viral encephalitis and epilepsy.	viral encephalitis presents with seizures not only in the acute stage but also increases the risk of late unprovoked seizures and epilepsy. acute symptomatic and late unprovoked seizures in different viral encephalitides are reviewed here. among the sporadic viral encephalitides, herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is perhaps most frequently associated with epilepsy, which may often be severe. seizures may be the presenting feature in 50% patients with hse because of involvement of the highly epil ...	2008	18754956
nipah virus encephalitis.	nipah virus was first discovered in 1999, after a severe outbreak of viral encephalitis among pig farm workers in malaysia. the disease is thought to spread from pteropus bats to pigs and then to humans following close contact. the reported mortality rate in this outbreak was 40%. the main necropsy finding in patients with nipah virus encephalitis was disseminated microinfarction associated with vasculitis and direct neuronal involvement. relapse of encephalitis was seen in 10% of those who surv ...	2008	18765105
[emerging viral infections in south east asia and the pacific region].	the epidemiology of several viral diseases underwent profound changes in south-east asia and oceania over the past decades. this was due to several factors, including the geographical distribution of vectors and the viruses they transmit; increasing traveling and trade; increasing ecological and demographic pressure. we reviewed the current state of knowledge based on published sources and available epidemiological data. the review was limited to potentially emerging viruses in southeast asia an ...	2008	18771865
crystal structure and carbohydrate analysis of nipah virus attachment glycoprotein: a template for antiviral and vaccine design.	two members of the paramyxovirus family, nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), are recent additions to a growing number of agents of emergent diseases which use bats as a natural host. identification of ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 as cellular receptors for these viruses has enabled the development of immunotherapeutic reagents which prevent virus attachment and subsequent fusion. here we present the structural analysis of the protein and carbohydrate components of the unbound viral attachment gl ...	2008	18815311
new respiratory viruses of humans.	acute respiratory viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide and most acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. many of these viruses cause the highest burden of disease in specific risk groups such as young infants, the elderly, and immune-compromised individuals. although the most important respiratory viruses of humans have been identified in the last century, in the past decade about a dozen "new" viruses have been discovered that may cause a high burd ...	2008	18820582
risk factors for nipah virus encephalitis in bangladesh.	nipah virus (niv) is a paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis in humans. during january 2004, twelve patients with niv encephalitis (nive) were identified in west-central bangladesh. a case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with niv infection. nive patients from the outbreak were enrolled in a matched case-control study. exact odds ratios (ors) and 95% confidence intervals (cis) were calculated by using a matched analysis. climbing trees (83% of cases vs. 51% of c ...	2008	18826814
the emergence of nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus.	nipah virus first emerged in malaysia and singapore between 1998 and 1999, causing severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a mortality rate of close to 40%. in addition, a significant portion of those recovering from acute infection had relapse encephalitis and long-term neurological defects. since its initial outbreak, there have been numerous outbreaks in bangladesh and india, in which the mortality rate rose to approximately 70%. these subsequent outbreaks were distinct from the initial ou ...	2008	18835214
the yplgvg sequence of the nipah virus matrix protein is required for budding.	nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged paramyxovirus capable of causing fatal disease in a broad range of mammalian hosts, including humans. together with hendra virus (hev), they comprise the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. recombinant expression systems have played a crucial role in studying the cell biology of these biosafety level-4 restricted viruses. henipavirus assembly and budding occurs at the plasma membrane, although the details of this process remain poorly understo ...	2008	19000317
functional studies of host-specific ephrin-b ligands as henipavirus receptors.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related paramyxoviruses that infect and cause disease in a wide range of mammalian hosts. to determine whether host receptor molecules play a role in species-specific and/or virus-specific infection we have cloned and characterized ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 ligands from a range of species, including human, horse, pig, cat, dog, bats (pteropus alecto and pteropus vampyrus) and mouse. hev and niv were both able to infect cells expressing any of th ...	2008	18054977
henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables.	the routes of henipavirus transmission between hosts are poorly understood. the purpose of this study was to measure the persistence of henipaviruses under various environmental conditions and thereby gain an insight into likely mechanisms of transmission. henipaviruses survived for more than 4 days at 22 degrees c in ph-neutral fruit bat urine but were sensitive to higher temperatures and ph changes. on mango flesh, survival time varied depending on temperature and fruit ph, ranging from 2h to ...	2008	18166242
emerging and re-emerging viruses in malaysia, 1997-2007.	over the past decade, a number of unique zoonotic and non-zoonotic viruses have emerged in malaysia. several of these viruses have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality to those affected and they have imposed a tremendous public health and economic burden on the state. amongst the most devastating was the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in 1998, which resulted in 109 deaths. the culling of more than a million pigs, identified as the amplifying host, ultimately brought the outbreak ...	2009	19010076
a novel receptor-induced activation site in the nipah virus attachment glycoprotein (g) involved in triggering the fusion glycoprotein (f).	cellular entry of paramyxoviruses requires the coordinated action of both the attachment (g/h/hn) and fusion (f) glycoproteins, but how receptor binding activates g to trigger f-mediated fusion during viral entry is not known. here, we identify a receptor (ephrinb2)-induced allosteric activation site in nipah virus (niv) g involved in triggering f-mediated fusion. we first generated a conformational monoclonal antibody (monoclonal antibody 45 (mab45)) whose binding to niv-g was enhanced upon niv ...	2009	19019819
mutagenesis of the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus involved in capsid assembly.	the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus produced in escherichia coli assembled into herringbone-like particles. the amino- and carboxy-termini of the n protein were shortened progressively to define the minimum contiguous sequence involved in capsid assembly. the first 29 aa residues of the n protein are dispensable for capsid formation. the 128 carboxy-terminal residues do not play a role in the assembly of the herringbone-like particles. a region with amino acid residues 30-32 plays a crucial ...	2009	19141448
determination of the henipavirus phosphoprotein gene mrna editing frequencies and detection of the c, v and w proteins of nipah virus in virus-infected cells.	the henipaviruses, nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses. like many other paramyxoviruses, henipaviruses employ a process of co-transcriptional mrna editing during transcription of the phosphoprotein (p) gene to generate additional mrnas encoding the v and w proteins. the c protein is translated from the p mrna, but in an alternate reading frame. sequence analysis of multiple, cloned mrnas showed that the mrna editing frequencies of the p genes ...	2009	19141449
in-depth assessment of an outbreak of nipah encephalitis with person-to-person transmission in bangladesh: implications for prevention and control strategies.	continued nipah encephalitis outbreaks in bangladesh highlight the need for preventative and control measures to reduce transmission from bats to humans and human-to-human spread. qualitative research was conducted at the end of an encephalitis outbreak in faridpur, bangladesh in may 2004 and continued through december 2004. methods included in-depth interviews with caretakers of cases, case survivors, neighbors of cases, and health providers. results show contrasts between local and biomedical ...	2009	19141846
animal models for the study of emerging zoonotic viruses: nipah and hendra.		2009	19200760
nipah virus edits its p gene at high frequency to express the v and w proteins.	nipah virus (niv) is predicted to encode four proteins from its p gene (p, v, w, and c) via mrna editing and an alternate open reading frame. by use of specific antibodies, the expression of the v, w, and c proteins in niv-infected cells has now been confirmed. analysis of the p-gene transcripts shows a ratio of p:v:w mrna of 1:1:1, but this differs over time, with greater proportions of v and w transcripts observed as the infection progresses. eighty-two percent of transcripts are edited, with ...	2009	19211754
potent human monoclonal antibodies against sars cov, nipah and hendra viruses.	background: recently, several potently neutralizing fully human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars cov) s glycoprotein, and the g glycoprotein of the paramyxoviruses hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) have been discovered [corrected]. objective: to examine, compare and contrast the functional characteristics of hmabs with the potential for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases caused by sars cov, hev and niv. methods: ...	2009	19216624
antibody fragment expression and purification.	interest in the potential of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to serve as therapeutic agents has surged in the past decade with a major emphasis on human viral diseases. there has been much attention in this area directed towards the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and promising research developments have emerged on the inhibition of hiv-1 infection by mabs and the identification of several highly conserved neutralizing epitopes. more recently, potent fully-human neutralizing mabs have b ...	2009	19252844
simulating henipavirus multicycle replication in a screening assay leads to identification of a promising candidate for therapy.	nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause encephalitis in humans, with fatality rates of up to 75%. we designed a new high-throughput screening (hts) assay for inhibitors of infection based on envelope glycoprotein pseudotypes. the assay simulates multicycle replication and thus identifies inhibitors that target several stages of the viral life cycle, but it still can be carried out under biosafety level 2 (bsl-2) conditions. these features permit a sc ...	2009	19264786
an outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized psychiatric adult patients in taiwan.	human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus that is associated with respiratory tract infection (rti) mostly in children, but these outbreaks have rarely been reported in adults. we encountered an outbreak of this disease involving 10 adults in a psychiatric ward in eastern taiwan. the nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 13 patients with symptoms of rti were obtained and analyzed. the rt-pcr tests were negative to influenza virus a/b, adenovirus, rsv, parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, nipah v ...	2009	19308801