Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| prior infection with an h1n1 swine influenza virus partially protects pigs against a low pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. | most humans lack virus neutralizing (vn) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to h5n1 avian influenza viruses (aivs), but cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition (ni) antibodies and cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses are common. these immune responses result largely from infections with seasonal human h1n1 influenza viruses, but the protective effect of h1n1 infection-immunity against h5n1 infection has never been examined. to this purpose, we have used the pig model of influenza a ... | 2009 | 19840669 |
| acquisition of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site by a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus is not sufficient for immediate transformation into a highly pathogenic strain. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) differ from all other strains by a polybasic cleavage site in their hemagglutinin. all these hpaiv share the h5 or h7 subtype. in order to investigate whether the acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site by an avirulent avian influenza virus strain with a hemagglutinin other than h5 or h7 is sufficient for immediate transformation into an hpaiv, we adapted the hemagglutinin cleavage site of a/duck/ukraine/1/1963 (h3n8) to that of the hpaiv a/chic ... | 2009 | 19297482 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses from pigs in korea. | due to dual susceptibility to both human and avian influenza a viruses, pigs are believed to be effective intermediate hosts for the spread and production of new viruses with pandemic potential. in early 2008, two swine h5n2 viruses were isolated from our routine swine surveillance in korea. the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins revealed that the sw/korea/c12/08 and sw/korea/c13/08 viruses were derived from avian influenza viruses of the eurasian lineage. however, although ... | 2009 | 19359528 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus h5n2 in acidified chicken pulp. | 2009 | 19395719 | |
| active surveillance for avian influenza virus infection in wild birds by analysis of avian fecal samples from the environment. | a total of 1991 environmental samples of fresh avian feces and urine from several aquatic bird species in a coastal area of northeast germany were examined for the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv). by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, specific for an m gene of influenza a viruses, none of 659 duck samples and only 11 (0.9%) of 1,268 geese and swan samples tested positive. two of these were identified as h5n2 viruses of low pathogenicity. conventional cloacal and ... | 2009 | 19395763 |
| sialivac: an intranasal homologous inactivated split virus vaccine containing bacterial sialidase for the control of avian influenza in poultry. | a simple, effective inactivated avian flu vaccine composed of three homologous highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 strains combined with clostridium perfringens type a 107 sialidase/neuramindase and chitosan as a trans epithelial carrier adjuvant applied intranasally to poultry is described. poultry were vaccinated with an inactivated, solvent split, chitosan adjuvanted intranasal (in) vaccine with and without c. perfringens sialidase and the resulting serum igg antibody measured by haemagglutination in ... | 2009 | 19406183 |
| cold oxygen plasma technology efficiency against different airborne respiratory viruses. | respiratory infections caused by viruses are major causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. they account for an important mortality and morbidity worldwide. amongst these viruses, influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses are major pathogens. their transmission is mainly airborne, by direct transmission through droplets from infected cases. | 2009 | 19406687 |
| safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in pigs. | this study investigates the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of different pox-vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin of a highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/chicken/indonesia/7/03) in pigs. pigs were vaccinated twice, with a 4-week interval, with a fowlpox (trovac), a canarypox (alvac), or a vaccinia (nyvac) vector vaccine combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, with the unadjuvanted nyvac, or left unvaccinated. six weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs w ... | 2009 | 19428840 |
| an inactivated h5n2 vaccine reduces transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus among native chickens. | vaccination against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control. in indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens, and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination. to this end two transmission experiments were carried out with h5n1 virus (a/chicken/legok/2003) in vaccinated and unvaccinat ... | 2009 | 19428896 |
| a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n1). | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of subtypes h5 and h7 cause fatal disease in poultry (fowl plague) but also have zoonotic potential. currently commercially available vaccines often do not provide sufficient protection and do not allow easy discrimination between vaccinated and infected birds. therefore, vaccination of domestic poultry against h5 and h7 hpaiv is not allowed in many countries, or is only possible after special permission has been provided. we generated a recombin ... | 2009 | 19135116 |
| protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus. | the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ... | 2009 | 19145513 |
| estimation of transmission parameters of h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens. | despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of h5n1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. our quantitative estimates, based on bayesian methods of inference, reveal that (i) the period of latency of h5n1 influenza virus in unvaccinated chickens is short (mean: 0.24 days; 95% credible interval: 0.099-0.48 d ... | 2009 | 19180190 |
| serological survey of avian h5n2-subtype influenza virus infections in human populations. | to investigate the distribution of antibodies against h5n2 influenza virus in humans living in ibaraki prefecture, japan, 266 single serum samples were collected to perform serological tests. results were compared to investigate the relationship between positive results and several factors. the number of positive serum neutralization antibody titers (> or = 40) against avian influenza virus a/h5n2 was significantly greater (p < 0.05) among poultry workers, in comparison to a japanese healthy pop ... | 2009 | 19189196 |
| protection of chickens against avian influenza with nonreplicating adenovirus-vectored vaccine. | protective immunity against avian influenza (ai) virus has been elicited in chickens by single-dose in ovo or i.m. vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus (ad)-free human ad vector encoding the ai virus a/turkey/wisconsin/68 h5 (adtw68. h5) or the a/chicken/new york/94 h7 (adchny94. h7) hemagglutinin (ha). the adtw68.h5-vaccinated chickens were protected against both h5n1 and h5n2 highly pathogenic ai virus challenges. the adchny94. h7-vaccinated chickens were protected against an h7 ... | 2009 | 19276437 |
| recent outbreaks of avian influenza in japan. | recently japan had three outbreaks of avian influenza (al) in 2004, 2005 and 2007. an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) was recorded in early 2004, the first for 79 years, with four farms being infected with hpai virus subtype h5n1. in 2005, 41 farms were found to be infected with ai virus subtype h5n2. in early 2007, four farms were infected with hpai virus subtype h5n1 again. in all of these outbreaks, the disease was eradicated without resorting to vaccination, through a ca ... | 2009 | 20462157 |
| serologic response and safety to vaccination against avian influenza using inactivated h5n2 vaccine in zoo birds. | due to the spread of the h5n1 highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza virus across europe, a preventive vaccination occurred in early 2006 among 135 french zoologic institutions. approximately 25,000 birds were vaccinated with a h5n2 inactivated vaccine. among them, 4,369 birds were monitored by members of association francophone des vétérinaires de parc zoologique regarding safety issues of the vaccination protocol. a total of 1,686 blood samples were collected before the first injection (n ... | 2009 | 20063820 |
| detection of circulating asian h5n1 viruses by a newly established monoclonal antibody. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recently emerged asian h5n1 virus (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004) were generated. from five anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mabs, four antibodies (3c11, 4c12, 3h12, and 3h4) broadly in vitro recognized and neutralized h5 subtypes, including h5n1. by contrast, the 4g6 mab specifically reacted with h5n1-ha and not with h5n2- or h5n3-has from previous epidemics. the 4g6 mab was useful for immunofluorescence assays but not for immunoblotting, suggesting that this antibody rec ... | 2009 | 19010309 |
| influenza virus in a natural host, the mallard: experimental infection data. | wild waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks such as mallards (anas platyrhynchos), are considered the main reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). they carry viruses that may evolve and become highly pathogenic for poultry or zoonotic. understanding the ecology of lpaivs in these natural hosts is therefore essential. we assessed the clinical response, viral shedding and antibody production of juvenile mallards after intra-esophageal inoculation of two lpaiv subtypes previou ... | 2010 | 20126617 |
| surveillance and characterization of low pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild migratory birds in korea. | migratory waterfowls are the natural reservoir of influenza a viruses. however, interspecies transmission had occasionally caused outbreaks in various hosts including humans. to characterize the genetic origins of h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in south korea, phylogenetic analysis were conducted. a total of 53 h5 viruses were isolated between october 2005 and november 2008. full genetic characterization indicated that most of these viruses belong to the eurasian-like a ... | 2010 | 20227447 |
| characterization of two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in hungary in 2007. | two low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus strains, a/mallard/hungary/19616/07 (h3n8) and a/mute swan/hungary/5973/07 (h7n7), isolated as part of the national surveillance program in hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. the two viruses showed the closest phylogenetic relationship regarding their acidic polymerase genes. the h7n7 hungarian virus and some h5n2 influenza viruses isolated from korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common a ... | 2010 | 20363081 |
| antigenic epitopes in the hemagglutinin of qinghai-type influenza h5n1 virus. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses have become widespread and evolved into several clades. in our previous studies, the antigenic sites of the h5 hemagglutinin (ha) were characterized by selection and sequencing of escape mutants. in the present studies we analyzed the antigenic epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza a/duck/novosibirsk/56/05 (h5n1) virus isolated in western siberia and belonging to subclade 2.2 of the h5n1 viruses. the analysis revea ... | 2010 | 20373998 |
| evaluation of different serological tests for the detection of antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza in experimentally infected ostriches (struthio camelus). | in the present study we collected 177 serum samples from ostriches (struthio camelus) infected experimentally with a/ostrich/south africa/middleton/2004 (h5n2) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. we tested these samples using the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, the agar gel immunodiffusion test and three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. we considered the hi test, with homologous antigen and including pre-treatment of sera with 10% chicken red blood cells, as the gold standard ... | 2010 | 20390531 |
| characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses isolated in south korea and their influence on the emergence of a novel h9n2 influenza virus. | we characterized low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 and h9n2 viruses isolated in south korea from 2008 to 2009. genetic analysis of the h5n2 viruses isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks demonstrated that they were related to the recently isolated southern chinese lpai h5 viruses and various influenza viruses circulating in eurasia. three h9n2 viruses obtained at live bird markets and duck farms were reassortant viruses generated from the h5n2 viruses of domestic ducks and the h9n2 ... | 2010 | 20392898 |
| prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of avian antibodies against influenza virus h5n1 and h1n1 in mice. | pandemic influenza poses a serious threat to global health and the world economy. while vaccines are currently under development, passive immunization could offer an alternative strategy to prevent and treat influenza virus infection. attempts to develop monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been made. however, passive immunization based on mabs may require a cocktail of mabs with broader specificity in order to provide full protection since mabs are generally specific for single epitopes. chicken i ... | 2010 | 20405007 |
| [results of clinical trials on reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "ultragrivac" (type a/h5n2)]. | results of phase ii of a clinical trial of the influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "ultragrivac" (type a/h5n2) are presented. the vaccine was developed based on strain /17/duck/potsdam/86/92 h5n2 [17/h5] - reassortant of two viruses, /leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) and /duck/potsdam/1402-86 (h5n2), obtained from the virology department, st. petersburg institute of experimental medicine.two schemes of immunization (with revaccination on days 10 and 21) were used. evaluation of vaccine immunog ... | 2010 | 20422755 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a dna vaccine encoding a chimeric protein of avian influenza hemagglutinin subtype h5 fused to cd154 (cd40l) in pekin ducks. | the potential of cd154 (cd40l) as a powerful immunological adjuvant has been shown in various strategies. in this study we examine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a cd40-targeting avian influenza hemagglutinin (ha) subunit dna vaccine in ducks. dna constructs encoded the ectodomain of the ha protein of lpai a/mallard/bc/373/2005 (h5n2) with or without fusion to the ectodomain of duck cd154. cd40-targeting significantly accelerated and enhanced humoral responses to the vector-encode ... | 2010 | 20937323 |
| myd88 signaling is indispensable for primary influenza a virus infection but dispensable for secondary infection. | recent studies have revealed that innate immunity is involved in the development of adaptive immune responses; however, its role in protection is not clear. in order to elucidate the exact role of toll-like receptor (tlr) or rig-i-like receptor (rlr) signaling on immunogenicity and protective efficacy against influenza a virus infection (a/pr/8/34 [pr8]; h1n1), we adapted several innate signal-deficient mice (e.g., trif(-/-), myd88(-/-), myd88(-/-) trif(-/-), tlr3(-/-) tlr7(-/-), and ips-1(-/-)) ... | 2010 | 20943980 |
| surveillance and identification of influenza a viruses in wild aquatic birds in the crimea, ukraine (2006-2008). | the ecology of avian influenza (ai) viruses in wild aquatic birds of asia is poorly understood, especially for the h5n1 high pathogenicity ai (hpai) viruses. from march 2006 through november 2008, 20 ai viruses were isolated in the crimea region of ukraine with an overall frequency of virus recovery of 3.3%. all the viruses were isolated from three species of dabbling ducks: mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), and garganey (anas querquedula), making the frequency of virus recov ... | 2010 | 20945793 |
| supplemental treatment of air in airborne infection isolation rooms using high-throughput in-room air decontamination units. | evidence has recently emerged indicating that in addition to large airborne droplets, fine aerosol particles can be an important mode of influenza transmission that may have been hitherto underestimated. furthermore, recent performance studies evaluating airborne infection isolation (aii) rooms designed to house infectious patients have revealed major discrepancies between what is prescribed and what is actually measured. | 2010 | 21095042 |
| differential effects of ns1 proteins of human pandemic h1n1/2009, avian highly pathogenic h5n1, and low pathogenic h5n2 influenza a viruses on cellular pre-mrna polyadenylation and mrna translation. | the nonstructural protein ns1 of influenza a virus blocks the development of host antiviral responses by inhibiting polyadenylation of cellular pre-mrna. ns1 also promotes the synthesis of viral proteins by stimulating mrna translation. here, we show that recombinant ns1 proteins of human pandemic h1n1/2009, avian highly pathogenic h5n1, and low pathogenic h5n2 influenza strains differentially affected these two cellular processes: ns1 of the two avian strains, in contrast to ns1 of h1n1/2009, s ... | 2010 | 21163951 |
| impact of antigenic and genetic drift on the serologic surveillance of h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | serologic surveillance of avian influenza (ai) viruses is carried out by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using reference reagents. this method is recommended by animal health organizations as a standard test to detect antigenic differences (subtypes) between circulating influenza virus, vaccine- and/or reference- strains. however, significant discrepancies between reference antisera and field isolates have been observed during serosurveillance of influenza a viruses in pig and poultry ... | 2010 | 21172021 |
| protective efficacy of h5 inactivated vaccines in meat turkey poults after challenge with egyptian variant highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. | in contrast to chickens, there is a paucity of information on the potency of h5 vaccines to protect turkeys against the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections. in this study, 4 groups, 10 turkey poults each, were vaccinated at seven days old with one of h5n2 or h5n1 commercial vaccines or one of two prepared h5n1 vaccines from a local egyptian variant hpai h5n1 (egyvar/h5n1) strain. at 35 days age, all vaccinated and 10 non vaccinated birds were challenged intranasal with ... | 2010 | 21236607 |
| characterization and efficacy determination of commercially available central american h5n2 avian influenza vaccines for poultry. | a poultry vaccination program was implemented in central america beginning in january 1995 to control both h5n2 low (lpai) and high pathogenicity avian influenza. this study was conducted to identify seed strain composition and the efficacy of 10 commercially available h5 vaccines against challenge with h5n2 lpai viruses isolated from latin america in 2003. the original 1994 vaccine seed virus in commercial inactivated vaccines did not significantly reduce challenge virus shed titers. however, t ... | 2010 | 20470798 |
| avian influenza in north and south america, the caribbean, and australia, 2006-2008. | between 2006 and 2008, only one outbreak of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (ai) was reported from the americas, the caribbean, and australia. the outbreak, caused by h7n3, occurred in september 2007 in a multiage broiler breeder facility (approximately 49,000 birds) near regina beach in southern saskatchewan, canada. the disease was confined to a single farm; the farm was depopulated. all other reports of infections in poultry or wild birds involved low pathogenicity ai viruses. a ... | 2010 | 20521630 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, and africa, 2006-2009. | events during the period extending from 2006 to 2009 have been overshadowed by the ongoing panzootic with h5n1 (highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza [hpnai]), which has afflicted 63 countries and three continents (africa, asia, and europe) during the review period. two countries, indonesia and egypt, have formally declared the disease endemic to the world organisation for animal health, while others have used a variety of approaches aimed at containment, control, and eradication. these a ... | 2010 | 20521631 |
| protective dose of a recombinant newcastle disease lasota-avian influenza virus h5 vaccine against h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus in broilers with high maternal antibody levels. | the protective dose of a live recombinant lasota newcastle disease virus (ndv)-avian influenza h5 vaccine (rndv-ls/ai-h5) was determined in broiler chickens with high levels of maternal antibodies against ndv and avian influenza virus (aiv). at hatch the geometric mean titers (gmt) of the chickens' maternal antibodies were 2(5.1) and 2(10.3) for ndv and aiv, respectively. at the time of vaccination the gmt was 2(3.1) for ndv and 2(7.9) for aiv. the chickens were vaccinated with one drop (0.03 ml ... | 2010 | 20521638 |
| protection and differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals by an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus/avian influenza h5 vaccine. | specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized at 14 days of age with either an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus-lasota/avian influenza h5 (k-rndv-ls/ai-h5) vaccine or a killed newcastle disease/avian influenza whole-virus vaccine (k-nd/ai) were protected from disease when challenged with either a/chicken/queretaro/14588-19/95 (h5n2), a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) strain isolated in mexico in 1995, or with a mexican velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus ( ... | 2010 | 20521639 |
| passive protection afforded by maternally-derived antibodies in chickens and the antibodies' interference with the protection elicited by avian influenza-inactivated vaccines in progeny. | systematic vaccination can be applied when a disease has become enzootic in a country or region. the final goal of the approach is to control or eradicate the disease within the country. this is a long-term vaccination plan that could be applied nationwide to all commercial and backyard poultry. however, after several months of vaccination in enzootic areas, maternally derived antibody (mda) is present in young chicks, providing some protection and/or interference with vaccination. the aim of th ... | 2010 | 20521640 |
| a heterologous neuraminidase subtype strategy for the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (diva) for avian influenza virus using an alternative neuraminidase inhibition test. | the option of vaccinating poultry against avian influenza (ai) as a control tool is gaining greater acceptance by governments and the poultry industry worldwide. one disadvantage about vaccination with killed whole-virus vaccines is the resulting inability to use common serologic diagnostic tests for surveillance to identify infected flocks. there has been considerable effort to develop a reliable test for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). the heterologous neuramini ... | 2010 | 20521644 |
| phylogenetic analysis of influenza a viruses (h6n8, h1n8, h4n2, h9n2, h10n7) isolated from wild birds, ducks, and ostriches in south africa from 2007 to 2009. | influenza a strains emerging from wild birds are a constant threat to south africa's valuable ostrich industry. in 2004 and again in 2006, low pathogenicity avian influenza h5n2 strains introduced from a wild bird reservoir mutated in ostriches to high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), with serious economic consequences and export bans imposed by the european union. although no outbreaks of notifiable avian influenza have occurred in south africa since 2006, the h9n2 virus caused a localized ... | 2010 | 20521652 |
| low pathogenicity avian influenza in italy during 2007 and 2008: epidemiology and control. | since 1999, the italian poultry production system has experienced several outbreaks of avian influenza (ai), mainly located in northeastern italy. this paper describes the low pathogenicity (lp) ai outbreaks detected during the surveillance activities implemented in 2007-08. from may to october 2007, ten rural and hobby poultry farms were infected by an lpai virus of the h7n3 subtype. in august-october 2007, the h7n3 lpai virus was introduced into the industrial poultry sector with the involveme ... | 2010 | 20521653 |
| surveillance and control of avian influenza in the new york live bird markets. | a comprehensive avian influenza control program was established for the new york live bird market (lbm) system. its purpose was to eliminate avian influenza virus (aiv) from the marketing system. the application of science-based surveillance, improved diagnostic performance, voluntary efforts of the lbm owners, and regulatory enforcement have resulted in the elimination of an h7 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) that had persisted in the lbm system for 13 yr. although sporadic introductions of h5n2 lpa ... | 2010 | 20521656 |
| surveillance of avian influenza in the caribbean through the caribbean animal health network: surveillance tools and epidemiologic studies. | the caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (ai) due to a large backyard poultry system, an important commercial poultry production system, the presence of migratory birds, and disparities in the surveillance systems. the caribbean animal health network (caribvet) has developed tools to implement ai surveillance in the region with the goals to have 1) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol and specific web pages for ai surveillance on www.caribvet.net, and 2) an a ... | 2010 | 20521662 |
| low pathogenicity avian influenza subtypes isolated from wild birds in the united states, 2006-2008. | due to concerns that high pathogenicity avian influenza would enter into the united states, an interagency strategic plan was developed to conduct surveillance in wild birds in order to address one of the possible pathways of entry. the usda and state wildlife agencies participated in this effort by collecting samples from 145,055 wild birds from april 2006 through march 2008 in all 50 states. the majority (59%) of all wild bird samples was collected from dabbling ducks, and 91% of h5 detections ... | 2010 | 20521670 |
| presence of serum antibodies to influenza a subtypes h5 and n1 in swans and ibises in french wetlands, irrespective of highly pathogenic h5n1 natural infection. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza a viruses (aivs) subtype h5n1 (subclade 2.2) were detected in wild birds during outbreaks in france during winter 2006 and summer 2007 in la dombes wetlands (eastern france) and in moselle wetlands (northeastern france), respectively. blood samples from apparently healthy wild birds were collected in 2006 and 2007 from the end of the outbreak to several weeks after the influenza a outbreak inside and outside the contaminated areas, and in 2008 outside the c ... | 2010 | 20521685 |
| adaptation of a mallard h5n2 low pathogenicity influenza virus in chickens with prior history of infection with infectious bursal disease virus. | the influenza a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/1984 (h5n2) virus is unable to replicate in 3-wk-old immunocompetent specific-pathogen-free chickens when a dose of 5 x 10(6) 50% egg infectious dose/ml is used. in contrast, this mallard virus shows limited replication in 3-wk-old chickens that had been previously infected at 2 days of age with, and recovered from, the immunosuppressive agent infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv; herein referred to as ibdv chickens). this limited replication in ibdv c ... | 2010 | 20521687 |
| studying possible cross-protection of canada geese preexposed to north american low pathogenicity avian influenza virus strains (h3n8, h4n6, and h5n2) against an h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections have caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in different species of domestic and wild birds in asia, europe, and africa. in our previous study, we demonstrated the susceptibility and potential epidemiologic importance of h5n1 hpai virus infections in canada geese. in this study, we investigated the potential of preexposure with north american lineage h3n8, h4n6, and h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses to cross ... | 2010 | 20521692 |
| the effect of age on avian influenza viral shedding in mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | avian influenza virus (aiv) prevalence in wild aquatic bird populations varies with season, geographic location, host species, and age. it is not clear how age at infection affects the extent of viral shedding. to better understand the influence of age at infection on viral shedding of wild bird-origin low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses, mallards (anas platyrhynchos) of increasing age (2 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo, 3 mo, and 4 mo) were experimentally inoculated via choanal cleft with a 10(6) m ... | 2010 | 20521698 |
| development and evaluation of an avian influenza, neuraminidase subtype 1, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for poultry using the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals control strategy. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed using baculovirus, purified, recombinant n1 protein from a/chicken/indonesia/pa7/2003 (h5n1) virus. the n1-elisa showed high selectivity for detection of n1 antibodies, with no cross-reactivity with other neuraminidase subtypes, and broad reactivity with sera to n1 subtype isolates from north american and eurasian lineages. sensitivity of the n1-elisa to detect n1 antibodies in turkey sera, collected 3 wk after h1n1 vaccination, ... | 2010 | 20521703 |
| production of h5-specific monoclonal antibodies and the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of h5 antibodies in multiple species. | the hemagglutinin gene of an avian influenza virus (aiv) a/duck/nc/674964/07 (h5n2) was cloned and expressed in a baculovirus system (h5-bac). in parallel, a recombinant hemagglutinin of a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) was expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and used for generation of h5-specific monoclonal antibodies (mab). the purified h5-bac was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) to detect h5 antibodies in a species-independent approach using one of the esta ... | 2010 | 20521708 |
| evaluation of the protection induced by avian influenza vaccines containing a 1994 mexican h5n2 lpai seed strain against a 2008 egyptian h5n1 hpai virus belonging to clade 2.2.1 by means of serological and in vivo tests. | since 2006 egypt has been facing an extensive epidemic of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) with a huge number of outbreaks both in rural and intensively reared poultry areas. the use of efficacious vaccines in this country has been, and still remains, essential for the control and possible eradication of hpai. the present study was performed to establish whether the administration of inactivated vaccines containing an h5 virus belonging to a different lineage to the eurasian h5n1 hp ... | 2010 | 20544428 |
| [molecular analysis of an avian influenza virus isolate of h5n2 subtype from parrot]. | in 2005, an avian influenza virus stain was isolated from parrot in guangdong, which was then genotyped as h5n2 subtype and designated as a/parrot/guangdong/268/2005. according to the current oie definition on the low-pathogenicity of avian influenza virus, the strain was recognized as a low pathogenic avian influenza virus due to the presence of one basic amino acid residue at the ha cleavage site. some molecular characteristics of the virus, such as potential glycosylation sites in ha and na, ... | 2010 | 20572338 |
| epidemiology of avian influenza virus in wild birds in switzerland between 2006 and 2009. | after the spread of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from asia into russia, the middle east, europe, and africa in 2005-06, the swiss national aiv surveillance program was extended. one of the new focal points was lake constance, where sentinel duck stations and swim-in traps were established within the project constanze in collaboration with germany and austria. more than 2000 samples from 41 species were collected in switzerland between september 2006 and december 2008. appro ... | 2010 | 20608533 |
| isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus from a chicken in taiwan in 2008. | during the surveillance of avian influenza, an h5n2 influenza a virus was isolated from a cloacal swab sample of an apparently healthy chicken in taiwan in october 2008. it was found that the ha of the virus had a pair of dibasic amino acid residues at the cleavage site, which might be a marker of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. however, the intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolate was 0.89, indicating that the virus was approaching high pathogenicity in chickens. virus isolation ... | 2010 | 20608534 |
| prior infection of pigs with swine influenza viruses is a barrier to infection with avian influenza viruses. | although pigs are susceptible to avian influenza viruses (aiv) of different subtypes, the incidence of aiv infections in the field appears to be low. swine h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses (siv) are enzootic worldwide and most pigs have antibodies to 1 or more siv subtypes. this study aimed to examine whether infection-immunity to h1n1 or h3n2 siv may (1) protect pigs against subsequent infections with aiv of various haemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase subtypes and/or (2) interfere with the ... | 2010 | 20627621 |
| evaluation of the xpert flu a panel nucleic acid amplification-based point-of-care test for influenza a virus detection and pandemic h1 subtyping. | influenza antigenic point-of-care (poc) tests are too insensitive for individual reliable diagnosis of influenza virus infections without additional laboratory confirmation. molecular poc tests could be a valuable alternative. | 2010 | 20674478 |
| surveillance of avian influenza virus in wild bird fecal samples from south korea, 2003-2008. | we analyzed the results from nationwide surveillance of avian influenza (ai) from birds in south korea's major wild bird habitats and the demilitarized zone of south korea, 2003-2008. of 28,214 fecal samples analyzed, 225 yielded influenza viruses, for a prevalence of 0.8%. hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes h1-h12 and all nine neuraminidase (na) subtypes were detected. the dominant ha subtypes were h6, h1, and h4, and the most common na subtypes were n2, n1, and n6. among the 38 ha/na subtype combinat ... | 2010 | 20688693 |
| longitudinal 2 years field study of conventional vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in layer hens. | a licensed, inactivated vaccine based on a low pathogenic avian influenza virus strain (h5n2) was evaluated in layer hens kept under field conditions during a 2-year period. vaccine efficacy was investigated by specific antibodies and by challenge-contact experiments using highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) h5n1. basic immunization with two applications induced clinical protection. virus excretion by vaccinated hens was significantly reduced compared to non-vaccinated controls; tr ... | 2010 | 20727963 |
| [protective properties of candidate genetically engineered vaccines against avian influenza viruses constructed on the basis of recombinant adenoviral vectors]. | to design and study the properties of candidate vaccines against avian influenza based on recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing h5 hemagglutinin. | 2010 | 20734718 |
| phylogeny and genotyping of recent avian low-pathogenic h5 subtype influenza viruses from french ducks. | h5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) has the potential to become highly pathogenic and to cause serious problems in animal and public health. aiv surveillance and characterization in both wild and domestic species is therefore necessary. in order to acquire molecular information and to identify possible reassortments in french viruses, we analysed the entire genome of five h5n3, three h5n2 and two h5n1 lpaiv, isolated in france between 2002 and 2008 mostly from captive ducks (free-ran ... | 2010 | 20016038 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. | in this study, we show that the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/crow/kyoto/53/04 and a/chicken/egypt/cl6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (def). in contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic aivs (a/duck/hk/342/78 [h5n2], a/duck/hk/820/80 [h5n3], a/wigeon/osaka/1/01 [h7n7], and a/turkey/wisconsin/1/66 [h9n2]). thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by h5n1-aiv infection. caspase-dependent and -ind ... | 2010 | 20053741 |
| efficacy of avian influenza vaccine in poultry: a meta-analysis. | vaccination is an effective method for controlling avian influenza (ai), especially in countries with endemic infection. this study conducted a bayesian meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of ai vaccines in chickens. we included both inactivated and recombinant fowlpox virus expressing h5 (rfpv-h5) vaccine studies that used specific-pathogen-free chickens where outcomes against the h5n1 or h5n2 ai viruses were measured. vaccine efficacy was evaluated by protection from mortality, protection f ... | 2010 | 21313840 |
| use of a tetanus toxoid marker to allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated poultry without affecting the efficacy of a h5n1 avian influenza virus vaccine. | tetanus toxoid (tt) was assessed as a positive marker for avian influenza (ai) virus vaccination in chickens, in a vaccination and challenge study. chickens were vaccinated twice with inactivated ai h5n2 virus vaccine, and then challenged three weeks later with highly pathogenic ai h5n1 virus. vaccinated chickens were compared with other groups that were either sham-vaccinated or vaccinated with virus with the tt marker. all sham-vaccinated chickens died by 36 hours postinfection, whereas all va ... | 2010 | 21257485 |
| induction of a protective heterosubtypic immune response against the influenza virus by using recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin of the influenza h5 virus. | influenza viruses are characterized by a high degree of antigenic variability, which causes the annual emergence of flu epidemics and irregularly timed pandemics caused by viruses with new antigenic and biological traits. novel approaches to vaccination can help circumvent this problem. one of these new methods incorporates genetic vaccines based on adenoviral vectors. recombinant adenoviral vectors which contain hemagglutinin-encoding genes from avian h5n1 and h5n2 (ad-ha5-1 and ad-ha5-2) influ ... | 2010 | 22649637 |
| evaluation of a subunit h5 vaccine and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza marker vaccine in ducks challenged with vietnamese h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | the protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus h5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed h5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a vietnamese clade 1 h5n1 hpai virus [a/vn/1203/04 (h5n1)] that was kn ... | 2010 | 23074648 |
| interaction between research and diagnosis and surveillance of avian influenza within the caribbean animal health network (caribvet). | the caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (ai) because of predominance of the backyard poultry system, important commercial poultry production, migratory birds and disparities in the surveillance systems. the caribbean animal health network (caribvet) has developed tools to implement ai surveillance in the region: (i) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol, (ii) specific web pages for ai surveillance on http://www.caribvet.net, and (iii) a diagnostic network for ... | 2010 | 20537093 |
| a novel vaccine using nanoparticle platform to present immunogenic m2e against avian influenza infection. | using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing m2e in monomeric (mono-m2e) and tetrameric (tetra-m2e) forms. groups of specific pathogen free (spf) chickens were immunized intramuscularly with mono-m2e or tetra-m2e with and without an adjuvant. two weeks after the second boost, chickens were challenged with 107.2 eid50 of h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus. m2e-specific antibody responses to each of the vaccine constructs were t ... | 2011 | 23074652 |
| assessment of national strategies for control of high-pathogenicity avian influenza and low-pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza in poultry, with emphasis on vaccines and vaccination. | twenty-nine distinct epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) have occurred since 1959. the h5n1 hpai panzootic affecting asia, africa and eastern europe has been the largest among these, affecting poultry and/or wild birds in 63 countries. a stamping-out programme achieved eradication in 24 of these epizootics (and is close to achieving eradication in the current h5n2 epizootic in south african ostriches), but vaccination was added to the control programmes in four epizootics whe ... | 2011 | 22435196 |
| association of mx1 asn631 variant alleles with reductions in morbidity, early mortality, viral shedding, and cytokine responses in chickens infected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | myxovirus-resistance (mx) proteins are produced by host cells in response to type i interferons, and some members of the mx gene family in mammals have been shown to limit replication of influenza and other viruses. according to an early report, chicken mx1 variants encoding asn at position 631 have antiviral activity, whereas variants with ser at 631 lack activity in experiments evaluating mx1 complementary dna (cdna) expressed ectopically in a cell line. we evaluated whether the mx1 631 dimorp ... | 2011 | 21286706 |
| further evidence of antigenic drift and protective efficacy afforded by a recombinant hvt-h5 vaccine against challenge with two antigenically divergent egyptian clade 2.2.1 hpai h5n1 strains. | in this study, we have compared the protection afforded by a recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccine expressing the h5 gene from a clade 2.2 h5n1 strain (rhvt-h5) and a mexican-origin h5n2 inactivated vaccine, alone or in combination, against two antigenically divergent h5n1 egyptian strains isolated in 2007 and 2008. our results confirm the existence of a major antigenic drift among the egyptian h5n1 strains such that, although protection against the "classical" 2007 hpai h5n1 egyptian strain co ... | 2011 | 21292007 |
| a low pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus isolated in taiwan acquired high pathogenicity by consecutive passages in chickens. | h5n2 viruses were isolated from cloacal swab samples of apparently healthy chickens in taiwan in 2003 and 2008 during surveillance of avian influenza. each of the viruses was eradicated by stamping out. the official diagnosis report indicated that the intravenous pathogenicity indexes (ivpis) of the isolates were 0.00 and 0.89, respectively, indicating that these were low pathogenic strains, although the hemagglutinin of the strain isolated in 2008 (taiwan08) had multibasic amino acid residues a ... | 2011 | 21301183 |
| Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens. | To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the g ... | 2011 | 22017039 |
| Genetic characterization of a novel influenza A virus H5N2 isolated from a dog in China. | An influenza virus, A/canine/Shandong/JT01/2009, has been isolated from a dog exhibiting classical flu signs in China. HAI and NAI assays subtyped A/canine/Shandong/JT01/2009 as a H5N2 like virus. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicated strong relationships with viruses from various hosts and dispersed geographic locations. These analyses indicate A/canine/Shandong/JT01/2009 is a novel virus generated by complex reassortment of the viral segments. | 2011 | 22033043 |
| influenza-a viruses in ducks in northwestern minnesota: fine scale spatial and temporal variation in prevalence and subtype diversity. | waterfowl from northwestern minnesota were sampled by cloacal swabbing for avian influenza virus (aiv) from july-october in 2007 and 2008. aiv was detected in 222 (9.1%) of 2,441 ducks in 2007 and in 438 (17.9%) of 2,452 ducks in 2008. prevalence of aiv peaked in late summer. we detected 27 aiv subtypes during 2007 and 31 during 2008. ten hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes were detected each year (i.e., h1, 3-8, and 10-12 during 2007; h1-8, 10 and 11 during 2008). all neuraminidase (na) subtypes were d ... | 2011 | 21931636 |
| evaluation study of a portable impedance biosensor for detection of avian influenza virus. | current methods for detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) based on virus culture and rt-pcr are well established, but they are either time consuming or require specialized laboratory facilities and highly trained technicians. a simple, rapid, robust, and reliable test, suitable for use in the field or at the patient's bedside, is urgently needed. in this study, the performance of a newly developed portable impedance biosensor was evaluated by comparison with real-time reverse transcriptase pc ... | 2011 | 21872621 |
| rapid and specific influenza virus detection by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and mass spectrometry. | abstract: | 2011 | 22088100 |
| salmonella flagellin enhances mucosal immunity of avian influenza vaccine in chickens. | flagellin, a bioactive toll-like receptor (tlr) 5 ligand, may trigger the innate immunity that in turn is important for subsequent adaptive immune responses. in the present study, the adjuvant effects of the monomeric and polymeric forms of salmonella flagellin (mflic and pflic, respectively) were examined in specific-pathogen free (spf) chickens immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) with formalin-inactivated avian influenza virus (aiv) h5n2 vaccines. results showed that mflic ... | 2011 | 22226542 |
| [the generation and characteristics of reassortant influenza a virus with h5 hemagglutinin and other genes from the apathogenic virus h6n2]. | the experimental reassortant vaccine strain vn-gull (h5n2) containing h5 hemagglutinin (ha) with a removed polybasic site in the connecting peptide and other genes from the apathogenic h6n2 virus a/gull/moscow/3100/2006 (gull/m) was obtained using a two-step protocol. at step 1, the reassortant with ha of a/vietnam/1203/04-pr8/ cdc-rg and other genes from cold-adapted a/leningrad/17/47 (vn-len) viruses was generated due to selection with antibody to h2n2 at 26 degrees c. at step 2, the reassorta ... | 2011 | 22359942 |
| [protective activity of immunovac-vp-4 vaccine against avian influenza virus h5n2 administered by different methods]. | to experimentally assess protective effect of immunovac-vp-4 vaccine against avian influenza virus h5n2. materials and methods. immunization of mice with polycomponent vaccine immunovac-vp-4 was performed using oral or mucosal route of administration (intranasally, orally, and with combined nasal-oral method). immunized mice were inoculated intranasally by influenza virus h5n2 adapted for mice. survival of mice in experimental and control (intact) groups was assessed daily during 14 days. surviv ... | 2011 | 21446167 |
| unusual h5n2 avian influenza virus escapes current detection. | 2011 | 21471334 | |
| transmission of avian influenza a viruses among species in an artificial barnyard. | waterfowl and shorebirds harbor and shed all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenza a viruses and interact in nature with a broad range of other avian and mammalian species to which they might transmit such viruses. estimating the efficiency and importance of such cross-species transmission using epidemiological approaches is difficult. we therefore addressed this question by studying transmission of low pathogenic h5 and h7 viruses from infected ducks to other common animals in a ... | 2011 | 21483843 |
| avian influenza mucosal vaccination in chickens with replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vaccine. | we evaluated protection conferred by mucosal vaccination with replication-competent adenovirus-free recombinant adenovirus expressing a codon-optimized avian influenza (ai) h5 gene from a/turkey/wi/68 (adtw68.h5ck). commercial, layer-type chicken groups were either singly vaccinated ocularly at 5 days of age, singly vaccinated via spray at 5 days of age, or ocularly primed at 5 days and ocularly boosted at 15 days of age. only chickens primed and boosted via the ocular route developed ai systemi ... | 2011 | 21500634 |
| the adjuvant effect of sophy beta-glucan to the antibody response in poultry immunized by the avian influenza a h5n1 and h5n2 vaccines. | avian influenza virus vaccines produced in oil-emulsified inactivated form with antigen content of at least 160 hemagglutinin units (hau) induced immunity in birds. however, in addition to enhancing the effect of the adjuvant(s), other additional supplemented biological compounds included in inactivated vaccines could produce higher levels of antibody. we examined in chickens, vietnamese ducks, and muscovy ducks the adjuvant effect of sophy beta-glucan (sbg), a beta-1,3-1,6 glucan produced by th ... | 2011 | 21532325 |
| immunoadjuvant efficacy of plasmids with multiple copies of a cpg motif coadministrated with avian influenza vaccine in chickens. | unmethylated cpg motifs are capable of evoking a range of immunostimulatory effects in vertebrates and have tremendous potential to be used as therapeutic agents and adjuvants. this particular type of cpg motif has been demonstrated to be an excellent immune adjuvant mediated by toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) in various mammalian vaccines; however, only a few studies confirm its efficacy in avian vaccines. in the present study, immunomodulatory activities of plasmids with various copy numbers of a ... | 2011 | 21557981 |
| [use of plant-origin components in roller cultivation of vaccine reassortant influenza virus strain h5n2]. | to study the optimal conditions for roller cultivation of cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strain of influenza virus a/17/duck/ potsdam/86/92 (h5n2) in mdck and vero cell cultures grown on nutrient medium based on soy and rice flour hydrolysates obtained using trypsin and bromeline. | 2011 | 21598624 |
| complete protection against a h5n2 avian influenza virus by a dna vaccine expressing a fusion protein of h1n1 ha and m2e. | most influenza vaccines target hemagglutinin (ha) in order to protect the host against infection. however, theses vaccines are strain-specific due to major antigenic variations of ha. since it is difficult to predict epidemic and pandemic strains of influenza virus, the development of effective vaccines against divergent influenza viruses is urgently needed. although m2e-based vaccines are associated with weaker protection than ha-based vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies against challe ... | 2011 | 21664216 |
| memory t-cell immune response in healthy young adults vaccinated with live attenuated influenza a(h5n2) vaccine. | cellular immune responses of both cd4 and cd8 memory/effector t cells were evaluated in healthy young adults who received two doses of live attenuated influenza a(h5n2) vaccine. the vaccine was developed by reassortment of non-pathogenic avian a/duck/potsdam/1402-6/68 (h5n2) and cold-adapted a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) viruses. t-cell responses were measured by standard methods of intracellular cytokine staining of ifnγ-producing cells and a novel trap-assay based on the trogocytosis phenomenon ... | 2011 | 21813657 |
| [immunogenicity of influenza virus h5n2 vaccine strain samples produced by roller cultivation in media with plant derived components]. | study in cba line mice of immunogenicity of cold adapted reassortant influenza virus h5n2 vaccine strain samples produced in rollers in mdck and vero cell cultures by using plant derived components. | 2011 | 21812141 |
| humoral antibody responses to different h5n1 and h5n2 vaccination regimes: implications for the development of autogenously based vaccines. | whereas h5n1 vaccine and several h5n2 vaccines are commercially available and are used to control h5n1 outbreaks in some endemic countries, infections hit many vaccinated flocks. the following study was conducted to compare the efficacy of such vaccines and to assess their potential induction of antibodies against the haemagglutinin of local h5n1 isolate after single vaccination. the possible beneficiary effect of booster dose at different intervals was screened for both h5n1 vaccine as well as ... | 2011 | 21752557 |
| multiple dose vaccination with heterologous h5n2 vaccine: immune response and protection against variant clade 2.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in broiler breeder chickens. | circulation of an antigenically variant lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in chicken breeder flocks in egypt is a continuing problem. the protective efficacy of multiple repeated vaccinations using the currently available h5n2 vaccines is unclear. here, broiler breeder chickens were vaccinated at weeks 6, 12 and 18 with an inactivated h5n2 commercial vaccine. hi-titer against an egyptian h5n1 field isolate of classic clade 2.2.1 (egycls/h5n1) were significantly lower ... | 2011 | 21745517 |
| development of influenza vaccine production capacity by the government pharmaceutical organization of thailand: addressing the threat of an influenza pandemic. | in 2005, a year after highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in thailand, the thai government issued a national strategy plan for pandemic influenza preparedness, a major objective of which was the domestic production of seasonal influenza vaccine. it was considered that sustained influenza vaccine production was the best guarantee of a pandemic vaccine in the event of a future pandemic. the government decided to provide funds to establish an industrial-scale influenza vaccine production pl ... | 2011 | 21684425 |
| thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus in a fat-free egg product. | high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) virus, low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus, virulent newcastle disease virus (vndv) and low-virulent newcastle disease virus (lndv) can be present on the eggshell surface, and hpai viruses and vndv can be present in the internal contents of chicken eggs laid by infected hens. with the increase in global trade, egg products could present potential biosecurity problems and affect international trade in liquid and dried egg products. therefore, t ... | 2011 | 21740719 |
| expression of duck ccl19 and ccl21 and ccr7 receptor in lymphoid and influenza-infected tissues. | ducks are the natural host and reservoir of influenza viruses. we are interested in their immune responses to these viruses, to understand host-pathogen interactions and to develop effective agricultural vaccines. we identified duck homologues of the chemokines ccl19 and ccl21 and cloned their cognate receptor, ccr7. conservation of key features, and expression in lymphoid tissues suggests that these chemokines are the direct orthologues of their mammalian counterparts. mammalian ccl19 and ccl21 ... | 2011 | 21704378 |
| avian influenza viruses infect primary human bronchial epithelial cells unconstrained by sialic acid +¦2,3 residues. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) are an important emerging threat to public health. it is thought that sialic acid (sia) receptors are barriers in cross-species transmission where the binding preferences of aiv and human influenza viruses are sias +¦2,3 versus +¦2,6, respectively. in this study, we show that a normal fully differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell model is readily infected by low pathogenic h5n1, h5n2 and h5n3 aiv, which primarily bind to sia +¦2,3 moieties, and repli ... | 2011 | 21731666 |
| measurement of enzymatic activity and specificity of human and avian influenza neuraminidases from whole virus by glycoarray and maldi-tof mass spectrometry. | influenza neuraminidases hydrolyze the ketosidic linkage between n-acetylneuraminic acid and its adjacent galactose residue in sialosides. this enzyme is a tetrameric protein that plays a critical role in the release of progeny virions. several methods have been described for the determination of neuraminidase activity, usually based on colorimetric, fluorescent, or chemiluminescent detection. however, only a few of these tests allow discrimination of the sialyl-linkage specificity (i.e., α2-3- ... | 2011 | 21739555 |
| development of a recombinant elisa using yeast (pichia pastoris)-expressed polypeptides for detection of antibodies against avian influenza a subtype h5. | two truncated sequences (designated p1 and rha1) of influenza a virus subtype h5 haemagglutinin (ha) were cloned and expressed in yeast pichia pastoris (p. pastoris). these polypeptides were used in an indirect recombinant elisa (relisa) for detection of h5 antibodies in poultry. serum samples obtained from broiler chickens vaccinated with commercial inactivated vaccine (h5n2) and control negative sera from non-vaccinated chickens against influenza were tested using rp1-elisa, rha1-elisa, whole ... | 2011 | 22197190 |
| Influence of maternal immunity on vaccine efficacy and susceptibility of one day old chicks against Egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. | In Egypt, continuous circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.1 in vaccinated commercial poultry challenges strenuous control efforts. Here, vaccine-derived maternal AIV H5 specific immunity in one-day old chicks was investigated as a factor of vaccine failure in long-term blanket vaccination campaigns in broiler chickens. H5 seropositive one-day old chicks were derived from breeders repeatedly immunized with a commercial inactivated vaccine based on the ... | 2011 | 21920677 |
| [evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of 2 immunizations with allantoic intranasal live influenza vaccine ultragrivac]. | evaluate reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity in phase 2 clinical trials of 2 immunization schedules with ultragrivac--an allantoic intranasal life influenza vaccine based on a/17/ duck/potsdam/86/92 [17/h5] reassortant strain. | 2011 | 21916043 |
| a highly sensitive immuno-pcr assay for detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | with an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (aiv), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. the topyield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of h5n1 subtype aiv ranging from 10 eid(50 )ml(-1)~10(-4) eid(50) ml(-1),which was recognized by mouse anti-aiv h5 monoclonal antibody (mab) that was directly linked with reporter dna using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. after extensive was ... | 2011 | 20862550 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 from egypt escapes vaccine-induced immunity but confers clinical protection against a heterologous clade 2.2.1 egyptian isolate. | the poultry populations of egypt are endemically infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1. vaccination was chosen as an auxiliary tool to control hpaiv in poultry. potency of commercial vaccines regarding emerging variants is under discussion. in the current study efficacy of four different inactivated whole h5 virus vaccines representing different sublineages of hpaiv h5n1 were tested in chickens against challenge viruses currently co-circulating in egypt an ... | 2011 | 21244859 |