Publications

evidence for chlamydia pneumoniae of non-human origin.	this paper describes the characterization and taxonomic status of n16, a chlamydial isolate from the respiratory tract of a horse. n16 contains plasmid dna, has normal elementary body morphology and its inclusions do not stain with iodine. its major outer-membrane protein (momp) gene was completely sequenced and compared with the momp genes of chlamydia pneumoniae, c. psittaci, c. trachomatis and c. pecorum. this analysis revealed that n16 is closely related to the twar strain of c. pneumoniae ( ...	1993	8277245
seroprevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in taiwan.	chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) is a relatively newly discovered respiratory tract pathogen which was first isolated in taiwan. in order to describe the seroepidemiology of c. pneumoniae in taiwan, we evaluated 1,085 stored serum samples: 904 from patients, 97 from umbilical cord blood samples, and 84 from medical personnel at the veterans general hospital-kaohsiung, between january 1 and april 30, 1991. antibodies were determined by the use of a microimmunofluorescence test using elementary bodies ...	1993	8284640
pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar.		1993	8286642
chlamydia pneumoniae infections.		1993	8292109
[application of pcr for isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae].	chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated from the throat swab of a 5-year-old girl with acute bronchitis. the titers of igm and igg antibodies to c. pneumoniae in the serum were 1:20 and 1:2560, respectively. c. pneumoniae genome was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the throat swab and the infected cells after three passages, while c. pneumoniae was isolated from the throat swab after five passages by cell culture. pcr is considered to be a helpful method to isolate c. pneumoniae efficiently in ...	1993	8294763
the effects of medium and rate of freezing on the survival of chlamydias after lyophilization.	the effects of suspension media and rate of freezing on the survival of chlamydia trachomatis lgv2 and chlamydia pneumoniae after lyophilization were assessed. the highest loss in infectious elementary bodies (ebs) occurred during lyophilization. the survival was higher after freezing at a rate of 1 degree c min-1 and lyophilization than that after rapid freezing at -70 degrees c or -196 degrees c. the recovery (+/- 5%) was higher when fetal calf serum (fcs) containing glucose, saccharose or lac ...	1993	8300448
chlamydia pneumoniae seroprevalence in immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations in milan.	chlamydia pneumoniae is drawing increasing attention as an agent of respiratory tract infection. specific antibody prevalence in western countries is low in preschool children and reaches more than 50% in adults. however, little is known about the prevalence of this infection in immunocompromised subjects such as hiv-i infected patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of chl pneumoniae in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (hiv-1 infected) paediatric and adult popula ...	1993	8303635
comparison of serological tests for the detection of antibodies against chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae in rheumatological patients.	in cases of reactive arthritis, a suspected chlamydia trachomatis infection is often detected by serological methods. however, mostly tests with genus-specific antigens are used, neglecting the fact that antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae are highly prevalent in the adult population. therefore we tested sera of 129 patients with various rheumatological disorders and of 18 healthy persons in parallel with a genus-specific test (ipazyme) and with the species-specific microimmunofluorescence t ...	1993	8305809
evaluation of serological methods in the diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia during an epidemic in finland.	a complement fixation (cf) test, a micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test and an enzyme immunoassay (eia) using re-lipopolysaccharide as antigen were compared in the diagnosis of chlamydial infection in 136 mainly elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in finland in 1986-1987. chlamydial pneumonia was diagnosed in 58 (42.6%) of the 136 pneumonia patients; 44 (75.9%) of them could be shown by micro-if to be caused by chlamydia pneu ...	1993	8307044
experimental infection of chlamydia pneumoniae in mice.	nih/s, swiss webster, and balb/c mice were infected intranasally with three chlamydia pneumoniae isolates, kajaani 6, helsinki 12, and tw-183. c. pneumoniae could be isolated from the lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids up to the third week post-infection. specific serum igg antibodies against c. pneumoniae reached high levels in the third week and remained elevated until the end of the 6-week follow-up period. serum igm levels were highest in the third week post-infection and sta ...	1993	8309355
[detection of chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction].	we aimed at developing a method for early detection of chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) from clinical specimens. for this purpose, we amplified c. pneumoniae-specific dna fragments by polymerase chain reaction. a pair of 24 mer of oligonucleotides which were complementary to the sequences within the region encoding the major outer membrane were synthesized and used as primers. as the results, all three standard strains of c. pneumoniae (ar-39, tw-183 and ar-388) were identified by the detect ...	1993	8315297
[chlamydia].		1993	8317038
[chlamydia pneumoniae].	chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria with a biphasic life cycle. in 1986 a new species of chlamydiae, chlamydia psittaci twar was discovered, later named chlamydia pneumoniae. c. pneumoniae is probably an important pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in man, ranging from subclinical infection to life threatening pneumonia. infections can occur in epidemics. furthermore, associations between c. pneumoniae infection and coronary artery disease, lethal myocarditis and sarcoidosis ...	1993	8317039
age-dependent antichlamydial activity of human saliva. a study of infants, children and adults.	saliva samples from 51 children ranging from 1 month to 12 years of age were studied for their effect on the capacity of chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes i and l2 elementary bodies (eb), to form inclusions in cycloheximide-treated mccoy cell cultures. the results were compared to those of tests using saliva from adults. no antibodies against c. trachomatis or chlamydia pneumoniae could be detected by microimmunofluorescence tests in either group. saliva of children between 1-4 years of age showe ...	1993	8323740
[roxithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia].	the aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of roxithromycin in the empiric treatment of extra-hospitalary pneumonias in immunocompetent adult patients.	1993	8324023
a seroepidemiologic study of chlamydia pneumoniae in rhode island. evidence of serologic cross-reactivity.	although chlamydia pneumoniae is considered a common cause of pneumonia worldwide, the evidence is mainly serologic. therefore, we examined whether the currently used chlamydial microimmunofluorescence (mif) antibody test is specific for c pneumoniae infection.	1993	8325072
regional variation in ischemic heart disease: a possible missing risk factor?		1993	8326354
transmission of chlamydia pneumoniae.	to investigate the transmission of chlamydia pneumoniae via hands and environmental surfaces, its survival on various surfaces was studied. the organism remained viable on formica countertops for 30 h and in tissue paper for 12 h. measurable quantities of chlamydiae were transferred from these environmental surfaces to hands. however, titers were low and survival time on hands was limited to 10-15 min. c. pneumoniae survived small particle aerosolization well and was infectious to mice by both d ...	1993	8335994
[polypeptide profiles of chlamydia pneumoniae strains isolated from japan and western blot analysis using patients' sera].	polypeptide profiles were compared among chlamydia pneumoniae strain of ac-43, which was isolated from a japanese child, and other strains of c. pneumoniae. there was no distinctive differences among these strains. all strains showed marked band on 39.5 kda area, which is equivalent with the major outer membrane protein (momp). patients infected with c. pneumoniae were analyzed by western blot using ac-43. reaction for 98, 68, 60 kda proteins were recognized among sera which showed positive resu ...	1993	8336008
[reactivity of chlamydia pneumoniae strains in the ideia chlamydia test kit designed for detection of chlamydia trachomatis].	the intensity of reaction in the ideia chlamydia test kit to lipopolysaccharide of seven strains of chlamydia pneumoniae was examined by using highly purified elementary bodies (ebs). the strains were divided into two groups according to whether the ebs were pear-shape or round. the group with the pear-shaped ebs consisted of tw-183, ar-39 and ar-388 strains; the group with the round ebs consisted of iol-207, kajaani-6, yk-41 and kkpn-1 strains. the number of ebs at the cutoff level of the test ...	1993	8336010
[a report of 4 cases from whom chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated].	chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) was isolated from respiratory tract of 4 girls. case 1 is 5-year-old, diagnosed as pneumonia, had had a prolonged productive cough. she was treated with rkm with improvement of symptoms, however, c. pneumoniae was isolated repeatedly and was not deleted. neither anti-mycoplasmal nor viral antibodies were positive and no significant pathogens were cultured from nasophrayngeal swabs. case 2, the sister of case 1, is a 3-year-old girl with acute bronchitis treat ...	1993	8336014
another possible risk factor for airway disease.		1993	8339677
chlamydial respiratory infections. don't get bogged down by differentiating species.		1993	8343691
phylogenetic relationship of chlamydia pneumoniae to chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16s ribosomal dna sequences.	the 16s ribosomal dna sequence of chlamydia pneumoniae was determined and compared with the corresponding gene sequences of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis. c. pneumoniae has been reported to exhibit little chromosomal dna homology with the other chlamydial species, and its phylogenetic relationships within the genus chlamydia have not been described. a polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine the 16s rrna gene sequence of c. pneumoniae. ten primers from the c. psittaci s ...	1993	8347519
chlamydia species and mycoplasma species in recurrent tonsillitis.		1993	8357589
influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of chlamydia pneumoniae in aerosols.	the survival of chlamydia pneumoniae in aerosols was investigated by using a chamber with a capacity of 114.5 liters. we injected 5 x 10(7) inclusion-forming units (ifu) of c. pneumoniae in aerosols with a droplet size of 3 to 5 microns. samples were taken after 30 s and every 1 min thereafter. the survival of c. pneumoniae was measured at four temperatures (8.5, 15, 25, and 35 degrees c) and at three different relative humidities (rh) of 5, 50, and 95% for each temperature. the survival rates o ...	1993	8368846
serological response to chlamydia pneumoniae in adults with coronary arterial fatty streaks and fibrolipid plaques.	the antigen-specific serological response to chlamydia pneumoniae was studied in 45 adults with coronary artery atherosclerosis and compared with that in 40 adults with acute respiratory infection. c. pneumoniae antigen and dna were detected in lesions more frequently in patients with low immunoglobulin g titers against c. pneumoniae than in those with high immunoglobulin g titers. reactivities with the 42-kda (46%) and 52-kda (31%) proteins were observed more frequently in sera from seropositiv ...	1993	8370753
prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae twar in a group of german medical students.	prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae twar in germany has not been previously evaluated. therefore a healthy adult population of 353 german medical students (mean age 24 years) was examined with a species-specific microimmunofluorescence test for igg, igm and iga antibodies to c. pneumoniae and in parallel to chlamydia trachomatis. altogether, 229 persons had igg antibodies to c. pneumoniae (64.9%), 136 had iga antibodies (38.5%), while the serum of only one contained specific igm. pr ...	1993	8370954
lung infections in children.	airway infections in children is a considerably broad topic. this discussion focuses on several common nonbacterial causes of lower respiratory tract infection in children, including respiratory syncytial virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia pneumoniae. in addition, the occurrence of two important bacterial causes of lower respiratory illness (bordetella pertussis and mycobacterium tuberculosis) is increasing. this review focuses on current information on the prophylaxis, treatment, and d ...	1993	8374645
the in-vitro activity of opc-17116, a new 5-methyl substituted quinolone.	the in-vitro activity of the new 5-methylated fluoroquinolone opc-17116 was compared with that of other fluoroquinolines and beta-lactams against a total of 690 bacterial strains. with the exception of klebsiella and serratia spp., 90% of the enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by 0.25 mg/l. opc-17116 inhibited 90% of serratia spp. at 8 mg/l and klebsiella spp. at 4 mg/l. moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae were highly susceptible (mic90 < or = 0.03 mg/l). pseudomonas aeruginosa were ...	1993	8390433
outer membrane complex proteins of chlamydia pneumoniae.	the protein composition of the outer membrane complex (omc) of chlamydia pneumoniae strain ar-39 was analyzed by metabolic labeling with [35s]methionine and [35s]cysteine. cysteine-rich proteins with molecular masses of 98, 60 doublet, 39.5 (momp) and 15.5 kda were found in the omc of c. pneumoniae. the cysteine-rich proteins of the omcs of the three chlamydia species showed specific reaction patterns by immunoassay and autoradiography to rabbit or turkey immune sera. recognition of the momp and ...	1993	8405962
aetiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an historical perspective.	community-acquired pneumonia is common. most disease is mild but mortality among hospitalized patients is 5-20%. the most common aetiological pathogens are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and the 'atypical' organisms, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and chlamydia pneumoniae. less common pathogens account for 10-30% of cases and the aetiology cannot be determined in one-third to one-half of cases. classification by aetiology and initiation of specific antimicrobial ...	1993	8407696
serologic tests for chlamydia pneumoniae.		1993	8414816
structures of and allelic diversity and relationships among the major outer membrane protein (ompa) genes of the four chlamydial species.	dna sequences coding for 81% of the ompa gene from 24 chlamydial strains, representing all chlamydial species, were determined from dna amplified by polymerase chain reactions. chlamydial strains of serovars and strains with similar chromosomal restriction fragment length polymorphism had identical ompa dna sequences. the ompa sequences were segregated into 23 different ompa alleles and aligned with each other, and phylogenetic relationships among them were inferred by neighbor-joining and maxim ...	1993	8419295
chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of copd.	chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, is a frequent causative agent of acute respiratory disease. we assessed the incidence and prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae infections in copd. we studied, from january 1990 to may 1991, 142 out-patients with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and 114 healthy control subjects. oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected at each exacerbation and analysed using a high definition monoclonal indirect fluorescent antibody t ...	1993	8425589
relevance of chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired respiratory infections.		1993	8425598
origin of hep-2 cells used for culture of chlamydiae.		1993	8432842
pneumonia, myocarditis and reactive arthritis due to chlamydia pneumoniae.	a 37 year old hla b27 negative man developed erythema nodosum, pneumonia, myocarditis and oligoarthritis due to chlamydia pneumoniae. he recovered completely over a four month period. this is the first clinical description of reactive arthritis caused by c. pneumoniae.	1993	8434247
chlamydia pneumoniae.		1993	8434345
clinical scoring system in the evaluation of adult pharyngitis.	to compare results of a clinical scoring system for diagnosis of group a streptococcal pharyngitis with microbiologic results, when several different pharyngeal pathogens were tested simultaneously.	1993	8435167
recurrent tonsillitis: the role of chlamydia and mycoplasma.		1993	8435179
aviators have been grounded due to the development of asthma.		1993	8447811
demonstration of chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease and approximately 10% of community-acquired pneumonia. the infections are geographically widespread. antibody prevalence studies have shown that virtually everyone is infected with the c. pneumoniae organisms at some time and that reinfection is common. in addition to respiratory disease, seroepidemiologic studies have shown an association of this organism with coronary artery disease. c. pneumoniae was de ...	1993	8450249
amplification of chlamydia trachomatis dna by ligase chain reaction.	amplification of chlamydia trachomatis dna by polymerase chain reaction was compared with amplification by ligase chain reaction (lcr). both amplification procedures were able to consistently amplify amounts of dna equivalent to three c. trachomatis elementary bodies. all 15 c. trachomatis serovars were amplified to detectable levels by lcr, and no dna from 16 organisms potentially found in clinical specimens or from chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae was amplified by lcr.	1993	8458974
[association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection with otitis media with effusion].	chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been recognized to cause various human respiratory tract diseases, including pharyngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. the most common pathogens of respiratory tract infections such as streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are frequently present in middle ear effusions. therefore, it is possible that c. pneumoniae play a role in otitis media with effusion (ome). isolation of c. pneumoniae from middle ear aspirates of ome was performed by the culture m ...	1993	8459307
acute lower respiratory tract infection associated with chlamydia pneumoniae in germany.	serum specimens from 223 patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection were examined for antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae using the microimmunofluorescence test. antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae were detected in 18 (20%) of 91 children and 64 (48%) of 132 adults. among those individuals, 4 (4%) children and 15 (11%) adults had elevated igg antibody titres indicating acute or recent infection. specific igm antibodies were observed in two patients. these results suggest that a signific ...	1993	8462558
the epidemic cycle of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in eastern finland, 1972-1987.	the epidemic cycle of chlamydia pneumoniae infection was examined in two areas in eastern finland over a period of 15 years, 1972-87. the c. pneumoniae igg antibody prevalence was determined with 5-year intervals in a random sample of the population aged 25-59 years. the total number of sera studied using immunofluorescence was 2387. in 1972 the antibody prevalence was 57% and it increased to 66% in 1977. over the next 5 years the prevalence decreased to 44% in 1982, but by 1987 it had again inc ...	1993	8472779
a mouse model of chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar pneumonitis.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of acute respiratory infections in humans. we evaluated mice as experimental animals for c. pneumoniae. intranasal inoculation of swiss webster mice with c. pneumoniae induced a prolonged course of lung infection, as demonstrated by reisolation of organisms from lungs (at 42 days) and persistence of lung pathology (> 60 days). the lung pathology was characterized by patchy interstitial pneumonitis with predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration ...	1993	8478091
cell-mediated immunity to chlamydia pneumoniae measured as lymphocyte blast transformation in vitro.	the purpose of the present study was to analyze chlamydia pneumoniae-induced, antigen-specific, cell-mediated immunity. peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four persons infected with c. pneumoniae kajaani 6 and 17 healthy volunteers were stimulated with antigen composed of whole elementary bodies of c. pneumoniae kajaani 6 (cp-ag). definitive antigen-specific lymphoproliferation (lp) responses were developed after recent infection. the lp responses of healthy people to cp-ag varied considerabl ...	1993	8478110
comparison of macrolide antibiotics.	macrolides have been in use since the early 1950s. in recent years new macrolides have been developed to try to overcome the problems associated with erythromycin. in general they have fairly similar in-vitro activity, although azithromycin has superior activity against haemophilus influenzae and some gram-negative organisms. clarithromycin shows superior in-vitro activity against legionella spp. and against the type strain of chlamydia pneumoniae. the pharmacology of macrolides produces many in ...	1993	8478301
serological evidence of the three chlamydial species in an aboriginal community in the northern territory.	to determine the pattern of seropositivity to the three species of chlamydia in women and children from a single community.	1993	8479376
[chlamydia pneumoniae--pathogenesis and perspectives].	chlamydia pneumoniae, a gram-negative bacterium, formerly named twar but identified as a distinct species since 1988, is now considered to be the most common agent of chlamydial infection in scandinavia. c pneumoniae has a different tissue trophism from that of chlamydia trachomatis, since c pneumoniae may infect bronchi and lungs, macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. c pneumoniae, like other chlamydiae, has a slow, intracellular life cycle. an absence of reaction from the host cells, ...	1993	8480296
chlamydia pneumoniae-specific circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic coronary heart disease.	an association of chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection to coronary heart disease has been suggested recently. in a recent study, we demonstrated circulating immune complexes containing chlamydial genus-specific lipopolysaccharide in patients with coronary heart disease. the objective of the present study was to investigate whether c. pneumoniae species-specific immune complexes are present in chronic coronary heart disease.	1993	8484830
chlamydia in atherosclerosis.		1993	8484831
atypical pneumonias. clinical and extrapulmonary features of chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella infections.	pneumonias caused by atypical organisms usually have extra-pulmonary features. chlamydial pneumonia often starts with hoarseness and fever, and respiratory tract symptoms may not appear for days. mycoplasmal pneumonia may manifest with ear pain and a nonproductive cough. legionnaires' disease presents with high fevers and central nervous system and gastrointestinal abnormalities. diagnosis of chlamydial infection is accomplished with serologic testing. patients are unresponsive to erythromycin t ...	1993	8493198
in vitro and in vivo antichlamydial activities of newly developed quinolone antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of three newly developed quinolone antimicrobial agents (sparfloxacin, tosufloxacin, and opc-17116) were investigated. all three agents showed potent in vitro activities against chlamydia psittaci, c. trachomatis, and c. pneumoniae with mics that ranged from 0.031 to 0.125 micrograms/ml. these values were higher than those of minocycline (0.0075 to 0.015 micrograms/ml) but lower than those of erythromycin (0.25 to 0.5 micrograms/ml) and ofloxacin and ciproflox ...	1993	8494377
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples by pcr.	to use the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples.	1993	8496387
[chlamydial infections (a review of the literature)].		1993	8498045
chlamydial respiratory infections.		1993	8499846
antibodies to chlamydia species in patients attending a genitourinary clinic and the impact of antibodies to c. pneumoniae and c. psittaci on the sensitivity and the specificity of c. trachomatis serology tests.	in a retrospective study, the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis serovars d to k, c. pneumoniae, and c. psittaci in cases attending a genitourinary clinic was examined. blood samples were collected from 7,002 cases attending the clinic in doncaster, england between may 1983 and may 1990. sera from these samples were tested by a modified microimmunofluorescence test using panels of microdots of egg-grown, purified elementary bodies representing a pool of c. trachomatis d to k, a si ...	1993	8503060
case report: acute postoperative respiratory failure caused by chlamydia pneumoniae and diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage.	most chlamydia pneumoniae infections are mild, but 10% develop into pneumonia. c. pneumoniae has been observed in hospital in intubated patients undergoing major surgery or admitted with severe trauma. a patient with squamous cell carcinoma in whom severe pneumonia developed postpneumonectomy and who required mechanical ventilation is presented. the patient was initially treated for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia with the broad spectrum antibiotics ceftazidime, amikacin, and vancomycin. the pati ...	1993	8506900
the morphology of chlamydia pneumoniae.	the morphology of a recently isolated strain of chlamydia pneumoniae, yk-41, was compared by electronmicroscopy with c. pneumoniae twar, chlamydia trachomatis l2/434/bu and chlamydia psittaci cal 10. the results showed that "pear-shaped" morphology was not typical of c. pneumoniae. basic morphological features, such as surface projections and hexagonally arrayed, regular structures in the inside layer of the outer membrane of elementary bodies, were very similar in these strains. the structure o ...	1993	8510134
an unusual manifestation of chlamydia pneumoniae infection: meningitis, hepatitis, iritis and atypical erythema nodosum.	a 37-year-old man was admitted to hospital with fever, muscle tenderness, headache and mild exanthema on the right thigh. during his hospital stay, the headache worsened and aseptic meningitis was diagnosed. a bilateral iritis developed, and the exanthema developed into an atypical erythema nodosum. in liver function tests, pathological results were recorded. vasculitis was suspected but could not be confirmed. all serological tests proved negative except for a fourfold titre rise to chlamydia p ...	1993	8511521
chlamydia pneumoniae.		1993	8211882
investigation of a unique time-space cluster of sarcoidosis in firefighters.	a unique cluster of three cases of sarcoidosis developed recently among 10 white firefighters who trained together as apprentices in 1979. this led us to hypothesize that firefighters are at increased risk of this condition because of the combined effect of smoke exposure and infection with a communicable agent, such as chlamydia pneumoniae, a recently proposed cause of sarcoidosis. we conducted a case-finding questionnaire survey of 1,282 active and retired male providence firefighters and poli ...	1993	8214953
rapid diagnosis of chlamydia psittaci pneumonia.	two cases of chlamydia psittaci pneumonia are presented. in each, a rapid diagnosis was made through the use of direct immunofluorescent antibody staining of respiratory secretions with monoclonal antibodies to chlamydial antigens. in one case the diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of the causative organism from sputum and a pharyngeal swab. chlamydial lipopolysaccharide was detectable in sputum from this patient in an enzyme immunoassay. serological responses to c. psittaci, chlamydia tra ...	1993	8218673
an epidemic of infections due to chlamydia pneumoniae in military conscripts.	a prospective observational study of an epidemic of infection due to chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar in finnish military trainees provided new information on immunity following infection, the range of clinical syndromes and complications, and cell culture isolation. one-half of the trainees studied (43 of 86) had laboratory evidence of c. pneumoniae infection. the etiologic association of c. pneumoniae with disease was strengthened by the sharp increase in cases of pneumonia and in outpatient v ...	1993	8218684
evidence that chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis.	an epidemic often provides an opportunity to obtain evidence of the etiologic association of a microorganism with disease. chlamydia pneumoniae twar is a newly recognized organism whose relationship to disease is not completely understood. an outbreak of c. pneumoniae infections from november 1990 to february 1991 was studied in university of washington students. twelve twar infections were identified serologically in 54 students with acute respiratory disease. the organism was isolated from 7 o ...	1993	8228356
[chlamydia pneumoniae: clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects].		1993	8234732
past infection by chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric) study investigators.	to determine whether past infection by chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar is associated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis. previous studies have linked this organism with symptomatic coronary heart disease.	1993	8238066
in vitro activity of azithromycin (cp-62,993) against chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 49 strains of chlamydia trachomatis and 3 strains of chlamydia pneumoniae to azithromycin and tetracycline or doxycycline were determined. the mic of azithromycin ranged from < or = 0.06 to 1.0 micrograms/ml, the mic of tetracycline ranged from 0.03 to 0.12 micrograms/ml, and the mic of doxycycline ranged from 0.015 to 0.06 micrograms/ml against c. trachomatis. the mic ranges for c. pneumoniae were 0.12 to 0.25 micrograms/ml for azithromycin and 0.06 to 0.12 micr ...	1993	8239579
serum reactivity to chlamydia trachomatis and c. pneumoniae antigens in patients with documented infection and in healthy children by microimmunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques.	chlamydia trachomatis and c. pneumoniae are both important human pathogens. antigenic cross-reactivity between the two species may complicate serologic diagnosis of infection with one or the other agent. in this study we examined sera of persons with chlamydia infections and of healthy children by microimmunofluorescence (mif) against c. trachomatis l2 antigen and against c. pneumoniae tw-183 antigen to explore the degree of cross-reactivity found by these two methods. likewise, the cross-reacti ...	1993	8240791
incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae in italian patients.	the incidence of chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia was evaluated in a one-year prospective study in 108 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. the bacteriological diagnosis was based on culture of sputum or bronchial aspirate and examination of acute and convalescent phase sera for mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and chlamydia pneumoniae. a definitive microbiological diagnosis was obtained in 58 (54%) patients. chlamydia pneumoniae was the causati ...	1993	8243486
[changing pattern of chlamydia respiratory tract infections--with special reference to infections in japan].		1993	8245644
chlamydia pneumoniae in swedish patients.	chlamydia pneumoniae infections have earlier been described as mycoplasma-like illnesses in young people, and also appear to be associated with community-acquired pneumonia in adults. in this retrospective study, 12.2% (23/188) of patients with pneumonia who required hospitalization during the 3 years 1985-87 had serological evidence of recent c. pneumoniae infection. many of these patients had symptoms similar to ornithosis. the most interesting finding was that half of the patients with a 4-fo ...	1993	8248741
chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of reactive arthritis.		1993	8252327
spontaneous cure of acute bronchitis caused by chlamydia pneumoniae in a 15-year-old boy.	chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated from the pharyngeal swab of a 15-year-old patient with acute bronchitis. the serum igm antibody against c.pneumoniae was elevated up to 160-fold in the acute phase and decreased to 20-fold in the convalescent phase using the microimmunofluorescence (mif) test. igg antibody titers in the acute phase and the convalescent phase were 40-fold and 160-fold respectively using the mif test. the patient recovered from the bronchitis without any effective treatment, indic ...	1993	8253607
growth in serum-free medium improves isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae.	infectivity titers were determined for eight chlamydia pneumoniae strains simultaneously grown in serum-free and serum-supplemented cell culture media. use of serum-free medium resulted in a 10- to 50-fold increase in the susceptibility of hl cells to chlamydial infection. comparative primary isolation of a wild-type strain also produced higher inclusion counts in a serum-free environment. serum-free cultivation is recommended to increase the efficiency of c. pneumoniae isolation from clinical m ...	1993	8263198
atypical pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae: a case report.	a first case of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia in malaysia is reported. the diagnosis was made by a significant change in c. pneumoniae antibody titre. the infection responded well to a course of erythromycin.	1993	8266214
preliminary data on chlamydia pneumoniae seroprevalence in hiv-1 infected children.		1993	8267281
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay in an immunocompromised population.	chlamydia pneumoniae has now been associated with pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease, and asthma. because of the difficulty of primary isolation and tissue-culture adaptation of this organism, we used a previously developed polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) to screen 132 culture-negative bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens from 108 immunocompromised patients (34% of whom were positive for human immunodeficiency virus) and 7 hea ...	1993	8268355
[a case of severe interstitial pneumonia probably due to chlamydia pneumoniae].	a 64-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with dyspnea and high fever. the patient had a relative bradycardia and severe hypoxemia. velcr rales were heard throughout the entire lung fields. leucocytosis was absent. chest x-ray showed bilateral diffuse reticular shadows. corticosteroid pulse therapy and minocycline were introduced on the suspicion of either idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or chlamydial pneumonia. subsequently, his symptoms gradually improved. although the patient had no h ...	1993	8271671
identification of chlamydia pneumoniae-specific protein antigens in immunoblots.	the immunoblot patterns of 248 sera, all examined previously by the microimmunofluorescence test (mif) for species-specific chlamydia antibodies, were analyzed. predominant specific antibody activity was directed to the 54 kda protein of chlamydia pneumoniae, which was recognized by 93% of sera positive for chlamydia pneumoniae by mif but by only 2% of sera positive for chlamydia trachomatis and negative for chlamydia pneumoniae and by 3% of sera negative for both chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamy ...	1993	8187792
current topics of chlamydial respiratory tract infections--special reference to the epidemiology and clinical findings of chlamydia pneumoniae infections in japan.		1993	8204976
serological investigation of pneumonia as it presents to the physician's office.	to define the etiology of pneumonia, using a battery of serological tests, among patients presenting to physicians' offices in cumberland county, nova scotia from july 2, 1989 to july 1, 1990.	1993	22346468
mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar infections in u.s. marine corps recruits.	paired sera from 208 healthy marine corps recruits undergoing 11 weeks of basic training in san diego during 1989 were studied by complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence techniques for antibody to mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar infections. upon entering training, 52.7% and 64.4% of the recruits had evidence of prior infection with m. pneumoniae and c. pneumoniae, respectively. at the end of training, 5.9% of recruits had evidence of new infections with m. pneu ...	1994	20058422
chlamydia pneumoniae.		1994	8205921
[is coronary disease caused by an infection with chlamydia pneumoniae?].		1994	7992422
[a case of pediatric chlamydia pneumoniae infection and properties of the isolate].	chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated from the throat of a 2-year-old girl with upper respiratory illness. the isolate, shizuoka-37, was stained with c. pneumoniae specific monoclonal antibody (rr402), as well as the genus specific antibody (cultureset), but not with c. trachomatis specific monoclonal antibody (micro-trak). c. pneumoniae genome was amplified by polymerase chain reaction in the isolate. elementary bodies (eb) of the isolate was round shaped by electron micrograph.	1994	7996018
[twar and heart disease. a questionable connection].		1994	8189970
chlamydial etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in the sudan.	the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in 110 sudanese children with signs of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) was investigated. four (3.6%) had evidence of c. pneumoniae infection, of whom 3 were culture-positive, while 1 had an antibody response suggesting a recent infection. igg antibodies at a titer of > or = 1:32 to c. pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis were detected in 27 (24.5%), 27 (24.5%) and 7 (6.4%) of the 110 alri cases, respectively. c. pneumoniae, c. ...	1994	8193496
critical review of microbiological data and methods in diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections.	a review is presented of the microbiological data, and the methods for obtaining these data, which are relevant for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection. the necessity for adequate information exchange between the microbiology laboratory and the clinic is stressed. once the specimen (usually sputum) has reached the laboratory, it is screened macroscopically and microscopically for adequacy, and cultures are set up. many patients with acute community-acquired pneumonia (cap) have no ...	1994	8193620
chlamydia pneumoniae igg antibody prevalence in south-western and eastern finland in 1982 and 1987.	chlamydia pneumonia igg antibody prevalence was examined in a representative sample (2342 subjects) of the population aged 25-59 years in south-western and eastern finland in 1982 and 1987. microimmunofluorescence was used to measure igg antibodies. prevalence of c. pneumoniae was modelled using the glim statistical package assuming that the prevalence had a binomial distribution. the prevalence was assumed to be a function of the year, subjects' gender, age and place of residence. the effect of ...	1994	8194914
characterization of chlamydia pneumoniae species-specific proteins immunodominant in humans.	proteins of chlamydia pneumoniae immunodominant in humans were characterized with the sera of 13 patients who were not likely to have been exposed to c. trachomatis or c. psittaci. the serological responses among these patients were similar on a qualitative basis, but some differences were found quantitatively. however, the serological responses of the patients who were infected with c. pneumoniae differed markedly from those of two patients who were infected with c. trachomatis and two who were ...	1994	8195362
interference of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies in iga antibody determinations of chlamydia pneumoniae by microimmunofluorescence test.	in the microimmunofluorescence test for measuring immunoglobulin a (iga) antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae, removal of interfering igg antibodies made iga antibody reactivity patterns in 952 serum samples easier to interpret, prozone effects disappeared, and titers increased, especially in the sera with high igg titers. iga rheumatoid factors did not interfere in the assay.	1994	8195403
asthma and chlamydial infection: a case series.	adult-onset asthma is frequently associated with antecedent respiratory symptoms that could represent either previously undiagnosed asthma or previous lung infections that result in subsequent asthma. to further investigate a reported association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and adult reactive airway disease, we looked for evidence of atypical infections in patients with acute wheezing and nonwheezing respiratory illnesses.	1994	8195733
genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in australia.		1994	8271993
two family outbreaks of chlamydia pneumoniae infection.	during autumn 1992, we observed two unrelated family outbreaks of chlamydia pneumoniae infection. family a consisted of grandmother (aged 77 yrs), father (aged 41 yrs), mother (aged 38 yrs), daughter (aged 10 yrs), and two sons (aged 6 yrs and 3 months, respectively). the grandmother and daughter suffered from pneumonia, father from pharyngitis and bronchitis and the older son from mild bronchitis. no symptoms were recorded in the mother and younger son. symptomatic subjects showed a fourfold in ...	1994	8143807
prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in patients with acute respiratory infections in israel.	to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) in relation to other aetiological agents of acute respiratory infections in israeli patients.	1994	8163694
the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in severe acute tonsillitis.	chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated as a cause of tonsillitis and pharyngitis, but the incidence has varied from one to 19 per cent in various studies. we investigated 51 patients admitted to university college hospital, galway, with severe tonsillitis. throat swabs were examined for evidence of chlamydia pneumoniae using a direct monoclonal antibody test. blood was taken for serology from 45 patients. a further specimen was taken at six weeks. a control group of 32 blood bank sera was used ...	1994	8163914