Publications

novel metabolite structures from biotransformation of a sesquiterpenoid ketone by selected fungal strains.	the sesquiterpenoid ketone, 1,4,4-trimethyltricyclo[5.4.0.0(3.5)]undec-7-en-9-one (1), was subjected to microbial transformation by six fungal strains: aspergillus niger atcc 9142, aspergillus ochraceus dsm 824, beauveria bassiana atcc 7159, cunninghamella echinulata atcc 9244, rhizopus arrhizus atcc 11.145, and absidia blakesleeana atcc 10.148. four main metabolites were formed from 1: 10(r)- and 10(s)-hydroxy-1,4,4-trimethyltricyclo-[5.4.0.0(3.5)]undec-7- en- 9-one (2 and 3, respectively), bes ...	1991	1872996
case reports rhizopus brain abscess: report of a case and review of the literature.	the case of a 34-year-old intravenous drug abuser who survived brain abscess due to rhizopus arrhizus is presented. the diagnosis was made by brain biopsy. fungal brain abscess is a rare complication of iv drug abuse. phycomycetes cause venous thrombosis and infarction of brain tissue. medical versus surgical options are discussed.	1991	1961435
invasive polymycotic pneumonia in an uncontrolled diabetic.	we describe the clinical course of a patient with invasive polymycotic pneumonia due to rhizopus arrhizus and candida albicans. both organisms were recovered from antemortem sputum cultures, and their clinical significance was confirmed by histologic examination of the lungs at autopsy. circumstances leading to polymycotic infection are discussed, with special attention given to polymycotic infections involving zygomycetes.	1991	2021322
cloning, expression and characterization of a cdna encoding a lipase from rhizopus delemar.	a lambda gt11 cdna library was constructed in escherichia coli using poly(a)-selected mrna from the fungus, rhizopus (rp.) delemar. lipase-producing members of the library were identified by means of a phenotypic score wherein the release of fatty acids by lipase causes a characteristic color change in the growth medium. one such isolate contained a 1287-bp insert (lip cdna) which hybridizes to 1.25- to 1.35-kb mrna species from rp. delemar. the lipase produced in e. coli containing the lip cdna ...	1991	1756969
rhinocerebral mucormycosis following bone marrow transplantation.	rhizopus oryzae was the causative organism in a fatal case of rhinocerebral and then pulmonary mucormycosis in a patient cured of her underlying leukaemia by bone marrow transplantation. we discuss the risk factors involved and the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion of fungal infection in the late post-transplant period.	1992	1548420
epidemiology and pathogenesis of paranasal sinus mycoses.	in a prospective study, 50 cases of paranasal sinus mycoses were diagnosed in 2 years out of 119 clinically suspected patients from north india. young men from rural areas were most commonly afflicted. patients with paranasal sinus mycoses could be grouped in three clinical varieties: noninvasive, 31; invasive, 17; allergic, 2. maxillary and ethmoid were the common sinuses concurrently involved in these patients, whereas sphenoid and frontal sinuses were also affected in invasive variety. asperg ...	1992	1470451
effect of fungicides on the production of amylase by rhizopus oryzae.	seven fungicides (brassicol), captan, dithane m-45, fytolan, parasan, sulfex and thiram) were tested for their effect on the production of amylase enzyme by rhizopus oryzae. the activity of amylase was determined by cup-plate method. all the fungicides were found inhibitory for the synthesis of amylase. out of these, parasan was the most effective causing hundred percent inhibition at 0.025% concentration. no amylase production was recorded when thiram, fytolan, brassicol, captan and dithane m-4 ...	1992	1283859
fumaric acid production from hydrolysates of starch-based substrates.	fumaric acid production by rhizopus arrhizus from commercial hydrolysates of corn starch (i.e. glucose molasses) was studied at different initial concentrations of glucose (s) and c:n ratios (r) by performing a 3(2) factorial experiment. by using the response surface methodology and statistical analysis, fumaric acid (yf) and mycelial biomass (yx) yields, as referred to the initial concentration of glucose and fumaric acid productivity (pf), were fitted to the only significant first-order effect ...	1992	1368809
characterization of a monoclonal antibody (p40) against the 68 kd major allergen of penicillium notatum.	a monoclonal antibody (moab p40) against the 68 kd major allergen of penicillium notatum (p. notatum) was obtained by immunizing the mouse with a crude extract of p. notatum. analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, p40 reacted with two different isoforms of the 68 kd component of p. notatum with pis of 5.4 and 5.5. in addition to p. notatum, p40 showed positive elisa activity to aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) but not to components of six other fungi including al ...	1992	1377093
the nutritive quality of sorghum-commonbean tempe.	the nutritive quality of sorghum-commonbean (40:60) tempe manufactured by rhizopus oligosporus: rhizopus oryzae (1:1) mixed culture fermentation was determined. the protein, crude fat and ash content increased slightly, while carbohydrates decreased. the dietary fibre of the tempe increased by 10%. mould fermentation increased the content of reducing sugars, total acid and aminonitrogen 15.3, 6.7 and 4.6-fold, respectively. it decreased the phytate content by 44% and it increased the tannic acid ...	1992	1502126
orofacial fungal infections. nine pathogens that may invade during chemotherapy.	immunosuppression due to antineoplastic drugs or malignant tumor leaves patients extremely vulnerable to infection. opportunistic fungi that rarely infect healthy persons can have very severe consequences in these patients. candida albicans is the pathogen found most often, but several other candida species may cause infection as well. aspergillosis is the second most frequently seen fungal infection of the face and mouth in patients receiving chemotherapy. less commonly seen but equally dangero ...	1992	1561171
phenoloxidase production and vanillic acid metabolism by zygomycetes.	the ability of 23 strains of zygomycetes to produce extracellular phenoloxidases was examined on solid media by using 10 different reagents. the results varied depending on the reagent and indicated that most of the strains were devoid of phenoloxidase activity. the production of inducible phenoloxidases was demonstrated by the bavendamm reaction. the study of the biotransformation of vanillic acid in synthetic medium indicated that the reaction most often obtained was the reduction of vanillic ...	1992	1602986
fungi associated with bovine abortion in the northern plains states (usa).	mycotic infection was diagnosed in 6.8% of 6,858 cases of bovine abortion and stillbirth examined during a 9-year period. aspergilli were associated with approximately 5% of all abortion cases and 71% of 446 cases that were cultured for fungi and diagnosed as mycotic abortion. aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequent isolate (62%), followed by a. terreus (6.7%), emericella (aspergillus) nidulans (3.0%), a. flavus (2.9%), and e. rugulosus (less than 1.0%). zygomycetes (absidia, mortierella, rh ...	1992	1616983
oligounsaturated fatty acid production by selected strains of micromycetes.	fifteen strains of filamentous fungi from the culture collection of fungi (charles university, prague) were tested for their lipid production, fatty acid composition with emphasis on accumulation of oligounsaturated fatty acids. all cultures contained palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and gamma-linolenic (18:3) acid (gla). the mycelium of cunninghamella elegans, rhizopus arrhizus, mortierella parvispora, m. elongata and m. alpina contained arachid ...	1992	1337332
formation of polyol-fatty acid esters by lipases in reverse micellar media.	the synthesis of polyol-fatty acid esters has strong implications in such industries as foods, cosmetics, and polymers. we have investigated these esterification reactions employing the polyols ethylene glycol, 2-monoglyceride, and sugars and their derivatives with the biocatalyst lipase in water/aot/isooctane reverse micellar media. for the first reaction, 50-60% conversion was achieved and product selectivity toward the monoester over the diester shown possible by employing lipase from rhizopu ...	1992	18601051
zygomycosis in ostriches.	an unusual disease characterized by anorexia, progressive stunting and stomach impaction was observed in young ostriches after treatment with antibiotics. the massive accumulation of a clear white gelatinous mucus adherent to the inner surface of the ventriculus plus a severe necrosis of the glandular layer were the only consistent findings. histological examination revealed typical forms of a zygomycete invading the affected tissue. the zygomycete rhizopus oryzae was isolated from the ventricul ...	1992	18670986
changes in the binding and inhibitory properties of urea/triazine-type herbicides upon phospholipid and galactolipid depletion in the outer monolayer of thylakoid membranes : different behaviour of atrazine-susceptible and-resistant biotypes of solanum nigrum l.	the binding characteristics and the inhibitory power of atrazine and dcmu towards uncoupled electron flow activity were studied in acyl lipid-depleted thylakoid membranes from atrazine-susceptible and-resistant biotypes of solanum nigrum l. for this purpose, phospholipase a2 from vipera russelli and the lipase from rhizopus arrhizus were used to obtain a selective lipid class (phospholipids or galactolipids) depletion which was restricted to the outer monolayer. neither phospholipid nor galactol ...	1992	24407930
evolutionary operation (evop) to optimize three-dimensional biological experiments.	evolutionary operation (evop) is used as an efficient technique for optimization of three variable experimental parameters using two-level factorial designs with center points. for metabolic function like enzyme synthesis by microorganisms, small amounts of metal ions, surfactants, and vitamins act as inducers. the desired quantities of these chemicals are, however, species dependent and have to be found out or each microorganism. by employing the evop technique, the requirements of these chemic ...	1993	18601246
esterification reactions catalyzed by lipases in microemulsions: the role of enzyme localization in relation to its selectivity.	the activity of lipases from rhizopus delemar, rhizopus arrhizus, and penicillium simplicissimum entrapped in microemulsions formulated by bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfo-succinate sodium salt (aot) in isooctane has been studied in esterification reactions of various aliphatic alcohols with fatty acids. the effect of the nature of the fatty acids (chain length) and of the alcohols (primary, secondary, or tertiary; chain length; cyclic structures) on the lipase activities was investigated in relation to ...	1993	18609653
cutaneous infection with rhizopus oryzae and aspergillus niger following bone marrow transplantation.	we describe a case of mixed rhizopus oryzae and aspergillus niger infection in a 38 year-old woman who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma. the fungi were isolated from a necrotic ulcer under a plaster cast stabilizing a pathological fracture of the left humerus. we emphasize the necessity for frequent inspection of any covered area of skin and the use of sterile dressings as far as possible in neutropenic patients.	1993	7907626
the normal mycoflora of commodities from thailand. 1. nuts and oilseeds.	a comprehensive study was carried out of the fungi occurring in commodities normally traded in thailand. samples of major commodities were obtained from farmers' stocks and middlemen in major producing areas throughout the country. retail samples were obtained from outlets in and around bankok. samples were divided into two portions, one being examined in bangkok, and the second in sydney. after surface disinfection, fungi were enumerated by direct plating on dichloran rose bengal chloramphenico ...	1993	8110599
[rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis caused by rhizopus oryzae.a typical case in a cirrhotic patient].	the rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is an acute rapidly progressive fungal infection. this disease is caused by a zygomycetes fungus, most often from the rhizopus genus. this fungus is saprophitic of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. it becomes pathogenic in some particular conditions, specially during diabetes mellitus. histopathological study is the only method allowing the diagnosis, by revealing the tissue invasion by characteristic hyphae. mycologic study allows a definitive identi ...	1993	8397543
the dependence of the lipolytic activity of rhizopus arrhizus lipase on surfactant concentration in aerosol-ot/isooctane reverse micelles and its relationship to enzyme structure.	aerosol ot, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate/isooctane reverse micelles were used to investigate the dependence of the lipolytic activity of rhizopus arrhizus lipase on surfactant concentration. kinetic constants for the lipolytic reaction were measured in parallel with structural studies using protein fluorescence and circular dichroism (cd) spectroscopy. km values remained constant throughout the range of aot concentrations studied. the kcat values decreased with increasing surfactant co ...	1993	7678504
production of extracellular acidic lipase by rhizopus arrhizus as a function of culture conditions.	thermophilic strain of rhizopus arrhizus accumulates an acidic lipase in culture fluid when grown in a medium containing ground nut oil, milk powder and inorganic salts. addition of 2.0% ground nut oil yielded the highest productivity of enzyme. soyabean meal and arabinose were found to be the best nitrogen and carbon sources for enzyme production respectively. addition of metal ions such as mncl2, sncl2 and cacl2 increased the enzyme productivity by 4 fold. the enzyme productivity in the fermen ...	1993	8181953
recovery from rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a ketoacidotic diabetic patient: a case report.	an 18-year-old woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed an infection of the paranasal sinuses with rhizopus oryzae resulting in facial swelling, hemiplegia and blindness of the right eye. the therapy of this rhinocerebral mucormycosis consisted of extensive surgical debridement, administration of high-dose amphotericin b, hyperbaric oxygen and control of the underlying predisposing diabetes mellitus. the patient eventually recovered with however, the loss of one eye.	1993	8509703
molecular characterization of an extracellular acid-resistant lipase produced by rhizopus javanicus.	an extracellular lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase ec 3.1.1.3), produced by the fungus rhizopus javanicus was purified to homogeneity using an expeditious two-step isolation method. the enzyme, with a molecular mass of 36 kda and a specific activity of 9260 microequivalent of fatty acid released per minute and mg under standard conditions, consists of three isoforms with isoelectric points of 7.8, 7.7, and 7.1, respectively. the purified lipase was digested using chemical and enzymatical pro ...	1993	8329142
overexpression of a rhizopus delemar lipase gene in escherichia coli.	a cloned complementary deoxyribonucleic acid encoding the precursor polypeptide of an extracellular lipase from the fungus rhizopus delemar was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to generate deoxyribonucleic acid fragments that specifically code for the polypeptides of the proenzyme and the mature form of the lipase. attempts to produce these polypeptides in enzymatically active form in escherichia coli revealed toxic effects toward the host. therefore the polypeptides were expressed as inacti ...	1993	8441342
release of volatile branched-chain and other fatty acids from ruminant milk fats by various lipases.	bovine, ovine, and caprine milk fats were treated with pregastric lipases (kid goat, calf, and lamb), microbial lipases (candida cylindracea, c. cylindracea ay30, aspergillus niger apf12, rhizopus arrhizus, penicillium roqueforti r10, and mucor zavanicus map 10), porcine pancreatic lipase, or milk lipase. all three pregastric lipases preferentially hydrolyzed volatile branched-chain and short n-chain fatty acids from each milk fat. pregastric lipases also released a relatively low proportion of ...	1993	8463483
lysosomal phosphatidylcholine: bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate acyltransferase: specificity for the sn-1 fatty acid of the donor and co-purification with phospholipase a1.	positional specificities in donor and acceptor phospholipids of the lysosomal phosphatidylcholine: bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate acyltransferase have been determined. comparison of the transfer of labelled fatty acid from sn-1 [14c]acyl and sn-2 [14c]acylphosphatidylcholines by extracts of rat liver lysosomes revealed that fatty acids in the sn-1 position were exclusively transferred. degradation of the acylphosphatidylglycerol product by rhizopus arrhizus lipase, highly specific for fatty acids ...	1993	8466950
rapid, sensitive fluorometric determination of serum triglyceride by measuring lipase-liberated fatty acids.	a continuous fluorescence displacement assay was developed for the measurement of long-chain fatty acids and utilized in the study of triglyceride lipase-catalyzed reactions (wilton, dc. biochem j 1991;276:129-33). we now describe a method for the rapid measurement of triglyceride in serum with the fluorescence displacement assay. the method involves the hydrolysis of a diluted sample equivalent to 0.1 microl of original serum with excess lipase (ec 3.1.1.3) from rhizopus arrhizus and measuring ...	1994	8287522
alteration of chain length selectivity of a rhizopus delemar lipase through site-directed mutagenesis.	the coding sequences of the rhizopus delemar lipase and prolipase were altered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce amino acid substitutions. the resulting mutant enzymes, synthesized by the bacterial host escherichia coli bl21 (de3), were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the triglycerides triolein (to), tricaprylin (tc) and tributyrin (tb). mutagenesis and lipase gene expression were carried out using plasmid vectors derived from previously described recombinant plasmids [j ...	1994	8090057
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the precursor and mature forms of a neutral lipase from the fungus rhizopus delemar.	a neutral lipase from the filamentous fungus rhizopus delemar has been crystallized in both its proenzyme and mature forms. although the latter crystallizes readily and produces a variety of crystal forms, only one was found to be suitable for x-ray studies. it is monoclinic (c2, a = 92.8 a, b = 128.9 a, c = 78.3 a, beta = 135.8) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit related by a noncrystallographic diad. the prolipase crystals are orthorhombic (p2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 79.8 a, b = 115.2 a, c ...	1994	8202471
current progress in crystallographic studies of new lipases from filamentous fungi.	lipases from filamentous fungi have been studied extensively over many years. they exhibit properties attractive for industrial applications, e.g. in laundry detergents, tanning and paper industries and stereospecific organic synthesis. enzymes from the fungi rhizomucor miehei and geotrichum candidum have been among the first neutral lipases to be characterized structurally by x-ray diffraction methods. in this paper we report a preliminary account of crystallographic studies of three other fung ...	1994	8029211
zygomycosis and hiv infection.	the severe immunosuppression associated with hiv infection increases susceptibility to opportunistic fungi. we describe a primary gangrenous cutaneous infection caused by rhizopus arrhizus in an hiv-infected intravenous narcotic user. in addition, we review nine reported cases of zygomycosis in hiv-infected patients and discuss the frequency and outcome of zygomycosis in hiv infection. eight of 10 patients were intravenous drug users. cutaneous infection occurred in four patients. another case w ...	1994	8169272
conformational lability of lipases observed in the absence of an oil-water interface: crystallographic studies of enzymes from the fungi humicola lanuginosa and rhizopus delemar.	considerable controversy exists regarding the exact nature of the molecular mechanism of interfacial activation, a process by which most lipases achieve maximum catalytic activity upon adsorption to an oil water interface. x-ray crystallographic studies show that lipases contain buried active centers and that displacements of entire secondary structure elements, or "lids," take place when the enzymes assume active conformations [derewenda, u., a. m. brzozowski, d. m. lawson, and z. s. derewenda. ...	1994	8014587
cloning and nucleotide sequence of cdna encoding a lipase from fusarium heterosporum.	fusarium heterosporum produces a solvent-tolerant lipase. a 1.3-kbp lipase cdna was isolated from the cdna library by colony hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the n-terminal amino acid sequence. nucleotide sequence analysis showed an open reading frame of 999 bp, and the deduced amino acid sequence contained the n-terminal sequence determined by edman degradation and the consensus pentapeptide (-gly-x-ser-x-gly-), which is conserved in lipase, esterase, and serine prot ...	1994	7852271
electrophoretic free mobility and viability of microbial cells: a preliminary study in preparation for space experiments.	electrophoretic free mobilities (efm) of four fungal spores and five bacterial cells were determined in 7 mm triethanolamine/acetate (tea) buffer by means of microscopic electrophoresis (me) and free flow electrophoresis (ffe). spores of aspergillus terreus, penicillium citrinum, gliocladium virens, and rhizopus oryzae had similar efm from 2.2 to 3.1 microns sec-1/v cm-1. the resolution of the spore mixture by ffe was therefore determined to be poor. bacterial cells of salmonella typhimurium lt2 ...	1994	7880880
cerebral mucormycosis associated with intravenous drug use: three case reports and review.	we describe three cases of cerebral mucormycosis in intravenous drug users and review 22 previously reported cases. involvement of the basal ganglia was demonstrated in all but two cases. seven of the 10 patients tested for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were seronegative. eight of the 25 patients survived and were discharged from the hospital; for 7 of 10 patients, cultures of brain lesions yielded rhizopus arrhizus. the radiographic findings varied, and in most cases, no ...	1994	7888545
improvement of heavy metal biosorption by mycelial dead biomasses (rhizopus arrhizus, mucor miehei and penicillium chrysogenum): ph control and cationic activation.	fungal mycelial by-products from fermentation industries present a considerable affinity for soluble metal ions (e.g. zn, cd, ni, pb, cr, ag) and could be used in biosorption processes for purification of contaminated effluents. in this work the influence of ph on sorption parameters is characterized by measuring the isotherms of five heavy metals (ni, zn, cd, ag and pb) with rhizopus arrhizus biomass under ph-controlled conditions. the maximum sorption capacity for lead was observed at ph 7.0 ( ...	1994	7917420
immunohistochemical identification of aetiological agents of systemic bovine zygomycosis.	the reactivity of a panel of rabbit hyperimmune antisera raised against somatic antigens of three zygomycetes, absidia corymbifera, rhizopus oryzae and rhizomucor (mucor) pusillus was assessed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (xie) and indirect immunofluorescence (iif) staining of experimentally infected murine tissues. despite a widespread cross-reactivity of the neat antisera, heterologous absorption rendered antisera monospecific as assessed by xie. heterologous absorption also rendered the a ...	1994	8040374
effects of water activity on reaction rates and equilibrium positions in enzymatic esterifications.	a technique of continuous water activity control was used to examine the effects of water activity on enzyme catalysis in organic media. esterification catalyzed by rhizopus arrhizus lipase was preferably carried out at a water activity of 0.33, which resulted in both maximal initial reaction rate and a high yield. when pseudomonas lipase was used as catalyst it was beneficial to start the reaction at high water activity (giving the optimal reaction rate with this enzyme) and then shift to a low ...	1994	18618791
influence of carbohydrates and polyols on l-lactic acid production and fatty acid formation by rhizopus arrhizus.	growth and l-lactic acid production on 24 different carbohydrates and polyols (glycerol, mannitol and sorbitol) by rhizopus arrhizus ccm 8109 were determined. the d- but not the l-forms of xylose, fructose, galactose, mannose, glucose, cellobiose, maltose and sucrose and partially hydrolysed starch were converted to l-lactic acid. changes in lipid formation and fatty acid composition were detected in biomass grown on the different sugars. in the presence of polyols, growth and considerable produ ...	1994	24421009
production of l-lactic acid by rhizopus species.	of 19 rhizopus spp. only four produced l-lactic acid in shake-flask culture. aerobically and in the presence of a neutralizing agent, rhizopus oryzae nrrl 395 produced the highest concentration of l-lactic acid (65 g/l) but with o2-limited growth ethanol was produced instead.	1994	24421092
interesterification of butter fat by partially purified extracellular lipases from pseudomonas putida, aspergillus niger and rhizopus oryzae.	three extracellular lipases were produced by batch fermentation of pseudomonas putida atcc 795, aspergillus niger cbs 131.52 and rhizopus oryzae atcc 34612 during the late phase of growth, at 72, 96 and 96 h, respectively. the lipases were partially purified by (nh4)2so4 fractionation. the lipase of p. putida was optimal at ph 8.0 whereas those from a. niger and r. oryzae were optimal at ph 7.5. the a. niger lipase had the lowest v max value (0.51×10(-3) u/min) and r. oryzae the highest (1.86×10 ...	1995	24415019
mechanisms of increased linamarin degradation during solid-substrate fermentation of cassava.	several fungi and bacteria, isolated from ugandan domestic fermented cassava, released hcn from linamarin in defined growth media. in 72 h, a bacillus sp. decreased the linamarin to 1% of initial concentrations, mucor racemosus to 7%, rhizopus oryzae and r. stolonifer to 30%, but neurospora sitophila and geotrichum candidum hardly degraded the linamarin. adding pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, but not linamarase, to root pieces under aseptic conditions, led to root softening and significantl ...	1995	24414645
the mycobiota from seeds of shrunken-2 (sh2) sweet corn.	sixteen species of fungi were isolated from the pericarp, endosperm, scutellum, and embryo of low (<75% germination), moderate (75-89%), and high vigor (>89%) seedlots of supersweet sweet corn (sh2) hybrids over two years. most frequently isolated species werepenicillium oxalicum, rhizopus arrhizus (14.5%), andrhizopus spp (17.4%).fusarium moniliforme, a common inhabitant in field or dent corn, was isolated from only 2.4% of the samples. the low mean isolation values may be the result of poor co ...	1995	20882448
cloning of the rhizopus niveus pyr4 gene and its use for the transformation of rhizopus delemar.	we have cloned a pyr4 gene encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase of the filamentous fungus rhizopus niveus. the pyr4 gene of r. nivens has an open reading frame composed of 265 amino-acid residues and has two putative introns. we have also isolated a pyr4 mutant of rhizopus delemar from 5-fluoroorotic acid-resistant mutants and transformed it with the pyr4 gene of r. niveus as a selectable marker. introduced dna was integrated into the chromosome in a multiple tandem array. the mitot ...	1995	7586035
inversion of lipase stereospecificity for fluorogenic alkyldiacyl glycerols. effect of substrate solubilization.	we synthesized enantiomeric 1-o-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerol and 3-o-alkyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol containing pyrene as a fluorescent reporter and the trinitrophenylamino residue as a fluorescence quencher; both reporter groups were covalently bound to the omega end of the acyl chains at positions sn-2 and sn-3(1), respectively. the fluorescence of the intact substrate molecules was very low. chemical or enzymic release of the fatty acyl chains lead to fluorescence dequenching. the rate of lipoly ...	1995	7628484
comparative and collaborative evaluation of standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi.	the purpose of the study was to evaluate the interlaboratory agreement of broth dilution susceptibility methods for five species of conidium-forming (size range, 2 to 7 microns) filamentous fungi. the methods used included both macro- and microdilution methods that were adaptations of the proposed reference method of the national committee for clinical laboratory standards for yeasts (m27-p). the mics of amphotericin b, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole were determined in s ...	1995	7726488
molecular and enzymatic properties of an aspartic proteinase from rhizopus hangchow.	an aspartic proteinase, rhizopuspepsin (ec 3.4.23.21), from rhizopus hangchow was purified. the m(r) and isoelectric point were determined as ca 37,000 and 4.5, respectively. the first 19 amino acids in the n-terminal region were sgsgvvpmtdyeydieyyg. the contents of the alpha-helix, beta-structure and random coil were calculated to be ca 7.5, 88.9 and 2.7%, respectively. the enzyme can activate trypsinogen at ph 3.0. the activity was completely inactivated by pepstatin a. the specificity and mod ...	1995	7766059
stereoselectivity of microbial lipases. the substitution at position sn-2 of triacylglycerol analogs influences the stereoselectivity of different microbial lipases.	in the present study, the stereoselectivity of purified lipases from candida rugosa, chromobacterium viscosum, pseudomonas species and rhizopus arrhizus towards triacylglycerols in comparison to various structural analogs were investigated. different triacylglycerol analogs with distinct polarities at position sn-2 of the glycerol backbone (1,3-diacyl-2-x-glycerol, where 2-x = 2-acyloxy, 2-alkyloxy, 2-deoxy-2-alkyl, or 2-deoxy-2-phenyl) were synthesized. substrate hydrophobicity and steric requi ...	1995	7851405
acute rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by rhizopus arrhizus from sri lanka.	rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare fungus infection reported mainly from the united states of america and europe. the disease is caused by zygomycete fungi, most often by a rhizopus species. diagnosis is often made post-mortem and in many instances culture identification of the fungus responsible has not been performed. a case of culturally proven rhinocerebral mucormycosis is described for the first time in sri lanka. the patient was a 56-year-old male who had been treated for diabetes mellit ...	1995	7563267
reducing cassava toxicity by heap-fermentation in uganda.	processing of cassava roots by the alur tribe in uganda includes a stage of solid substrate fermentation in heaps. changes in cyanogen levels during the process, microflora involved, and protein levels, amino acid patterns and mycotoxin contamination of the final products were studied. processing was monitored at six rural households and repeated at laboratory site, comparing it to sun-drying. flour samples from rural households were analysed for residual cyanogens, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity an ...	1995	7621084
pyoderma gangraenosum caused by rhizopus arrhizus.	a rare case of pyoderma gangraenosum caused by rhizopus arrhizus is reported. the patient, a 50-year-old male farmer, was admitted to hospital complaining of gangrening and festering of the right upper arm with severe pain for nearly 2 months. a lesion was found on the inside of right upper arm. the central skin part of the lesion became black dry gangrenous, the periphery was deeply ulcerated with yellow-green pus. the necrotic crust, biceps, triceps and vessels inherited a histopathologically ...	1995	7637685
effect of increasing inoculum sizes of pathogenic filamentous fungi on mics of antifungal agents by broth microdilution method.	inoculum size is a critical variable in development of methods for antifungal susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi. in order to investigate the influence of different inoculum sizes on mics of amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, itraconazole, and miconazole, 32 clinical isolates (8 aspergillus fumigatus, 8 aspergillus flavus, 5 rhizopus arrhizus, 8 pseudallescheria boydii, and 3 fusarium solani isolates) were studied by the broth microdilution method. four inoculum sizes were studied: 1 x ...	1995	7615745
the fumr gene encoding fumarase in the filamentous fungus rhizopus oryzae: cloning, structure and expression.	the filamentous fungus rhizopus oryzae (ro) is known for its ability to overproduce and accumulate high levels of fumaric acid (fa) under stress conditions. in order to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the increased biosynthesis of fa, the gene (designated fumr) encoding ro fumarase was cloned and analysed for its structure and expression. nucleotide (nt) sequence and comparison of the fumr product with fumarases from various sources established that fumr contains nine introns and enco ...	1995	7557464
contribution of selected fungi to the reduction of cyanogen levels during solid substrate fermentation of cassava.	the effect of six individual strains of the dominant microflora in solid substrate fermenting cassava on cyanogen levels was examined. six out of eight batches of disinfected cassava root pieces were incubated for 72 h after inoculation with either of the fungi geotrichum candidum, mucor racemosus, neurospora sitophila, rhizopus oryzae and rhizopus stolonifer, or a bacillus sp., isolated from on-farm fermented cassava flours from uganda. one non-inoculated batch was incubated as a reference. lev ...	1995	7577362
degradation of stachyose, raffinose, melibiose and sucrose by different tempe-producing rhizopus fungi.	forty-six strains of tempe-forming rhizopus species were screened for their ability to grow on raffinose as the sole carbon source. six of the strains showed good growth and sporulation. these isolates were one rhizopus oligosporus, one rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis, three rhizopus oryzae and one rhizopus stolonifer. these six moulds and r. oligosporus strain nrrl 2710 were investigated for their metabolism of the raffinose family of alpha-galactoside carbohydrates. degradation experiments ...	1995	8579835
improved detection of medically important fungi by immunoperoxidase staining with polyclonal antibodies.	this study was performed to identify pathological fungi of eight species [aspergillus fumigatus, candida albicans, torulopsis (candida) glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, fusarium anthophilum, rhizopus oryzae, sporothrix schenckii and trichosporon beigelii] in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. mature albino rabbits were immunized with formalin-killed organisms. antibodies were prepared by precipitation. immunoperoxidase staining was applied ...	1995	8548126
pcr and single-strand conformational polymorphism for recognition of medically important opportunistic fungi.	the application of pcr technology to molecular diagnostics holds great promise for the early identification of medically important pathogens. pcr has been shown to be useful for the detection of the presence of fungal dna in both laboratory and clinical samples. considerable interest has been focused on the utility of selecting universal primers, those that recognize constant regions among most, if not all, medically important fungi. once an amplicon, or piece of amplified dna determined by the ...	1995	8586705
models of metabolism in rhizopus oryzae.	a flux analysis of glucose metabolism in rhizopus oryzae was achieved using [14c]-labeled glucose and acetate. the rates of glucose utilization and end product production were estimated, and metabolite pool sizes and specific radioactivities were determined. these data were analysed using a specific radioactivity curve-matching program called tflux. the analysis is consistent with the existence of separate mitochondrial and cytosolic pools of pyruvate, malate and fumarate.	1996	8944180
immunoperoxidase staining for identification of aspergillus species in routinely processed tissue sections.	to evaluate the performance of an immunoperoxidase stain using the monoclonal antibody eb-a1 to detect aspergillus species in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue.	1996	8943743
the use of rational mutagenesis to modify the chain length specificity of a rhizopus delemar lipase.		1996	8958082
the consequences of engineering an extra disulfide bond in the penicillium camembertii mono- and diglyceride specific lipase.	the extracellular lipase from penicillium camembertii has unique substrate specificity restricted to mono- and diglycerides. the enzyme is a member of a homologous family of lipases from filamentous fungi. four of these proteins, from the fungi rhizomucor miehei, humicola lanuginosa, rhizopus delemar and p. camembertii, have had their structures elucidated by x-ray crystallography. in spite of pronounced sequence similarities the enzymes exhibit significant differences. for example, the thermost ...	1996	8888145
contribution of cutinase serine 42 side chain to the stabilization of the oxyanion transition state.	cutinase from the fungus fusarium solani pisi is a lipolytic enzyme able to hydrolyze both aggregated and soluble substrates. it therefore provides a powerful tool for probing the mechanisms underlying lipid hydrolysis. lipolytic enzymes have a catalytic machinery similar to those present in serine proteinases. it is characterized by the triad ser, his, and asp (glu) residues, by an oxyanion binding site that stabilizes the transition state via hydrogen bonds with two main chain amide groups, an ...	1996	8555209
hydrolysis and esterification of acylglycerols and analogs in aqueous medium catalyzed by microbial lipases.	the stereoselectivity of microbial lipases from chromobacterium viscosum (cvl) and rhizopus arrhizus (ral) towards monoacylglycerols (rac-1(3)-oleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol), diacylglycerols (1,3-dioleoylglycerol and rac-1,2(2,3)-dioleoylglycerol) and 2-o-ether analogs (rac-1(3)-oleoyl-2-o-hexadecylglycerol and rac-1(3)-octanoyl-2-o-hexadecylglycerol) was determined. the results of the hydrolysis of 2-o-ether analogs confirmed the importance of the substituent at c-2 of acylglycerols in th ...	1996	8652651
inhibition of microbial lipases with stereoisomeric triradylglycerol analog phosphonates.	1,2(2,3)-diradylglycero o-(p-nitrophenyl) n-hexylphosphonates were synthesized, with the diradylglycerol moiety being di-o-octylglycerol, 1-o-hexadecyl-2-o-pyrenedecanylglycerol, or 1-o-octyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol, and tested for their ability to inactivate lipases from chromobacterium viscosum (cvl) and rhizopus oryzae (rol). the experimental data indicate the formation of stable, covalent 1:1 enzyme-inhibitor adducts with the di-o-alkylglycero phosphonates. the differences in reactivity of diaster ...	1996	8982269
[zygomycosis: review of 16 cases].	zygomycosis (mucormycosis or phycomycosis) is the infection caused by zygomycetes (non partitioned mycelial fungi, usually saprophytes). all cases of zygomycosis diagnosed in the hospital 12 de octubre in madrid, spain, from 1976 to 1994 were reviewed.	1996	9044638
early onset of pulmonary mucormycosis with pulmonary vein thrombosis in a heart transplant recipient.	pulmonary infections are major complications in heart transplantation. progress in antimicrobial chemotherapy has switched the clinical spectrum to an increased incidence of fungal pathogens, such as candida and aspergillus species. mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection with high mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients usually ensuing several months after transplantation. we describe a 45-year-old patient with pulmonary mucormycosis manifestion 5 days after heart transplantation. ...	1996	8900325
influence of fungi associated with bananas on nutritional content during storage.	botryodiplodia theobromae, rhizopus oryzae, aspergillus niger, a. flavus and fusarium equiseti were found to be associated with the ripening of bananas and also caused rot during storage. bananas stored in baskets with ash fire wood ripened 2-3 days earlier than bananas stored in fibre sacks and under constant light. the infected bananas showed a decrease in the quantity of total soluble sugars, protein, lipid, crude fibre, ash, ascorbic acid and mineral elements when compared with the control f ...	1996	8711953
high-level secretion of fungal glucoamylase using the candida boidinii gene expression system.	the methylotrophic yeast, canadida boidinii, was investigated as an expression host for secretory enzyme production. the cdna of rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase was placed under the c. boidinii alcohol oxidase (aodl) promoter. a transformant integrated with a single-copy expression cassette to the chromosome produced glucoamylase into the medium to a high amount when the cells were grown on methanol or methanol plus glycerol as (a) carbon source(s). the transformant c. boidinii cells were grown up ...	1996	8765754
orbital infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	opportunistic infections frequently involve the anterior and posterior segments of the eye but rarely occur in the orbit in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the authors managed eight patients with hiv and unilateral orbital infections who presented between july 1988 and march 1995.	1996	8841310
analysis of the catalytic mechanism of a fungal lipase using computer-aided design and structural mutants.	both an active enzyme conformation and stabilization of tetrahedral transition states are essential for the catalysis of ester bond hydrolysis by lipases. x-ray structural data and results from site-directed mutagenesis experiments with proteases have been used as a basis for predictions of amino acid residues likely to have key functions in lipases. the gene encoding a lipase from rhizopus oryzae was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. site-directed mutagenesis of this gene was used to te ...	1996	8862551
gastric mucormycosis due to rhizopus oryzae in a renal transplant recipient.	gastric mucormycosis is a rare disease with a reported fatal outcome of 98%. manifestations range from colonization of peptic ulcers to infiltrative disease with vascular invasion and dissemination. in our renal transplant patient a deep gastric ulceration infected with rhizopus oryzae (class zygomycetes), which is known to be an agent of mucormycosis, was diagnosed in the early posttransplant period after antirejection therapy. the infection was successfully managed with amphotericin b and omep ...	1996	8880524
the folding and activity of the extracellular lipase of rhizopus oryzae are modulated by a prosequence.	the fungus rhizopus oryzae synthesizes an extracellular lipase precursor bearing n-terminal pre- and pro-sequences. our studies in escherichia coli and using recombinant lipase in vitro indicate that the prosequence of 97 amino acids has at least two functions. first, it modulates the enzyme activity of the lipase so that this enzyme can initially be synthesized in a non-destructive form. direct synthesis of the mature form of the lipase in the cell has toxic consequences, at least partly becaus ...	1996	8912667
attachment of spores of the human pathogenic fungus rhizopus oryzae to extracellular matrix components.	fungi of the order mucorales determine various infections involving principally the respiratory tract. in spite of their medical importance, little is known about their mechanisms of adherence to the host tissues. thus we have attempted to define the morphological stages involved in the adherence process of rhizopus oryzae which is the main causative agent of mucormycoses. the study of the kinetics of germination and adherence to plastic revealed that attachment occurred prior to germination and ...	1996	8738422
immunohistochemical diagnosis of systemic bovine zygomycosis by murine monoclonal antibodies.	murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against water-soluble somatic antigens (wssa) and the wall fraction (wf) from rhizopus arrhizus (rhizopus oryzae) were produced in vitro by fusion of splenocytes from immunized balb/c mice with mouse myeloma x63-ag 8.653 cells. supernatants reacting only with homologous antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were subsequently screened for reactivity with homologous fungi in immunohistochemical techniques. all four mabs raised against the wf of a. arr ...	1996	8801711
simultaneous production and recovery of fumaric acid from immobilized rhizopus oryzae with a rotary biofilm contactor and an adsorption column.	an integrated system of simultaneous fermentation-adsorption for the production and recovery of fumaric acid from glucose by rhizopus oryzae was investigated. the system was constructed such that growing rhizopus mycelia were self-immobilized on the plastic discs of a rotary biofilm contactor during the nitrogen-rich growth phase. during the nongrowth, production phase, the biofilm was alternately exposed to liquid medium and air upon rotation of the discs in the horizontal fermentation vessel. ...	1996	16535381
chemoenzymatic synthesis of antiviral carbocyclic nucleosides: asymmetric hydrolysis of meso-3,5-bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclopentenes using rhizopusdelemar lipase.	7-substituted norbornadienes were stereoselectively converted into the meso-3,5-bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclopentenes by a three-step sequence of ozonolysis, reduction, and acetylation. rhizopus delemar lipase (rdl)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of meso-3,5-bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclopentenes afforded the monoalcohols of high enantiomeric purities (>95% ee) in good yields (64-95%). the obtained monoalcohols 11 and 14 could be applied for the synthesis of antiviral carbocyclic nucleosides (-)-carbovir an ...	1996	11667592
the role of ligand exchange in the uptake of iron from microbial siderophores by gramineous plants.	the siderophore rhizoferrin, produced by the fungus rhizopus arrhizus, was previously found to be as an efficient fe source as fe-ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxphenylacetic acid) to strategy i plants. the role of this microbial siderophore in fe uptake by strategy ii plants is the focus of this research. fe-rhizoferrin was found to be an efficient fe source for barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and corn (zea mays l.). the mechanisms by which these gramineae utilize fe from fe-rhizoferrin and from other c ...	1996	12226445
microbiological oxygenation of bridgehead azabicycloalkanes.	a series of n-substituted bridgehead azabicycloalkanes has been prepared and examined as substrates for microbiological oxygenation using the fungi beauveria bassiana, rhizopus nigricans, aspergillus ochraceus, and rhizopus arrhizus. oxygenation using b. bassiana of n-tosyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane gave n-[p-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonyl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (56% yield), of n-(phenyloxycarbonyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane gave the 2-endo-ol (56% yield, 51% ee), of n-boc-7-azabicyclo[2. ...	1997	11671535
[invasive maxilar sinusitis by rhizopus oryzae].	we herein present a diabetic with non hodgkin lymphoma patient that had been treated with steroids and developed fungal invasive sinusitis. the patient had intensive facial pain that did not respond to antibiotics and on clinical inspection had a necrotic lesion on right nasal area. a smear and biopsy tissue showed broad non septate hyphae and on cultures rhizopus oryzae was isolated. there was an unfavorable outcome, and the patient died even though liposomal amphotericin b was administered and ...	1997	15538825
mechanism of aluminum interference on uranium biosorption by rhizopus arrhizus.	uranium competitive uptake experiments by rhizopus arrhizus were carried out at three different solution ph levels and in the presence of different concentrations of competing aluminum ions in order to examine the competing ion effect. the coion effect became more pronounced as the coion concentration in solution and ph level increased. a preliminary examination of the effect of aluminum on the rate of uranium uptake was also completed. results showed that the presence of aluminum does not inter ...	1997	18636440
enhancement of l+-lactic acid production using mycelial flocs of rhizopus oryzae.	l(+)-lactic acid production was enhanced in the culture of rhizopus oryzae using mycelial flocs formed by addition of 3 g/l mineral support and 5 ppm polyethylene oxide. by addition of the mineral support, an electrostatic repulsion between mycelia increased by 3.5-fold compared to that of mycelia, which allowed a dispersed growth of r. oryzae in the early growth phase. in conventional culture the morphology of r. oryzae is that of a pellet-like cake, however, when support and polyethylene oxide ...	1997	18636511
water activity and substrate concentration effects on lipase activity.	catalytic activity of lipases (from rhizopus arrhizus, canadida rugosa, and pseudomonas sp. was studied in organic media, mainly diisopropyl ether. the effect of water activity (a(w)) on v(max) showed that the enzyme activity in general increased with increasing amounts of water for the three enzymes. this was shown both for esterification and hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by r. arrhizus lipase. in the esterification reaction the k(m) for the acid substrate showed a slight increase with increas ...	1997	18636590
production of fumaric acid by immobilized rhizopus using rotary biofilm contactor.	rotary biofilm contactor (rbc) is a reactor consisting of plastic discs that act as supports for micro-organisms. the discs are mounted on a horizontal shaft and placed in a medium-containing vessel. during nitrogen-rich growth phase, mycelia of rhizopus oryzae atcc 20344 grew on and around the discs and formed the "biofilm" of self-immobilized cells on the surface of the plastic discs. during the fermentation phase, the discs are slowly rotated, and the biofilms are exposed to the medium and th ...	1997	18576097
fumaric acid production in airlift loop reactor with porous sparger.	airlift loop reactors with porous spargers were investigated and used in the process of fumaric acid production by rhizopus oryzae atcc 20344. in order to enhance oxygen mass transfer, which is very important for organic acid production, two kinds of porous spargers (stainless steel membrane tube and porcelain tube) were examined. gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time, bubble size, and bubble rise velocities were measured in a 50 l rectangular airlift loop reactor with different r ...	1997	18576109
in vitro antifungal activity of pneumocandin l-743,872 against a variety of clinically important molds.	the in vitro activity of the new antifungal drug pneumocandin l-743,872 against 55 isolates of clinically important molds was examined by an adapted macrobroth dilution method for yeasts. pneumocandin l-743,872 exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against alternaria sp., aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, curvularia lunata, exophiala jeanselmei, fonsecaea pedrosoi, paecilomyces variotii, and scedosporium apiospermum. the drug appeared to lack significant in vitro inhibitory activity ag ...	1997	9257774
extractive l-lactic acid fermentation with immobilized rhizopus oryzae in a three-phase fluidized bed.	the rhizopus oryzae was immobilized by the calcium alginate entrapment method. a three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactor was designed to perform the immobilized-cell l-lactic acid fermentation. a solvent extraction column was coupled with the bioreactor to remove l-lactic acid from the fermentation broth. the trpo was selected as solvent and sulfonated kerosene as diluent. the results indicated that the ph value in the broth was regulated above ph 3.5 and the fermentation rate was as high as 11 g l ...	1997	9429778
microbial models of soil metabolism: biotransformations of danofloxacin.	danofloxacin is a new synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent under development for exclusive use in veterinary medicine. such use could lead to deposition of low levels of danofloxacin residues in the environment in manure from treated livestock. this study was conducted to evaluate the potential for indigenous soil microorganisms to metabolize danofloxacin. cultures of 72 soil microorganisms representing a diverse panel of bacteria, fungi and yeast were incubated with danofloxacin mesyla ...	1997	9451835
cutaneous mucormycosis due to absidia corymbifera occurring after bone marrow transplantation.	mucormycosis is an uncommon severe life-threatening fungal infection in the immunocompromised host caused by fungi belonging to the order mucorales, most commonly rhizopus arrhizus (r. oryzae). we report a patient who developed a severe right atrial catheter exit site infection with absidia corymbifera. the catheter was removed and necrotic tissue debrided. with liposomal amphotericin b and g-csf, the infection subsided. he remains well 8 months later.	1997	9052922
biosynthesis, release and degradation of the novel endogenous cannabimimetic metabolite 2-arachidonoylglycerol in mouse neuroblastoma cells.	the monoacylglycerol 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-ag) has been recently suggested as a possible endogenous agonist at cannabinoid receptors both in brain and peripheral tissues. here we report that a widely used model for neuronal cells, mouse n18tg2 neuroblastoma cells, which contain the cb1 cannabinoid receptor, also biosynthesize, release and degrade 2-ag. stimulation with ionomycin (1-5 microm) of intact cells prelabelled with [3h]arachidonic acid ([3h]aa) led to the formation of high levels of ...	1997	9065792
glucoamylase mutants in the conserved active-site segment trp170-tyr175 located at a distance from the site of catalysis.	to mimic the structure of the 1.8-fold more active (k(cat)) rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (ga), aspergillus niger ga was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis in the trp170-tyr175 segment of the third of the six well-conserved alpha-->alpha connecting loops of the catalytic (alpha/alpha)6-barrel. while the trp170-->phe, gln172-->asn and tyr175-->phe mutants showed an up to 1.7-fold increased k(cat) and gly174-->cys ga and approximately 2-fold reduced k(cat) towards maltotriose and longer substra ...	1997	9051738
multicenter evaluation of proposed standardized procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi.	a multicenter study was conducted to expand the generation and analysis of data that supports the proposal of a reference method for the antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. broth microdilution mics of amphotericin b and itraconazole were determined in 11 centers against 30 coded duplicate pairs of aspergillus spp., fusarium spp., pseudallescheria boydii, and rhizopus arrhizus. the effect of inoculum density (approximately 10(3) and 10(4) cfu/ml), incubation time (24, 48, and ...	1997	8968895
altered acyl chain length specificity of rhizopus delemar lipase through mutagenesis and molecular modeling.	the acyl binding site of rhizopus delemar prolipase and mature lipase was altered through site-directed mutagenesis to improve lipase specificity for short- or medium-chain length fatty acids. computer-generated structural models of r. delemar lipase were used in mutant protein design and in the interpretation of the catalytic properties of the resulting recombinant enzymes. molecular dynamics simulations of the double mutant, val209trp + phe112trp, predicted that the introduction of trp112 and ...	1997	9075201
enumeration of fungi in barley.	estimation of fungal contamination of barley grain is important as certain fungi can proliferate during the malting process. the following factors which may affect the enumeration of fungi were evaluated: dilution versus direct plating, presoaked versus unsoaked grain, five culture media: potato dextrose agar (pda), acidified czapek-dox agar (aca), pentachloronitrobenzene agar; (pcnb) dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (drbc) and malt salt agar; two disinfectants' ethanol/water (80:20 v/ ...	1997	9105919
safety evaluation of lipase derived from rhizopus oryzae: summary of toxicological data.	a lipase enzyme, obtained from rhizopus oryzae produced by a fermentation process was subjected to a series of toxicological tests to document the safety for use as a food additive. the enzyme product was examined for acute, subacute and subchronic oral toxicity, and mutagenic potential. an extensive literature search on the production organism has also been conducted. no evidence of (sub)acute oral toxicity or mutagenic potential was found. administration of the lipase at dosages of 50, 200 and ...	1997	9207893
flux analysis of glucose metabolism in rhizopus oryzae for the purpose of increasing lactate yields	a flux analysis of glucose metabolism in the filamentous fungus rhizopus oryzae was achieved using a specific radioactivity curve-matching program, tflux. glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates labeled through the addition of extracellular [u-14c]glucose were isolated and purified for specific radioactivity determinations. this information, together with pool sizes and the rates of glucose utilization and end product production, provided input for flux maps of the metabolic networ ...	1997	9073478
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administered in vivo augments neutrophil-mediated activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens.	granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) not only increases neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, pmnl) production but also modulates pmnl biologic function. to assess the ability of g-csf administered in vivo to enhance pmnl activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens, the antifungal activity of pmnl obtained from normal human volunteers before and after g-csf administration was compared. in vivo, g-csf significantly enhanced pmnl-mediated killing of aspergillus fumigatus and rhizop ...	1997	9086172
construction of a starch-utilizing yeast by cell surface engineering.	we have engineered the cell surface of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae by anchoring active glucoamylase protein on the cell wall, and we have endowed the yeast cells with the ability to utilize starch directly as the sole carbon source. the gene encoding rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase with its secretion signal peptide was fused with the gene encoding the c-terminal half (320 amino acid residues from the c terminus) of yeast alpha-agglutinin, a protein involved in mating and covalently anchored ...	1997	9097432