Publications

mitochondrial dna variation and the origin of the europeans.	sequences from the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region were analyzed in nine european and west asian populations. they showed low genetic heterogeneity when compared to world populations. however, a caucasoid population tree displayed a robust east-west gradient. within-population diversity (ascertained through various parameters) and mean pairwise differences declined from east to west, in a pattern compatible with ancient population migration and expansion from the middle east. estimated ...	1997	9099831
[morphology of the neanderthal thumb. apropos of 6 cases and a review of the literature].		1997	9131941
out of africa? what do genes tell us?	genetic diversity patterns in nuclear versus mitochondrial systems and in low versus high mutation rate systems do not support the hypothesis of a recent african origin for all of humanity following a split between africans and non-africans 100,000 years ago, nor do genetic distance data. geographical analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees do not support the hypothesis of a recent global replacement of humans coming out of africa, although a local replacement event in europe is indicat ...	1997	9468796
a comparative study of stereolithographically modelled skulls of petralona and broken hill: implications for future studies of middle pleistocene hominid evolution.	computer generated three-dimensional stereolithographic models of middle pleistocene skulls from petralona and broken hill are described and compared. the anterior cranial fossae of these models are also compared with that of another middle pleistocene skull, arago 21. stereolithographic modelling reproduces not only the outer surfaces of skulls, but also features within the substance of the bones, and details of the internal braincase. the skulls of petralona and, to a somewhat lesser degree, b ...	1997	9467776
a reconsideration of the archi 1 neandertal mandible.	a reassessment of the early last glacial immature neandertal mandibular corpus from archi indicates a series of features in which it closely resembles other pre-adolescent neandertal mandibles and contrasts with those of similarly aged recent humans. these are in the context of a re-aging of the specimen to ca. 3 years on the basis of deciduous dental eruption and attrition and permanent dental calcification. the archi 1 mandible resembles other immature. neandertals in having a "retreating" sym ...	1997	9467774
deep roots for the neanderthals.		1997	9353114
neanderthal notes. did ancient humans play modern scales?		1997	9304194
neandertal genetics.		1997	9289844
neandertal genetics.		1997	9289843
size variation in middle pleistocene humans.	it has been suggested that european middle pleistocene humans, neandertals, and prehistoric modern humans had a greater sexual dimorphism than modern humans. analysis of body size variation and cranial capacity variation in the large sample from the sima de los huesos site in spain showed instead that the sexual dimorphism is comparable in middle pleistocene and modern populations.	1997	9262474
a new reconstruction of the le moustier 1 skull and investigation of internal structures using 3-d-muct data.	using the non-destructive technique of 3-d micro computed tomography (3-d-microct), we present a new, virtual reconstruction of the le moustier 1 neandertal skull. this new reconstruction corrects defects found in earlier reconstruction attempts by repositioning misaligned cranial fragments, addressing the problem of asymmetry caused by pressure during the fossilization process, and placing the basioccipital in its proper anatomical position. metric comparisons between le moustier 1 and juvenile ...	1998	9929174
neanderthal skeleton from tabun: u-series data by gamma-ray spectrometry.	the neanderthal hominid tabun c1, found in israel by garrod & bate, was attributed to either layer b or c of their stratigraphic sequence. we have used gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the 230th/234u and 231pa/235u ratios of two bones from this skeleton, the mandible and a femur. the ages calculated from these ratios depend on the uranium uptake history of the bones. assuming a model of early u (eu) uptake the age of the tabun c1 mandible is 34+/-5 ka. the eu age of the femur is 19+/-2 ka. th ...	1998	9929173
lumbar anomalies in the shanidar 3 neandertal.	recent examination of the shanidar 3 remains revealed the presence of anomalous bilateral arthroses in the lumbar region. this paper describes this developmental anomaly, as well as several degenerative changes and offers potential etiologies. the shanidar 3 remains represent an adult male neandertal, approximately 35-50 years of age, dating to the last glacial. although the partial skeleton is fragmentary, preserved elements include an almost complete set of ribs, portions of all thoracic verte ...	1998	9929171
neandertals: not so fast.		1998	9874646
body height, body mass and surface area of the neanderthals.	body size, expressed as height or stature, is an important determinant of many other biological variables. thus, it is surprising that many textbooks portray a wrong picture of neanderthal height as being "very short" or "just over 5 feet". based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). this height is indeed 12-14 cm lower than the height of post-wwii europeans, but compared to europeans some ...	1998	9850627
the fate of the neanderthals.		1998	9783574
on the probability of neanderthal ancestry.		1998	9758610
neanderthals emancipated.		1998	9723611
a critique of the evidence for scavenging by neanderthals and early modern humans: new data from kobeh cave (zagros mountains, iran) and die kelders cave 1 layer 10 (south africa).	the primary mode of faunal exploitation by neandertals and early modern humans remains a debated topic. binford (1981, 1984, 1985, 1988) has argued for an obligate scavenging mode, stiner (1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1993, 1994) for a more opportunistic scavenging mode, while other researchers (chase, 1986, 1988, 1989; klein, 1989, 1994, 1995; klein & cruz-uribe, 1996) deny the importance of scavenging as a faunal exploitation tactic. the scavenging interpretations rely primarily on several patterns in ...	1998	9719992
a mathematical model for neanderthal extinction.	a simple mathematical homogeneous model of competition is used to describe neanderthal extinction in europe. it considers two interacting species, neanderthals and early modern men, in the same ecological niche. using paleontological data we claim that the parameter of similarity, between both species, fluctuates between 0.992 and 0.997. an extension of the model including migration (diffusion) is also discussed; nevertheless, extinction of neanderthal seems unavoidable. numerical analysis of tr ...	1998	9631569
locomotion and body proportions of the saint-césaire 1 châtelperronian neandertal.	the initial upper paleolithic (châtelperronian) of western europe was associated with late european neandertals, best known through the saint-césaire 1 partial skeleton. biomechanical cross-sectional analysis of the saint-césaire 1 femoral diaphysis at the subtrochanteric and midshaft levels, given the plasticity of mammalian diaphyseal cortical bone, provides insights into the habitual levels and patterns of loading on the lower limbs from body mass, proportions, and locomotion. the overall rob ...	1998	9576971
the middle/upper paleolithic interface and the relationship of neanderthals and early modern humans in the hrvatsko zagorje, croatia.	this paper presents the first detailed analysis of the artefacts from the mousterian level g3 at vindija cave and a revision of the artefact analysis for the early upper paleolithic levels (j, i) at velika pećina, both in croatia. combined with an assessment of the artefacts from the crucial g1 level at vindija, results of these analyses are used to argue that the combination of middle and upper paleolithic elements in the upper g complex at vindija is not necessarily the result of geological mi ...	1998	9547456
new uses for old dna.	several years have elapsed since the last report of million-year-old dna, coinciding with increased standards for experimental procedures in ancient dna research. whereas many earlier studies are now regarded as erroneous, the recent successful characterisation of neanderthal dna has set new standards for the field. researchers continue to find new ways to exploit preserved genetic information in studies of more recent remains, widening the utility of ancient dna.	1998	9503587
the dna revolution in population genetics.	unprecedental clarity has come to our understanding of genetic variation by the analysis of dna sequences. it is not surprising that the new dna technologies are leading to a resurgence of interest in population genetics. in this review, i discuss recent progress and future directions towards reconstructing the history of human populations. there is increasing consensus on a recent 'out of africa' origin of modern humans, which explains why the greatest fraction of genetic diversity is found wit ...	1998	9520599
the hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior.	the mammalian hypoglossal canal transmits the nerve that supplies the muscles of the tongue. this canal is absolutely and relatively larger in modern humans than it is in the african apes (pan and gorilla). we hypothesize that the human tongue is supplied more richly with motor nerves than are those of living apes and propose that canal size in fossil hominids may provide an indication about the motor coordination of the tongue and reflect the evolution of speech and language. canals of gracile ...	1998	9560291
intrapopulational body size variation and cranial capacity variation in middle pleistocene humans: the sima de los huesos sample (sierra de atapuerca, spain).	a sexual dimorphism more marked than in living humans has been claimed for european middle pleistocene humans, neandertals and prehistoric modern humans. in this paper, body size and cranial capacity variation are studied in the sima de los huesos middle pleistocene sample. this is the largest sample of non-modern humans found to date from one single site, and with all skeletal elements represented. since the techniques available to estimate the degree of sexual dimorphism in small palaeontologi ...	1998	9590522
sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape.	crania of 'anatomically modern' homo sapiens from the holocene and upper pleistocene epochs differ from those of other homo taxa, including neanderthals, by only a few features. these include a globular braincase, a vertical forehead, a dimunitive browridge, a canine fossa and a pronounced chin. humans are also unique among mammals in lacking facial projection: the face of the adult h. sapiens lies almost entirely beneath the anterior cranial fossa, whereas the face in all other adult mammals, i ...	1998	9603517
discrete trait and dental morphometric affinities of the tabun 2 mandible.	evolutionary scenarios of near eastern middle paleolithic hominids depend to an extent upon whether the terminal middle pleistocene tabun 2 mandible has its primary affinities with the late archaic (neandertal sensu lato) or early modern (qafzeh-skhul) human lineage in the region. since the specimen has been assigned to each group or seen as bridging them, we have re-examined its morphological affinities relative to these two samples, as well as to european samples of later pleistocene hominids. ...	1998	9614633
mammalian fauna and biostratigraphy of the pre-neandertal site of reilingen, germany.	in 1978 three well-preserved pieces of a fossil human cranium (i.e., fused parietals, occipital and temporal) were found in a gravel pit near the southwest german town of reilingen. it was recovered, with an accompanying mammalian fauna, as a side-product of commercial gravel mining. the sample was sorted from the dredgings of a boat-mounted crane reaching to a depth of 28 m below the surface. here we present the mammalian fauna and discuss its biostratigraphical relevance. the fauna represents ...	1998	9614634
on the phylogenetic position of the pre-neandertal specimen from reilingen, germany.	this paper describes the morphology and phylogenetic significance of a well-preserved fossil human cranium found near reilingen, germany in 1978. the specimen consists of two complete parietals, most of the right temporal, and 70% of the occipital. the specimen displays several features characteristic of early "archaic" homo sapiens: maximum breadth at the supramastoid crests, roughly pentagonal occipital view, an angular torus, superoinferiorly elongate/ anteroposterior shortened squamous tempo ...	1998	9614635
the middle pleistocene human tibia from boxgrove.	the boxgrove tibia was discovered in 1993, associated with middle pleistocene fauna, and lower palaeolithic archaeology. the sediments at boxgrove were deposited during a temperate interglacial episode and ensuing cold stage. they thus represent a wide range of modes and environments of deposition. archaeological remains have been excavated from all the major stratigraphic units, giving a continuity of occupation for this part of southern england over a 10(4) year timescale, through markedly cha ...	1998	9614636
non-metric trait evidence for modern human affinities and the distinctiveness of neanderthals.		1998	9614637
locomotor advantages of neandertal skeletal morphology at the knee and ankle.	we quantified neandertal knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor moments to determine whether differences between neandertal and recent human skeletal morphology represent important functional differences. neandertal skeletal differences in the patella, tibial tuberosity, and calcaneus were used to modify a computer model of recent humans to calculate the moment arms and moments of neandertal knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor muscles. we also conducted sensitivity studies on the effect of musc ...	1998	9672089
discovery of homo sp. tooth associated with a mammalian cave fauna of late middle pleistocene age, northern thailand.	in the context of a thai-french paleontological project, a single human tooth, a right upper fourth premolar, has been discovered in northern thailand among mammalian fossil remains excavated from the "thum wiman nakin" cave. based on the fauna associated with the human tooth and the uranium/thorium datings from the overlying calcite beds, we attribute this site to the late middle pleistocene. the human tooth was compared with teeth of chinese and javanese homo erectus, homo sapiens neanderthale ...	1998	9680466
additional human fossils from klasies river mouth south africa.	a fragmentary temporal bone and partial atlas from the middle stone age (msa) at klasies river mouth (krm) are described and analyzed. the atlas (sam-ap 6268) is comparable to levantine "early modern", neandertal and recent human vertebrae. the temporal (sam-ap 6269) is similar to recent african homologues except that the posteromedial wall of the glenoid fossa is composed entirely of the squamous temporal, a situation that appears to be infrequent among other pleistocene fossils. the krm glenoi ...	1998	9680469
morphology, paleoanthropology, and neanderthals.	morphology carries the primary signal of events in the evolutionary history of any group of organisms but has been relatively neglected by paleoanthropologists, those who study the history of the human species. partly this is the result of historical influences, but it is also due to a rather fundamentalist adherence among paleoanthropologists to the tenets of the neodarwinian evolutionary synthesis. the result has been a general paleoanthropological desire to project the species homo sapiens ba ...	1998	9740034
towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution.	the origins of modern humans have been the central debate in palaeoanthropology during the last decade. we examine the problem in the context of the history of anthropology, the accumulating evidence for a recent african origin, and evolutionary mechanisms. using a historical perspective, we show that the current controversy is a continuation of older conflicts and as such relates to questions of both origins and diversity. however, a better fossil sample, improved dates, and genetic data have i ...	1998	9881525
south turkwel: a new pliocene hominid site in kenya.	new fossils discovered south of the turkwel river in northern kenya include an associated metacarpal, capitate, hamate, lunate, pedal phalanx, mandibular fragment, and teeth. these fossils probably date to around 3.5 m.y.a. faunal information suggests that the environment at south turkwel was predominantly bushland. the mandibular and dental remains are fragmentary, but the postcranial fossils are informative. comparisons with australopithecus, modern human, chimpanzee and gorilla hand bones sug ...	1999	9924134
hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech.	the mammalian hypoglossal canal transmits the nerve that supplies the motor innervation to the tongue. hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to neandertals. these conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities. this hypothesis is falsified here by the finding of numerous nonhuman primate taxa t ...	1999	9990105
seasonal variations of the middle-upper paleolithic transition at el castillo, cueva morín and el pendo (cantabria, spain).	with debate escalating in regard to the prolonged contemporaneity of neandertal and modern human groups in the franco-cantabrian region on the one hand, and the late persistence of neandertals (until ca. 28-30,000 b.p.) and mousterian industries in southern iberia on the other; sites with mousterian-upper paleolithic sequences from northern spain play a pivotal role in the ongoing investigation of the middle-upper paleolithic transition in western europe. an important line of inquiry into the na ...	1999	10074385
new evidence from le moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull.	in this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the le moustier 1 neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for neanderthal growth and variability. because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. after electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer ...	1999	10203255
mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of african hominoids.	phylogenetic trees for the four extant species of african hominoids are presented, based on mtdna control region-1 sequences from 1,158 unique haplotypes. we include 83 new haplotypes of western chimpanzees and bonobos. phylogenetic analysis of this enlarged database, which takes intraspecific geographic variability into account, reveals different patterns of evolution among species and great heterogeneity in species-level variation. several chimpanzee and bonobo clades (and even single social g ...	1999	10220421
the mandibular canal of a neanderthal: the la chapelle-aux-saints man anatomical-radiological study.	the radiological study by panoramic and ct scan methods of the neanderthal la chapelle-aux-saints mandible shows us that the mandibular canal very closely resembles that which we can see in modern man. the images obtained are of good quality and can be utilized for the analysis of the internal structure of fossils.	1999	10342152
a complete human pelvis from the middle pleistocene of spain.	the middle pleistocene site of sima de los huesos in sierra de atapuerca, spain, has yielded around 2,500 fossils from at least 33 different hominid individuals. these have been dated at more than 200,000 years ago and have been classified as ancestors of neanderthals. an almost complete human male pelvis (labelled pelvis 1) has been found, which we associate with two fragmentary femora. pelvis 1 is robust and very broad with a very long superior pubic ramus, marked iliac flare, and a long femor ...	1999	10353247
diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of the boxgrove 1 middle pleistocene human tibia.	cross-sectional geometric analysis of the early middle pleistocene human tibia from boxgrove, west sussex, u.k. reveals a mosaic pattern relative to other archaic homo tibiae. the specimen has relatively low percent cortical area within its cross sections. however, it exhibits the high mediolateral strength characteristic of archaic homo tibiae. scaled solely to tibial length it is robust, similar to those of the neandertals and above those of early modern and pre-late pleistocene african and as ...	1999	10375475
hominids and hybrids: the place of neanderthals in human evolution.		1999	10377375
the early upper paleolithic human skeleton from the abrigo do lagar velho (portugal) and modern human emergence in iberia.	the discovery of an early upper paleolithic human burial at the abrigo do lagar velho, portugal, has provided evidence of early modern humans from southern iberia. the remains, the largely complete skeleton of a approximately 4-year-old child buried with pierced shell and red ochre, is dated to ca. 24,500 years b.p. the cranium, mandible, dentition, and postcrania present a mosaic of european early modern human and neandertal features. the temporal bone has an intermediate-sized juxtamastoid emi ...	1999	10377462
the evolution of human speech: the role of enhanced breathing control.	many cognitive and physical features must have undergone change for the evolution of fully modern human language. one neglected aspect is the evolution of increased breathing control. evidence presented herein shows that modern humans and neanderthals have an expanded thoracic vertebral canal compared with australopithecines and homo ergaster, who had canals of the same relative size as extant nonhuman primates. based on previously published analyses, these results demonstrate that there was an ...	1999	10407464
the human cranial remains from gran dolina lower pleistocene site (sierra de atapuerca, spain).	in this article we study the cranial remains of the late lower pleistocene human fossils from gran dolina (sierra de atapuerca, spain), assigned to the new species homo antecessor. the cranial remains belong to at least five individuals, both juveniles and adults. the most outstanding feature is the totally modern human morphology of the very complete face atd6-69, representing the earliest occurrence of the modern face in the fossil record. the gran dolina fossils show in the face a suite of mo ...	1999	10496996
axial and appendicular skeleton of homo antecessor.	the human trunk and limb bones recovered from the gran dolina site, in the sierra de atapuerca (burgos, spain) are studied. all these fossils were excavated at the level called td6 between 1994 and 1995 and have been dated in excess of 780,000 years ago. these remains have been recently attributed to a new homo species named homo antecessor. axial (vertebrae and ribs) and part of the appendicular (clavicles, radii, femur and patellae) skeleton are studied here. hand and foot bones have been stud ...	1999	10496997
human evolution: origins of modern humans still look recent.	that modern humans have a relatively ancient origin has been suggested on the basis of fossil and genetic evidence. but dna sequences from an extinct neanderthal, and phylogenetic analyses of hundreds of human and ape sequences, continue to support a recent origin for modern humans.	1999	10508573
the anomalous archaic homo femur from berg aukas, namibia: a biomechanical assessment.	the probably middle pleistocene human femur from berg aukas, namibia, when oriented anatomically and analyzed biomechanically, presents an unusual combination of morphological features compared to other pleistocene homo femora. its midshaft diaphyseal shape is similar to most other archaic homo, but its subtrochanteric shape aligns it most closely with earlier equatorial homo femora. it has an unusually low neck shaft angle. its relative femoral head size is matched only by neandertals with stoc ...	1999	10516568
direct radiocarbon dates for vindija g(1) and velika pecína late pleistocene hominid remains.	new accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates taken directly on human remains from the late pleistocene sites of vindija and velika pecina in the hrvatsko zagorje of croatia are presented. hominid specimens from both sites have played critical roles in the development of current perspectives on modern human evolutionary emergence in europe. dates of approximately 28 thousand years (ka) before the present (b.p.) and approximately 29 ka b.p. for two specimens from vindija g(1) establish them ...	1999	10535913
virtual reality and anthropology.	since the discovery of the tyrolean iceman in 1991 advanced imaging and post processing techniques were successfully applied in anthropology. specific techniques include spiral computed tomography and 3-dimensional reconstructions including stereolithographic and fused deposition modeling of volume data sets. the iceman's skull was the first to be reproduced using stereolithography, before this method was successfully applied in preoperative planning. with the advent of high-end graphics worksta ...	1999	10565508
neandertal knees: power lifters in the pleistocene?	it has been proposed (trinkaus, 1983 a; miller & gross, 1998) that the marked thickness of neandertal patellae and/or the posterior displacement of their tibial condyles increased their relative m. quadriceps femoris moment arms, thereby making their legs powerful in extension. however, it is necessary to compare these reflections of muscle moment arm length to appropriate measures of the body weight moment arm and body mass estimates, both of which are influenced by ecogeographically determined ...	1999	10600322
comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern homo by morphometric analysis.	archaic and modern human frontal bones are known to be quite distinct externally, by both conventional visual and metric evaluation. internally this area of the skull has been considerably less well-studied. here we present results from a comparison of interior, as well as exterior, frontal bone profiles from ct scans of five mid-pleistocene and neanderthal crania and 16 modern humans. analysis was by a new morphometric method, procrustes analysis of semi-landmarks, that permits the statistical ...	1999	10620751
dna from fossils: the past and the future.	the recovery of dna from archaeological and palaeontological remains has intrigued scientists for many years. the dna molecule is a relatively weak molecule compared with other biomacromolecules in tissues, but the sequence of its bases holds insights into questions that cannot be resolved by standard palaeontological methods. recent advances in the field, such as the recovery of dna sequences from coprolites found in the southwestern usa, as well as from the neanderthal-type specimen, have shed ...	1999	10626565
morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles.	adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ...	1999	10634689
new methods and techniques in anthropology.	since the discovery of the tyrolean iceman in 1991, advanced imaging and post-processing techniques have been successfully applied to anthropological research. among the specific techniques are spiral computed tomography and 3-dimensional reconstructions, which include stereolithographic and fused deposition modeling of volume data sets. the iceman's skull was the first to be produced using stereolithography; subsequently, it has been successfully applied in preoperative planning. with the adven ...	1999	10646224
[death according to old-israeli beliefs].	in palestine the neanderthal men and fossil contemporary men treated the dead kinsmen in a special way which can be observed in his intentional burials. they are the evidence of the belief in life after death that probably was imagined as a continuation of earthly life. in the bible thanatology issues do not assume the crucial importance; the descriptions of dying and posthumous continuance of a man are brief and subject to a certain development. death is not glorified, the dead cult is forbidde ...	1999	11625734
silver-tongued neandertals?		1999	9925475
re-evaluation of the endocranial volume of the guattari 1 neandertal specimen (monte circeo).	the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 originally was estimated by sergi as approximately 1.550 cm3. using three different approaches, a physical endocast, a stereolithographic model, and a virtual endocast, we have estimated the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 as approximately 1.350 cm3. this paper explains our revision of the estimated endocranial volume of guattari 1, provides a cautionary case concerning other estimates of endocranial volume, and demonstrates and encourages the use of rec ...	1999	10646215
history of migraine treatment.	the history of the treatment of headache in general, and migraine in particular, spans the millennia, from the neanderthal era to the space age. beginning with a magical hypothesis of the cause of headache, which spawned a magical therapy, rational treatment for this ancient complaint evolved slowly and tortuously. now, in the age of molecular medicine, a knowledge of where headache treatment began, and how it got to its current stage, aids in the continuing quest for the safe, effective treatme ...	1999	10494005
the premaxilla in neandertal and early modern children: ontogeny and morphology.	this comparative study of maxillae in neandertals, qafzeh, and extant children examines two specific traits: the premaxillary suture (sutura incisiva) and the interincisive sinuses, proposing a new hypothesis about some features of the neandertal mid-face. morphologic study of the premaxillary suture at its different borders (i.e. the nasal aspect of the frontal process, nasal and palatal aspects of the palatal process of the maxilla) indicates a persistence of the suture among very young neande ...	1999	10444349
a new look into neandertals' noses.		1999	10428696
protein preservation and dna retrieval from ancient tissues.	the retrieval of dna from fossils remains controversial. to substantiate claims of dna recovery, one needs additional information on the preservation of other molecules within the same sample. flash pyrolysis with gc and ms was used to assess the quality of protein preservation in 11 archaeological and paleontological remains, some of which have yielded ancient dna sequences authenticated via a number of criteria and some of which have consistently failed to yield any meaningful dna. several sam ...	1999	10411891
neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross.		1999	10400365
dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii from the neandertal type specimen.	the dna sequence of the second hypervariable region of the mitochondrial control region of the neandertal type specimen, found in 1856 in central europe, has been determined from 92 clones derived from eight overlapping amplifications performed from four independent extracts. when the reconstructed sequence is analyzed together with the previously determined dna sequence from the first hypervariable region, the neandertal mtdna is found to fall outside a phylogenetic tree relating the mtdnas of ...	1999	10318927
uranium-series dating of the tabun neanderthal: a cautionary note.		1999	10222173
gibraltar and the neanderthals 1848-1998.		1999	10068069
neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross.		1999	10052921
neandertal nasal structures and upper respiratory tract "specialization".	schwartz and tattersall [schwartz, j. h. & tattersall, i. (1996) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93, 10852-10854] have argued for a previously unrecognized suite of autapomorphies in the internal nasal region of neandertals that make them unique, not only among hominids, but possibly among all other terrestrial mammals. these purported autapomorphies include (i) the development of an internal nasal margin bearing a well developed and vertically oriented medial projection; (ii) a pronounced medial swe ...	1999	9990106
neanderthals were cannibals, bone show.		1999	10532879
neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy, ardèche, france.	the cave site of moula-guercy, 80 meters above the modern rhone river, was occupied by neanderthals approximately 100,000 years ago. excavations since 1991 have yielded rich paleontological, paleobotanical, and archaeological assemblages, including parts of six neanderthals. the neanderthals are contemporary with stone tools and faunal remains in the same tightly controlled stratigraphic and spatial contexts. the inference of neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy is based on comparative analys ...	1999	10506562
a view of neandertal genetic diversity.		2000	11017066
neanderthals, doctors, and computers.		2000	10954948
neanderthal diet at vindija and neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes.	archeological analysis of faunal remains and of lithic and bone tools has suggested that hunting of medium to large mammals was a major element of neanderthal subsistence. plant foods are almost invisible in the archeological record, and it is impossible to estimate accurately their dietary importance. however, stable isotope (delta(13)c and delta(15)n) analysis of mammal bone collagen provides a direct measure of diet and has been applied to two neanderthals and various faunal species from vind ...	2000	10852955
who were the neandertals?		2000	10789253
neanderthal population genetics.		2000	10761902
the song of the neanderthal		2000	10724146
estimation of stature from the skeletal reconstruction of an immature neandertal from dederiyeh cave, syria.	skeletal reconstruction of a child neandertal unearthed at dederiyeh cave, syria in 1993, is undertaken and the acquired stature discussed. although the skeletal remains were well preserved, the reconstruction required several assumptions to be made because of the immature status of the specimen. the assumptions were mainly concerned with distances between bones in the inter-vertebral spaces and in the joints of the hip, knee, and ankle. these were estimated from x-ray films of modern children a ...	2000	10715192
krapina 1: a juvenile neandertal from the early late pleistocene of croatia.	the juvenile a skull from krapina, croatia (krapina 1) has been the subject of considerable debate since b. skerlj first suggested that it might not be a neandertal. although widely known by its original designation, the krapina a skull was recatalogued, along with all of the krapina hominids, in the 1980's (radovcic, et al., [1988]. the krapina hominids: an illustrated catalog of skeletal collection. zagreb; mladost). it is now catalogued as krapina 1 in the archives of the hrvatski prirodoslov ...	2000	10685039
cranial discrete traits in the middle pleistocene humans from sima de los huesos (sierra de atapuerca, spain). does hypostosis represent any increase in "ontogenetic stress" along the neanderthal lineage?	cranial discrete traits may be regarded as markers of dynamic responses to general and local perturbations of the morphogenetic pattern, particularly when they are viewed and examined in terms of hypostosis vs. hyperostosis. there are indications, in fact, that the variation between these two opposite conditions relates to mechanical stress suffered by the bony structures during early stages of growth and development. in a previous comparison between neanderthals and modern humans, variable degr ...	2000	10683308
brief communication: bilateral aplasia of the condyles in a 1,400-year-old mandible from israel.	a rare pathological mandible, manifesting bilateral absence of the condyles, is discussed. the pathology was identified as hemifacial microsomia. the mandible, dated to the byzantine period in israel, manifests bilateral aplasia of the condyles and extreme shortness, but normal width, of the body. the extremely well-developed coronoid process, the grooved masseter insertion area, and the manifestation of a medial pterygoid tubercle (mpt) suggest hypertrophy of the occlusal muscles. the presence ...	2000	10618592
diet and the neanderthals.	the ultimate goal of paleoanthropological studies is to develop the most accurate and exhaustive portraits possible of our extinct human relatives, and of the history by which we became what we are. this endeavor includes, in the first place, the essential processes of establishing the basic parameters of hominid diversity, and of elucidating the potential evolutionary relationships among the components of that diversity. but our efforts clearly need to go farther than this; for the overall pict ...	2000	15828197
basicranial influence on overall cranial shape.	this study examines the extent to which the major dimensions of the cranial base (maximum length, maximum breadth, and flexion) interact with brain volume to influence major proportions of the neurocranium and face. a model is presented for developmental interactions that occur during ontogeny between the brain and the cranial base and neurocranium, and between the neurobasicranial complex (nbc) and the face. the model is tested using exocranial and radiographic measurements of adult crania samp ...	2000	10656780
a new morphometric analysis of the hominid pelvic bone.	this study is based upon a new morphometric technique providing both size and shape variables. it has been applied to 189 pelvic bones of extant humans and african apes as well as to 13 hominid pelvic bones of various taxonomic status. the main aim of this work is to include such fossil bones in the same study in order to set a synthetic comparison of their shape in the light of the yardstick given by the african ape/human pelvic bone comparison. to do so, ratio diagrams are chosen because they ...	2000	10683305
the human chin revisited: what is it and who has it?	although the presence of a "chin" has long been recognized as unique to homo sapiens among mammals, both the ontogeny and the morphological details of this structure have been largely overlooked. here we point out the essential features of symphyseal morphology in h. sapiens, which are present and well-defined in the fetus at least as early as the fifth gestational month. differences among adults in expression of these structures, particularly in the prominence of the mental tuberosity, are deve ...	2000	10683306
the place of neandertals in the evolution of hominid patterns of growth and development.	this study uses the two developmental fields of dental maturation and femoral growth to determine if the pattern of growth and development in neandertals (archaic homo sapiens) was intermediate between that of homo erectus and recent modern humans. specimens used in the analysis included neandertals and upper palaeolithic early modern homo sapiens from europe and individuals from two recent modern human populations. ontogenetic data for the h. erectus adolescent knm-wt 15000 and for gorilla gori ...	2000	10715193
adults only. reindeer hunting at the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt, northern germany.	the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt (northern germany), excavated in 1952, is well known because of its well-preserved faunal remains, dominated by adult reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the archaeological assemblage accumulated in an arctic setting in an earlier part of the last (weichsel) glacial (ois5-3). the site is remarkable because of the presence of unique middle palaeolithic bone tools and the occurrence of the northernmost neanderthal remains, but this paper focuses on an a ...	2000	10715194
detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data.	a debate of long-standing interest in human evolution centers around whether archaic human populations (such as the neanderthals) have contributed to the modern gene pool. a model of ancient population structure with recent mixing is introduced, and it is determined how much information (i.e., sequence data from how many unlinked nuclear loci) would be necessary to distinguish between different demographic scenarios. it is found that approximately 50-100 loci are necessary if plausible parameter ...	2000	10757768
molecular analysis of neanderthal dna from the northern caucasus.	the expansion of premodern humans into western and eastern europe approximately 40,000 years before the present led to the eventual replacement of the neanderthals by modern humans approximately 28,000 years ago. here we report the second mitochondrial dna (mtdna) analysis of a neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly dated neanderthal remains. the specimen is from one of the eastern-most neanderthal populations, recovered from mezmaiskaya cave in the northern caucasus. radiocarbon da ...	2000	10761915
genomic differentiation of neanderthals and anatomically modern man allows a fossil-dna-based classification of morphologically indistinguishable hominid bones.	southern blot hybridizations of genomic dna were introduced as a relatively simple fossil-dna-based approach to classify remains of neanderthals. when hybridized with genomic dna of either human or neanderthal origin, dna extracted from two neanderthal finds-the os parietale, from warendorf-neuwarendorf, germany, and a clavicula, from krapina, croatia-was shown to yield hybridization signals that differ by at least a factor of two compared to the signals obtained with the use of fossil dna of an ...	2000	10788336
a modern human humerus from the early aurignacian of vogelherdhöhle (stetten, germany).	implicit in much of the discussion of the cultural and population biological dynamics of modern human origins in europe is the assumption that the aurignacian, from its very start, was made by fully modern humans. the veracity of this assumption has been challenged in recent years by the association of neandertal skeletal remains with a possibly aurignacian assemblage at vindija cave (croatia) and the association of neandertals with distinctly upper paleolithic (but non-aurignacian) assemblages ...	2000	10813706
[growth and developmental patterns in neandertals].	growth and development in neandertals have been focused on in terms of the appearance of the human growth pattern in hominid evolution. recently, more attention has been drawn to the aspects of growth in human evolution, although their significance was recognized from long before. one recently refined method is to use the perikymata counts on the enamel surface, which provide an absolute duration time of tooth crown development and therefore make possible comparisons in timings of developmental ...	2000	10824515
human remains from blombos cave, south africa: (1997-1998 excavations).	the middle stone age (msa) layers at blombos cave contain abundant bifacial still bay points, formal and ad hoc bone artefacts, and an intentionally incised bone piece. these artefacts add weight to arguments that some aspects of modern human behavior developed earlier in sub-saharan africa than elsewhere. four human teeth were recovered from the msa strata at blombos during the 1997-1998 excavations. two are heavily worn deciduous teeth, and two are incomplete permanent premolar crowns. the blo ...	2000	10835260
population genetic implications from sequence variation in four y chromosome genes.	some insight into human evolution has been gained from the sequencing of four y chromosome genes. primary genomic sequencing determined gene smcy to be composed of 27 exons that comprise 4,620 bp of coding sequence. the unfinished sequencing of the 5' portion of gene uty1 was completed by primer walking, and a total of 20 exons were found. by using denaturing hplc, these two genes, as well as dby and dffry, were screened for polymorphic sites in 53-72 representatives of the five continents. a to ...	2000	10861003
endocranial capacity of the bodo cranium determined from three-dimensional computed tomography.	the 600,000-year-old cranium from bodo, ethiopia, is the oldest and most complete early middle pleistocene hominid skull from africa. "virtual endocast" models created by three-dimensional computed tomography (ct) techniques indicate an endocranial capacity of about 1,250 cc for this cranium (with a reasonable range between approximately 1,200-1,325 cc, depending on how missing portions of the basicranial region are reconstructed). from these determinations, several important implications emerge ...	2000	10954624
shape variation of the human pollical distal phalanx and metacarpal.	human distal pollical phalanx form has been associated with tool manufacture, and the broad tuft of this bone in neanderthals has been suggested to be a climatic adaptation and/or an aid to a tremendously powerful grip. a wide first metacarpal head has also been proposed to be useful in distinguishing tool-dependent hominids from those less reliant on tools. in order to contribute to an evaluation of these hypotheses variation in first metacarpal and distal phalanx shape is explored among sample ...	2000	11042536
activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change.	postcranial robusticity--the massiveness of the skeleton--figures prominently in the debate over the origin of modern humans. anthropologists use postcranial robusticity to infer the activity levels of prehistoric populations, and changes in robusticity are often used to support scenarios of adaptive change. these scenarios explain differences in morphology as the result of a change in lifestyle (habitual activity). one common scenario posits that early modern humans were more gracile than neand ...	2000	11624671