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spatial distribution, movements, and geographic range of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska.the two stocks of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska include an endangered western stock, recently recovering in parts of its range following decades of decline, and an eastern stock which was removed from the u.s. endangered species list in 2013 following increasing numbers since the 1970s. information on overlapping distributions of eastern and western sea lions is needed for management considerations. we analyzed >30,000 sightings collected from 2000-2014 of 2,385 sea lions that ...201830586412
deciphering the evolutionary signatures of pinnipeds using novel genome sequences: the first genomes of phoca largha, callorhinus ursinus, and eumetopias jubatus.the pinnipeds, which comprise seals, sea lions, and walruses, are a remarkable group of marine animals with unique adaptations to semi-aquatic life. however, their genomes are poorly characterized. in this study, we sequenced and characterized the genomes of three pinnipeds (phoca largha, callorhinus ursinus, and eumetopias jubatus), focusing on site-wise sequence changes. we detected rapidly evolving genes in pinniped lineages and substitutions unique to pinnipeds associated with amphibious sou ...201830442995
enhanced quantification of serum immunoglobulin g from a non-model wildlife species, the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), using a protein a elisa.immunoglobulins (ig) are proteins that preserve immune homeostasis and are quantified to infer changes to the acquired humoral immune response in mammals. measuring ig in non-model wildlife for immune surveillance often requires ingenuity, and rigorous standardization of methodologies to provide reliable results especially when lacking species-specific reagents. we modified and optimized existing elisa methodology utilizing the binding properties of staphylococcus-derived protein a (prta) to imm ...201830099015
regional and age-related variations in haptoglobin concentrations in steller sea lions ( eumetopias jubatus) from alaska, usa.varying concentrations of the highly conserved acute phase response protein, haptoglobin, can indicate changes to the health and disease status of mammals, including the steller sea lion (ssl; eumetopias jubatus). to better understand factors relating to acute phase response in ssls, circulating haptoglobin concentrations (hp) were quantified in plasma collected from 1,272 individuals sampled near rookeries and haulouts off the coast of alaska, us. we compared hp in ssls between sexes and among ...201930096032
pathological findings and survey for pathogens associated with reproductive failure in perinatal steller sea lions eumetopias jubatus.steller sea lions (ssls) eumetopias jubatus experienced a population decline in the 1960s, leading to the listing of the western stock as endangered and the eastern stock as threatened under the us endangered species act. a decrease of births in the western stock beginning in the late 1960s indicates that reproductive failure may have contributed to the decline. we evaluated the role pathogens play in spontaneous abortions, premature births and neonatal deaths in ssls. archived tissues from carc ...201931854331
links between muscle phenotype and life history: differentiation of myosin heavy chain composition and muscle biochemistry in precocial and altricial pinniped pups.in marine mammals, muscular development has been identified as a rate-limiting factor in achieving adult dive capacities. this study investigates the rate that myosin heavy chain (mhc) composition matures in a postural and locomotor skeletal muscle for four pinniped species with different lactation lengths: hooded seals, cystophora cristata; harp seals, pagophilus groenlandicus; northern fur seals, callorhinus ursinus, and steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. the ontogeny of mhc isoform expres ...201931616978
coxiella burnetii in wild mammals: a systematic review.coxiella burnetii is a multi-host bacterium that causes q fever in humans, a zoonosis that is emerging worldwide. the ecology of c. burnetii in wildlife is still poorly understood and the influence of host, environmental and pathogen factors is almost unknown. this study gathers current published information on different aspects of c. burnetii infection in wildlife, even in species with high reservoir potential and a high rate of interaction with livestock and humans, in order to partially fill ...201930506629
dental integration and modularity in pinnipeds.morphological integration and modularity are important for understanding phenotypic evolution because they constrain variation subjected to selection and enable independent evolution of functional and developmental units. we report dental integration and modularity in representative otariid (eumetopias jubatus, callorhinus ursinus) and phocid (phoca largha, histriophoca fasciata) species of pinnipedia. this is the first study of integration and modularity in a secondarily simplified dentition wi ...201930862801
the genome of the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus).the steller sea lion is the largest member of the otariidae family and is found in the coastal waters of the northern pacific rim. here, we present the steller sea lion genome, determined through dna sequencing approaches that utilized microfluidic partitioning library construction, as well as nanopore technologies. these methods constructed a highly contiguous assembly with a scaffold n50 length of over 14 megabases, a contig n50 length of over 242 kilobases and a total length of 2.404 gigabase ...201931248052
isolation, characterization, and ecotoxicological application of marine mammal skin fibroblast cultures.marine mammal cell cultures are a multifunctional instrument for acquiring knowledge about life in the world's oceans in physiological, biochemical, genetic, and ecotoxicological aspects. we succeeded in isolation, cultivation, and characterization of skin fibroblast cultures from five marine mammal species. the cells of the spotted seal (phoca largha), the sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), and the walrus (odobenus rosmarus) are unpretentious to the isolation procedure. the sea otter (enhydra lutri ...202033078324
the oldest record of the steller sea lion eumetopias jubatus (schreber, 1776) from the early pleistocene of the north pacific.the extant genera of fur seals and sea lions of the family otariidae (carnivora: pinnipedia) are thought to have emerged in the pliocene or the early pleistocene in the north pacific. among them, the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) is the largest and distributed both in the western and eastern north pacific. in contrast to the limited distribution of the current population around the japanese islands that is now only along the coast of hokkaido, their fossil records have been known from th ...202032913674
stress-related and reproductive hormones in hair from three north pacific otariid species: steller sea lions, california sea lions and northern fur seals.assessing the physiological impact of stressors in pinnipeds is logistically challenging, and many hormones are altered by capture and handling, limiting the utility of metabolically active tissues. hair is increasingly being used to investigate stress-related and reproductive hormones in wildlife populations due to less-invasive collection methods, being metabolically inert once grown and containing multiple biomarkers of ecological interest. we validated enzyme immunoassays for measuring aldos ...202032843968
entanglement rates and haulout abundance trends of steller (eumetopias jubatus) and california (zalophus californianus) sea lions on the north coast of washington state.entanglements affect marine mammal species around the globe, and for some, those impacts are great enough to cause population declines. this study aimed to document rates and causes of entanglement and trends in local haulout abundance for steller and california sea lions on the north coast of washington from 2010-2018. we conducted small boat surveys to count sea lions and document entangled individuals. rates of entanglement and entangling material occurrence were compared with records of stra ...202032841298
regional variations and drivers of mercury and selenium concentrations in steller sea lions.mercury (hg) can be neurotoxic to mammals and impact reproduction, whereas selenium (se) is an important antioxidant known to ameliorate some adverse effects of hg. total hg concentrations ([thg]) were measured in lanugo (pelage grown in utero) of 812 steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pups across alaska and russia to assess fetal exposure during late gestation. the molar ratio of total se to thg (tse:thg) was determined in whole blood collected from 291 pups. stable isotope ratios of carbon ...202032717470
host population expansion and the genetic architecture of the pinniped hookworm uncinaria lucasi.the long-term fidelity of pinniped hosts to their natal rookery site suggests the genetic architecture of their uncinaria spp. hookworms should be strongly structured by host breeding biology. however, historical events affecting host populations may also shape parasite genetic structure. sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (coi) gene of 86 uncinaria lucasi individuals were obtained to assess genetic variation and structure of nematodes from 2 host species (68 hookworms from no ...202032491171
assessing oxidative stress in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): associations with mercury and selenium concentrations.selenium (se) bioavailability is required for synthesis and function of essential se-dependent antioxidants, including the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (gpx). strong interactions between monomethyl mercury and se impair the critical antioxidant role of se. approximately 20% of steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus, ssl) pups sampled in the western aleutian islands, alaska, had total hg concentrations ([thg]) measured in hair and whole blood above thresholds of concern for adverse physiologic eff ...202032413494
methyl mercury (mehg) in vitro exposure alters mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine expression in steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pups.steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus, ssls) are managed as two distinct population segments within u.s. waters: the endangered western distinct population segment and the recently delisted eastern distinct population segment. recent studies reported concentrations of mercury in several tissues collected from young ssls in the aleutian islands that were at or above concentrations found to negatively impact health in other fish-eating mammals. however, there are limited studies which have investi ...202032302832
organochlorine contaminant concentrations in blubber of young steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) are influenced by region, age, sex, and lipid stores.contaminant exposure is particularly important for species and populations of conservation concern, such as the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). we used blubber samples (n = 120) to determine organochlorine concentrations, including polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (ddts), and blood samples (n = 107) to estimate total body lipids based on the hydrogen isotope dilution method. we assessed the influence of age, sex, condition, and geographic area on cont ...202031494417
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