Publications

rickettsiae and their ecology in the alpine region.	two rickettsioses are known to be distributed in the alpine region, the ubiquitous q fever and the so called tick-bite fever (fever boutonneuse) which is due to rickettsia conorii. the latter is only temporarily seen and brought in via dogs by the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus from italy and southern france. further, the presence of two apathogenic rickettsiae, r. slovaca (in austria, switzerland, germany) and r. helvetica (switzerland) has been determined. the present paper will discuss eco ...	1993	7905244
isolation and identification of a rickettsial strain related to rickettsia massiliae in greek ticks.	adult ticks were collected in a rural area of central greece in order to isolate and identify rickettsiae. a hemolymph test using gimenez staining was used for detection, while simultaneous isolation was performed using the shell-vial technique. serologic, antigenic, and genomic characterization of the isolates was achieved by microimmunofluorescence, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blotting, the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment ...	1994	7908503
immunological response in rabbits infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus.	in order to clarify the importance of humoral antibody in host resistance to ticks, in the present work we studied the immunological response of rabbits infested with larvae, nymphs or adults of rhipicephalus sanguineus, using extracts of eggs (ee), larvae (le), nymphs (ne), male salivary glands (msge), male midguts (mme), female salivary glands (fsge) and female midguts (fme). when serum from rabbits infested with larvae or nymphs was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, no reactions ...	1994	7949315
immunisation of dogs, hamsters and guinea pigs against rhipicephalus sanguineus using crude unfed adult tick extracts.	naive experimental groups of dogs, hamsters and guinea pigs were inoculated three times subcutaneously with unfed adult extract of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and challenged with adult r. sanguineus to evaluate resistance. the acquisition of resistance was based on alterations of some reproductive and feeding performance parameters of female ticks such as female and egg mass weights, engorgement, pre-oviposition and incubation periods, larval hatchability rate and efficiency rates of femal ...	1994	8030191
geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (acari: ixodidae, argasidae) in sweden.	this review covers the geographic distribution and host relationships of the tick species in sweden. ixodes uriae white, i. caledonicus nuttall, i. unicavatus neumann, i. arboricola schulze & schlottke, and i. lividus koch are ornithophagous species. i. trianguliceps birula, i. canisuga johnston, i. hexagonus leach, and argas vespertilionis (latreille) are mammalophagous. i. ricinus (l.) and haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago feed on both birds and mammals. all these tick species may be ...	1994	8189415
cholesteryl esters on the body surfaces of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (koch, 1844) and the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).	cholesteryl esters were found to constitute a major component of the lipids coating the body cuticle of females of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii and the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. one or more cholesteryl esters, alone or in combination, have been shown to serve as the mounting sex pheromone of several species of ixodid ticks. consequently, knowledge of these compounds is important for an understanding of the mating behavior of these ticks. based on thin layer chromatography, ...	1994	7628247
[parasitic horse ticks in italy. observations on their distribution and pathogenic role].	the following 13 species of ticks, belonging to ixodidae family, were recorded in italy on horse (equus caballus) since 1931: ixodes ricinus, i. gibbosus, haemaphysalis inermis, h. parva, h. punctata, h. sulcata, dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rh. bursa, rh. turanicus, hyalomma marginatum, hy. detritum, boophilus annulatus. the regional distribution and the role of the species in the transmission of pathogens are reported.	1994	7637997
stage-specific development of a filarial nematode (dipetalonema dracunculoides) in vector ticks.	this paper reports the development of the canid filarial worm, dipetalonema dracunculoides, in the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus by determining whether development is similar within larval, nymphal and adult stages of infected ticks. this study demonstrates that only infected nymphal ticks can support the complete development of the filarial worm. infected larval ticks are not suitable intermediate hosts, nor are infected adults. development depends on some stage-specific property of ...	1994	7829843
genotypic evaluation of rickettsial isolates recovered from various species of ticks in portugal.	twelve rickettsial isolates, from rhipicephalus sanguineus, r. turanicus, dermacentor marginatus and hyalomma marginatus, were subjected to genotypic analysis. amplification of specific dna sequences, restriction endonuclease digestion of amplified dna products, and gel electrophoresis were used to identify specific dna fragment-banding patterns. five patterns were resolved. four were homologous with those of previously described rickettsial genotypes, r. conorii, r. slovaca, r. rhipicephali and ...	1995	7867736
elisa screening for lyme disease in children with chronic arthritis.	one hundred patients, aged 6-15 years and presented to el-shatby university children's hospital with chronic/recurrent arthritis and skin lesions suggestive of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), were investigated for presence of igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi flagellum antigen elisa test. four cases yielded positive serum samples which were true positive cases as they showed negative venereal disease research laboratory (vdrl) test. ticks collected from domestic animals from the hous ...	1995	7665949
development of babesia gibsoni in the salivary glands of the larval tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.	the development of babesia gibsoni in the salivary glands of larval rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks was morphologically studied for 4 days of feeding of tick on rabbits. babesia gibsoni showed two forms (sporont and sporozoite) in the budding process. sporozoites were formed in the acinar cells of salivary glands and released from the hollow cytoplasmic area of these cells by day 4 of feeding. the morphology of b. gibsoni in the salivary glands of r. sanguineus shows a close similarity to those o ...	1995	7756402
canine ehrlichiosis in egypt: sero-epidemiological survey.	a total of 374 dogs, 252 from five military kennels and 122 privately owned, were tested for ehrlichia canis antibody. sera were tested at a 1:20 dilution by indirect fluorescent antibody with the use of e. canis cell-culture antigen slides. the overall prevalence of e. canis antibody was 33%. antibody prevalence among military dogs (29%) was significantly lower than among privately owned dogs (41%; p < 0.05). the e. canis seroprevalence among dogs infested with ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) ...	1995	8539033
analysis of stage-specific and shared antigens derived from rhipicephalus sanguineus by electrophoresis and western blotting.	we carried out an sds-page analysis of antigens of rhipicephalus sanguineus using extracts of eggs (ee), larvae (le), nymphs (ne), male salivary glands (msge), male midguts (mme), female salivary glands (fsge) and female midguts (fme). under non-reducing conditions a common band of about 205 kda was observed. ee, le and ne extracts showed groups of bands between 150 and 75 kda. a protein pattern was observed in fsge extract with a group of bands between 75 and 50 kda and four bands between 15 an ...	1995	8541584
prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from zimbabwe.	the prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms in ticks from zimbabwe was determined using the hemolymph test. amblyomma hebraeum had the highest prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms. other species with rickettsia-like organisms included amblyomma sparsum, amblyomma variegatum, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, ripicephalus simus, haemaphysalis leachi, amblyomma rhinocerotis, and hyalomma truncatum. ticks with no demonstrable rickettsia-like organisms infection were boophilus decoloratus, haemaphysal ...	1995	8551500
cutaneous hypersensitivity induced in dogs and guinea-pigs by extracts of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).	the cutaneous hypersensitivity induced by rhipicephalus sanguineus tick extract in dogs (natural host) and guinea-pigs (laboratory host) was evaluated. the left ear of infested and control (tick-bite naive) dogs and guinea-pigs was injected intradermally with an extract from unfed adult ticks and the right ear with phosphate buffered saline (pbs). ear thickness variations were then measured after 10 min and 1, 2, 6, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-injection. results were expressed as percentual cha ...	1995	8556961
genomic and proteinic characterization of strain s, a rickettsia isolated from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in armenia.	strain s, a spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia isolated from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in armenia, was identified. microimmunofluorescence, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel protein electrophoresis and western immunoblotting, pcr and then restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and 16s rrna gene sequencing were used to compare strain s with reference isolates. strain s was found to possess proteinic, antigenic, and genomic pat ...	1995	8567916
ixodid ticks collected at the faculty of veterinary science, onderstepoort, from dogs diagnosed with babesia canis infection.	in an attempt to identify the vectors of babesia canis, ticks were collected over a period of 3 years from a total of 395 dogs diagnosed as infected with this protozoan parasite at the veterinary faculty, onderstepoort. haemaphysalis leachi was the only tick species recovered from 164 of these dogs, and it occurred in mixed infestation on a further 140 of the dogs. rhipicephalus sanguineus was collected in pure infestation from 59 dogs with a further 87 harbouring mixed infestations. sixteen dog ...	1995	8596189
incidence of brown dog ticks, rhipicephalus sanguineus, at a kennel in okayama prefecture.	twenty two adult dogs suffered from tick infestation at a kennel in okayama prefecture in the summer of 1994. four of them had been introduced from u.s.a. some dogs showed pyoderma, anemia, neutrophilia or eosinophilia. neither babesia gibsoni nor hepatozoon canis was detected on the smear samples of peripheral blood. the ticks detected were morphologically identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus. this case was a rare incidence of the tick in the other areas of japan than okinawa.	1995	7548423
ticks parasitizing humans in georgia and south carolina.	from 1990 through 1995, 913 ticks removed from 460 human patients in georgia or south carolina were identified and recorded. the majority of these specimens (758, 83.0%) were lone star ticks, amblyomma americanum. one hundred and four (11.4%) american dog ticks dermacentor variabilis, 36 (3.9%) blacklegged ticks ixodes scapularis, 9 (1.0%) gulf coast ticks amblyomma maculatum, and 6 (0.7%) brown dog ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus were also recovered. all active stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults ...	1996	8636862
western blot analysis of tick antigens from a rhipicephalus sanguineus unfed larval extract and identification of antigenic sites in tick sections using immunohistochemistry. a comparative study between resistant and susceptible host species.	most parasite-host relationships are characterized by the development of resistance by the host, thus limiting the number of parasites. however, some cases are very unusual. in the relationship of the domestic dog with the brown dog-tick rhipicephalus sanguineus this does not occur, whereas guinea pigs develop efficient resistance. sera from domestic dogs, crab-eating foxes and guinea pigs collected before and after infestation with r. sanguineus ticks, and after immunization with a whole tick a ...	1996	8638389
the seasonal occurrence of ticks (acari: ixodidae) on sheep and in the field in the judean area of israel.	a 2 year survey of ixodid ticks in the judean area of israel between 1983 and 1985 showed that sheep were parasitized by the following species: rhipicephalus sanguineus group (30.6%), rhipicephalus bursa (25.3%), haemaphysalis cretica (20.5%), haemaphysalis otophila (20.1%) and hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (3.1%). three other species, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, boophilus annulatus and amblyomma lepidum were also present but in very low numbers. a total of 50,816 specimens (78.1% adult ticks) ...	1996	8746133
morphological keys for the separation of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group of ticks (acarina:ixodidae) in egypt.	rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto is the taxonomic baseline for the r. sanguineus group of ticks which consists of four species in egypt. because of the potential confusion in the differentiation of species within the group, particularly in the middle east, there is an urgent need for the development of new diagnostic keys. keys, based on morphological characters, are provided herein for the various stages of r. sanguineus ticks in egypt. an additional plan provides a useful tool for distin ...	1996	8754653
[the subspecies specificity of babesia canis].	the large babesia species of dogs, babesia canis, is transmitted by different ticks. dermacentor reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi are the known main vectors. four b. canis isolates of different geographic origin were investigated for their transmission specificity and pathogenicity in infection trials. r. sanguineus ticks exclusively transmitted the babesia isolate from egypt. d. reticulatus was the vector for isolates from hungary and france. transmission of an sou ...	1996	8765536
[the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodidae), in germany: an epidemiologic study and control measures].	between january and december 1995 infestations with rhipicephalus sanguineus were established in 22 dogs in germany. out of these 22 animals 2 originated from the endemic area of this tick species, spain and the dominican republic and 11 dogs accompanied their owner to the mediterranean countries, 5 to italy, 3 to france, 2 to spain and 1 animal to greece. six dogs had never left germany and with 3 dogs the way of infestation could not be reconstructed. in 16 cases an abundant occurrence of r. s ...	1996	8765542
seasonal occurrence of rhipicephalus sanguineus in okayama prefecture, japan and effect of temperature on development of the tick.	the seasonal occurrence of rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs was examined at a kennel in okayama prefecture, japan. the number of ticks suddenly decreased after treatment with an acaricide in late august. small numbers of adults and nymphs were detected in september and october, then ticks were not seen on the dogs early in november, when the mean temperature was below 15 degrees c. then 3 dogs were found to be infested by some adult ticks toward the end of march, when the mean temperature was ab ...	1996	8777229
isolation of a south african vector-specific strain of babesia canis.	a south african strain of babesia canis parasites was isolated and shown to be vector-specific to only one of the two vectors in the region, haemaphysalis leachi. this tick was found to transmit the parasite in its adult instar. when infected as larvae, the ticks would not transmit in the proceeding nymphal instar. the vector-specific strain was named the 'thomas strain' after one of the dogs involved in isolating it. a survey revealed a prevalence of > 50% of this strain in four widely separate ...	1996	8792576
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from catalan rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.	eighty-nine rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and 21 rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected in catalonia were tested by the hemolymph test to establish their infection rate with spotted fever group rickettsiae. by giménez staining, 11.2% of the r. sanguineus isolates and 0% of the r. bursa isolates were found to contain rickettsia-like organisms. six spotted fever group rickettsial strains (bar29, bar31, gir4, tar1, tar2, and tar3) were isolated from these ticks and were characterized by phenotypic an ...	1996	8897166
mediterranean spotted fever: a preliminary tick field study.	we studied the prevalence of rickettsialike organisms infection in different tick species (3154 adults) collected in several areas of the ebro valley (spain). the gimenez stain showed a prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms in 38.6% of the studied ticks. using the immunofluorescence assay, only two species, rhipicephalus sanguineus (16.4%) and r. pusillus (19.9%) have shown organisms compatible with spotted fever group rickettsiae.	1996	8905308
attempted transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus after passage in cell culture.	to compare the transmissibility by the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, of a recent isolate of ehrlichia canis (ebony) with that of another isolate (oklahoma) that had been passaged in cell culture, and to assess the genetic similarity of the 2 isolates as reflected in the nucleotide (nt) sequence of 16s rdna.	1996	8915436
prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from southern israel.	the prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae was studied in questing ticks collected from southern israel. ticks were examined from an agricultural settlement (kibbutz ze'elim), an endemic site for mediterranean spotted fever, and from another kibbutz (re'im) in an adjacent area where the disease has not been reported. ticks were collected by flagging and co2 traps from vegetation inside and outside the settlements during 1989/1990 and 1994. in ze'elim, 98% of the ticks collected were brown ...	1996	8961650
contribution to the knowledge of ixodidae ticks of wild mammals of somalia.	this study was based on material collected in 1983-1984 from wild mammals of the middle scebeli. low scebeli and bay regions of somalia. a total of 292 specimens (156 males, 65 females, 70 nymphase, 1 larva) from 13 host species were examined. the following species of ixodidae were identified. amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1794); haemaphysalis calcarata neumann, 1902; haemaphysalis spinulosa neumann, 1906; rhipicephalus armatus pocock, 1900; rhipicephalus pravus donitz, 1910; rhipicephalus pu ...	1996	9257347
[distribution of dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806) in italy: a public health problem].	the dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 (acari: ixodidae), is a public health problem since it is widely distributed in italy and because of its role in the transmission of many pathogens to man and dog which is its preferred host. this review deals with the main aspects of the biology and ecology of rh. sanguineus habitat, developmental time, distribution and seasonality, behaviour and vector competence. moreover, the preminent role of rh, sanguineus in the transmission of bouton ...	1996	9103161
relationships between species of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group: a molecular approach.	the biosystematic status of species belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group is difficult to determine by phenotypic methods and has been subject to frequent revisions and ongoing debate. yet, the differentiation of species within this complex is of clinical importance especially in veterinary medicine due to different host specificities of the transmitted pathogens. in order to generate quantifiable and comparable data independent of environmental influences, a section of the second inte ...	1997	9105315
epidemiologic evaluation of the risk factors associated with exposure and seroreactivity to bartonella vinsonii in dogs.	to determine seroprevalence to bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii in a population of sick dogs from north carolina and virginia and to evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased likelihood of exposure to the organism.	1997	9140552
epidemiological aspects of the brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in são paulo, brazil.	ticks were collected from vegetation and animals at monthly intervals during one year (1993-1994) in an endemic area of brazilian spotted fever in the country of pedreira, state of são paulo. six species of ticks were identified amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma cooperi, amblyomma triste, anocentor nitens, rhipicephalus sanguineus and boophilus microplus. only the first species was sufficiently numerous to permit a quantitative study with seasonal activity, although the distribution and source of ...	1997	9197151
ticks (acari: ixodida) uncommonly found biting humans in north carolina.	collection records are presented that document human-biting by otobius megnini, amblyomma maculatum, haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes cookei, ixodes dentatus, and rhipicephalus sanguineus in north carolina. these species are either extremely rare in north carolina or they are normally considered non-human feeders. the record of otobius megnini represents the first collection of this species in north carolina in over 50 years. it is proposed that immature rhipicephalus sanguineus feed on hu ...	1997	9221733
effect of infestation with rhipicephalus sanguineus on the antibody productivity in dogs.		1997	9226654
endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals.	the presence, internal distribution, and phylogenetic position of endosymbiotic bacteria from four species of specific-pathogen-free ticks were studied. these included the hard ticks ixodes scapularis (the black-legged tick), rhipicephalus sanguineus (the brown dog tick), and haemaphysalis longicornis and the african soft tick ornithodoros moubata. pcr assays for bacteria, using two sets of general primers for eubacterial 16s and 23s rrna genes (rdnas) and seven sets of specific primers for wolb ...	1997	9327557
rickettsiae-infected ticks in an endemic area of spotted fever in the state of minas gerais, brazil.	a study on tick-borne rickettsiosis was developed in the county of santa cruz do escalvado, state of minas gerais, brazil, where a clinical case of the disease, confirmed by necropsy, had been reported. of the 1,254 ticks collected, 1,061 belonged to the amblyomma genus, 57 to the rhipicephalus sanguineus species, 81 to boophilus microplus, and 46 to anocentor nitens. the hemolymph test associated with giménez staining showed that 18 of the 221 a. cajennense specimens, 1 of the 16 r. sanguineus, ...	1997	9361740
a new hepatozoon species from dogs: description of the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in north america.	a new species of adeleina, hepatozoon americanum, is described from the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, visceral organs, and blood of dogs (canis familiaris) in the southern united states. the organism was previously identified as hepatozoon canis (james, 1905) wenyon, 1926; however, differences in clinical signs, histopathological and serological findings, gamont size, and ultrastructure define the new species of hepatozoon. attempts to transmit the protozoan from infected dogs to nymphal rhip ...	1997	9406796
effect of infestation with rhipicephalus sanguineus on neutrophil function in dogs.		1997	9430122
transmission of tick-borne bunyaviruses by cofeeding ixodid ticks.	palma and bhanja bunyaviruses replicated in dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, r. appendiculatus and ixodes ricinus ticks after parenteral inoculation and appropriate incubation and feeding. palma virus was transmitted to d. marginatus and d. reticulatus males, d. reticulatus and r. sanguineus females, and r. appendiculatus nymphs while cofeeding with infected ticks on laboratory mice. bhanja virus was transmitted to d. marginatus males and r. appendiculatus nymphs ...	1997	9607090
perceptions of veterinary clinics and pest control companies regarding tick-related problems in dogs residing in texas cities.	to determine the extent and source of tick-related problems encountered by veterinary clinics and pest control company (pcc) clientele experiencing residential tick infestations in urban/suburban environments and to determine which tick-related diseases in dogs were diagnosed and treated at veterinary clinics.	1997	9057918
immunisation of dogs and guinea pigs against rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks using gut extract.	tick-bite naive guinea pigs were inoculated three times with rhipicephalus sanguineus gut or salivary gland extracts and saponin as adjuvant. dogs were inoculated three times with gut extract only as this fraction induced a more efficient resistance in guinea pigs (lower tick recovery and lower engorged female weights). freund's adjuvant and saponin were used as adjuvants for the immunisation of dogs. freund's adjuvant was used to enhance cellular immunity. the highest level of resistance in dog ...	1997	9066073
dogs develop resistance to rhipicephalus sanguineus.	the capacity of beagle dogs to develop resistance against infestation by adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus was investigated. the number of successive engorged females recovered from dogs at the second infestation of the tick was significantly less than at the first infestation. however, there were no significant differences in body weight, body length, body width of engorged females, feeding behavior, preoviposition periods or egg weight.	1997	9066074
tick zoonoses in the southern part of switzerland (canton ticino): occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and rickettsia sp.	the diversity and the distribution of tick species and their infection rates by the pathogenic micro-organism borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis, and rickettsia sp., were studied in canton ticino (the southern part of switzerland). ticks specimens collected from animals and humans were classified and analysed for the presence of both pathogens. in particular, pcr analysis was performed for the detection of borrelia spirochetes in ixodes ricinus and ixodes he ...	1997	9085007
rhipicephalus sanguineus and r. turanicus (acari:ixodidae): closely related species with different biological characteristics.	life cycle parameters of 2 closely related tick species, rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille and r. turanicus pomerantsev, were studied under laboratory conditions. both rhipicephalus, which have small adults, demonstrated the same adaptations as large tick species inhabiting deserts and semideserts: high reproductive rate, decrease in egg size, and an increase in interstage growth to compensate for the smaller size at birth. pronounced quantitative differences between both species were discerned ...	1997	9086715
production and characterization of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever, from snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) in aquarium culture and genetic comparison to equine strains.	we report on the production and characterization of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever (phf), from snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) maintained in aquarium culture and compare it genetically to equine strains. snails were collected from stream waters on a pasture in siskiyou county, calif., where phf is enzootic and were maintained for several weeks in freshwater aquaria in the laboratory. upon exposure to temperatures above 22 degrees c the snails released trematode cercariae ...	1998	9620368
in vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials.	the mics of 13 antibiotics (doxycycline, thiamphenicol, rifampin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin, and pristinamycin) were determined for 27 available rickettsial species or strains. we used two in vitro cell culture methods described previously: the plaque assay and the microplaque colorimetric assay. our results confirm the susceptibilities of rickettsiae to doxycycline, thiamphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. ...	1998	9660979
entomopathogenic nematodes as a potential biological control method for ticks.	entomopathogenic nematodes have been used for biological control of certain insect pests. in these studies the nematodes were tested as a possible biological control agent for engorged female ticks. five species of infective juveniles (ijs) were tested initially for their ability to penetrate and kill ticks, including steinernema glaseri (sg), s. riobravus (sr), s. carpocapsae (dt), s. feltiae (sf) and heterorhabiditis bacteriophora (hp88). infective juveniles (ijs) of srs and sfs appeared to be ...	1998	9668486
survey of tick-borne diseases in dogs infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus at a kennel in okayama prefecture, japan.	serological tests were performed to investigate extent of tick-borne diseases in dogs infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus at a kennel in okayama prefecture. three of 22 dogs (13.6%) were positive for ehrlichia canis. two of 19 dogs (10.5%) were positive for rickettsia japonica. three of 22 dogs (13.6%) were positive for babesia gibsoni. none of these animals were positive for coxiella burnetii or hepatozoon canis. a microfilaria was detected in a drop smear of hemolymph from an engorged femal ...	1998	9673953
detection of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever, in freshwater stream snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) from northern california.	ehrlichia dna was identified by nested pcr in operculate snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) collected from stream water in a northern california pasture in which potomac horse fever (phf) is enzootic. sequencing of pcr-amplified dna from a suite of genes (the 16s rrna, groesl heat shock operon, 51-kda major antigen genes) indicated that the source organism closely resembled ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of phf. the minimum percentage of juga spp. harboring the organism in the population ...	1998	9687446
interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae) with selected species of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae).	entomopathogenic nematodes, currently used for biological control of various insect pests, were tested for their ability to penetrate and kill replete females of several species of ticks including dermacentor variabilis (say), rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), amblyomma maculatum koch, and a. cajennense (f.). these species were found to be susceptible to the entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema feltiae (filipjev) or s. riobravus (cabanillas & poinar), shown in previous studies in our labo ...	1998	9701938
detection of ehrlichia phagocytophila dna in ixodes ricinus ticks from areas in switzerland where tick-borne fever is endemic.	a total of 1,523 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from regions where bovine ehrlichiosis is endemic and were examined for ehrlichia phagocytophila via pcr. of the ticks from cattle with ehrlichiosis, the ticks from healthy cattle, and the free-living ticks, 26.5% (18 of 68), 4.4% (35 of 802), and 0.8% (5 of 653), respectively, were positive.	1998	9705425
immune response in rabbits against rhipicephalus sanguineus.	rabbits immunised with homogenates of unfed larvae and nymphs of the tick r. sanguineus developed significant level of protective immunity to infestation with all the stages of the species. the acquisition of resistance was based on feeding and developmental performance parameters (rejection, moulting percentages and feeding period) of larvae and nymphs. the acquisition of resistance against adults was also measured by feeding and reproductive performance of female ticks viz., rejection percent, ...	1998	9717464
saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick impairs t cell proliferation and ifn-gamma-induced macrophage microbicidal activity.	in this study, we investigated tick saliva effects on t cell proliferation, antigen presentation and ifn-gamma-induced macrophage activation, events which are associated with host immune defense mechanisms. mice repeatedly infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, similarly to dogs, did not develop resistance to further infestations. we determined that r. sanguineus tick saliva inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, both con-a and specific antigen-induced splenic t cell proliferation. tick s ...	1998	9730222
geographic distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in michigan, with emphasis on ixodes scapularis and borrelia burgdorferi.	a 12-yr (1985-1996) passive survey in michigan based upon tick submissions from citizens yielded 4,755 ticks of 21 species, 16 of which were probably indigenous in the state. three species of dermacentor [most common, d. variabilis say and d. albipictus (packard)]; 2 species of amblyomma [most common, a. americanum (l.)]; and 12 species of ixodes (most common, i. cookei packard and i. scapularis say), as well as haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, and th ...	1998	9775623
effects of infestation by rhipicephalus sanguineus on lymphocyte blastogenic responses to mitogens in dogs.	mitogen blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from dogs infested with adult rhipicephalus sanguineus and the effects of salivary gland extracts (sge) of the tick on the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from normal dogs were studied. infestation by r. sanguineus significantly suppressed concanavalin a, phyto-hemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen responses of lymphocytes from dogs. the inhibition of lymphocyte responses of dogs in the first infestation was greater than that in the second infestati ...	1998	9795902
seroprevalence of ehrlichia canis and of canine granulocytic ehrlichia infection in dogs in switzerland.	serum samples from 996 dogs in switzerland were examined for antibodies to ehrlichia canis and to the agent causing canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (cge). ehrlichiosis, borreliosis, and systemic illness not associated with ticks were suspected in 75, 122, and 157 of these dogs, respectively. the remainder of the serum samples were obtained from clinically healthy dogs which resided north (n = 235) or south (n = 407) of the alps. the serum samples were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence te ...	1998	9817854
a molecular and serologic survey of ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, and e. ewingii in dogs and ticks from oklahoma.	polymerase chain reaction and southern hybridization were used to survey for the presence of ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii in blood samples of 65 dogs that harbored ticks from northcentral and northeastern oklahoma. dog blood samples were also examined for antibodies against e. canis and e. chaffeensis, using an immunofluorescent antibody test. ten of 65 dogs (15.4%) examined were positive for ehrlichia spp. by pcr. four (6.2%) were positive for e. ewingii, 2 (3.1 ...	1998	9831955
[ehrlichia canis infections of dogs in germany. epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis].	between january and december 1997 infections with ehrlichia canis were detected in 211 dogs in germany. of the 53 epidemiologically evaluable dogs, 19 animals born and raised in germany had travelled with their owners abroad in endemic areas, 30 dogs originated from there and four dogs had never left germany. as regards to the possible location of infection it has been registered that most dogs had been taken to countries of the mediterranean sea (spain, france, italy, greece) or had been import ...	1998	9857421
mitochondrial gene order is not conserved in arthropods: prostriate and metastriate tick mitochondrial genomes.	the entire mitochondrial genome was sequenced in a prostriate tick, ixodes hexagonus, and a metastriate tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. both genomes encode 22 trnas, 13 proteins, and two ribosomal rnas. prostriate ticks are basal members of ixodidae and have the same gene order as limulus polyphemus. in contrast, in r. sanguineus, a block of genes encoding nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1), trna(leu)(uur), trna(leu)(cun), 16s rdna, trna(val), 12s rdna, the control region, and the trna(ile) and ...	1998	9866211
experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum vincent-johnson et al., 1997 to dogs by the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum koch.	experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum to dogs was attempted with four ixodid ticks, viz., rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum and dermacentor variabilis. ticks that dogs ingested included some that were laboratory-reared and experimentally fed as nymphs on a dog with naturally occurring hepatozoonosis; other ticks were collected as replete or partially engorged larvae, nymphs and adults from dogs that had hepatozoonosis and natural infestations of tic ...	1998	9877066
amplification of ehrlichial dna from dogs 34 months after infection with ehrlichia canis.	in order to determine whether dogs in the subclinical phase of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) are carriers of ehrlichia canis and to determine the significance of persistent indirect immunofluorescent anti-e. canis antibody titers during this phase, pcr was performed with blood, bone marrow, and splenic aspirates collected 34 months postinoculation from six clinically healthy beagle dogs experimentally infected with e. canis. at least one of the three samples (spleen, bone marrow, and blood ...	1998	9431923
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete dna in british ticks (argasidae and ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by pcr.	the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme borreliosis agent, was surveyed in british ticks in the collection of the natural history museum, london. alcohol-preserved specimens of eight species of ticks known to attack humans were studied: ixodes ricinus, i. hexagonus, i. uriae, i. trianguliceps, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas vespertilionis. the sample comprised all life stages and originated from a wide range of host speci ...	1998	9513944
doxycycline hyclate treatment of experimental canine ehrlichiosis followed by challenge inoculation with two ehrlichia canis strains.	dogs were experimentally inoculated with ehrlichia canis florida to assess the efficacy of doxycycline hyclate for the treatment of acute ehrlichiosis. treatment with doxycycline eliminated infection in eight of eight dogs. untreated infected control dogs appeared to eliminate the infection or, alternatively, suppress the degree of ehrlichiemia to a level not detectable by tissue culture isolation or pcr or by transfusion of blood into recipient dogs. prior infection did not infer protection aga ...	1998	9527787
modifications of general parameters of immune activation in the sera of sicilian patients with boutonneuse fever.	the serum levels of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m), soluble hla class i antigen (shla-i), soluble cd4 (scd4) and cd8 (scd8) were studied in 98 sicilian patients with boutonneuse fever (bf). in different stages of infection all markers were significantly increased in sera from sicilian patients with acute bf compared with healthy controls. scd8 and shla-i reached the peak in the second week after the onset of symptoms, whereas scd4 and beta2-m reached the peak in the first week. afterwards scd8 de ...	1998	9528898
[imported arthropod-borne parasites and parasitic arthropods in dogs. species spectrum and epidemiologic analysis of the cases diagnosed in 1995/96].	between january 1995 and december 1996 nonendemic or only regionally occurring arthropodborne parasites including ehrlichiae and parasitic arthropods in germany were detected in 484 dogs, whereby at least 15 species were involved. listed in decreasing order, leishmania infections occurred most frequently, followed by infections/infestations with babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, dirofilaria immitis and dermacentor reticulatus. the other species, namely babesia gibsoni, tr ...	1998	9531673
taxonomic relationships among spotted fever group rickettsiae as revealed by antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies.	the spotted fever group (sfg) is made up of more than 20 different rickettsial species and strains. study of the taxonomic relationships among the group has been attempted by phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic analyses. in this study, we determined taxonomic relationships among the sfg rickettsiae by comparative analysis of immunogenic epitopes reactive against a panel of monoclonal antibodies. a total of 98 monoclonal antibodies, which were directed against epitopes on the major immunodomi ...	1998	9542904
experimental transmission of ehrlichia canis (rickettsiales: ehrlichieae) by dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae).	four trials were conducted in which laboratory-reared dermacentor variabilis nymphs were exposed to ehrlichia canis by feeding on experimentally infected dogs as soon as classical morulae were detected in peripheral blood monocytes. after molting 25, 50 or 90 adult tick pairs were permitted to feed on 7 ehrlichia-naive dogs. transmission occurred in trials 1 (1/1 dog), 3 (1/1 dog) and 4 (2/2 dogs) but not in trial 2 (0/3 dogs), with 4 of 7 dogs becoming infected. successful transstadial transmis ...	1998	9561712
antibody response to hepatozoon canis in experimentally infected dogs.	canine hepatozoonosis is a disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan hepatozoon canis. five puppies were inoculated by ingestion of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks experimentally infected with h. canis, and all became infected with h. canis: gametocytes were detected in blood smears from four dogs and schizonts were observed in the spleen and bone marrow of the fifth. antibodies reactive with h. canis gametocytes were detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), with igm detected in ...	1998	9561714
phylogenetic placement of rickettsiae from the ticks amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis.	a rickettsial isolate (isolate moaa) belonging to the spotted fever group (sfg) was obtained from the lone star tick amblyomma americanum. we used pcr to characterize the genes for the rickettsial outer membrane proteins rompa and rompb. we sequenced the pcr products (domains i of both the rompa gene and the rompb gene) of moaa and wb-8-2, another rickettsial isolate from a. americanum. to place moaa and wb-8-2 and two other nonpathogenic isolates (rickettsia rickettsii hip2 and rickettsia monta ...	1998	9574696
[two cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis contracted in southern parts of africa].	a 40-year-old japanese male stayed in zimbabwe and developed a fever above 38 degrees c during which he noted a typical eschar in the lumbar region and also regional inguinal lymphadenopathy. although not conspicuous, erythematous eruptions accompanied by itching were observed on the face, trunk and lower extremities. after returning to japan and visiting our hospital, he was suspected of rickettsiosis and put on minocycline which gradually led to the improvement of the symptoms. immunofluoresce ...	1998	9916419
comparison of ehrlichia muris strains isolated from wild mice and ticks and serologic survey of humans and animals with e. muris as antigen.	in metropolitan tokyo, the ehrlichia muris seropositivity rate of 24 wild mice was 63% in hinohara village, but in the surrounding areas, it was 0 to 5%. this finding suggests that the reservoir of e. muris is focal. among the 15 seropositive mice, ehrlichiae were isolated from 9 apodemus speciosus mice and 1 a. argenteus mouse, respectively. five ehrlichial isolates were obtained from 10 ticks (haemaphysalis flava) collected in asuke town, aichi prefecture, where the e. muris type strain had be ...	1999	10074536
serological evidence of infection with ehrlichia spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in switzerland.	serum samples from 1,550 red foxes in switzerland were tested for antibodies to the agents of canine granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. forty-four (2.8%) of the samples were positive for ehrlichia phagocytophila, which is an antigen marker for granulocytic ehrlichiosis. in contrast, none of the samples had antibodies specific to ehrlichia canis, the agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis.	1999	10074544
duration of antibodies against 24 kd protein of rhipicephalus sanguineus extract in dogs infested with the adult ticks.	a 24 kd protein from rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs24p) which was common to larvae, nymphs, male and female whole body and salivary gland extract of males and female was detected specifically in the serum from dogs after repeated infestation with adult r. sanguineus. the duration of antibodies against rs24p in dogs infested with adults was examined by western blotting analysis. anti-rs24p antibody was detected in two of 4 dogs during the period of 40 days in the first infestation. in the second in ...	1999	10081760
activity of a deltamethrin shampoo against ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus sanguineus in dogs.	a controlled clinical trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of an application of a 0.07% deltamethrin shampoo against fleas and ticks in dogs. twenty beagles, housed in separate cages, were randomly allocated into two groups of 10. the dogs were infested with 50 ctenocephalides felis and 50 rhipicephalus sanguineus each, and parasites were counted 24 h (fleas) and 72 h (ticks) later (day 0). dogs, when state, were then treated with 25 ml of a shampoo containing 0.07% deltamethrin (group 1) ...	1999	10206106
molecular cloning of the gene for a conserved major immunoreactive 28-kilodalton protein of ehrlichia canis: a potential serodiagnostic antigen.	a gene encoding a 28-kda protein of ehrlichia canis was cloned, sequenced, and expressed, and a comparative molecular analysis with homologous genes of e. canis, cowdria ruminantium, and ehrlichia chaffeensis was performed. the complete gene has an 834-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 278 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 30.5 kda. an n-terminal signal sequence was identified, suggesting that the protein undergoes posttranslational modification to a mature 27.7-kda protei ...	1999	10225842
successive tick infestations selectively promote a t-helper 2 cytokine profile in mice.	several studies have revealed that t lymphocytes and cytokines play a crucial role in determining the outcome of parasitic infections in terms of protective immunity. in this study we found that rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva stimulates transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta), and reduces interleukin-12 (il-12) secretion by cells from normal c3h/hej mice. moreover, murine lymph node cells harvested 6 days after the fourth infestation with ticks presented an 82.4% decrease in their proli ...	1999	10233725
seasonal distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (acari: ixodidae) on dogs in an urban area of morelos, mexico.	between 1993 and 1995, we examined 1742 dogs at two veterinary clinics in cuernavaca city in mexico for the presence of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. the overall tick infestation prevalence was 20% and there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between different years. the prevalence was somewhat higher in spring, summer and autumn (20% or more) than in winter (13.7%). a positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between prevalence of ticks and rainfall in spring, summer and autumn, where ...	1999	10356770
comparison of an amitraz-impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus).	to compare the efficacies of amitraz and fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations of rhipicephalus sanguineus.	1999	10382021
invasion and intracellular development of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in tick cell culture.	human granulocytotropic ehrlichias are tick-borne bacterial pathogens that cause an acute, life-threatening illness, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). ehrlichias within neutrophil granulocytes that invade tick bite sites are likely ingested by the vector, to be transmitted to another mammalian host during the tick's next blood meal. thus, the cycle of replication and development in the vector is prerequisite to mammalian infection, and yet these events have not been described. we report tic ...	1999	10405394
coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a walker hound kennel in north carolina.	both dogs and humans can be coinfected with various ehrlichia, bartonella, rickettsia, and babesia species. we investigated a kennel of sick walker hounds and their owners in southeastern north carolina for evidence of tick-borne infections and associated risk factors. a high degree of coinfection was documented in the dog population. of the 27 dogs, 26 were seroreactive to an ehrlichia sp., 16 to babesia canis, and 25 to bartonella vinsonii, and 22 seroconverted to rickettsia rickettsii antigen ...	1999	10405413
development of babesia gibsoni in the midgut of larval tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.	studies were made on the development of babesia gibsoni in the midgut of the larval tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. six hr after repletion, merozoites of b. gibsoni, freed from erythrocytes, were observed in the midgut contents of the tick. after that, within 24 hr, those merozoites were transformed into the ring-forms which were relatively large, 2-3 microns in diameter. later, the ring forms developed into the spherical forms which were subelliptical in shape and 4-6 microns in diameter. withi ...	1999	10423693
development of babesia gibsoni in the midgut of the nymphal stage of the tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.	studies were made on the development of babesia gibsoni in the midgut of the nymphal stage of the tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. six hr after repletion, merozoites of b. gibsoni, free of erythrocytes, were observed in the midgut contents of the ticks. after that, within 24 hr, those merozoites were transformed into ring-forms which were relatively large ring 1-2 microns in diameter. later, the ring forms developed into spherical forms which were somewhat elliptical in shape and 3-4 microns in d ...	1999	10423695
recent advances in determining the pathogenesis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.		1999	10449445
comparison of methods for introducing and producing artificial infection of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) with ehrlichia chaffeensis.	only 29.5 +/- 8.91% of engorged amblyomma americanum (l.) nymphs that we inoculated with ehrlichia chaffeensis molted successfully to adults compared with 75.8 +/- 7.46% of engorged nymphs that were not inoculated. however, 65.4 +/- 6.02% of unfed nymphs of this species were exposed for 2 h to e. chaffeensis suspension introduced to them through glass capillaries gained weight. these nymphs were placed on rabbits, and approximately 50% of them completed their feeding and molted successfully to a ...	1999	10467766
characterization of mutations in the rpob gene in naturally rifampin-resistant rickettsia species.	rickettsiae are gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria responsible for arthropod-borne spotted fevers and typhus. experimental studies have delineated a cluster of naturally rifampin-resistant spotted fever group species. we sequenced the 4, 122- to 4,125-bp rna polymerase beta-subunit-encoding gene (rpob) from typhus and spotted fever group representatives and obtained partial sequences for all naturally rifampin-resistant species. a single point mutation resulting in a phenylalanine- ...	1999	10508014
q fever.	q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution with the exception of new zealand. the disease is caused by coxiella burnetii, a strictly intracellular, gram-negative bacterium. many species of mammals, birds, and ticks are reservoirs of c. burnetii in nature. c. burnetii infection is most often latent in animals, with persistent shedding of bacteria into the environment. however, in females intermittent high-level shedding occurs at the time of parturition, with millions of bacteria being r ...	1999	10515901
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human lyme borreliosis (lb), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. in the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the lb-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. these methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna-dna reassociation analysis, rrna gene restri ...	1999	10515907
new rickettsiae in ticks collected in territories of the former soviet union.	dermacentor nuttallii from siberia, rhipicephalus sanguineus from crimea, and rh. pumilio from the astrakhan region were infected with rickettsia sibirica (12%), r. conorii (8%), and the astrakhan fever agent (3%), respectively. three new rickettsiae of the r. massiliae genogroup were identified in ticks by 16s rdna, glta, and ompa sequencing.	1999	10603217
sequential histopathology at the rhipicephalus sanguineus tick feeding site on dogs and guinea pigs.	the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is a very common parasite of dogs worldwide. dogs seem unable to acquire resistance against this tick species, whereas guinea pigs demonstrate a very strong resistance following primary infestation. we studied the inflammatory reaction at the r. sanguineus tick feeding site on dogs and guinea pigs during primary and tertiary infestations at different time intervals after attachment. biopsies were collected after 4, 24, 48 and 96 hours. changes that were found in ...	1999	10668866
ticks of south carolina (acari: ixodoidea).	county and host records are reported for 19 species of ticks from south carolina: amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum, amblyomma tuberculatum, aponomma latum, boophilus annulatus, boophilus microplus, dermacentor albipictus, dermacentor variablis, haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes affinis, ixodes brunneus, ixodes cookei, ixodes marxi, ixodes minor, ixodes scapularis, ixodes texanus, ixodes woodi, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and ornithodoros capensis. ixodes woodi is recorded from south ...	1999	10672552
tick species parasitizing people in an area endemic for tick-borne diseases in north-western italy.	in 1995 and 1996, 318 ticks were recovered from 240 people in liguria (province of savona, italy). most of the ticks (284; 89.3%) were sheep ticks, ixodes ricinus. rhipicephalus sanguineus (31; 9.8%) and dermacentor marginatus (3; 0.9%) were also recorded. all three life stages of i. ricinus were found on humans while only nymphs and adults of r. sanguineus and adults of d. marginatus were collected. human tickbites were most frequent in the municipalities of the province where roe deer density ...	1999	10870560
report on ticks collected in the southeast and mid-west regions of brazil: analyzing the potential transmission of tick-borne pathogens to man.	specimens of ticks were collected in 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998, mostly from wild and domestic animals in the southeast and mid-west regions of brazil. nine species of amblyommidae were identified: anocentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma fulvum, amblyomma striatum, amblyomma rotundatum, boophilus microplus, boophilus annulatus, and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the potential of these tick species as transmitters of pathogens to man was analyzed. a flaviviridade flavivirus ...	1999	10881097
rickettsia helvetica in ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden.	in the present study further characterization of the amplified sequence of the citrate synthase gene of the spotted fever group rickettsia isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in sweden showed that it has 100% homology with the deposited sequence of the citrate synthase gene of rickettsia helvetica. the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pattern of an amplified 382-bp product of the citrate synthase sequence, defined by primers rpcs877 and rpcs1258, yielded fragments for our isolate t ...	1999	9889227
distribution and ecology of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting livestock in tunisia: an overview of eighth years field collections.	ticks (ixodidae) play a significant role as vectors of pathogens of domestic animals in tunisia. the major losses caused by ticks are related to transmission of protozoan parasites. these include agents of tropical theileriosis and babesiosis in ruminants. since 1991, we conducted research studies on tick population of livestock in tunisia. this overview reports a synthesis on tick distribution, their biology and their role as vectors of pathogens in domestic animals, particularly cattle. during ...	1999	11071534
general review of tick species present in portugal.	at present, 24 species are known to occur in portugal: argas vespertilionis, ornithodoros maritimus and ornithodoros erraticus in argasidae; ixodes acuminatus, ixodes bivari, ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, ixodes simplex simplex, ixodes ventalloi, ixodes vespertilionis, dermacentor marginatus, dermacentor pictus', haemaphysalis hispanica, haemaphysalis inermis, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus pusillus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhi ...	1999	11071535
epidemiology of mediterranean theileriosis in extremadura region, spain.	extremadura is an extensive region (41,000 km2) located in the southwest of spain, where animal husbandry is a very important economical resource. livestock parasitism of ticks is common in the region and it is favoured by the environmental conditions and management systems. mediterranean theileriosis (mt) is perhaps the most important tick-borne disease of cattle. although theileria annulata has been identified in extremadura since 1933, little epidemiological information is available. during t ...	1999	11071543
interleukin-10 modulates proinflammatory cytokines in the human monocytic cell line thp-1 stimulated with borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins.	we determined previously that lipoproteins of borrelia burgdorferi stimulate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 [il-10]) in monocytes. il-10 could have an effect on innate and acquired immune responses to b. burgdorferi and influence the magnitude of the infectious inoculum and disease outcome. to understand the mechanism(s) of il-10 action during early infection, when innate immunity expressed chiefly by skin macrophages is key, we investigated the effect of exogenous ...	2000	11083779