Publications

microsomal lyso-phosphatidic acid acyltransferase from a brassica oleracea cultivar incorporates erucic acid into the sn-2 position of seed triacylglycerols.	developing seeds from brassica oleracea (l.) var botrytis cv sesam were examined for the ability to biosynthesize and incorporate erucic acid into triacylglycerols (tags). seed embryos at mid-development contained a high concentration of erucic acid in diacylglycerols and tags, and substantial levels were also detected in free fatty acids, acyl-coenzyme a (coa), phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylcholine. homogenates and microsomal fractions from seeds at mid-development produced [14c]eicosenoyl ...	1995	12228602
characterization of two class ii chitinase genes from peanut and expression studies in transgenic tobacco plants.	two different genes encoding class ii chitinases from peanut (arachis hypogaea l. cv. nc4), a.h.chi2;1 and a.h.chi2;2, have been cloned. in peanut cell suspension cultures, mrna levels of a.h.chi2;2 increased after ethylene or salicylate treatment and in the presence of conidia from botrytis cinerea. the second gene, a.h.chi2;1, was only expressed after treatment with the fungal spores. transgenic tobacco plants containing the complete peanut a.h.chi2;1 gene exhibited essentially the same expres ...	1996	8616259
fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the anatolia quarter of istanbul, turkey.	in this research, spore concentrations of cladosporium, alternaria, epicoccum, botrytis, leptosphaeria, polythrincium, ascospores, aspergillus, penicillium, basidiospores, uredospores, ustilago, torula, erysiphe, ganoderma, hyaline indeterminate and others in the atmosphere have been determined, and comparisons have been made between locations with both low and high spore concentrations. the importance of these air-borne fungal spores which cause allergy and asthma are emphasized in the paper fr ...	1996	8676281
effect of cucurbitacins on mrna coding for laccase in botrytis cinerea.	the effect of cucurbitacin and of ecballium extract on the formation of mrna coding for laccase was examined in cultures of botrytis cinerea grown with inducers of laccase formation, in the presence or absence of the inhibitory compounds. rna was isolated from the cultures and probed with specific dna probes for laccase. as an internal control, the rna was probed for botrytis beta-tubulin mrna. from an analysis of the results it is clear that cucurbitacin i and ecballium extract specifically rep ...	1996	8688171
residues of dicloran in clingstone peaches after pre- and postharvest application.	trials were carried out over a period of several years in order to test the efficacy of pre- and postharvest treatments against fungi causing postharvest rots of stored clingstone peaches destined to canning. among the fungicides tested, dicloran (2, 6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) was applied against botrytis cinerea, monilia cinerea and rhizopus stolonifer. the purpose of this work was to determine the residues of this fungicide in fresh, washed, peeled and canned fruits. no relevant data are repor ...	1996	8720094
uncoupled defense gene expression and antimicrobial alkaloid accumulation in elicited opium poppy cell cultures.	treatment of opium poppy (papaver somniferum l.) cell cultures with autoclaved mycelial homogenates of botrytis sp. resulted in the accumulation of sanguinarine. elicitor treatment also caused a rapid and transient induction in the activity of tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase (tydc, ec 4.1.1.25), which catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine and l-dopa to tyramine and dopamine, respectively, the first steps in sanguinarine biosynthesis. tydc genes were differentially expressed in response to elicitor ...	1996	8754678
molecular cloning and expression of the nag1 gene (n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase-encoding gene) from trichoderma harzianum p1.	a 72-kda n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase was purified from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum p1; antibodies were raised against it, and aa-sequences were obtained. the antibody reacted with a single 72-kda protein band in culture filtrates of t. harzianum grown on chitin, and was subsequently used to clone the corresponding nag1 gene from a lambdagt11 cdna expression library. it was interrupted by two short introns and encoded a protein of 580 amino acids. the deduced protein sequen ...	1996	8781176
homobotcinolide: a biologically active natural homolog of botcinolide from botrytis cinerea.	a novel natural product exhibiting biological activity was isolated from a strain of botrytis cinerea that had infected raspberry fruit (rubus ideaus). liquid fermentation and bioassay-directed fractionation of the organism yielded a compound with molecular formula c22h38o8 that is trivially named homobotcinolide. it significantly inhibited etiolated wheat coleoptile growth. greenhouse-grown bean, corn, and tobacco plants were also affected by exogenous application of homobotcinolide, severe chl ...	1996	8829534
structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel.	we have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its n-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously character ...	1996	8838588
antimicrobial peptides from mirabilis jalapa and amaranthus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco.	the cdnas encoding the seed antimicrobial peptides (amps) from mirabilis jalapa (mj-amp2) and amaranthus caudatus (ac-amp2) have previously been characterized and it was found that mj-amp2 and ac-amp2 are processed from a precursor preprotein and preproprotein, respectively [de bolle et al., plant mol biol 28:713-721 (1995) and 22:1187-1190 (1993), respectively]. in order to study the processing, sorting and biological activity of these antimicrobial peptides in transgenic tobacco, four differen ...	1996	8843942
high field nmr microscopic imaging of cultivated strawberry fruit.	the experimental conditions required for discrimination of various types of tissue in fruits of cultivated strawberry (fragaria x ananassa) at high fields (ca. 7 t) have been investigated. in marked contrast to soft fruits of other species, from which informative images have been derived at high fields using a variety of pulse sequences and acquisition parameters, appreciable image intensities from parenchymal and vascular tissues in healthy strawberry fruits were obtained only with a spin-echo ...	1996	8847974
chitinase activity of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus species, bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes.	xenorhabdus nematophilus (three strains), xenorhabdus bovienii (one strain), and photorhabdus luminescens (one strain) showed both exo- and endochitinase activity using p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-n,n',n'-triacetylchitotriose, respectively, as substrates. one to three bands were detected on page gel with glycol chitin after electrophoresis. variation in exo- and endochitinase activity among different species and strains was detected with the strongest act ...	1996	8858906
cell wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasitic antagonism by trichoderma harzianum.	we have investigated the molecular basis for the reported synergism between peptaibols and cell wall hydrolytic enzymes in the antagonism of phytopathogenic fungi by trichoderma harzianum. beta-glucan synthase activity on isolated plasma membranes of botrytis cinerea was inhibited in vitro by the peptaibols trichorzianin ta and tb, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. beta-glucan synthesis in vivo, assayed by the incorporation of [2-(3)h]glucose into cell wall ...	1996	8892847
[effect of monensin on the growth and secretion of exopolysaccharides in botrytis cinerea pers. and sclerotium rolfsii sacc].	the addition of various concentrations of monensin (1,5, and 10 micrograms/ml) to the culture medium inhibits the fungal growth and perturbs exopolysaccharides secretion, provoking a decrease of production in botrytis cinerea and an increase in sclerotium rolfsii. the ionophore induces also modifications in both polymer composition and structure. new monomers were observed in the two species and a decreased branching rate for sclerotium rolfsii. these modifications show that monensin affects the ...	1996	8925490
bioassay methods for the detection of antifungal activity by pseudomonas antimicrobica against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea.	antagonism against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea by pseudomonas antimicrobica was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. cell-free filtrates showed activity against b. cinerea growing on potato dextrose agar (pda) in a media-dependent manner with the most distinct antagonism being produced in czapek dox broth (cdb). cell-free filtrates of cdb-grown cultures also significantly reduced conidial germination of b. cinerea. an assay based on the inhibition of conidial germination was compared ...	1996	8939031
mycoparasitic interaction relieves binding of the cre1 carbon catabolite repressor protein to promoter sequences of the ech42 (endochitinase-encoding) gene in trichoderma harzianum.	the fungus trichoderma harzianum is a potent mycoparasite of various plant pathogenic fungi. we have studied the molecular regulation of mycoparasitism in the host/mycoparasite system botrytis cinerea/t. harzianum. protein extracts, prepared from various stages of mycoparasitism, were used in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (em-sas) with two promoter fragments of the ech-42 (42-kda endochitinase-encoding) gene of t. harzianum. this gene was chosen as a model because its expression is trigg ...	1996	8962147
lipid peroxidation and membrane disruption by vinclozolin in dicarboximide-susceptible and -resistant isolates of botrytis cinerea	a dicarboximide-susceptible (ds) isolate and a dicarboximide-resistant (dr) isolate of botrytis cinerea were compared with regard to spore germination, mycelial growth, cellular leakage, and lipid peroxidation upon treatment with the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin. the fungicide inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of the ds isolate, but not those of the dr isolate. the inhibitory effect of the fungicide was greater on mycelial growth than on spore germination of the ds isolate. ...	1996	8980027
application of differential display rt-pcr to the analysis of gene expression in a plant-fungus interaction.	establishment of a plant-pathogen interaction involves differential gene expression in both organisms. in order to isolate botrytis cinerea genes whose expression is induced during its interaction with tomato, a comparative analysis of the expression pattern of the fungus in planta with its expression pattern during in vitro culture was performed by differential display of mrna (ddrt-pcr). discrimination of fungal genes induced in planta from plant defense genes induced in response to the pathog ...	1996	8980545
s-methyl methanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables.	the isolation of a new type of bio-antimutagen, s-methyl methanethiosulfonate (mmts), from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and the distribution and formation of mmts in cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables are described. for the separation and purification, cauliflower curds were homogenized, extracted with acetone, and then purified by organic solvent extraction and by various processes of chromatographic separation. the chemical structure of an active principle was identified as m ...	1996	8987591
an autonomously replicating plasmid transforms botrytis cinerea to phleomycin resistance.	a transformation system has been developed for the pathogen fungus botrytis cinerea, based on the utilization of the wide host plasmid put737 that contains the sh ble gene, conferring resistance to phleomycin. transformed protoplasts were regenerated at 10-25 micrograms ml(-1) of phleomycin, at a frequency of 25-40 transformants per microgram of dna, and they were resistant up to 50 micrograms ml(-1). southern hybridization using undigested and digested total dna showed the presence of circular ...	1996	8998978
generation of superoxide anion and induction of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in bean leaves infected with pathogenic fungi.	generation of superoxide anion (o2-.) and peroxidase activity were significantly increased in bean leaves infected with incompatible and compatible pathogens: botrytis fabae and botrytis cinerea, respectively, but the induction was greater on direct inoculation with b. fabae, than with b. cinerea. a slightly higher o2-. level was also detected in the parts of leaves surrounding the inoculation side. overproduction of o2-. was observed earlier than the increase in peroxidase activity. pretreatmen ...	1996	9104504
malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis.	a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method.	1997	9127189
flipper, a mobile fot1-like transposable element in botrytis cinerea.	a transposable element, flipper, was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. the element was identified as an insertion sequence within the coding region of the nitrate reductase gene. the flipper sequence is 1842 bp long with perfect inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 48 bp and an open reading frame (orf) of 533 amino acids, potentially encoding for a transposase; the element is flanked by the dinucleotide ta. the encoded protein is very similar to the putative transposases ...	1997	9202383
transformation of botrytis cinerea with the nitrate reductase gene (niad) shows a high frequency of homologous recombination.	the nitrate reductase (niad) gene was isolated from the phytopathogenic ascomycete botrytis cinerea using a probe obtained by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to domains conserved among three fungal nitrate reductases. the b. cinerea niad gene encodes a predicted protein of 907 amino acids and contains no intron. nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of b. cinerea have been isolated. one of them was transformed with the niad genes of fusarium oxyspor ...	1997	9294265
polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) with different specificities are expressed in phaseolus vulgaris.	the pgip-1 gene of phaseolus vulgaris, encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip), pgip-1 (p. toubart, a. desiderio, g. salvi, f. cervone, l. daroda, g. de lorenzo, c. bergmann, a. g. darvill, and p. albersheim, plant j. 2:367-373, 1992), was expressed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in tomato plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transgenic tomato plants with different expression levels of pgip-1 were used in infection experiments w ...	1997	9304859
stability and modulated expression of a hygromycin resistance gene integrated in botrytis cinerea transformants.	when transformation of botrytis cinerea occurred in mononucleated protoplasts the hygromycin resistance phenotype was stable and integrated plasmid dna although rearranged was transmitted through meiosis. we observed that transformants were often heterokaryotic and using serial conidial transfer, we showed failure of expression of the entire copies of integrated plasmids in some conidial isolates. a non-mendelian segregation of the hygromycin resistance phenotype was observed in most crosses bet ...	1997	9311115
a double-stranded rna mycovirus in botrytis cinerea.	in wild-type botrytis cinerea cvg25 strain we have detected the presence of extrachromosomal genetic elements corresponding to double-stranded rna molecules. these genetic elements have been designated l, m1 and m2 with molecular sizes of 8.3, 2.0 and 1.4 kb, respectively. the visualization by electron microscopy of mycelium ultrathin sections from b. cinerea cvg25 showed the presence of isometric virus-like particles of about 40 nm in diameter. linear sucrose gradient centrifugation of mycelium ...	1997	9345772
rflp markers show genetic recombination in botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species.	molecular markers revealed that botryotinia fuckeliana (the teleomorph of botrytis cinerea), a haploid, filamentous, heterothallic ascomycete, contained a large amount of intrapopulation genetic variation. the markers were used to determine the mode of reproduction and the population structure of this fungus. we did not detect any differentiation between isolates from different organs, collection dates, varieties of grape, or locations in the champagne region of france, but two unexpected sympat ...	1997	9364775
isolation of a cdna coding for l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in plants. purification, characterization, cdna cloning, and expression in yeast.	l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase (ec 1.3.2.3; gldase), an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of l-ascorbic acid was purified 1693-fold from a mitochondrial extract of cauliflower (brassica oleracea, var. botrytis) to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 1.1%. the purification procedure consisted of anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, gel filtration, and fast protein liquid chromatography. the enzyme had a molecular mass of 56 kda estimated by gel filtra ...	1997	9374475
cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase gene from botrytis cinerea.	rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (rgase a) cleaves alpha 1--2 linkages between rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl residues in pectin. a 1.9 kb rgase a cdna clone (bcrhga) was isolated from a b. cinerea cdna library using a pcr-amplified aspergillus aculeatus rgase a probe. it's 1.7 kb open reading frame had 62% identity at the amino acid level with a. aculeatus rgase a. northern blots of b. cinerea total rna probed with bcrhga revealed a 2 kb band, suggesting the cdna clone is full or nearly-full length. ...	1997	9385443
a structure-specific endonuclease from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence.	a protein with structure-specific endonuclease activity has been purified to near homogeneity from cauliflower ( brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence through five successive column chromatographies. the protein is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 40 kda. using three different branched dna structures (flap, pseudo-y and stem-loop) we found that the enzyme, a cauliflower structure-specific endonuclease, cleaved the single-stranded tail in the 5'-flap and 5'-pseudo-y structur ...	1997	9396804
a functional s locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in brassica oleracea.	the self-incompatibility (si) response in brassica involves recognition of self-pollen by the papillar cells of the stigma and is mediated by the products of genes localized at the s (self-incompatibility) locus. two s locus genes, srk and slg, are thought to encode components of a receptor complex present in the female partner. the putative gene product of sla, a third s locus-linked gene that is expressed specifically in anthers, is a candidate for the male component of the si recognition syst ...	1997	9401128
telomeric dna of botrytis cinerea: a useful tool for strain identification.	telomeric dna was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea by pcr using only the oligonucleotide primer (ccctaa)4. as with other filamentous fungi, b. cinerea has a short ttaggg telomeric repeat. telomere-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was found in strains of b. cinerea isolated from different host plants collected from different regions at different periods. almost every strain had a specific rflp pattern, including those collected from the same plant on ...	1997	9435107
malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis	a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method.	1997	9439689
cloning and expression of the cutinase a gene of botrytis cinerea.	cutinase of botrytis cinerea has been suggested to play an important role in penetration of host tissues. a protein fraction with cutin hydrolyzing activity was purified from culture filtrates of b. cinerea induced for cutinase activity. an 18-kda protein in this fraction was identified as cutinase and the corresponding gene cuta was cloned. the gene is present in a single copy in the genome of b. cinerea strain sas56 and its predicted amino acid sequence shows significant homology (31 to 35% id ...	1997	9002269
cutinase a of botrytis cinerea is expressed, but not essential, during penetration of gerbera and tomato.	the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea can infect undamaged plant tissue directly by penetration of the cuticle. this penetration has been suggested to be enzyme-mediated, and an important role for cutinase in the infection process has been proposed. in this study the expression of the cutinase encoding gene cuta of b. cinerea was analyzed using a cuta promoter-gus reporter gene fusion. transformants containing the fusion construct were examined for gus expression on gerbera flowers and tomato frui ...	1997	9002270
floral homeotic gene expression defines developmental arrest stages in brassica oleracea l. vars. botrytis and italica.	brassica oleracea l. vars, italica (broccoli) and botrytis (cauliflower) both undergo developmental arrests which result in heading phenotypes. we characterized these arrested tissues at the morphological and molecular levels, and defined the developmental changes that ensure after arrest has been broken. we found that the order of floral organ initiation and the positions of resulting floral organ primordia in this species in some respects from that of arabidopsis, which is a member of the same ...	1997	9084216
isolation and characterization of a benomyl-resistant form of beta-tubulin-encoding gene from the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana.	as an initial step to develop a dna-mediated transformation system using benomyl resistance as a dominant selectable marker in the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph, botrytis cinerea), we have constructed a phage lambda genomic dna library of a benomyl-resistant strain 91t-1, and a beta-tubulin-encoding gene bena was isolated, cloned and sequenced. southern blot analysis suggested that a single copy of bena is present in the genome of b. fuckeliana. the bena gene is compose ...	1997	9085273
aeroallergen sensitivity of thai patients with allergic rhinitis.	the aim of this study was to determine the aeroallergen sensitivity of allergic rhinitis patients. a total of 100 cases (female: 59, male: 41, aged between 10-59 years, mean age 27.9 years) who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by history and clinical presentation, underwent a prick skin test with 30 aeroallergens, and the important sensitizing allergens were assessed. skin test reactivity showing > or = 3 mm wheal with erythema as the positive skin test, was recorded. the results of patient ...	1997	9579610
salicylic acid interferes with tobacco mosaic virus replication via a novel salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive mechanism.	salicylic acid (sa) induces resistance to all plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but the mechanism by which sa engenders resistance to viruses is not known. pretreatment of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-susceptible (nn genotype) tobacco tissue with sa reduced the levels of viral rnas and viral coat protein accumulating after inoculation with tmv. viral rnas were not affected equally, suggesting that sa treatment interferes with tmv replication. salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a ...	1997	12237364
control of postharvest pathogens and colonization of the apple surface by antagonistic microorganisms in the field.	abstract selected isolates of aureobasidium pullulans, rhodotorula glutinis, and bacillus subtilis reduced the size and number of lesions on wounded apples caused by the postharvest pathogens penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea, and pezicula malicorticis. combinations of the antagonistic microorganisms were applied to apple trees in the field late in the growing season of two consecutive years. the population dynamics of the introduced microorganisms and the incidence of fruit decay were dete ...	1997	18945006
salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 induces resistance to leaf infection by botrytis cinerea on bean.	abstract selected strains of nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is effective against various pathogens. in an assay with bean plants, we investigated which determinants of the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 are important for induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea. by varying the iron nutritional state of the bacterium at inoculation, it was demonstrated that induced resistance by p. aeruginosa 7nsk2 was iron-regulated. as p. aeruginosa 7 ...	1997	18945074
interaction of four antagonistic fungi with botrytis aclada in dead onion leaves: a comparative microscopic and ultrastructural study.	abstract the colonization of dead onion leaves by botrytis aclada and the fungal antagonists aureobasidium pullulans, chaetomium globosum, glio-cladium catenulatum, and ulocladium atrum and the interactions between b. aclada and each of the four antagonists were studied at the microscopic and ultrastructural level. this approach was used in an attempt to understand the colonization pattern of these fungi and the nature of the biocontrol activity of the antagonists that have shown a potential to ...	1997	18945082
antifungal activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and rhizopus stolonifer: ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects.	abstract the effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on major postharvest pathogens was investigated at the ultrastructural and cytochemical level. hyphae of botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum,, and rhizopus stolonifer grown in the absence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose were normal and showed no apparent cytological alterations. in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, however, these fungi exhibited severe cellular injuries ranging from cell wall disruption to cytoplasm disintegration. although 2-deoxy-d-glucose cau ...	1997	18945101
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody raised against surface antigens from mycelium of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: evidence for an extracellular polyphenol oxidase.	abstract a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) of immunoglobulin class m (igm) was raised against surface antigens from gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of g. graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. avenae and g. graminis var. graminis. characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the mab was a protein. antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. immunofluorescence s ...	1997	18945163
incorporation of weather forecasting in integrated, biological-chemical management of botrytis cinerea.	abstract a strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. the biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of trichoderma harzianum, t39 (trichodex). decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. the integrated strategy (botman [short for botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no ...	1997	18945177
molecular phylogeny and evolution of monilinia (sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and noncoding rdna sequences.	the nuclear internal transcribed spacers, the 5.8s subunit, ~560 bp of the small subunit, and ~320 bp of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal dna repeat from 17 species of monilinia and eight species of closely related genera were sequenced. phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony. the results support the hypothesis that monilinia is not monophyletic. a fundamental distinction was found between the section junctoriae and the section disjunctoriae. four evolutionary lineages we ...	1997	21708621
biological control of botrytis cinerea in cyclamen with ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum under commercial growing conditions.	abstract the effect of treatments with conidial suspensions of ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum on leaf rot of cyclamen caused by botrytis cinerea was investigated under commercial greenhouse conditions. spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) or g. roseum (2 x 10(6) conidia per ml and 1 x 10(7) conidia per ml) at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks during the production period and spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of ...	1998	18944911
resveratrol oxidation in botrytis cinerea conidia.	abstract observations using light microscopy showed that approximately 30% of botrytis cinerea conidia treated with semi-lethal concentrations (i.e., 60 mug/ml) of the grapevine phytoalexin resveratrol possessed intracellular brown coloration. this coloration was never observed in the absence of resveratrol or in conidia treated with resveratrol together with sulfur dioxide (antioxidant compound) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (inhibitor of laccase action), suggesting that discoloration result ...	1998	18944929
ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the biological control of botrytis cinerea by candida saitoana in apple fruit.	abstract biocontrol activity of candida saitoana and its interaction with botrytis cinerea in apple wounds were investigated. when cultured together, yeast attached to botrytis sp. hyphal walls. in wounded apple tissue, c. saitoana restricted the proliferation of b. cinerea, multiplied, and suppressed disease caused by either b. cinerea or penicillium expansum. in inoculated apple tissue without the yeast, fungal colonization caused an extensive degradation of host walls and altered cellulose la ...	1998	18944950
characterization of an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase produced by pichia anomala strain k, antagonist of botrytis cinerea on apples.	abstract the exo-beta-1,3-glucanase (ec 3.2.1.58) activity of pichia anomala strain k, an antagonistic yeast of botrytis cinerea on postharvest apples, was studied in a synthetic medium supplemented with laminarin, a cell wall preparation (cwp) of b. cinerea, or glucose. the highest enzyme activity was detected in culture media containing a cwp of b. cinerea as the sole carbon source, whereas the lowest activity was observed in culture media supplemented with glucose. exoglc1, an exo-beta-1,3-gl ...	1998	18944957
fungal sensitivity to and enzymatic degradation of the phytoanticipin alpha-tomatine.	abstract alpha-tomatine, synthesized by lycopersicon and some solanum species, is toxic to a broad range of fungi, presumably because it binds to 3beta-hydroxy sterols in fungal membranes. several fungal pathogens of tomato have previously been shown to be tolerant of this glycoalkaloid and to possess enzymes thought to be involved in its detoxification. in the current study, 23 fungal strains were examined for their ability to degrade alpha-tomatine and for their sensitivity to this compound an ...	1998	18944982
fungal pathogens of euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta in brazil and their potential as weed biocontrol agents.	a two-year survey of the fungi associated with two important congeneric pantropical weeds, euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta, was conducted in part of their native range in southern brazil. sampling was concentrated mainly in rio de janeiro state and ten species were identified as pathogens of these weeds. two taxa, botrytis ricini and uromyces euphorbiae, were common to both weed hosts. alternaria euphorbiicola, bipolaris euphorbiae, melampsora sp., oidium sp. and sphaceloma poinsettiae were ...	1998	16284862
microbial contamination of advanced life support (als) systems poses a moderate threat to the long-term stability of space-based bioregenerative systems.	microbial contamination of terrestrial hydroponic plant-growing systems provides an effective analogue for studying microbial contamination issues for space-based advanced life support (als) systems. if aggressive root or foliar pathogens are introduced into als hydroponic systems, severe epidemics are probable. greater than 80% of the reported outbreaks of root pathogens in terrestrial hydroponic systems describe epidemics caused by fungal species of fusarium, phytophthora, and pythium. however ...	1998	11876200
the minisatellite msb1, in the fungus botrytis cinerea, probably mutates by slippage.	a minisatellite was identified in the intron of the atp synthase of the filamentous fungus botrytis cinerea, and it was named msb1. this is the second fungal minisatellite described to date. its 37-bp repeat unit is at-rich, and it is found at only one locus in the genome. the introns of 47 isolates of botrytis species were sequenced. the number of tandem repeats varied only from 5 to 11, but there were many repeat variants. the structure of msb1 is peculiar: the variants are in the same physica ...	1998	12572616
biological control of major postharvest pathogens on apple with candida sake.	epiphytic microorganisms isolated from apples, pears and the surfaces of apple leaves were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum (blue-mold), botrytis cinerea (gray-mold) and rhizopus nigricans (rhizopus rot) on apple (malus domestica). a total of 933 bacteria and yeasts were tested in primary screening against p. expansum. ninety-two strains reduced the lesion size on apples by more than 50%, 72 of which were isolated from the surface of apples. for secondary screening ...	1998	9600605
purification and characterization of a 100 kda dna polymerase from cauliflower inflorescence.	a dna polymerase from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence has been purified to near homogeneity through five successive column chromatographies, and temporally designated cauliflower polymerase 1. cauliflower polymerase 1 is a monopolypeptide with a molecular mass of 100 kda. the enzyme efficiently uses synthetic dna homopolymers and moderately activated dna and a synthetic rna homopolymer as template-primers. the enzyme is strongly sensitive to dideoxythymidine triphosph ...	1998	9601087
coordinate accumulation of antifungal proteins and hexoses constitutes a developmentally controlled defense response during fruit ripening in grape.	during ripening of grape (vitis labruscana l. cv concord) berries, abundance of several proteins increased, coordinately with hexoses, to the extent that these became the predominant proteins in the ovary. these proteins have been identified by n-terminal amino acid-sequence analysis and/or function to be a thaumatin-like protein (grape osmotin), a lipid-transfer protein, and a basic and an acidic chitinase. the basic chitinase and grape osmotin exhibited activities against the principal grape f ...	1998	9625699
tissue-related changes in methyl-esterification of pectic polysaccharides in cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stems.	pectic substances are a major component of cell walls in vegetable plants and have an important influence on plant food texture. cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stem sections at different regions of the mature plant stem have been monitored for tissue-related changes in the native pectic polysaccharides. chemical analysis detected appreciable differences in the degree of methyl-esterification (me) of pectic polysaccharides. about 65% of galacturonic acid (galpa) residues were me ...	1998	9640669
the effects of iprodione on the lipid metabolism of botrytis cinerea.		1998	9649830
genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens.	disease resistance in transgenic plants has been improved, for the first time, by the insertion of a gene from a biocontrol fungus. the gene encoding a strongly antifungal endochitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum was transferred to tobacco and potato. high expression levels of the fungal gene were obtained in different plant tissues, which had no visible effect on plant growth and development. substantial differences in endochitinase activity were detected among transfor ...	1998	9653105
bacillus isolates from the spermosphere of peas and dwarf french beans with antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and pythium species.	a range of isolation procedures including washing, sonication and incubation in nutrient broth were used separately and in combination to obtain potential bacterial antagonists to botrytis cinerea and pythium mamillatum from the testae and cotyledons of peas and dwarf french beans. heat treatment was also used to bias this selection towards spore-forming bacteria. ninety-two bacterial isolates were obtained, 72 of which were provisionally characterized as species of bacillus. four of these bacil ...	1998	9674133
a novel atp-binding cassette transporter involved in multidrug resistance in the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum.	demethylation inhibitor (dmi)-resistant strains of the plant pathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum were shown to be simultaneously resistant to cycloheximide, 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4nqo), and acriflavine. a pmr1 (penicillium multidrug resistance) gene encoding an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter (p-glycoprotein) was cloned from a genomic dna library of a dmi-resistant strain (lc2) of penicillium digitatum by heterologous hybridization with a dna fragment containing an abc-encoding re ...	1998	9758830
the endopolygalacturonase gene bcpg1 is required for full virulence of botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes diseases in over 200 plant species, secretes a number of endopolygalacturonases that have been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis. however, so far the corresponding genes have not been isolated from this fungus. we cloned bcpg1, encoding endopolygalacturonase, with the pgaii gene from aspergillus niger as a heterologous probe. the bcpg1 gene is expressed to similar levels in liquid cultures of b. cinerea containing either 1% polygalacturonic acid or 1 ...	1998	9768518
dihydroramulosin from botrytis sp.	botrytis sp., isolated from the inner bark of the pacific yew, taxus brevifolia, was shown to produce ramulosin (1), 6-hydroxyramulosin (2), and the new compound 8-dihydroramulosin (3). the structure of dihydroramulosin was deduced from the nmr spectra and confirmed by chemical conversion from ramulosin.	1998	9784167
microbial populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit exposed to four volatile compounds.	aerobic, microaerophilic, coliform, and mold populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit not exposed (control) or exposed to low and high quantities of four volatile compounds during storage at 2 degrees c were determined after storage for 7 days and after removal of the volatile and transfer to 22 degrees c for 3 days. fruit harvested at the ripe stage were inoculated with 10(6) conidia b. cinerea per ml and were placed in plastic containers containing no volatile compound (cont ...	1998	9798154
trichoderma/pathogen interactions: measurement of antagonistic chemicals produced at the antagonist/pathogen interface using a tubular bioassay.	a tubular bioassay was used to measure analytically the local production and concentration of the antifungal trichoderma secondary metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one (6pap) at the trichoderma antagonist/pathogen interface. 6pap levels significantly increased in the presence of the pathogen botrytis cinerea, typically 300-700%, and were highest near the pathogen source. the level of response for a particular trichoderma isolate was found to vary with the test organism used. two products produce ...	1998	9830146
the biotransformation of some clovanes by botrytis cinerea	the metabolism of the fungistatic agent 2beta-methoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (2) by the fungus botrytis cinerea has been investigated. biotransformation of compound 2 yielded compounds 3-5, 7, and 9. the major metabolites of compound 2 each show much reduced biological activity when compared with the parent compound. also studied were the effects of b. cinerea on the metabolism of the related compounds 2beta-methoxyclovan-9-one (3), 2beta-methoxyclovan-9beta-ol (4), and clovan-2,9-dione (6). compounds ...	1998	9834150
separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens.	the endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja), whose levels increase on pathogen infection, activate separate sets of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins in arabidopsis thaliana. the pathogen-inducible genes pr-1, pr-2, and pr-5 require sa signaling for activation, whereas the plant defensin gene pdf1.2, along with a pr-3 and pr-4 gene, are induced by pathogens via an sa-independent and ja-dependent pathway. an arabidopsis mutant, coi1, that is affected in the ja-res ...	1998	9844023
the promoter of the plant defensin gene pdf1.2 from arabidopsis is systemically activated by fungal pathogens and responds to methyl jasmonate but not to salicylic acid.	the plant defensin pdf1.2 has previously been shown to accumulate systemically via a salicylic acid-independent pathway in leaves of arabidopsis upon challenge by fungal pathogens. to further investigate the signalling and transcriptional processes underlying plant defensin induction, a dna fragment containing 1184 bp and 1232 bp upstream of the transcriptional and translational start sites, respectively, was cloned by inverse pcr. to test for promoter activity this dna fragment was linked to th ...	1998	9869413
biological control of botrytis cinerea growth on apples stored under modified atmospheres.	the combined effect of modified-atmosphere packaging and the application of a bacterial antagonist (erwinia sp.) on botrytis cinerea growth on apples (cv. 'golden delicious') was investigated. inoculated apples were stored in polyethylene bags at 5 degrees c. the initial gas composition in each bag was set according to a central composite experimental design involving five levels of o2 (1 to 15%) and co2 (0 to 15%). control samples under ambient conditions were also included. without the antagon ...	1998	9874345
selection of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control triatoma infestans.	twenty three isolates of beauveria bassiana and 13 isolates of metarhizium anisopliae were tested on third instar nymphs of triatoma infestans, a serious vector of chagas disease. pathogenicity tests at saturated humidity showed that this insect is very susceptible to fungal infection. at lower relative humidity (50%), conditions expected in the vector microhabitat, virulence was significantly different among isolates. cumulative mortality 15 days after treatment varied from 17.5 to 97.5%, and e ...	1998	9921313
correlation of lipid peroxidation in botrytis cinerea caused by dicarboximide fungicides with their fungicidal activity.	dicarboximide fungicides iprodione, vinclozolin, and procymidone were examined for their capacity to inhibit mycelial growth, to cause cellular leakage, and to cause lipid peroxidation on botrytis cinerea isolate bc2. all three fungicides effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungi. the ic(50) values were found to be about 2 µm for all three fungicides, indicating that the fungicidal activity of the individual fungicides was almost the same. the fungicides caused significant cellular ...	1998	10554307
tonoplast intrinsic proteins from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis): immunological analysis, cdna cloning and evidence for expression in meristematic tissues.	the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) of plant cells contains aquaporins, protein channels that facilitate the selective transport of water. these tonoplast intrinsic proteins (tips) of 23-29 kda belong to the ancient major intrinsic protein (mip) family. a monospecific polyclonal antiserum directed against a 26 kda intrinsic protein from the tonoplast of meristematic cells from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) was used to screen a cdna library. two distinct cdnas have been isolated. ...	1998	9530877
modification of enzyme sulfhydryl groups suppresses uv-induced mutagenesis depending on the nucleotide excision repair system in escherichia coli b/r wp2.	s-methyl methanethiosulfonate (mmts), which was isolated from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) homogenate as a potent bio-antimutagen, has been used as an enzyme-sulfhydryl (sh) temporary blocking agent in modification studies of enzyme activities. we examined whether 23 kinds of mmts-related compounds have a suppressing effect on uv mutagenesis in escherichia coli b/r wp2. disulfide derivatives of diphenyl, 2.2'-dipyridine and 4.4'-dipyridine, and n-ethyl maleimide (nem), which tem ...	1998	9539980
aeroallergens and viable microbes in sandstorm dust. potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailments.	aeroallergens and antigens in sandstorm dust, extracts of which were skin prick test (spt) positive in allergic patients, were detected by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and elisa. fungi and bacteria isolated by agar settle plates and soil dilution and soil washing methods were enumerated and identified. cat dander, acacia, alternaria, aspergillus, chenopodium, cladosporium, bermuda grass, pithecellobium, prosopis, rumex, cultivated rye, and washingtonia palm allergens were detected by both method ...	1998	9542605
occurrence of a lipase in spores of alternaria brassicicola with a crucial role in the infection of cauliflower leaves.	alternaria brassicicola is a pathogen that penetrates directly through the host cuticle thanks to several serine esterases, according to our findings. among these, an 80-kda lipase (e.c 3.1.1. 3) was detected by sds-page and immunoblotting in the water washings of ungerminated spores. the purified lipase cross-reacted with botrytis cinerea anti-lipase antibodies, which were reported to inhibit the in vitro lipase activity. anti-lipase antibodies were added to a conidial suspension of a. brassici ...	1999	10556710
synthesis and antifungal activities of n-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides.	various n-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides (2 and 3) were tested for fungicidal activities against pyricularia oryzae, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinerea, phytophthora infestans, puccinia recondita, and erysiphe graminis in vivo. butanamides (2 and 3a) that have an electron withdrawing group (cl, f) attached to the meta position of the phenyl ring showed good to excellent activities against pyricularia oryzae, puccinia recondita, and erysiphe graminis in high concentration while th ...	1999	10575364
pythium periplocum, an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea causing the gray mould disease of grape-vine.	pythium periplocum dreschler has been found to be an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the gray mould disease of the grape-vine. when grown together, the former enters the latter's mycelium, branches freely within, coagulates its cytoplasm and finally tears its hyphae apart, bringing about widespread destruction of the grape-vine pathogen. extensive coiling around the host, as reported in the case of other mycoparasites belonging to the genus pythium, has not been ...	1999	10585549
requirement of functional ethylene-insensitive 2 gene for efficient resistance of arabidopsis to infection by botrytis cinerea.	inoculation of wild-type arabidopsis plants with the fungus alternaria brassicicola results in systemic induction of genes encoding a plant defensin (pdf1.2), a basic chitinase (pr-3), and an acidic hevein-like protein (pr-4). pathogen-induced induction of these three genes is almost completely abolished in the ethylene-insensitive arabidopsis mutant ein2-1. this indicates that a functional ethylene signal transduction component (ein2) is required in this response. the ein2-1 mutants were found ...	1999	10594097
lipid peroxidation and the oxidative burst associated with infection of capsicum annuum by botrytis cinerea	a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy and analytical chemistry has been used to study the changes in free radical content, transition metal ion status and lipid peroxidation following inoculation of fruits of sweet pepper (capsicum annuum) with botrytis cinerea. epr detected a high concentration of an unidentified free radical associated with the spreading lesion that extends into the surrounding, healthy tissues. in addition, the epr-detectable iron(iii) was highes ...	1999	10607300
investigation of bioactivity of extracts from moroccan solitary tunicate cynthia savignyi.	extracts of the tunicate cynthia savignyi from the moroccan atlantic sea have been investigated in five bioassays. the first is an antibacterial test against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and agrobacterium tumefaciens; the second is an antifungal test against three tomato pathogenic fungi, botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and verticillium albo-atrum; the third is a test based to the ability to reduce dna peak size in procedures using an hplc system for detec ...	1999	10624861
composition and enzymatic activity of the extracellular matrix secreted by germlings of botrytis cinerea.	germlings of botrytis cinerea, an important fungal pathogen of plants, produce an extracellular matrix (ecm), or ensheathing film, that serves, in part, in their attachment (r. p. doss, et al., appl. environ. microbiol. 61:260-265, 1995). the composition of this film has been ascertained by using samples obtained by growing germlings on a glass surface, removing the fungal mycelium by vigorous washing, and collecting the tightly attached film by scraping the substratum with a razor blade. slight ...	1999	9925560
pathogen-induced elicitin production in transgenic tobacco generates a hypersensitive response and nonspecific disease resistance.	the rapid and effective activation of disease resistance responses is essential for plant defense against pathogen attack. these responses are initiated when pathogen-derived molecules (elicitors) are recognized by the host. we have developed a strategy for creating novel disease resistance traits whereby transgenic plants respond to infection by a virulent pathogen with the production of an elicitor. to this end, we generated transgenic tobacco plants harboring a fusion between the pathogen-ind ...	1999	9927640
the origin and evolution of green algal and plant actins.	the viridiplantae are subdivided into two groups: the chlorophyta, which includes the chlorophyceae, trebouxiophyceae, ulvophyceae, and prasinophyceae; and the streptophyta, which includes the charophyceae and all land plants. within the streptophyta, the actin genes of the angiosperms diverge nearly simultaneously from each other before the separation of monocots and dicots. previous evolutionary analyses have provided limited insights into the gene duplications that have produced these complex ...	1999	10028293
plants ectopically expressing the iron-binding protein, ferritin, are tolerant to oxidative damage and pathogens.	transgenic tobacco plants that synthesize alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues--either in its processed form in chloroplasts or in the cytoplasmic nonprocessed form--retained photosynthetic function upon free radical toxicity generated by iron excess or paraquat treatment. progeny of transgenic plants accumulating ferritin in their leaves exhibited tolerance to necrotic damage caused by viral (tobacco necrosis virus) and fungal (alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea) infections. these transfo ...	1999	10052358
purification and characterization of a 40.8-kda cutinase in ungerminated conidia of botrytis cinerea pers.: fr.	cytoplasmic soluble proteins from ungerminated conidia of botrytis cinerea exhibited cutinase activity. a 40.8-kda cutinase was purified to homogeneity from this crude conidial protein extract. this cutinase does not correspond either to constitutive or to induced lytic cutin enzymes already described by other authors. the possible role of this constitutive cutinase in the induction of other cutinolytic proteins in the early stages of infection of plants by b. cinerea is discussed.	1999	10077849
characterization of a pine multigene family containing elicitor-responsive stilbene synthase genes.	young pine seedlings respond to environmental stress by induced synthesis of pinosylvin, a stilbene phytoalexin. heartwood of pine trees is characterized by a high content of pinosylvin. the formation of pinosylvin from cinnamoyl-coa and three molecules malonyl-coa catalysed by pinosylvin synthase is typical of the genus pinus. its enzyme activity not detectable in unstressed seedlings is substantially increased upon application of stimuli like uv-light or infection with the phytopathogenic fung ...	1999	10080690
purification of active cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography with attached e-64 inhibitor.	cysteine proteases are implicated in many regulatory and degradative processes in animal and plant cells. many of the proteases are strongly inhibited by an irreversible inhibitor, trans-(epoxysuccinyl)-l-leucylamino-4-guanidinobutane (e-64) from aspergillus japonicus. here we report a method for purification of cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography on e-64. attachment of the inhibitor to thiopropyl sepharose through its epoxy group resulted in the loss of its irreversible activity but d ...	1999	10092483
biotransformation of the fungistatic sesquiterpenoid patchoulol by botrytis cinerea	biotransformation of the fungistatic sesquiterpenoid patchoulol (1) by the fungus botrytis cinerea affords the 5-, 7- and (8r)-hydroxy (2, 3, and 5) derivatives as the major metabolites, together with a number of minor metabolites (4, 6-9) arising from hydroxylation at c-2, c-3, c-5, c-9, c-13, and c-14.	1999	10096853
cloning and partial characterization of endopolygalacturonase genes from botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus infecting over 200 different plant species. we use a molecular genetic approach to study the process of pectin degradation by the fungus. recently, we described the cloning and characterization of an endopolygalacturonase (endopg) gene from b. cinerea (bcpg1) which is required for full virulence. here we describe the cloning and characterization of five additional endopg-encoding genes from b. cinerea sas56. the identity at the amino acid level betwe ...	1999	10103256
genetic variation in beauveria bassiana populations associated with the darkling beetle, alphitobius diaperinus.	a study was conducted to assess genetic variation within and among populations of beauveria bassiana (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) associated with the darkling beetle, alphitobius diaperinus (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), using rapd markers. a hierarchical collection of samples (strains from the same insect specimen, from insects from the same location, and from insects from different locations) was obtained from infected beetles from north carolina (nc) and west virginia (wv), usa. ten primers ...	1999	10222180
expression of two major chitinase genes of trichoderma atroviride (t. harzianum p1) is triggered by different regulatory signals.	regulation of the expression of the two major chitinase genes, ech42 (encoding the chit42 endochitinase) and nag1 (encoding the chit73 n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase), of the chitinolytic system of the mycoparasitic biocontrol fungus trichoderma atroviride (= trichoderma harzianum p1) was investigated by using a reporter system based on the aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. strains harboring fusions of the ech42 or nag1 5' upstream noncoding sequences with the a. niger goxa gene displayed a gl ...	1999	10223970
synthesis and antifungal activity of new n-isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides.	n-isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides 3 and 9, with a benodanil-like structure, were synthesized by refluxing in acetic acid the corresponding benzotriazinones 2 and 8 with potassium iodide for 1 h with the aim to ascertain if they were active as fungicides against phytophthora citricola saw., botrytis cinerea pers., rhizoctonia sp. and alternaria sp. among the tested iodo derivatives, compounds 3b and 9a possess interesting activities against the aforesaid fungal strains in several cases similar to tha ...	1999	10321034
structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group i introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi.	we have characterized structural features and the distribution pattern of nuclear group i introns found in ribosomal dna (rdna) of closely related plant pathogenic fungi of the family sclerotiniaceae. sixteen introns, at two distinct positions in the small-subunit (ssu) and large-subunit (lsu) rdna, were sequenced and analyzed among the 29 taxa included in the initial screening. genera found to contain introns were botrytis, dumontinia, encoelia, grovesinia, myriosclerotinia, and sclerotinia. se ...	1999	10331256
comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound.	several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (i), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-hbt) or violuric acid. the oxidation rates of dimer i by the laccases were in the following order: trametes villosa laccase (tvl) > pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (pcl) > botrytis cinerea laccase (bcl) > myceliophthora thermop ...	1999	10347057
a new double-stranded rna mycovirus from botrytis cinerea.	a simple double-stranded rna mycovirus was detected in a wild-type botrytis cinerea 55k strain. the virus was located in the fungus cytoplasm as free particles of approximately 28 nm in diameter. the mycovirus possesses a single double-stranded genome segment of 1.8 kilobase pairs (kbp) encapsidated within an isometric protein coat whose main structural component is a polypeptide of 68 kda. cells infected with this virus showed an important degree of cellular degeneration.	1999	10361713
processing, targeting, and antifungal activity of stinging nettle agglutinin in transgenic tobacco.	the gene encoding the precursor to stinging nettle (urtica dioica l. ) isolectin i was introduced into tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). in transgenic plants this precursor was processed to mature-sized lectin. the mature isolectin is deposited intracellularly, most likely in the vacuoles. a gene construct lacking the c-terminal 25 amino acids was also introduced in tobacco to study the role of the c terminus in subcellular trafficking. in tobacco plants that expressed this construct, the mutant prec ...	1999	10364393
stilbene compounds: from the grapevine to wine.	stilbenes are natural compounds occurring in a number of plant families, including vitaceae and (within this family) vitis vinifera l., which is the most important species grown worldwide for grape and wine production. stilbenes (resveratrol and viniferins) are present in grapevine as constitutive compounds of the woody organs (roots, canes, stems) and as induced substances (in leaves and fruit) acting as phytoalexins in the mechanisms of grape resistance against certain pathogens. resveratrol ( ...	1999	10370866
gene encoding polygalacturonase inhibitor in apple fruit is developmentally regulated and activated by wounding and fungal infection.	a cdna encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) from mature apple fruit has been cloned and characterized. the open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 330 amino acids, in which 24 amino acids at the n-terminus comprise the signal peptide. apple pgip contains 10 imperfect leucine-rich repeat sequence motifs averaging 24 amino acids in length. in addition to the 1.3 kb pgip transcript, the cloned cdna also hybridized to rna molecules with sizes of 3.2 and 5.0 kb. genomic dna analys ...	1999	10380809