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evaluation of lawsonia intracellularis infection in a group of pigs in a subclinically affected herd from weaning to slaughter.the purpose of this study was to follow the course of a subclinical lawsonia (l.) intracellularis infection in a group of 60 pigs on a commercial farm from weaning to slaughter. from 6 to 16 and at 26 weeks of age, rectal faecal samples and blood samples were collected weekly from every pig for examination by pcr and blocking elisa, respectively. at corresponding times starting at 8 weeks of age, pigs were randomly selected for necropsy (n=51). intestinal tissues were examined histopathologicall ...201020605375
diagnostic performance of different fecal lawsonia intracellularis-specific polymerase chain reaction assays as diagnostic tests for proliferative enteropathy in pigs: a review.traditionally, diagnosis of lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy (pe) has depended on necropsy and histology. since the establishment of the etiologic role of l. intracellularis, a number of specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays have been developed for the detection of dna in feces. the present article is a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on the application of l. intracellularis-specific fecal pcr as an antemortem diagnostic test for histologic ...201020622217
development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for quantification of lawsonia intracellularis.the objective of the present study was to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay using sybr green for quantification of lawsonia intracellularis in cell culture and pig fecal samples. specific primers were designed and tested using the aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspa) gene as a target. serial 10-fold dilutions of cell culture samples and several sets of spiked feces were used for qpcr optimization. the lower limit of the linear range of the assay in cell culture was 5.1 x 10 ...201020622232
comparison of feces versus rectal swabs for the molecular detection of lawsonia intracellularis in foals with equine proliferative enteropathy.the purpose of the current study was to compare the molecular detection rate of lawsonia intracellularis between feces and rectal swabs collected from 42 foals with suspected equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). fecal samples and rectal swabs were processed for dna purification by using an automated extraction system. the purified dna was then analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of the aspartate ammonia lyase (aspa) gene of l. intracellularis. absolute quant ...201020807932
co-incubation with il-18 potentiates antigen-specific ifn-γ response in a whole-blood stimulation assay for measurement of cell-mediated immune responses in pigs experimentally infected with lawsonia intracellularis.the whole-blood interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) assay is a quantitative in vitro assay for a direct read-out of ag-specific cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses to infectious diseases. the ifn-γ assay is robust in severe intracellular infections like brucella or mycobacteria, but more difficult to evaluate for less severe or immunocompromising infections. here we investigated the performance of the assay when recombinant co-stimulatory cytokines il-12 and/or il-18 were added along with ag or pbs to cul ...201020889217
effector prediction in host-pathogen interaction based on a markov model of a ubiquitous epiya motif.effector secretion is a common strategy of pathogen in mediating host-pathogen interaction. eight epiya-motif containing effectors have recently been discovered in six pathogens. once these effectors enter host cells through type iii/iv secretion systems (t3ss/t4ss), tyrosine in the epiya motif is phosphorylated, which triggers effectors binding other proteins to manipulate host-cell functions. the objectives of this study are to evaluate the distribution pattern of epiya motif in broad biologic ...201021143776
observations of variable inter-observer agreement for clinical evaluation of faecal consistency in grow-finishing pigs.inter-observer agreement for assessment of faecal consistency in pigs was evaluated using a scoring system with 3 categories. in a pilot study, 3 observers performed an examination of faecal samples post-collection. the samples were obtained from pigs (12-13 weeks old) in 4 herds with a history of diarrhoea associated with lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira spp. and/or porcine circovirus type 2. observer 1 examined all the faecal samples from the 4 herds. observer 2 only examined the faecal s ...201021183234
investigations on the prevalence and potential pathogenicity of intestinal trichomonads in pigs using in situ hybridization.in pigs, three different trichomonad species (tritrichomonas foetus, tetratrichomonas buttreyi and tritrichomonas rotunda) have been described as commensals in the large intestine. the aim of this study was to gain further knowledge on the prevalence and pathogenicity of trichomonads in pigs by using a morphology-based approach. chromogenic in situ hybridization (ish) is a technique which allows direct localization of the protozoa in the intestinal tissue and correlation of the infection with pa ...201021236578
detection of lawsonia intracellularis in formalin-fixed porcine intestinal tissue samples: comparison of immunofluorescence and in-situ hybridization, and evaluation of the effects of controlled autolysis.two methods, an immunofluorescence assay (ifa; with a lawsonia intracellularis-specific monoclonal antibody) and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (fish; with a specific oligonucleotide probe targeting 16s ribosomal rna of the bacterium), were compared for their ability to detect l. intracellularis (the cause of porcine proliferative enteritis [pe]) in formalin-fixed samples of intestinal tissue. of 69 intestinal samples with gross lesions of pe, 63 were positive by both fish and ifa, but six we ...201019909968
primary infection protects pigs against re-infection with lawsonia intracellularis in experimental challenge studies.in two separate trials pigs were experimentally infected with lawsonia intracellularis at 5-6 weeks of age followed by antibiotic treatment and resolution of the primary infection and then re-inoculated at 12-13 weeks of age. a treatment-control group of pigs received the primary infection and antibiotic treatment only, and served as control for the antibiotic treatment of the primary infection. a challenge-control group of pigs received the second inoculation dose only at 12-13 weeks of age to ...201021168983
monitoring of lawsonia intracellularis in breeding herd gilts.in modern pig production, proliferative enteropathy is a common cause of diarrhoea and poor growth in young animals. this study aimed to determine the possible spread of lawsonia intracellularis through the sale of replacement gilts and the possibility to protect the herds by adequate biosecurity measures. this was achieved by repeated sampling of 50 gilts in an infected multiplying herd, from the last day in the farrowing pen and until sale. further, 60 gilts sold from this herd were tested dur ...201019836171
lawsonia intracellularis: humoral immune response and fecal shedding in weanling foals following intra-rectal administration of frozen-thawed or lyophilized avirulent live vaccine.the humoral immune response and fecal shedding of lawsonia intracellularis was investigated in 20 weanling foals following intra-rectal administration of frozen-thawed or lyophilized avirulent live l. intracellularis vaccine. foals received either 30 ml frozen-thawed or lyophilized vaccine intra-rectally, given twice, 4 weeks apart. serum samples from each foal were collected every 4 weeks for 16 weeks following the first vaccination and tested for anti-l. intracellularis specific igg by immunop ...201019699124
microarray analysis of differential expression of cell cycle and cell differentiation genes in cells infected with lawsonia intracellularis.infection of intestinal crypt epithelial cells by the obligate intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracellularis is directly linked to marked proliferation of the infected enterocytes within 3-5days post-infection. the virulence factor for this unique host cell-proliferative response is not known, but is considered to involve altered crypt cell cycle or differentiation events. mccoy mouse fibroblast cells were infected with l. intracellularis, and then harvested for expressed mrna at daily time p ...201019362500
porcine proliferative enteropathy: an important disease with questions remaining to be solved.proliferative enteropathy caused by the intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracellularis is an endemic disease with high herd prevalences reported worldwide. the infection has a considerable impact on pig production and herd economics and, with the development of new diagnostic techniques, l. intracellularis is being identified in an increasing number of pig herds and a wider range of species. this paper reviews current knowledge of the disease, with a focus on the epidemiology in pigs. the prev ...201019487140
immunohistochemical detection of lawsonia intracellularis in tissue sections from pigs.the aim of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical method (ihc) for detection of lawsonia intracellularis (l. intracellularis) in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded sections of intestines from pigs and to implement this method in differential diagnosis of swine diseases with diarrhea in postweaning pigs. the study was conducted on 165 sections of intestines (ileum, caecum and colon) collected from 76 pigs, representing 42 polish pig farms. the animals included in the analysis suff ...201122439321
porcine proliferative enteropathy in estonian pig herds: histopathology and detection of lawsonia intracellularis by pcr.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteritis in pigs (ppe). this bacterium is difficult to culture from clinical samples and antemortem demonstration is therefore usually performed by pcr on faecal samples. the aim of this study was to elucidate the frequency of l. intracellularis infection in pig herds in estonia using pcr, histopathological methods and electronmicroscopical studies. the frequency of demonstration of l. intracellularis was highest in 9-12 weeks old ...201121306056
experimental reproduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in pigs infected with pcv2 alone or concurrently with lawsonia intracellularis or salmonella typhimurium.porcine circovirus (pcv)-associated disease (pcvad) has emerged to become one of the most economically important pig diseases globally. one of the less commonly recognized clinical manifestations of pcvad is pcv2 type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in growing pigs; however, experimental confirmation of the ability of pcv2 alone or pcv2 coinfection with other agent(s) to induce enteritis is lacking. in this study, 120 specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were divided randomly into six groups: control ...201121334002
colonisation and shedding of lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally inoculated rodents and in wild rodents on pig farms.lawsonia intracellularis is an intracellular bacterium causing proliferative enteropathy in various animal species, and is considered an economically important pathogen of pigs. rats and mice have been implicated as external vectors for a wide range of pig pathogens, including l. intracellularis. previous studies have demonstrated l. intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in rodents, but did not show the duration of shedding or the number of l. intracellularis shed by infected r ...201121349664
evaluation of a blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies against lawsonia intracellularis in pig sera.lawsonia intracellularis is a common cause of chronic diarrhoea and poor performance in young growing pigs. diagnosis of this obligate intracellular bacterium is based on the demonstration of the microbe or microbial dna in tissue specimens or faecal samples, or the demonstration of l. intracellularis-specific antibodies in sera. the aim of the present study was to evaluate a blocking elisa in the detection of serum antibodies to l. intracellularis, by comparison to the previously widely used im ...201121453555
the seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis in horses in the netherlands.equine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis is an emerging disease of weanling foals and affects their growth and development. the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis in the netherlands is not known. the aim of the study was to investigate the seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis in horses in the netherlands. blood samples were taken from healthy foals before and after weaning and from healthy yearlings and mature horses on farms throughout the netherlands. these ...201121528618
the use of quantitative pcr for identification and quantification of brachyspira pilosicoli, lawsonia intracellularis and escherichia coli fimbrial types f4 and f18 in pig feces.four quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays were evaluated for quantitative detection of brachyspira pilosicoli, lawsonia intracellularis, and e. coli fimbrial types f4 and f18 in pig feces. standard curves were based on feces spiked with the respective reference strains. the detection limits from the spiking experiments were 10(2) bacteria/g feces for bpilo-qpcr and laws-qpcr, 10(3)cfu/g feces for f4-qpcr and f18-qpcr. the pcr efficiency for all four qpcr assays was between 0.91 and 1.01 with r(2) abov ...201121530108
serial use of serologic assays and fecal pcr assays to aid in identification of subclinical lawsonia intracellularis infection for targeted treatment of thoroughbred foals and weanlings.objective-to assess the serial use of serum immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (ipmas) and fecal pcr assays, combined with other diagnostic methods, to identify subclinical lawsonia intracellularis infections for targeted treatment of thoroughbred foals and weanlings at farms in which the pathogen was endemic or nonendemic. design-evaluation study. animals-100 foals and weanlings (53 and 47 at farms in which l intracellularis was endemic and nonendemic, respectively). procedures-serum was collect ...201121627513
a novel lawsonia intracellularis autotransporter protein is a prominent antigen.investigation of antigenic determinants of the microaerophilic obligate intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracellularis using a mass spectrometry approach identified a novel bacterial protein present in an extract of cell culture medium aspirated from heavily infected in vitro cell cultures. western immunoblotting analysis of sds-page-resolved proteins using immune sera pooled from l. intracellularis-infected pigs revealed the presence of a strongly immunoreactive band of ôê+72 kda. liquid chro ...201121697340
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of two lawsonia intracellularis isolates associated with proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy and porcine intestinal adenomatosis in south korea.this study represents the first published data on antimicrobial susceptibility of asian isolates of lawsonia intracellularis. we assessed mics of 16 antimicrobials for two isolates of l. intracellularis recovered from diseased pigs in south korea, one from a finisher pig with acute proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy in 2002 and the other from a grower pig with porcine intestinal adenomatosis in 2010. tylosin and tilmicosin were found to be the most active against l. intracellularis both intra ...201121690283
characterization of the interferon gamma response to lawsonia intracellularis using an equine proliferative enteropathy challenge (epe) model.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of infectious intestinal hyperplasia for which several clinical diseases have been described including proliferative enteropathy (pe), intestinal adenomatosis, and ileitis. while initially recognized as the causative agent of pe in pigs, l. intracellularis is now viewed as an emerging cause of intestinal hyperplasia in a wide range of mammalian species, including horses. equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) has been reported worldwide though de ...201121719114
lawsonia intracellularis-specific interferon +¦ gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vaccinated and naturally infected foals.the cell-mediated immune response to lawsonia intracellularis, the agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), was investigated in vaccinated and naturally infected foals. interferon (ifn)-+¦ gene expression was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from vaccinated (n=6) and control foals (n=6) every 30days for 180days following first vaccine administration, and from clinically affected foals (n=16) within 7-10days of diagnosing epe. seroconversion (immunoperoxidase mon ...201121689957
microarray and cytokine analyses of field cases of pigs with diarrhoea.this field study explored the cytokine expression in intestinal tissue and serum from 19 diarrhoeic and 9 healthy pigs in herds with a long-time history of lawsonia intracellularis-infection. the disease, proliferative enteropathy (pe), is associated with diarrhoea and poor performance in growers and haemorrhagic diarrhoea and sudden death in finisher pigs, but the immunopathology is poorly understood. histopathology, demonstration of l. intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in in ...201121741782
evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals.equine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis is an emerging disease with as yet unaddressed preventative measures. the hypothesis of this study was that vaccination will prevent clinical and sub-clinical disease. weanling thoroughbreds (n=202) from central kentucky were randomly assigned into two groups (vaccinated and non-vaccinated). vaccinated foals received 30ml of an avirulent, live l. intracellularis vaccine intra-rectally twice, 30days apart. foals were monitored fo ...201121741284
a follow up study on antibodies against lawsonia intracellularis in mares and foals from two breeding farms in germany.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) caused by lawsonia (l.) intracellularis is an emerging disease in foals, particularly in north america. since a case report in germany exists, the objective of this study was to examine the incidence of l. intracellularis-antibodies in healthy horses from two german breeding farms. in group 1, serum samples from 24 (year 1) and 16 (year 2) haflinger mares and their foals were taken. in group 2, over a period of five months, serum samples of six warmblood ma ...201121848042
lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteritis in weanling foals in the netherlands.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is an emerging infectious enteric disease caused by the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium lawsonia intracellularis. epe was tentatively diagnosed in six weanling foals, aged between 5 and 7 months. clinical signs included depression, anorexia, ventral oedema, and weight loss. plasma biochemistry consistently revealed severe hypoproteinaemia. the ante-mortem diagnosis of epe was based on clinical signs, hypoproteinaemia (6/6), the detection of m ...201122111417
adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central kentucky thoroughbreds.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), a disease for which no large-scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted.201122180950
Adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific Lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds.Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), a disease for which no large-scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted. Objectives: To validate and use an equine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for L. intracellularis to determine the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis on numerous farms.201122082442
proliferative enteropathy (pe)-induced changes in the calbindin-immunoreactive (cb-ir) neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglion supplying the descending colon in the pig.a subpopulation of the pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (img) neurons projecting to the colon exhibit calbindin-like immunoreactivity. it is not known if there are any changes in the chemical coding patterns of these neurons during porcine proliferative enteropathy (pe). to answer this question, juvenile large white polish pigs with clinically diagnosed lawsonia intracellularis infection (pe; n = 3) and a group of uninfected controls (c; n = 3) were compared. the retrograde tracer fast blue (fb) ...201122170039
Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella spp. and Eimeria spp. in Healthy and Diarrheic Pet Rabbits.A total of 170 fresh fecal samples (healthy; n=137, diarrheic; n=33) were collected from pet rabbits. By using PCR and formol-ether concentration method, a total 13/137 healthy rabbit feces were positive for L. intracellularis, 6/137 for Salmonella, and 13/137 for Eimeria. On the other hand, a total 17/33 diarrheic rabbit fecal samples were positive for L. intracellularis, 10/33 for Salmonella, and 21/33 for Eimeria. From these results, more than 20% of clinically normal and 97% of diarrheic rab ...201121959895
Analysis of bacterial load and prevalence of mixed infections with Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and/or Brachyspira pilosicoli in German pigs with diarrhoea.Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli are important pathogens in domestic pig production world-wide, responsible for porcine intestinal adenomatosis, swine dysentery, and porcine intestinal spirochetosis, respectively. Conventional PCR is the major diagnostic tool in the detection of the three pathogens, but the sole detection of bacterial DNA might lead to misinterpretations of results with respect to their clinical relevance, especially with mixed inf ...201122059295
generation of a monoclonal antibody against mycoplasma following accidental contamination during production of a monoclonal antibody against lawsonia intracellularis.this report describes mycoplasma contamination of lawsonia intracellularis cultures that led to the unintended acquisition of a monoclonal antibody against mycoplasma during the attempted generation of a monoclonal antibody against l. intracellularis.201222247145
association between faecal load of lawsonia intracellularis and pathological findings of proliferative enteropathy in pigs with diarrhoea.the study was designed to investigate correlation between histological findings of lawsonia intracellularis in porcine cases of diarrhoea and the quantitative detection of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces. a total of 156 pigs (10 to 70 days post weaning) with diarrhoea were randomly selected from 20 herds: the pigs were subjected to necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and faecal quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real time pcr.201223092367
comparative transcriptional analysis of homologous pathogenic and non-pathogenic lawsonia intracellularis isolates in infected porcine cells.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy. this disease affects various animal species, including nonhuman primates, has been endemic in pigs, and is an emerging concern in horses. non-pathogenic variants obtained through multiple passages in vitro do not induce disease, but bacterial isolates at low passage induce clinical and pathological changes. we hypothesize that genes differentially expressed between pathogenic (passage 10) and non-pathogenic (passage 60 ...201223056413
association between average daily gain, faecal dry matter content and concentration of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces.the objective of this study was to investigate the association between average daily gain and the number of lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in faeces of growing pigs with different levels of diarrhoea.201223013807
application of real-time pcr for detection of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fecal samples from pigs.the aim of the study was to develop and validate real-time pcr method for the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in porcine feces. before the optimization process was performed two different extraction methods were compared to select the more efficient one. based on the results achieved at this stage the boiling procedure was rejected and a commercially available silica-membrane based method was chosen for further analysis. the primers and the taqman probe ...201222844704
elevated fat skatole levels in immunocastrated, surgically castrated and entire male pigs with acute dysentery.boar taint is due to androstenone and skatole (3-methyl-indole) accumulation in fat tissues. during a study to investigate the effect of immunocastration on fattening pigs, an outbreak of acute dysentery occurred caused by lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae and resulted in cachexia and high mortality. low androstenone levels in the immunocastrates (0.25 ± 0.04 μg/g liquid fat) suggested that the immunocastration had been effective, but unusually high skatole concentrations i ...201222613221
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and pcv2 in commercial pig farms in russia. 201222791518
within-day repeatability for absolute quantification of lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in feces from growing pigs.absolute quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is now possible on a routine basis. poor repeatability of quantification can result in disease status misclassification of individual pigs when a single fecal sample is obtained. the objective of the current study was to investigate overall variation within a day for fecal numbers of l. intracellularis bacteria determined by real-time pcr in growing pigs. from each of 30 pigs with an infection of l. ...201222786973
evidence of host adaptation in lawsonia intracellularis infections.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, an endemic disease in pigs and an emerging concern in horses. enterocyte hyperplasia is a common lesion in every case but there are differences regarding clinical and pathological presentations among affected species. we hypothesize that host susceptibility to l. intracellularis infection depends on the species of origin of the bacterial isolate. the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of pigs ...201222715937
further investigation of exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy.this study investigated the exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild birds, mice, rabbits, raccoons, coyotes and squirrels, and feral cats and pigs on 10 farms with confirmed equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). serum samples from all resident foals (417 samples) as well as fecal (461) and serum (106) samples from wild and feral animals were collected for serological and molecular detection of l. intracellularis following the diagnosis of epe in index cases. a total of three cats from two ...201222627048
efficacy of an avirulent live vaccine against lawsonia intracellularis in the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals.to determine the efficacy of an avirulent lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in preventing proliferative enteropathy in weanling foals.201222533409
comparison of a commercial elisa with an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies to lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally challenged pigs.the ability of a new commercial elisa to detect pigs with subclinical proliferative enteropathy (pe) was compared with the traditional indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat).201222339121
pathology in practice. severe proliferative enteritis caused by lawsonia intracellularis and acute diffuse severe colitis due to salmonella sp. infection. 201222332621
cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to lawsonia intracellularis.to investigate immune responses upon re-infection with lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. pigs were orally inoculated with virulent l. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (re) at the age of 12 weeks. treatment control (tc) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (cc) pigs received only the ...201222316065
a multi-laboratory profile of mycoplasma contamination in lawsonia intracellularis cultures.during the routine laboratory cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma contamination has been a frequent problem. when mycoplasma contamination occurs in laboratories that study l. intracellularis, the cultures must be discarded for 4 reasons: 1) mycoplasma is inevitably concentrated along with l. intracellularis during the passage of l. intracellularis; 2) mycoplasma inhibits the growth of l. intracellularis; and 3) it is impossible to selectively eliminate mycoplasma in l. intracell ...201222284165
an alternative method for cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis.an alternative method for the cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, was developed using an original space bag inflated with a mixture of gas containing 10% hydrogen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 80% nitrogen. the flexibility of this protocol allows the testing of various environmental conditions for static cultivation of this bacterium and the development of diagnostic techniques.201222219308
infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) development in pigs from affected farms in spain and denmark.two prospective longitudinal studies in 13 postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected farms from spain (n=3) and denmark (n=10) were performed. blood samples from pigs were longitudinally collected from 1st week until the occurrence of the pmws outbreak. wasted and healthy age-matched pigs were euthanized, necropsied and histopathologically characterised. pmws diagnosis was confirmed by means of lymphoid lesions and detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in these tissues b ...201222884005
investigation of the association of growth rate in grower-finishing pigs with the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2.as a part of a prospective cohort study in four herds, a nested case control study was carried out. five slow growing pigs (cases) and five fast growing pigs (controls) out of 60 pigs were selected for euthanasia and laboratory examination at the end of the study in each herd. a total of 238 pigs, all approximately 12 weeks old, were included in the study during the first week in the grower-finisher barn. in each herd, approximately 60 pigs from four pens were individually ear tagged. the pigs w ...201322854321
transmission of lawsonia intracellularis to weanling foals using feces from experimentally infected rabbits.the aim of this study was to investigate whether feces from rabbits experimentally infected with lawsonia intracellularis were infectious to foals. two rabbits were infected with l. intracellularis, while two rabbits served as controls. eight foals received daily feces from either the infected or the control rabbits. all rabbits and foals were monitored daily for clinical signs for the entire study period (21days for rabbits, 42days for foals). feces and blood were collected for the pcr detectio ...201322841447
species-specificity of equine and porcine lawsonia intracellularis isolates in laboratory animals.lawsonia intracellularis infection causes proliferative enteropathy (pe) in many mammalian species, with porcine and equine proliferative enteropathy (ppe and epe) known worldwide. hamsters are a well-published animal model for ppe infection studies in pigs. there is no laboratory animal model for epe infection studies and it is not known whether there is species-specificity for equine or porcine isolates of l. intracellularis in animal models. the objective of this study was to determine whethe ...201324124268
attenuation of virulence of lawsonia intracellularis after in vitro passages and its effects on the experimental reproduction of porcine proliferative enteropathy.non-pathogenic lawsonia intracellularis variants have been obtained through multiple passages in cell culture but there is no information regarding the number of passages necessary to attenuate a pathogenic isolate. the present study evaluated the susceptibility of pigs to l. intracellularis after 10, 20 and 40 passages in vitro. three groups (six animals/group) were inoculated with pure culture of l. intracellularis on passage 10, 20 or 40 and one group with placebo. the animals were monitored ...201322939985
diagnostic performance of fecal quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy in nursery pigs.quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) tests for detection and quantification of lawsonia intracellularis in feces from pigs have been developed. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a fecal qpcr test for detection of nursery pigs with l. intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy (pe) under field conditions. furthermore, the diagnostic performance for different subpopulations of pigs was investigated, including pigs infected or noninf ...201323536614
prevalence of campylobacter spp. relative to other enteric pathogens in grow-finish pigs with diarrhea.salmonella spp., lawsonia intracellularis, and brachyspira spp. are pathogens commonly associated with diarrhea in growing and finishing pigs. brachyspira spp. infection has recently reemerged as a significant concern due to an increase in the incidence of swine dysentery; however, the mechanisms underlying this increase in dysentery remain largely unknown. pigs are also well-recognized as potential carriers of campylobacter spp., particularly campylobacter coli, yet enteric disease in swine ass ...201323792232
lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in 5 weanling foals.this report describes 5 cases of fatal lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in weanling thoroughbred and standardbred foals. the lesions are similar to those of the l. intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome in pigs. two foals had concurrent severe typhlo-colitis as a result of a large burden of encysted cyathostomes. the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges, and the potential complications encountered d ...201324155489
the rabbit as an infection model for equine proliferative enteropathy.the objective of this study was to demonstrate the susceptibility of rabbits to lawsonia intracellularis obtained from a case of clinical equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). this is a preliminary step toward developing a rabbit infection model for studying pathogenesis and therapy of epe in horses. nine does were equally assigned to 3 groups. animals in 2 groups (group 1 and group 2) were orally inoculated with different doses of cell-cultured l. intracellularis. controls (group 3) were sham ...201324082402
lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism lawsonia intracellularis. this organism is unique in that it causes proliferation of infected enterocytes, resulting in thickening of the intestinal epithelium, most often the small intestine. this disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic and weight loss. the diagnosis of epe may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoprot ...201323871678
comparative genome sequencing identifies a prophage-associated genomic island linked to host adaptation of lawsonia intracellularis infections.lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy (pe). the disease is endemic in pigs, emerging in horses and has also been reported in a variety of other animal species, including nonhuman primates. comparing the whole genome sequences of a homologous porcine l. intracellularis isolate cultivated for 10 and 60 passages in vitro, we identified a 18-kb prophage-associated genomic island in the passage 10 (pathogenic variant) that ...201323826661
laser microdissection coupled with rna-seq analysis of porcine enterocytes infected with an obligate intracellular pathogen (lawsonia intracellularis).lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiologic agent of proliferative enteropathy. the disease is endemic in pigs, emerging in horses and has been described in various other species including nonhuman primates. cell proliferation is associated with bacterial replication in enterocyte cytoplasm, but the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction is unknown. we used laser capture microdissection coupled with rna-seq technology to characterize the transcript ...201323800029
epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine farms in shanghai, china.an epidemiological survey of porcine diarrheal disease prevalence between september 2011 and january 2012 revealed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) contributed to outbreaks of diarrhea in pig farms in shanghai, china. the distribution profile of 10 pedv strains revealed three distinct genotypes coexisting in the same pig farm. two of the ten field strains that were isolated exhibited a distinct evolution from the others. in addition to pedv, other enteric pathogens, including porcine ...201323685898
risk factors associated with lawsonia intracellularis in english pig farms.porcine proliferative enteropathy (ppe) caused by the bacterium lawsonia intracellularis causes considerable economic loss to the pig industry. the objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of l. intracellularis exposure in different age groups of pigs (growers to finishers) within english farms and to identify potential risk factors. samples were obtained in a cross-sectional study of 147 farms between 2008 and 2009. twelve samples (six growers and six finishers) from each farm ...201323683854
equine proliferative enteropathy--a review of recent developments.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism lawsonia intracellularis. this emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. the diagnosis of epe may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed upon abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of l. intra ...201323662705
immunological responses to vaccination following experimental lawsonia intracellularis virulent challenge in pigs.although a live attenuated vaccine has been used extensively to provide immunity against porcine proliferative enteropathy (pe) caused by lawsonia intracellularis, the nature of the protective response is an area of considerable interest for the control of pe. two trials investigated immune responses in pigs after oral and intramuscular (im) vaccination followed by virulent l. intracellularis challenge. after an oral vaccination with 10(5.9) tcid50 organisms, significantly increased serum and mu ...201323478250
genome sequence of lawsonia intracellularis strain n343, isolated from a sow with hemorrhagic proliferative enteropathy.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (pe), causing mild or acute hemorrhagic diarrhea in infected animals. here we report the genome sequence of strain n343, isolated from a sow that died of hemorrhagic pe. n343 contains 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 90 indels compared to the reference strain phe/mn1-00.201323472224
longitudinal evaluation of three commercial diagnostic assays for lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. 201323428424
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
efficacy of a commercial live attenuated lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in a large scale field trial in korea.porcine proliferative enteropathy (ppe) is known as one of the most important risk factors causing economic losses in swine industry worldwide. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial oral attenuated lawsonia intracellularis vaccine (enterisol ileitis) against ppe under a commercial pig farm condition in korea.201323858405
pathogen presence in feral pigs and their movement around two commercial piggeries in queensland, australia.feral pigs are wild animal reservoirs of infectious pathogens transmissible to other species, all of which are transmissible to domestic pigs. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of harmful production-limiting pathogens; brucella suis, leptospira species, lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a feral pig population within a 10 km radius of two large-scale commercial piggeries in southern queensland, australia. the movement pa ...201424572722
seroprevalence of porcine proliferative enteropathy among wild boars in the republic of korea.the importance of the wild boar as a reservoir of lawsonia intracellularis was assessed by investigating the seroprevalence of this pathogen among wild boars in the republic of korea. the extent of exposure to l. intracellularis among wild boars (sus scrofa coreanus) was monitored by a country-wide serological survey using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay.201424393381
herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs - a pilot study.the major indication for antibiotic use in danish pigs is treatment of intestinal diseases post weaning. clinical decisions on antibiotic batch medication are often based on inspection of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor. in some of these treated diarrhoea outbreaks, intestinal pathogens can only be demonstrated in a small number of pigs within the treated group (low pathogen diarrhoea). termination of antibiotic batch medication in herds suffering from such diarrhoea could potentially reduce t ...201425392732
down-regulation of mechanisms involved in cell transport and maintenance of mucosal integrity in pigs infected with lawsonia intracellularis.lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, responsible for the disease complex known as proliferative enteropathy (pe). l. intracellularis is associated with intestinal crypt epithelial cell proliferation but the mechanisms responsible are yet to be defined. microarray analysis was used to investigate the host-pathogen interaction in experimentally infected pigs to identify pathways that may be involved. ileal samples originating from twenty-eight weaner pigs experimentally ...201424885874
seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in china.porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis (l. intracellularis) is a major concern to the pig industry worldwide. although 8.3 billion pigs are produced each year in china, few reports on the prevalence of l.intracellularis infection are available. the aim of the current study was to estimate the seroprevalence of l. intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in china.201424774304
proteomic analysis of lawsonia intracellularis reveals expression of outer membrane proteins during infection.lawsonia intracellularis is the aetiological agent of the commercially significant porcine disease, proliferative enteropathy. current understanding of host-pathogen interaction is limited due to the fastidious microaerophilic obligate intracellular nature of the bacterium. in the present study, expression of bacterial proteins during infection was investigated using a mass spectrometry approach. lc-esi-ms/ms analysis of two isolates of l. intracellularis from heavily-infected epithelial cell cu ...201425457368
sub-isotypic differences in the immunoglobulin g response to lawsonia intracellularis in vaccinated, seropositive, and equine proliferative enteropathy-affected horses.in the horse, lawsonia intracellularis infection results in equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). while upwards of 100% of weanlings on an endemic farm may seroconvert, only a small percentage (approximately 5%) will develop clinical disease. cell-mediated immune mechanisms likely play a role in resistance to l. intracellularis and the absence of a l. intracellularis-specific ifn-γ response has been associated with the development of epe. the goal of this study was to determine whether protect ...201425446848
lawsonia intracellularis and equine proliferative enteropathy.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent for equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), which typically affects weanling and yearling horses. in north america, epe cases often occur between august and january, although cases outside of this time frame have been reported. clinical signs of epe are usually nonspecific and include lethargy, pyrexia, anorexia, peripheral edema, weight loss, colic, and diarrhea. diagnosis is based on the presence of hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia along with ...201425300636
infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections.201423773143
immunomodulatory factors and infectious agents associated with the hepatic gene expression of the igf system in nursery pigs.recent findings suggest there is a complex interaction between the igf system and the inflammatory immune response. the objective of this study was to determine whether gene expression of growth factors (igf-1, igf-binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) and growth hormone receptors (ghr)) in the liver is associated with gene expression of immunomodulators in the liver, including c-reactive protein (crp), serum amyloid a (saa), haptoglobin (hp), interferon-α (ifn-α), ifn-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), ...201424576503
detection of enteric pathogens in turkey flocks affected with severe enteritis, in brazil.twenty-two flocks of turkeys affected by enteric problems, with ages between 10 and 104 days and located in the southern region of brazil, were surveyed for turkey by pcr for turkey astrovirus type 2 (tastv-2), turkey coronavirus (tcov), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), rotavirus, reovirus, salmonella spp., and lawsonia intracellularis (li) infections. eleven profiles of pathogen combination were observed. the most frequently encountered pathogen combinations were tcov-li, followed by tcov-tas ...201424817479
efficacy of gallium maltolate against lawsonia intracellularis infection in a rabbit model.antimicrobial efficacy against lawsonia intracellularis is difficult to evaluate in vitro, thus, the effects of gallium maltolate's (gam) were investigated in a rabbit model for equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). juvenile (5-6-week-old) does were infected with 3.0 × 10(8) l. intracellularis/rabbit and allocated into three groups (n = 8). one week postinfection, one group was treated with gam, 50 mg/kg; one, with doxycycline, 5 mg/kg; and one with a sham-treatment (control). feces and blood ...201424730377
pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate in lawsonia intracellularis-infected and uninfected rabbits.oral gallium maltolate (gam) pharmacokinetics (pk) and intestinal tissue (it) concentrations of elemental gallium ([ga]) and iron ([fe]) were investigated in a rabbit model of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). new zealand white does (uninfected controls and epe-infected, n = 6/group) were given a single oral gam dose (50 mg/kg). serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 216 h post-treatment (pt) and it samples after euthanasia. serology, qpcr, and immunohistochemistry confirmed, or exc ...201424628462
pooling of porcine fecal samples for quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction.procedures in which biological specimens are mixed and tested as 1 sample (pooling) have been applied for various biological specimens and laboratory examinations. the objective of the current study was to investigate agreement between laboratory testing of fecal pools and theoretical values obtained by averaging test results from individual fecal samples in relation to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) test for lawsonia intracellularis. ten diarrheic and 10 normal fecal samples we ...201424621847
recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of lawsonia intracellularis infections.proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. the disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and rep ...201424476941
the critical threshold of lawsonia intracellularis in pig faeces that causes reduced average daily weight gains in experimentally challenged pigs.serology indicates that lawsonia intracellularis infection is widespread in many countries, with most pigs seroconverting before 22 weeks of age. however, the majority of animals appear to be sub-clinically affected, demonstrated by the low reported prevalence of diarrhoea. production losses caused by sub-clinical proliferative enteropathy (pe) are more difficult to diagnose, indicating the need for a quantitative l. intracellularis assay that correlates well with disease severity. in previous s ...201424388631
first molecular identification of entamoeba polecki in a piglet in japan and implications for aggravation of ileitis by coinfection with lawsonia intracellularis.parasitic entamoeba spp. are found in many vertebrate species including humans, as well as many livestock including pigs. in pigs, three entamoeba spp., e. suis, and e. polecki and e. histolytica as zoonotic species, have been identified, but their pathogenicity has not been fully characterized. here, we report the bacteriological, virological, and histopathological examination of three piglets with chronic diarrhea. two animals appeared to be additionally infected with lawsonia intracellularis, ...201525963884
occurrence of diarrhoea and intestinal pathogens in non-medicated nursery pigs.intestinal disease in nursery pigs is the most common cause of antibiotic usage in pigs in denmark. the decision to initiate batch medication of intestinal diseases in nursery pigs is typically made by the stock personnel based on clinical assessments of pigs and counting of diarrhoeic faecal pools on the pen floor. the target population of this study was batches of nursery pigs (10-66 days after weaning) where the stock personnel assessed the pigs to be without signs of intestinal disease and t ...201526419751
clinical utility and performance of sock sampling in weaner pig diarrhoea.low pathogen diarrhoea is a group-level diagnosis, characterised by non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea. in the current study, the apparent prevalence of low pathogen diarrhoea outbreaks in danish herds was investigated along with the clinical utility of a laboratory examination for intestinal disease, agreement between three consecutive herd examinations from the same herd and agreement between quantitative pcr results from pooled faecal samples and sock samples. twenty-four veterinarians submitted faec ...201525975665
the effect of passively acquired antibodies on lawsonia intracellularis infection and immunity in the horse.multiple hypotheses into the age-based susceptibility of animals to lawsonia intracellularis exist, including the decline of passively acquired antibodies.201525138347
vaccination of pigs with attenuated lawsonia intracellularis induced acute phase protein responses and primed cell-mediated immunity without reduction in bacterial shedding after challenge.lawsonia intracellularis causes porcine proliferative enteropathy and is one of the most economically important diseases in modern pig production worldwide. the enterisol ileitis vaccine have been shown to reduce clinical disease and to increase weight gain, however, while the natural infection with l. intracellularis can provide complete protection against re-infection, this has not been achieved by this vaccine. we therefore undertook a detailed characterization of immune responses to l. intra ...201525444804
serological profile, seroprevalence and risk factors related to lawsonia intracellularis infection in swine herds from minas gerais state, brazil.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent of proliferative enteropathy, which causes diarrhea in several animal species, including swine. serology can be used both to determine the prevalence of antibodies against a specific pathogen in a herd and to obtain the serological profile, which is used to determine the dynamics of infection in the herd. the objective of this study was to determine the serological profile and seroprevalence of anti-l. intracellularis antibodies in swine herds from ...201526695404
changes in the porcine intestinal microbiome in response to infection with salmonella enterica and lawsonia intracellularis.salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food borne illness. recent studies have shown that s. enterica is a pathogen capable of causing alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. a recent prospective study of french pork production farms found a statistically significant association between lawsonia intracellularis and carriage of s. enterica. in the current study the composition of the gut microbiome was determined in pigs challenged with s. enterica serovar typhimurium and ...201526461107
effect of the route of administration on the mucosal and systemic immune responses to lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in pigs.in an on-farm study, 40 weaned piglets aged 3 weeks were vaccinated with lawsonia intracellularis vaccine orally, im or ip while a fourth group remained unvaccinated. all vaccinated animals showed increased serum levels of l. intracellularis-specific igg antibodies, but significantly elevated concentrations of specific igg, iga and cytokines were generated in ileal mucosal secretions from the orally and ip vaccinated pigs when examined at 17 days after vaccination.201525817978
serum folate, cobalamin, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in pigs with acute, chronic or subclinical lawsonia intracellularis infection.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy. the clinical presentation can be acute (i.e. proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, phe), chronic (i.e. porcine intestinal adenomatosis, pia) or subclinical. in humans with chronic enteropathies, low serum folate (vitamin b(9)) and cobalamin (vitamin b(12)) concentrations have been associated with increased serum concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (mma), which reflect the availability of both ...201525618855
lawsonia intracellularis infection of intestinal crypt cells is associated with specific depletion of secreted muc2 in goblet cells.the expression patterns of secreted (muc2 and muc5ac) and membrane-tethered (muc1, muc4, muc12 and muc13) mucins were monitored in healthy pigs and pigs challenged orally with lawsonia intracellularis. these results showed that the regulation of mucin gene expression is distinctive along the gi tract of the healthy pig, and may reflect an association between the function of the mucin subtypes and different physiological demands at various sites. we identified a specific depletion of secreted muc ...201526377360
prevalence and risk factors for lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. in finishing pigs in polish farrow-to-finish swine herds.the aim of the study was to estimate the herd-level, within-herd prevalence, the frequency of mixed infections and risk factors for l. intracellularis, b. hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. in selected farrow-to-finish polish pig herds. a total of 254 pooled fecal samples were collected from 9 to 24 week-old pigs in 70 herds. real time pcr for detection of l. intracellularis and b. hyodysenteriae was performed. for salmonella spp. bacteriological examination was performed. the herd-level prevale ...201526812826
evaluating the risk of pathogen transmission from wild animals to domestic pigs in australia.wild animals contribute to endemic infection in livestock as well as the introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of pathogens. the source of introduction of endemic diseases to a piggery is often unknown and the extent of wildlife contribution to such local spread is largely unexplored. the aim of the current study was to quantitatively assess the probability of domestic pigs being exposed to different pathogens from wild animals commonly found around commercial piggeries in australia. spec ...201626711303
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