Publications

engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein f as a combined vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.	outer membrane protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by p. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. these are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature f protein, tdaynqklserran), 10 (aa 305-318, nataegrainrrve), and 18 (aa 282-295, neygveggrvnavg). both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. in order to develop ...	2000	10727884
influence of three-dimensional structure on the immunogenicity of a peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	the influence of peptide structure on immunogenicity has been investigated by constructing a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimaeras expressing the 14 amino acid nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) at different positions on the capsid surface. biochemical and crystallographic analysis of a cpmv/hrv chimaera expressing the nim-1a epitope inserted into the betac'-betac" loop of the s protein revealed that, although the inserted peptide was free at its c-terminus, it adopted a c ...	2000	10822251
cowpea mosaic virus infection induces a massive proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum but not golgi membranes and is dependent on de novo membrane synthesis.	replication of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is associated with small membranous vesicles that are induced upon infection. the effect of cpmv replication on the morphology and distribution of the endomembrane system in living plant cells was studied by expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and the golgi membranes. cpmv infection was found to induce an extensive proliferation of the er, whereas the distribution and morphology of the golgi stacks remain ...	2000	10864669
co-expression of the capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus in insect cells leads to the formation of virus-like particles.	the regions of rna-2 of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) that encode the large (l) and small (s) coat proteins were expressed either individually or together in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells using baculovirus vectors. co-expression of the two coat proteins from separate promoters in the same construct resulted in the formation of virus-like particles whose morphology closely resembled that of native cpmv virions. no such particles were formed when the individual l and s proteins were expressed. s ...	2000	11086140
identification of a fab interaction footprint site on an icosahedral virus by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.	biological processes frequently require the formation of multi-protein or nucleoprotein complexes. some of these complexes have been produced in homogeneous form, crystallized, and analysed at high resolution by x-ray crystallography (for example, see refs 1-3). most, however, are too large or too unstable to crystallize. individual components of such complexes can often be purified and analysed by crystallography. here we report how the coordinated application of cryoelectron microscopy, three- ...	2000	1731227
complete nucleotide sequence of sesbania mosaic virus: a new virus species of the genus sobemovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the sesbania mosaic virus (semv) genomic rna was determined by sequencing overlapping cdna clones. the semv genome is 4149 nucleotides in length and encodes four potential overlapping open reading frames (orfs). comparison of the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the four orfs of semv with that of other sobemoviruses revealed that semv was closest to southern bean mosaic virus arkansas isolate (sbmv-ark, 73% identity). the 5' non-codin ...	2001	11315633
in vitro analysis of an rna binding site within the n-terminal 30 amino acids of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a positive-sense rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the coat protein (cp) has two domains, the random (r) domain and the shell (s) domain. the r domain is formed by the n-terminal 64 amino acids (aa) and is localized to the interior of the particle where it is expected to interact with the viral rna. the r domain (aa 1--57) was expressed in escherichia coli as a recombinant protein (rwtr) containing a nonviral c-terminal extension with two histidin ...	2001	11485399
membrane activity of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein: the role of basic amino acids, helix-forming potential, and lipid composition.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a spherical rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the particle is composed of 180 subunits of the coat protein (cp) and one copy of the positive-sense viral rna. the cp has two domains, the random (r) domain formed by the n-terminal 64 aa and the shell (s) domain (aa 65--260). the r domain is highly charged, with 11 of the n-terminal 30 residues being basic. it is localized to the interior of the native particle where it may interact with the viral rn ...	2001	11878899
mutational analysis of the genome-linked protein of cowpea mosaic virus.	in this study we have performed a mutational analysis of the cowpea mosaic comovirus (cpmv) genome-linked protein vpg to discern the structural requirements necessary for proper functioning of vpg. either changing the serine residue linking vpg to rna at a tyrosine or a threonine or changing the position of the serine from the n-terminal end to position 2 or 3 abolished virus infectivity. some of the mutations affected the cleavage between the vpg and the 58k atp-binding protein in vitro, which ...	2001	11883002
cowpea mosaic virus as a vaccine carrier of heterologous antigens.	the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), has been developed as an expression and presentation system to display antigenic epitopes derived from a number of vaccine targets including infectious disease agents and tumors. these chimeric virus particles (cvps) could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative to live replicating virus and bacterial vaccines. a number of cvps have now been generated and their immunogenicity examined in a number of animal species. this review details the humo ...	2001	11280928
complete nucleotide sequence and possible genomic expression strategy of a chinese isolate of broad bean wilt virus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of isolate b935 of the rnas of broad bean wilt virus2 (bbwv2) was determined. rna1 contained 5956 nucleotide (nt) residues in length exclusive the 3' terminal poly(a)tail, and encoded a single long open reading frame (orf) with a molecular weight of 210 063 (210 kd). rna2 was composed of 3 601 nt residues exclusive of the poly(a) at the 3' end, and encoded a single long orf with a molecular weight of 119 002 (119 kd). the determination of the n terminal sequences ...	2001	12053188
phloem loading and unloading of cowpea mosaic virus in vigna unguiculata.	within their host plants, viruses spread from the initially infected cell through plasmodesmata to neighbouring cells (cell-to-cell movement), until reaching the phloem for rapid invasion of the younger plant parts (long-distance or vascular movement). cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) moves from cell-to-cell as mature virions via tubules constructed of the viral movement protein (mp). the mechanism of vascular movement, however, is not well understood. the characteristics of vascular movement of cpmv ...	2002	12029165
coalescence of the sites of cowpea mosaic virus rna replication into a cytopathic structure.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication induces an extensive proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes, leading to the formation of small membranous vesicles where viral rna replication takes place. using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we found that early in the infection of cowpea protoplasts, cpmv plus-strand rna accumulates at numerous distinct subcellular sites distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm which rapidly coalesce into a large body located in the center of the c ...	2002	12021357
cowpea mosaic virus: from the presentation of antigenic peptides to the display of active biomaterials.	the potential of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant icosahedral virus, for the presentation of foreign peptides and proteins is reported. the most prominent feature at the virus surface is a region of the smaller of the two coat proteins (s) which has been extensively used for the insertion of foreign peptides. given the availability of the three-dimensional structure of the native virus and the amenability of foreign peptide-expressing cpmv chimeras to crystallisation, immunological data can b ...	2002	12602357
cowpea mosaic virus: effects on host cell processes.	summary taxonomy: cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is the type member of the comoviridae and bears a strong resemblance to animal picornaviruses, both in gene organization and in the amino acid sequence of replication proteins. little systematic work has been done to compare isolates of the virus from different parts of the world. physical properties: purified preparations of virus contain three centrifugal components; empty protein shells without rna (t) and two nucleoprotein components (m and b), co ...	2002	20569348
opening the high-pressure domain beyond 2 kbar to protein and virus crystallography--technical advance.	the combined use of a diamond anvil cell and ultrashort-wavelength undulator radiation has allowed the collection of high-resolution diffraction data from protein and virus crystals submitted to hydrostatic pressures beyond 2 kbar. crystals of cubic cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be compressed to at least 3.5 kbar. diffraction from cpmv crystals displaying an unusual disorder at atmospheric pressure was considerably enhanced by application of pressure. these experiments suggest that pressure may ...	2002	12377126
natural supramolecular building blocks. cysteine-added mutants of cowpea mosaic virus.	wild-type cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) displays no cysteine side chains on the exterior capsid surface and is therefore relatively unreactive with thiol-selective reagents. four cpmv mutants bearing cysteine residues in one of two exterior positions of the asymmetric unit were created. the mutants were shown to aggregate by virtue of disulfide bond formation in the absence of added reducing agent, bind to metallic gold, and undergo selective reactions at the introduced thiol residues. controlled a ...	2002	12144925
natural supramolecular building blocks. wild-type cowpea mosaic virus.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be isolated in gram quantities, possesses a structure that is known to atomic resolution, and is quite stable. it is therefore of potential use as a molecular entity in synthesis, particularly as a building block on the nanochemical scale. cpmv was found to possess a lysine residue with enhanced reactivity in each asymmetric unit, and thus 60 such lysines per virus particle. the identity of this residue was established by a combination of acylation, protein digesti ...	2002	12144924
the cytoskeleton and the secretory pathway are not involved in targeting the cowpea mosaic virus movement protein to the cell periphery.	the movement protein (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) forms tubules on infected protoplasts and through plasmodesmata in infected plants. in protoplasts the mp fused to gfp (mp-gfp) was shown to localize in peripheral punctate structures and in long tubular structures extending from the protoplast surface. using cytoskeletal assembly inhibitors (latrunculin b and oryzalin) and an inhibitor of the secretory pathway (brefeldin a), targeting of the mp to the peripheral punctate structures was dem ...	2002	12083835
disruption of leaves and initial extraction of wildtype cpmv virus as a basis for producing vaccines from plants.	wildtype cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) was extracted from fresh and frozen plant material by methods suitable for large-scale application. deep freezing, crushing, and thawing in water or buffers gave 0.6+/-0.2 mg g(-1) of virus after up to 24 h. release from sliced fresh leaves was lower at 0.14+/-0.03 mg g(-1). homogenisation of frozen leaves for 1 min increased yield to a maximum, on average of 3.5 mg g(-1) but varying between batches from 2.2 to 4.8 mg g(-1) virus long term storage at -80 degre ...	2002	11689247
characterization of plant proteins that interact with cowpea mosaic virus '60k' protein in the yeast two-hybrid system.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication occurs in close association with small membranous vesicles in the host cell. the cpmv rna1-encoded 60 kda nucleotide-binding protein ('60k') plays a role in the formation of these vesicles. in this study, five cellular proteins were identified that interacted with different domains of 60k using a yeast two-hybrid search of an arabidopsis cdna library. two of these host proteins (termed vap27-1 and vap27-2), with high homology to the vap33 family of snare-li ...	2002	11907339
novel strategy for inhibiting viral entry by use of a cellular receptor-plant virus chimera.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has recently been developed as a biomolecular platform to display heterologous peptide sequences. such cpmv-peptide chimeras can be easily and inexpensively produced in large quantities from experimentally infected plants. this study utilized the cpmv chimera platform to create an antiviral against measles virus (mv) by displaying a peptide known to inhibit mv infection. this peptide sequence corresponds to a portion of the mv binding site on the human ...	2002	11932408
cowpea mosaic virus 32- and 60-kilodalton replication proteins target and change the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum membranes.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replicates in close association with small membranous vesicles that are formed by rearrangements of intracellular membranes. to determine which of the viral proteins are responsible for the rearrangements of membranes and the attachment of the replication complex, we have expressed individual cpmv proteins encoded by rna1 in cowpea protoplasts by transient expression and in nicotiana benthamiana plants by using the tobacco rattle virus (trv) expression vector. the 32-k ...	2002	12021362
transgenic plants expressing hc-pro show enhanced virus sensitivity while silencing of the transgene results in resistance.	nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express sequences of the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv). the sensitivity of the transgenic plants to infection with parental and heterologous viruses was studied. the lines expressing hc-pro showed enhanced symptoms after infection with the parental cabmv isolate and also after infection with a heterologous potyvirus, potato virus y (pvy) and a comovirus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). on the other ...	2002	12206307
molecular structures of viruses from raman optical activity.	a vibrational raman optical activity (roa) study of a range of different structural types of virus exemplified by filamentous bacteriophage fd, tobacco mosaic virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage ms2 and cowpea mosaic virus has revealed that, on account of its sensitivity to chirality, roa is an incisive probe of their aqueous solution structures at the molecular level. protein roa bands are especially prominent from which, as we have shown by comparison with the roa spectra of p ...	2002	12237443
agroinfection as a rapid method for propagating cowpea mosaic virus-based constructs.	to increase the efficiency of infections with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based constructs, clones suitable for agroinfection were constructed. full-length copies of rna-1 and rna-2 were inserted between the sequence of a cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter and a nos terminator and were introduced into the agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid, pbinplus. infiltration of leaves of either nicotiana benthamiana or cowpea (vigna unguiculata) with a bacterial suspension containing a mixture of th ...	2002	12270666
protein-rna interactions and virus stability as probed by the dynamics of tryptophan side chains.	the correlation between dynamics and stability of icosahedral viruses was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence approaches. we compared the environment and dynamics of tryptophan side chains of empty capsids and ribonucleoprotein particles of two icosahedral viruses from the comovirus group: cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). we found a great difference between tryptophan fluorescence emission spectra of the ribonucleoprotein particles and the empty cap ...	2002	12359712
subcellular location of the helper component-proteinase of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus.	the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) was expressed in escherichia coli and used to obtain hc-pro antiserum that was used as an analytical tool for hc-pro studies. the antiserum was used in immunofluorescence assays to study the subcellular location of hc-pro expressed with other viral proteins in cowpea protoplasts in a natural cabmv infection, or in protoplasts transfected with a transient expression construct expressing hc-pro separately from othe ...	2002	12416684
effect of priming/booster immunisation protocols on immune response to canine parvovirus peptide induced by vaccination with a chimaeric plant virus construct.	expression of a 17-mer peptide sequence from canine parvovirus expressed on cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) to form chimaeric virus particles (cvps) creates vaccine antigens that elicit strong anti-peptide immune responses in mice. systemic (subcutaneous, s.c.) immunisation and boosting with such cvp constructs produces igg(2a) serum antibody responses, while mucosal (intranasal, i.n.) immunisation and boosting elicits intestinal iga responses. combinations of systemic and mucosal routes for priming ...	2003	12744877
the molecular basis of the antigenic cross-reactivity between measles and cowpea mosaic viruses.	two nonrelated viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (wtcpmv) and measles virus (mv), were found to induce cross-reactive antibodies. the nature of this cross-reactivity was studied and results are presented here demonstrating that antiserum raised against wtcpmv reacted with peptide from the fusion (f) protein of mv. furthermore, the f protein of mv was shown to share an identical conformational b cell epitope with the small subunit of cpmv coat protein. passive transfer of anti-wtcpmv antibodies into b ...	2003	12788642
reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hcgbeta ctp37 vaccinated mouse serum.	the free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcgbeta) is well established as an ectopic product of epithelial tumors. originally explained as an epi-phenomenon, hcgbeta production by many types of carcinoma is increasingly regarded as a significant tumor event. studies in bladder cancer have shown that hcgbeta production, while not diagnostic, is a very good indicator for poor prognosis through correlations with resistance to radiotherapy and rapid metastasis. these clinical findings ...	2003	14649543
expression & immunogenicity of malaria merozoite peptides displayed on the small coat protein of chimaeric cowpea mosaic virus.	foreign peptide sequences can be inserted into the betab-betac loop of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) small coat protein (scp) to yield functional chimaeric viruses. immunisation with chimaeric cpmv elicits immune responses that protect against human immunodeficiency and mink enteritis viruses. the present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of a b cell epitope from the merozoite surface antigen-1 of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum (pfmsp1) in cpmv for an epitope based ...	2003	14700344
studies on the c-terminus of the cowpea mosaic virus movement protein.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) spreads from cell-to-cell as virus particles through tubular structures in modified plasmodesmata which are composed of viral movement protein (mp). mutational analysis of the mp has revealed that the n-terminal and central regions of the mp are involved in tubule formation and that the c-terminal domain probably has a role in the interactions with virus particles. by constructing c-terminal deletion mutants and comoviral hybrid mps, it was possible to delineate the c- ...	2003	12556992
identification of distinct steps during tubule formation by the movement protein of cowpea mosaic virus.	the movement protein (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) forms tubules through plasmodesmata in infected plants thus enabling virus particles to move from cell to cell. localization studies of mutant mps fused to gfp in protoplasts and plants identified several functional domains within the mp that are involved in distinct steps during tubule formation. coinoculation experiments and the observation that one of the c-terminal deletion mutants accumulated uniformly in the plasma membrane suggest th ...	2003	14645930
intracellular distribution of cowpea mosaic virus movement protein as visualised by green fluorescent protein fusions.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) derivatives expressing movement protein (mp) green fluorescent protein (gfp) fusions (mp:gfp) were used to study the intracellular targeting and localization of the mp in cowpea protoplasts and plants. in protoplasts, a virus coding for a wild type mp:gfp (mpfgfp) induced the formation of fluorescent tubular structures, which shows that subcellular targeting and tubule formation are not affected by fusion of gfp to the c-terminus of the mp. in plants, mpfgfp infections ...	2003	14579172
using a quasi-parallel x-ray beam of ultrashort wavelength for high-pressure virus crystallography: implications for standard macromolecular crystallography.	data acquisition from crystals of an icosahedral virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), was carried out to 2.8 a resolution under an elevated hydrostatic pressure of 330 mpa. this was the first example of a complex macromolecular assembly to be studied by high-pressure crystallography. the data were obtained from the esrf id30 beamline using a quasi-plane wave of ultrashort wavelength with a diamond anvil cell and an imaging-plate detector. the results of the high-pressure data analysis are given an ...	2003	14501116
the c-terminal region of the movement protein of cowpea mosaic virus is involved in binding to the large but not to the small coat protein.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) moves from cell to cell as virus particles which are translocated through a plasmodesmata-penetrating transport tubule made up of viral movement protein (mp) copies. to gain further insight into the roles of the viral mp and capsid proteins (cp) in virus movement, full-length and truncated forms of the mp were expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. using elisa and blot overlay assays, affinity purified mp was shown to bind specifically to in ...	2003	12867661
cowpea mosaic virus-based chimaeras. effects of inserted peptides on the phenotype, host range, and transmissibility of the modified viruses.	expression of foreign peptides on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus particles leads to the creation of chimaeras with a variety of phenotypes and yields. two factors were shown to be particularly significant in determining the properties of a given chimaera: the length of the inserted sequence and its isoelectric point. the deleterious effect of high isoelectric point on the ability of chimeras to produce a systemic infection occurs irrespective of the site of insertion of the peptide. ultrastr ...	2003	12788630
studies on the origin and structure of tubules made by the movement protein of cowpea mosaic virus.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) moves from cell to cell by transporting virus particles via tubules formed through plasmodesmata by the movement protein (mp). on the surface of protoplasts, a fusion between the mp and the green fluorescent protein forms similar tubules and peripheral punctate spots. here it was shown by time-lapse microscopy that tubules can grow out from a subset of these peripheral punctate spots, which are dynamic structures that seem anchored to the plasma membrane. fluorescence ...	2004	15557252
separation and recovery of intact gold-virus complex by agarose electrophoresis and electroelution: application to the purification of cowpea mosaic virus and colloidal gold complex.	colloidal gold has been coupled to a mutant cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), which contains 60 cysteine residues on the surface. a purification process was developed to separate the gold-containing viral nanoblocks (vnbs) from the free gold. agarose electrophoresis was utilized to separate the mixture followed by electroelution of the desired sample to recover the intact virus. mobility of au-vnb and free colloidal gold was facilitated by the addition of thioctic acid (ta). 30% of the gold-containing ...	2004	15349927
new addresses on an addressable virus nanoblock; uniquely reactive lys residues on cowpea mosaic virus.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is a robust, icosahedrally symmetric platform successfully used for attaching a variety of molecular substrates including proteins, fluorescent labels, and metals. the symmetric distribution and high local concentration of the attached molecules generates novel properties for the 30 nm particles. we report new cpmv reagent particles generated by systematic replacement of surface lysines with arginine residues. the relative reactivity of each lysine on the native partic ...	2004	15217618
cowpea mosaic virus rna-1 acts as an amplicon whose effects can be counteracted by a rna-2-encoded suppressor of silencing.	lines of nicotiana benthamiana transgenic for full-length copies of both cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) genomic rnas, either singly or together, have been produced. plants transgenic for both rnas developed symptoms characteristic of a cpmv infection. when plants transgenic for rna-1 were agro-inoculated with rna-2, no infection developed and the plants were also resistant to challenge with cpmv. by contrast, plants transgenic for rna-2 became infected when agro-inoculated with rna-1 and were fully ...	2004	15165817
crosslinking of and coupling to viral capsid proteins by tyrosine oxidation.	cowpea mosaic virus is composed of 60 identical copies of a two-subunit protein organized in pentameric assemblies around the icosahedral 5-fold symmetry axis. treatment of the virus with the ni(ii) complex of the tripeptide ggh and a peroxide oxidant, or irradiation in the presence of ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and persulfate generates covalent crosslinks across the pentameric subunit boundaries, effectively stitching the subunits together. intersubunit crosslinking was found to occur exclusively at adjace ...	2004	15123261
the movement protein of cowpea mosaic virus binds gtp and single-stranded nucleic acid in vitro.	the movement protein (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus forms tubules in plasmodesmata to enable the transport of mature virions. here it is shown that the mp is capable of specifically binding riboguanosine triphosphate and that mutational analysis suggests that gtp binding plays a role in the targeted transport of the mp. furthermore, the mp is capable of binding both single-stranded rna and single-stranded dna in a non-sequence-specific manner, and the gtp- and rna-binding sites do not overlap.	2004	14722313
chemical conjugation of heterologous proteins on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus.	genetic economy leads to symmetric distributions of chemically identical subunits in icosaherdal and helical viruses. modification of the subunit genes of a variety of viruses has permitted the display of polypeptides on both the infectious virions and virus particles made in expression systems. icosahedral chimeric particles of this type often display novel properties resulting in high local concentrations of the insert. here we report an extension of this concept in which entire proteins were ...	2004	15264868
surface-exposed c-terminal amino acids of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus are required for suppression of silencing.	the small (s) coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been identified previously as a virus-encoded suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs). deletions within the c-terminal 24 aa of this protein affect the yield and systemic spread of the virus, suggesting that the c-terminal amino acids of the s protein, which are exposed on the surface of assembled virus particles, may be responsible for the suppressor activity. to investigate this, versions of cpmv rna-2 with deletions ...	2004	15483261
novel cytopathological structures induced by mixed infection of unrelated plant viruses.	abstract when two unrelated plant viruses infect a plant simultaneously, synergistic viral interactions often occur resulting in devastating diseases. this study was initiated to examine ultrastructural virus-virus interactions of mixed viral infections. mixed infections were induced using potyviruses and viruses from other plant virus families. novel ultrastructural paracrystalline arrays composed of co-infecting viruses, referred to as mixed virus particle aggregates (mvpas), were noted in the ...	2004	18943827
gentian mosaic virus: a new species in the genus fabavirus.	abstract a viral isolate, designated n-1 and obtained from a gentian (gentiana scabra) plant that exhibited mosaic symptoms, was transmitted mechanically to nine plant species in six families. these plants are known as hosts of fabaviruses. the n-1 isolate was composed of isometric particles 30 nm in diameter and included two rna molecules of approximately 6.0 and 3.6 kb in length, as estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis. the rnas were encapsidated separately in two of the three types of par ...	2005	18943990
influence of virus infection on the leaf protein yield.	influence of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and common bean mosaic virus (cbmv) infection on the yield of extractable leaf protein of cowpea cvs. pusa phaguni, pusa barsati, and yard long was studied. an increase as well as decrease in the yield of leaf protein concentrate (lpc), due to virus infection, has been observed. cpmv infection increased lpc yield in all the cowpea cvs., but cbmv decreased it in cys. pusa phaguni and yard long. variation in percentage of extractable nitrogen and protein in ...	2005	549391
systemic trafficking of plant virus nanoparticles in mice via the oral route.	the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of peptides. a growing variety of applications have employed the cpmv display technology including vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, nanoblock chemistry, and materials science. cpmv chimeras can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants and are completely stable at 37 degrees c and low ph, suggesting that they could be used as edible or mucosally-d ...	2005	16185741
development of cowpea mosaic virus-based vectors for the production of vaccines in plants.	plant viruses are emerging as an attractive alternative to stable genetic transformation for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. the main advantages of using this strategy are that viral genomes are small and easy to manipulate, infection of plants with modified viruses is simpler and quicker than the regeneration of stably transformed plants and the sequence inserted into a virus vector will be highly amplified. one use of these virus expression systems is for vaccine production. amon ...	2005	16221070
the mechanism of high-pressure-induced ordering in a macromolecular crystal.	a previous study showed that the diffraction from cubic crystals of an icosahedral virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), was dramatically improved under elevated hydrostatic pressure. this use of pressure may have a significant impact on structural biology if it is found to be generally applicable. there were two types of cubic crystals assigned in either an i23 or p23 space group. they show the same rhombic dodecahedral morphology at atmospheric pressure. the crystals assigned to the i23 space gro ...	2005	15930631
decoration of discretely immobilized cowpea mosaic virus with luminescent quantum dots.	this report describes two related methods for decorating cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) with luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, qds). variants of cpmv are immobilized on a substrate functionalized with neutravidin using modifications of biotin-avidin binding chemistry in combination with metal affinity coordination. for example, using cpmv mutants expressing available 6-histidine sequences inserted at loops on the viral coat protein, we show that these virus particles can be speci ...	2005	15924481
a virus-based nanoblock with tunable electrostatic properties.	five different "his tag" mutants of cowpea mosaic virus were made by genetically introducing six contiguous histidine residues at various locations on the virus capsid. the mutant particles showed differential affinity for binding nickel, and their electrostatic properties could be controlled as a function of the protonation state of the exposed histidine sequence. the specific addressability of the his tag was corroborated by the selective modification of the histidine sequence with nanogold cr ...	2005	15826093
cowpea mosaic virus-based systems for the production of antigens and antibodies in plants.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is a bipartite rna plant virus which has proved to be useful both for epitope presentation and as a polypeptide expression system. for epitope presentation, short antigenic sequences are expressed on the surface of the assembled virus. chimaeric virus particles produced in this way can stimulate protective immunity in experimental animals. for polypeptide expression, we have created a vector in which foreign sequences can be inserted near the 3' end of rna-2 and have s ...	2005	15734042
the first crystal structure of a macromolecular assembly under high pressure: cpmv at 330 mpa.	the structure of cubic cowpea mosaic virus crystals, compressed at 330 mpa in a diamond anvil cell, was refined at 2.8 a from data collected using ultrashort-wavelength (0.331 a) synchrotron radiation. with respect to the structure at atmospheric pressure, order is increased with lower debye waller factors and a larger number of ordered water molecules. hydrogen-bond lengths are on average shorter and the cavity volume is strongly reduced. a tentative mechanistic explanation is given for the coe ...	2005	15731378
decoration of cowpea mosaic virus with multiple, redox-active, organometallic complexes.		2006	17193081
plant viral capsids as nanobuilding blocks: construction of arrays on solid supports.	the virions of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be regarded as programmable nanobuilding blocks with a diameter of approximately 28 nm. the particles display a number of features that can be exploited for nanoscale material fabrication. in this study we use the virus-derived building blocks for construction of arrays on solid supports. biotin-modified cpmv particles are used with streptavidin as a linker molecule in order to enable self-assembly of arrays from the surface up by a layer-by-layer ap ...	2006	17106996
physical controls on directed virus assembly at nanoscale chemical templates.	viruses are attractive building blocks for nanoscale heterostructures, but little is understood about the physical principles governing their directed assembly. in situ force microscopy was used to investigate organization of cowpea mosaic virus engineered to bind specifically and reversibly at nanoscale chemical templates with sub-30 nm features. morphological evolution and assembly kinetics were measured as virus flux and inter-viral potential were varied. the resulting morphologies were simil ...	2006	16910675
generation and structural analysis of reactive empty particles derived from an icosahedral virus.	chemical and genetic modifications on the surface of viral protein cages confer unique properties to the virus particles with potential nano and biotechnological applications. the enclosed space in the interior of the virus particles further increases its versatility as a nanomaterial. in this paper, we report a simple method to generate a high yield of stable cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) empty capsids from their native nucleoprotein counterparts by removing the encapsidated viral genome without c ...	2006	16873025
a site-directed mutagenesis method utilising large double-stranded dna templates for the simultaneous introduction of multiple changes and sequential multiple rounds of mutation: application to the study of whole viral genomes.	a new technique for conducting site-directed mutagenesis was developed. this method allows the colour selection of mutants through the simultaneous activation or deactivation of the alpha-peptide of beta-galactosidase. double-stranded dna plasmids containing large inserts (at least 6.4 kbp in the present experiments) can be used as the mutational template. the method can efficiently create mutations at multiple sites simultaneously and can be used to perform multiple rounds of mutation on the sa ...	2006	16857273
cowpea mosaic virus for material fabrication: addressable carboxylate groups on a programmable nanoscaffold.	for the first time, decoration of surface-exposed carboxylate groups on cowpea mosaic virus particles is reported, thus increasing the number and types of addressable surface groups on this nanoscaffold. first, the addressabilty of carboxylates was demonstrated using a carboxylate-selective fluorescent dye, n-cyclohexyl-n'-(4-(dimethylamino)naphthyl)carbodiimide. second, it was shown that the virions can be decorated with approximately 180 redox active, methyl(aminopropyl)viologen moieties by co ...	2006	16584217
an ab initio algorithm for low-resolution 3-d reconstructions from cryoelectron microscopy images.	a statistical method for determining low-resolution 3-d reconstructions of virus particles from cryoelectron microscope images by an ab initio algorithm is described. the method begins with a novel linear reconstruction method that generates a spherically symmetric reconstruction, which is followed by a nonlinear reconstruction method implementing an expectation-maximization procedure using the spherically symmetric reconstruction as an initial condition and resulting in a reconstruction with ic ...	2006	11472085
a cowpea mosaic virus nanoscaffold for multiplexed antibody conjugation: application as an immunoassay tracer.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), an icosahedral 30 nm virus, offers a uniquely programmable biological nanoscaffold. this study reports initial optimization of the simultaneous modification of two cpmv mutants with alexafluor 647 fluorescent dyes and either igg proteins or antibodies at specific sites on the virus scaffold. the capacity of cpmv as a simultaneous carrier for different types of molecules was demonstrated, specifically, when applied as a tracer in direct and sandwich immunoassays. the a ...	2006	16216488
a bipartite system for the constitutive and inducible expression of high levels of foreign proteins in plants.	we have developed combined transgene/virus vector systems for the expression of heterologous proteins in plants. the systems are based on the bipartite rna plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), and involve the amplification of integrated copies of either full-length or deleted versions of rna-2 carrying a foreign gene. in the case of plants transgenic for full-length versions of rna-2 carrying the green fluorescent protein (gfp), amplification can be achieved by supplying rna-1 either exogeno ...	2006	17177795
cell-to-cell movement of alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation.	rna 3 of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) encodes the movement protein (mp) and coat protein (cp). chimeric rna 3 with the amv mp gene replaced by the corresponding mp gene of prunus necrotic ringspot virus, brome mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus or cowpea mosaic virus efficiently moved from cell-to-cell only when the expressed mp was extended at its c-terminus with the c-terminal 44 amino acids of amv mp. mp of tobacco mosaic virus supported the movement of the chimeric rna 3 whether or not the mp ...	2006	16316673
viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging.	a significant impediment to the widespread use of noninvasive in vivo vascular imaging techniques is the current lack of suitable intravital imaging probes. we describe here a new strategy to use viral nanoparticles as a platform for the multivalent display of fluorescent dyes to image tissues deep inside living organisms. the bioavailable cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be fluorescently labeled to high densities with no measurable quenching, resulting in exceptionally bright particles with in vi ...	2006	16501571
the potential of plant virus vectors for vaccine production.	plants viruses are versatile vectors that allow the rapid and convenient production of recombinant proteins in plants. compared with production systems based on transgenic plants, viral vectors are easier to manipulate and recombinant proteins can be produced more quickly and in greater yields. over the last few years, there has been much interest in the development of plant viruses as vectors for the production of vaccines, either as whole polypeptides or epitopes displayed on the surface of ch ...	2006	16784246
the use of viral vectors to produce hepatitis b virus core particles in plants.	the expression and assembly of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) nucleocapsid protein (hbcag) were investigated in plants using viral vectors. constructs based on either potato virus x (pvx) or cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) containing the sequence of hbcag were able to infect the appropriate host plants and remained genetically stable during infection. analysis of hbcag expression revealed that the protein can self-assemble into core-like particles and that the assembled material could be partially purif ...	2006	16112207
use of virus vectors for the expression in plants of active full-length and single chain anti-coronavirus antibodies.	to extend the potential of antibodies and their derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed both a small immune protein (sip) and a full-length antibody in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the alphasip molecule consisted of a single chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) ...	2006	17004304
an engineered virus as a bright fluorescent tag and scaffold for cargo proteins--capture and transport by gliding microtubules.	we have demonstrated substantial capture and transport of fluorescently-labeled engineered cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) using drosophila kinesin-driven microtubules (mts). the capture occurred through both neutravidin (na)-biotin and antibody (igg)-antigen interactions. the mts were derivatized with rabbit anti-chicken igg or biotin, and the virus was conjugated with chicken igg or na. the cpmv conjugate was introduced into standard mt motility assays via convective flow at concentrations as high ...	2006	17037855
an antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts.	to investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (sip) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the epsilonsip molecule consisted of a single-chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) linked to the epsilon-ch4 domain from ...	2006	17309733
bio-distribution, toxicity and pathology of cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles in vivo.	virus-based nanoparticles (vnps) from a variety of sources are being developed for biomedical and nanotechnology applications that include tissue targeting and drug delivery. however, the fate of most of those particles in vivo has not been investigated. cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant comovirus, has been found to be amenable to the attachment of a variety of molecules to its coat protein, as well as to modification of the coat protein sequence by genetic means. we report here the results of ...	2007	17512998
anti-carbohydrate antibodies elicited by polyvalent display on a viral scaffold.	tetra- and hexasaccharides were arrayed on the exterior surface of cowpea mosaic virus by using a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. inoculation of chickens with these virus conjugates gave rise to large quantities of polyclonal anti-glycan igy antibodies that displayed excellent avidity and specificity on analysis with printed glycan microarrays. avian igy antibodies are produced in significantly higher yield than is possible for mouse or rabbit igg, and exhibit reduced cross ...	2007	17676704
development of a novel recombinant encapsidated rna particle: evaluation as an internal control for diagnostic rt-pcr.	this report describes the generation of novel encapsidated rna particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) assays for the detection of rna viruses. a cassette containing sequences of 2 diagnostic primer sets for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and a set for swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was engineered into a full-length cdna clone containing the rna-2 segment of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). after co-inoculation ...	2007	17727966
induction of protective immunity in swine by recombinant bamboo mosaic virus expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes.	plant viruses can be employed as versatile vectors for the production of vaccines by expressing immunogenic epitopes on the surface of chimeric viral particles. although several viruses, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus x and cowpea mosaic virus, have been developed as vectors, we aimed to develop a new viral vaccine delivery system, a bamboo mosaic virus (bamv), that would carry larger transgene loads, and generate better immunity in the target animals with fewer adverse environment ...	2007	17900346
sobemoviruses possess a common cfmv-like genomic organization.	based on structural differences in the orf2 region, the sobemoviruses have been subdivided into southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv)-like and cocksfoot mottle virus (cfmv)-like types of genome organization. however, nearly identical amino acid sequences are encoded by these subgroups in different reading frames of orf2, suggesting that insertion or deletion of appropriate nucleotides could restore similar genomic organizations for these viruses. we resequenced the regions of inconsistency for is ...	2007	17115301
interaction between a 54-kilodalton mammalian cell surface protein and cowpea mosaic virus.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus that is a member of the picornavirus superfamily, is increasingly being used for nanotechnology applications, including material science, vascular imaging, vaccine development, and targeted drug delivery. for these applications, it is critical to understand the in vivo interactions of cpmv within the mammalian system. although the bioavailability of cpmv in the mouse has been demonstrated, the specific interactions between cpmv and mammalian cells need t ...	2007	17121801
recent developments in design and application of plant virus-based gene vectors.	a new horizon is lit up by exploiting plant viruses as the vectors to deliver foreign genes into plants for various purposes such as production of valuable pharmaceutical proteins, to understand pathogenesis of a plant virus, and to establish gene silencing for blocking, for example, production of an undesirable intermediate metabolite in a metabolic pathway. here, the recent patents concerning the design of new gene vectors on the basis of the genomes of the viruses including tobacco mosaic vir ...	2007	19075936
inactivation and purification of cowpea mosaic virus-like particles displaying peptide antigens from bacillus anthracis.	chimeric cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles displaying foreign peptide antigens on the particle surface are suitable for development of peptide-based vaccines. however, commonly used peg precipitation-based purification methods are not sufficient for production of high quality vaccine candidates because they do not allow for separation of chimeric particles from cleaved contaminating species. moreover, the purified particles remain infectious to plants. to advance the cpmv technology further, ...	2007	17227681
electronic properties of molecular memory circuits on a nanoscale scaffold.	significant challenges exist in assembling and interconnecting the building blocks of a nanoscale device and being able to electronically address or measure responses at the molecular level. here we demonstrate the usefulness of engineered proteins as scaffolds for bottom-up self-assembly for building nanoscale devices out of multiple components. using genetically engineered cowpea mosaic virus, modified to express cysteine residues on the capsid exterior, gold nanoparticles were attached to the ...	2007	18217619
folic acid-mediated targeting of cowpea mosaic virus particles to tumor cells.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is a well-characterized nanoparticle that has been used for a variety of nanobiotechnology applications. cpmv interacts with several mammalian cell lines and tissues in vivo. to overcome natural cpmv targeting and redirect cpmv particles to cells of interest, we attached a folic acid-peg conjugate by using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. pegylation of cpmv completely eliminated background binding of the virus to tumor cells. the peg-folate moi ...	2007	17961827
utilisation of plant viruses in bionanotechnology.	bionanoscience/technology sits at the interface of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, engineering and medicine and involves the exploitation of biomaterials, devices or methodologies on the nanoscale. one sub-field of bionanoscience/technology is concerned with the exploitation of biomaterials in the fabrication of new nano-materials and/or -devices. in this perspective we describe examples of how plant viruses, focusing particularly on cowpea mosaic virus, a naturally occurring pre ...	2007	17728853
chemical introduction of reactive thiols into a viral nanoscaffold: a method that avoids virus aggregation.	the use of viral nanoparticles (vnps) as building blocks for material fabrication has received particular attention in recent years. in earlier studies we showed the applicability of native gel electrophoresis in an agarose matrix as a useful method for the characterization of chemically modified vnps. here, we extend these studies and analyze the observed band pattern of intact cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) vnps in agarose gels and show the applicability of native agarose gels for monitoring inter ...	2007	17526061
chemical addressability of ultraviolet-inactivated viral nanoparticles (vnps).	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of molecules via chemical bioconjugation to the capsid surface. a growing variety of applications have employed the cpmv multivalent display technology including nanoblock chemistry, in vivo imaging, and materials science. cpmv nanoparticles can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants at high yields and are extremely stable. although cpmv has not been shown to rep ...	2008	18830402
capillarity-induced disassembly of virions in carbon nanotubes.	studying the transport and fate of viruses through nanochannels is of great importance. by using the nanochannel of a carbon nanotube (cnt) as an ideal model, we evaluated the possibility of capillarity-induced viral transport through a closely fitting nanochannel and explored the mechanisms involved. it is shown both experimentally and theoretically that cowpea mosaic virus can enter cnts by capillarity. however, when introduced into a nanotube the protein capsid may disassemble. during the ini ...	2008	21825654
layer-by-layer assembly of viral capsid for cell adhesion.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based thin films are biologically active for cell culture. using layer-by-layer assembly of cpmv and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), quantitatively scalable biomolecular surfaces were constructed, which were well characterized using quartz crystal microbalance, uv-vis and atomic force microscopy. the surface coverage of cpmv nanoparticles depended on the adsorption time and ph of the virus solution, with a greater amount of cpmv adsorption occurring near its is ...	2008	18387348
assembly of multilayer arrays of viral nanoparticles via biospecific recognition: a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring study.	the development of multilayered thin film assemblies containing (bio)molecules is driven by the need to miniaturize sensors, reactors, and biochips. viral nanoparticles (vnps) have become popular nanobuilding blocks for material fabrication, and our research has focused on the well-characterized plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). in a previous study, we have reported the construction of multilayer vnp assemblies. here we extend these studies by providing further details on the formation and ...	2008	18197628
expression of multiple proteins using full-length and deleted versions of cowpea mosaic virus rna-2.	the use of multiple copies of vectors based on either full-length or deleted versions of cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 for the production of heteromeric proteins in plants was investigated. co-infiltration of two full-length rna-2 constructs containing different marker genes into nicotiana benthamiana in the presence of rna-1 showed that the two foreign proteins were efficiently expressed within the same cell in inoculated tissue. furthermore, the proteins were co-localized to the same subcellular c ...	2008	17986176
improved diagnosis for nine viral diseases considered as notifiable by the world organization for animal health.	nine viral diseases included in the world organization for animal health list of notifiable diseases (former list a) were chosen for their contagiousness and high capacity of spreading to improve their diagnosis using new and emerging technologies. all the selected diseases--foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, classical swine fever, african swine fever, bluetongue, african horse sickness, newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza--are considered a ...	2008	18666965
extremely high-level and rapid transient protein production in plants without the use of viral replication.	plant-based overexpression of heterologous proteins has attracted much interest and development in recent years. to date, the most efficient vectors have been based on rna virus-derived replicons. a system based on a disabled version of cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 has been developed, which overcomes limitations on insert size and introduces biocontainment. this system involves positioning a gene of interest between the 5' leader sequence and 3' untranslated region (utr) of rna-2, thereby emulating ...	2008	18775971
comparison of electrical properties of viruses studied by ac capacitance scanning probe microscopy.	capacitances of five types of viruses, adenovirus type 5 (av5), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), simian virus 40 (sv40), vaccinia (mva), and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), were compared by ac capacitance scanning probe microscopy. this technique, using a pt-coated afm tip as an electrode to probe capacitance of materials between the tip and a bottom electrode, has been applied to study surface structures of semiconductors and polymers with nanometer spatial resolution; however, biological sample ...	2008	18092777
zeta potential: a surface electrical characteristic to probe the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer human breast epithelial cells.	we demonstrate the use of surface zeta potential measurements as a new tool to investigate the interactions of iron oxide nanoparticles and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) nanoparticles with human normal breast epithelial cells (mcf10a) and cancer breast epithelial cells (mcf7) respectively. a substantial understanding in the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer cells in vitro will enable the capabilities of improving diagnostic and treatment methods in cancer research, such as imaging ...	2008	18165903
cowpea mosaic virus capsid: a promising carrier for the development of carbohydrate based antitumor vaccines.	immunotherapy targeting tumor cell surface carbohydrates is a promising approach for cancer treatment. however, the low immunogenecity of carbohydrates presents a formidable challenge. we describe here the enhancement of carbohydrate immunogenicity by an ordered display on the surface of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) capsid. the tn glycan, which is overexpressed on numerous cancer cell surfaces, was selected as the model antigen for our study. previously it has been shown that it is difficult t ...	2008	18431733
layer-by-layer assembly of viral nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes: the film architecture is different for spheres versus rods.	the development of tuneable thin film assemblies that contain (bio)nanoparticles is an emerging field in nanobiosciences/nanotechnology. our research focuses on the utilisation of viral nanoparticles (vnps) as tools and building blocks for materials science. in previous reports we studied multilayered arrays of chemically modified cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles and linker molecules. to extend these studies and to gain more insights into the architecture of the arrays, we report here on the ...	2008	18536062
[production of hepatitis b virus core particles protein in plants, by using cowpea mosaic virus-based vector].	the core antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbcag) has attracted considerable attention as a carrier for antigenic sequences for various diagnostic and vaccine applications. the hepatitis b core protein has been expressed in different expression systems. at present, for reasons of cost, scale, and safety, the plant-based expression systems are attracting increasing interest. the expression and assembly for the hepatitis b core protein were investigating in n. benthamiana plants using the new expressi ...	2008	18590129
viral nanoparticles associate with regions of inflammation and blood brain barrier disruption during cns infection.	targeted treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (cns) remains problematic due to the complex pathogenesis of these disorders and difficulty in drug delivery. the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), has recently been explored as a nanoparticle delivery system for therapeutics targeting a number of diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. to understand the biodistribution of cpmv in the cns, we examined cpmv uptake during infection of mice with neurotropic mo ...	2009	19394707
endothelial targeting of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) via surface vimentin.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is a plant comovirus in the picornavirus superfamily, and is used for a wide variety of biomedical and material science applications. although its replication is restricted to plants, cpmv binds to and enters mammalian cells, including endothelial cells and particularly tumor neovascular endothelium in vivo. this natural capacity has lead to the use of cpmv as a sensor for intravital imaging of vascular development. binding of cpmv to endothelial cells occurs via inter ...	2009	19412526
cowpea mosaic virus nanoscaffold as signal enhancement for dna microarrays.	previous studies have shown that a functionalized viral nanoparticle can be used as a fluorescent signal-generating element and enhance detection sensitivity for immunoassays and low density microarrays. in this study, we further tested this ability in commercial dna microarrays, including affymetrix high density resequencing microarray. optimum conditions for neutravidin and dye coupling to a double-cysteine mutant of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were found to be comparable to the commonly used s ...	2009	19576757