Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| duration of immunity produced by a live attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus type c. | a recently developed live, attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus (apv) was found to be safe and protective in experimental birds. duration of immunity following a single dose of this experimental vaccine in 1-week-old turkey poults is described. two groups each of 60 poults were housed in separate isolation rooms. birds in group one were inoculated oculonasally at 1 week of age with the vaccine. the second group served as a non-vaccinated group and was inoculated with mock-infected cell c ... | 2004 | 15545025 |
| reduced clearance of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a preterm lamb model. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant respiratory disease in children worldwide. for the study of severe rsv disease seen in preterm infants, a suitable animal model is lacking. the novel hypothesis of this study was that preterm lambs are susceptible to bovine rsv (brsv) infection, an analogous pneumovirus with ruminant host specificity, and that there would be age-dependent differences in select rsv disease parameters. during rsv infection, preterm lambs had elevated temperature ... | 2004 | 15555538 |
| evidence of avian pneumovirus spread beyond minnesota among wild and domestic birds in central north america. | to detect avian pneumovirus (apv) in central north america, nasal turbinates or choanal deft tissues from domestic turkeys and wild birds were examined for the presence of apv rna by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), whereas serum samples from domestic turkeys were analyzed for apv antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2002, the seroprevalence of disease in domestic turkeys in minnesota remained high (42.3% of the flocks). in addition, there is evide ... | 2004 | 15666873 |
| animal models for studying respiratory syncytial virus infection and its long term effects on lung function. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging from mild infection to life-threatening bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. human studies on the pathogenesis of rsv infection are invaluable, but animal models permit advances with the use of experimental strategies that would be inappropriate in human studies. | 2004 | 15577578 |
| the effect of pooling sera on the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. | pooling of samples is a cost-effective approach to estimate disease prevalence and to identify infected individuals. the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of serum pools for the detection of avian pneumovirus infection in turkey flocks by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, so that a minimum number of tests can be performed without compromising the sensitivity and specificity of the test. a total of 900 field samples were tested; 20 samples from each of 45 flocks. all samples were t ... | 2004 | 15586563 |
| design, validation, and absolute sensitivity of a novel test for the molecular detection of avian pneumovirus. | this study describes attempts to increase and measure sensitivity of molecular tests to detect avian pneumovirus (apv). polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic tests were designed for the detection of nucleic acid from an a-type apv genome. the objective was selection of pcr oligonucleotide combinations, which would provide the greatest test sensitivity and thereby enable optimal detection when used for later testing of field materials. relative and absolute test sensitivities could be determ ... | 2004 | 15586577 |
| the pneumonia virus of mice infection model for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention. | pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is the first infection model that replicates features of severe human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) disease in the mouse. the pvm model has highlighted the importance of inflammation to the pathogenesis of severe disease, demonstrating that the inflammatory response remains active and acute even when virus replication ceases in response to appropriate antiviral therapy. the fact that the inflammatory response continues and is not completely linked to ongoing vi ... | 2005 | 15626452 |
| expression of recombinant small hydrophobic protein for serospecific detection of avian pneumovirus subgroup c. | the small hydrophobic (sh) gene of the avian pneumovirus (apv) colorado isolate (co), which belongs to subgroup c (apv/c), was expressed with a baculovirus vector. the recombinant sh protein was evaluated as a potential subgroup-specific diagnostic reagent in order to differentiate infections resulting from apv/c from those induced by apv/a, apv/b, and human metapneumovirus (hmpv). when the recombinant baculovirus was used to infect insect cells, a 31- to 38-kda glycosylated form of the sh prote ... | 2005 | 15643005 |
| evaluation of five different antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies. | five different antigens were evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests for the detection of avian pneumovirus (apv) antibodies. two of the 5 antigens were prepared from recent apv isolates from minnesota. the 2 older isolates were passage 63 of a strain currently used as a live, attenuated vaccine and a colorado strain isolated for the first time in the united states and currently used in an elisa test. the fifth antigen is based on an apv recombinant n-protein. basic paramete ... | 2005 | 15690946 |
| persistence of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens after treatment with enrofloxacin without development of resistance. | the ability of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum to persist despite fluoroquinolone treatment was investigated in chickens. groups of specific pathogen free chickens were experimentally infected with m. gallisepticum and treated with enrofloxacin at increasing concentrations up to the therapeutic dose. when m. gallisepticum could no longer be re-isolated from chickens, birds were stressed by inoculation of infectious bronchitis virus or avian pneumovirus. although m. gallisepticum coul ... | 2005 | 15737482 |
| key role of chlamydophila psittaci on belgian turkey farms in association with other respiratory pathogens. | two hundred turkey sera from eight belgian and two french farms were tested for the presence of antibodies against avian pneumovirus (apv), ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis and chlamydophila psittaci. at slaughter, c. psittaci, apv and ort antibodies were detected in 94, 34 and 6.5% of the turkeys, respectively. no antibodies against m. gallisepticum or m. meleagridis were present. additionally, turkeys on three belgian farms were examined f ... | 2005 | 15795081 |
| transcriptional analysis of avian embryonic tissues following infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is one of the major viral respiratory diseases of chickens. better understanding of the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis should contribute significantly towards the development of improved prophylactic, therapeutic and diagnostic reagents to control infections. in the present investigation, transcriptional profiles were analyzed by using rna recovered from the lung tissue of ibv infected 18-day-old chicken embryos at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post ... | 2005 | 15845254 |
| interaction between live avian pneumovirus and newcastle disease virus vaccines in specific pathogen free chickens. | one-day-old specific pathogen free white leghorn chicks were vaccinated with live avian pneumovirus (apv) vaccine, live newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine or both. at intervals up to 28 days after vaccination, distribution of the virus in the tissues was studied, together with humoral and mucosal antibody responses in lachrymal fluid and tracheal washes. apv vaccine was detected for almost twice as long in the dual vaccinates as in the single vaccinates. higher numbers of isolations of nd vir ... | 2005 | 16147565 |
| inflammatory responses to pneumovirus infection in ifn-alpha beta r gene-deleted mice. | pneumonia virus of mice (pvm; family paramyxoviridae) is a natural pathogen of rodents that reproduces important clinical features of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in humans. as anticipated, pvm infection induces transcription of ifn antiviral response genes preferentially in wild-type over ifn-alphabetar gene-deleted (ifn-alphabetar-/-) mice. however, we demonstrate that pvm infection results in enhanced expression of eotaxin-2 (ccl24), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine ( ... | 2005 | 16177121 |
| growth of vaccine strains of avian pneumovirus in different cell lines. | the isolation of avian pneumovirus (apv) (avian metapneumovirus) is usually performed in embryonated chicken eggs or chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures followed by adaptation in continuous cell lines such as vero cells. this study was conducted to find a suitable cell line that could be used to propagate vaccine strains of apv to high titre. for this purpose, we compared the growth of two vero cell-adapted vaccine strains of apv (p63 and ca-apv) in seven different cell types with their grow ... | 2005 | 16191692 |
| subtyping of new brazilian avian metapneumovirus isolates from chickens and turkeys by reverse transcriptase-nested-polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to improve a reverse transcriptase (rt)-nested-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) able to differentiate avian pneumovirus (apv) subtypes a and b, and to characterize new brazilian isolates. representative apv strains and clinical field samples from chickens and turkey flocks were amplified in the chicken embryo-related cell line. viral rna was extracted from harvested cells, and submitted to cdna synthesis. the primers utilized for rt-pcr were compatible with the g gene of ... | 2005 | 16191694 |
| synergy between avian pneumovirus and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in turkeys. | the purpose of this study was to assess the possible synergism between ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) and avian pneumovirus (apv), inoculated into turkeys via the natural route, for the reproduction of respiratory disease. three-week-old specific pathogen free turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with either apv subtype a, ort or both agents using two different time intervals (3 and 5 days) between apv and ort. the birds were observed clinically on a daily basis and swabbed intratracheall ... | 2005 | 16191703 |
| activation and inactivation of antiviral cd8 t cell responses during murine pneumovirus infection. | pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is a natural pathogen of mice and has been proposed as a tractable model for the replication of a pneumovirus in its natural host, which mimics human infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). pvm infection in mice is highly productive in terms of virus production compared with the situation seen with rsv in mice. because rsv suppresses cd8 t cell effector function in the lungs of infected mice, we have investigated the nature of pvm-induced cd8 t cell ... | 2005 | 16272314 |
| a wild goose metapneumovirus containing a large attachment glycoprotein is avirulent but immunoprotective in domestic turkeys. | the genomic structure and composition of an avian metapneumovirus (ampv) recently isolated from wild canada geese (goose 15a/01) in the united states, together with its replication, virulence, and immunogenicity in domestic turkeys, were investigated. the sizes of seven of the eight genes, sequence identity, and genome organization of goose ampv were similar to those of turkey ampv subtype c (ampv/c) strains, indicating that it belonged to the subtype. however, the goose virus contained the larg ... | 2005 | 16282483 |
| mutational analysis of the avian pneumovirus conserved transcriptional gene start sequence identifying critical residues. | seven of the eight genes in the avian pneumovirus (apv) genome contain a conserved 9 nt transcriptional start sequence with the virus large (l) polymerase gene differing from the consensus at three positions. the sequence requirements of the apv transcriptional gene start sequence were investigated by generating a series of mutations in which each of the nine conserved bases was mutated to each of the other three possible nucleotides in a minigenome containing two reporter genes. the effect of e ... | 2005 | 16298980 |
| transcriptional response of avian cells to infection with newcastle disease virus. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) causes widespread disease in poultry and wild-birds throughout the world. cdna microarray analysis was used to examine the effect of ndv infection on host cell transcription. the results show that ndv infection causes an apparent suppression of the interferon response genes during the early stages of infection. in addition, the results reveal transcriptional silencing of cytoskeletal proteins such as the alpha, beta, and gamma types of actin, and a downregulation of ... | 2005 | 15567039 |
| pathogenic interactions between chlamydophila psittaci and avian pneumovirus infections in turkeys. | both chlamydophila psittaci and avian pneumovirus (apv) are highly prevalent in belgian turkeys and might contribute to the respiratory disease complex observed in turkeys. initial outbreaks of chlamydiosis occur mostly at the age of 4-8 weeks, often accompanied by an apv infection in apv non-vaccinated farms. regardless apv vaccination, breakthroughs of apv infection from 8 weeks on do occur, a period when also a second c. psittaci infection appears. therefore, this study examined the pathogeni ... | 2006 | 16326044 |
| ribavirin and cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor blockade as treatment for severe bronchiolitis. | in this work we have evaluated the clinical responses of pneumovirus-infected mice to combination therapy with the antiviral agent, ribavirin, and the cyslt1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, montelukast. we observed substantial virus replication in our mouse model of pneumovirus infection and significant accumulation of cysteinyl leukotrienes in lung tissue, the latter detected at levels that correlate directly with granulocyte recruitment to the airways. while administration of the nu ... | 2006 | 16337014 |
| the cytoplasmic domain of the f protein of human respiratory syncytial virus is not required for cell fusion. | the cytoplasmic domains of the fusion proteins encoded by several viruses play a role in cell fusion and contain sites for palmitoylation associated with viral protein trafficking and virus assembly. the fusion (f) protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) has a predicted cytoplasmic domain of 26 residues containing a single palmitoylated cysteine residue that is conserved in bovine rsv f protein, but not in the f proteins of other pneumoviruses such as pneumonia virus of mice, human m ... | 2006 | 16432027 |
| suppression of pattern-recognition receptor tlr4 sensing does not alter lung responses to pneumovirus infection. | toll-like receptors (tlr) are an important component in the innate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. recently, a series of studies has addressed the hypothesis that tlr4 also participates in the host innate response against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. in most of the studies available, rsv, which is not a natural pathogen of mice, has been systematically used in mouse models of human bronch ... | 2006 | 16458035 |
| duration of immunity engendered by a single dose of a cold-adapted strain of avian pneumovirus. | the duration of immunity after a single dose of a cold-adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (apv) was studied. turkeys were vaccinated at 1 wk of age and challenged with virulent virus 3, 7, 10, and 14 wk later. nonvaccinated groups were also challenged at the same times. no clinical signs were observed in the vaccinated birds after vaccination or after any challenge. no viral rna was shed by the vaccinated birds after any challenge. the nonvaccinated birds shed viral rna after all challenges. av ... | 2006 | 16548335 |
| differential resistance/susceptibility patterns to pneumovirus infection among inbred mouse strains. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a prominent cause of airway morbidity in children under 1 yr of age. it is assumed that host factors influence the severity of the disease presentation and thus the need for hospitalization. as a first step toward the identification of the underlying genes involved, this study was undertaken to establish whether inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), the murine counterpart of rsv, which has been shown to accurately mim ... | 2006 | 16556725 |
| respiratory dysfunction and proinflammatory chemokines in the pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) model of viral bronchiolitis. | we explore relationships linking clinical symptoms, respiratory dysfunction, and local production of proinflammatory chemokines in the pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) model of viral bronchiolitis. with a reduced inoculum of this natural rodent pathogen, we observe virus clearance by day 9, while clinical symptoms and respiratory dysfunction persist through days 14 and 17 postinoculation, respectively. via microarray and elisa, we identify expression profiles of proinflammatory mediators mip-1alpha ... | 2006 | 16563455 |
| attempts to improve on a challenge model for subtype c avian pneumovirus. | respiratory disease caused by avian pneumovirus (apv) has a strong negative impact on the economy of the turkey industry in many countries. progress in developing vaccines against this infection in the us has been slow partly because of the lack of a consistent challenge model to conduct vaccine efficacy studies. this study was designed to determine whether in vivo passages of a us isolate of apv, designated subtype c (apv-c), would increase virus virulence, leading to consistent clinical signs ... | 2006 | 16595303 |
| comparison of the efficacy of four antimicrobial treatment schemes against experimental ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkey poults pre-infected with avian pneumovirus. | the clinical efficacy of drinking-water administration of enrofloxacin for 3 and 5 days, amoxicillin for 5 days and florfenicol for 5 days for the treatment of respiratory disease induced by an experimental ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys pre-infected with avian pneumovirus (apv) was assessed based on clinical, bacteriological and histopathological examinations. experimental groups of 15 susceptible 3-week-old turkeys were each inoculated oculonasally with apv subtype a and ... | 2006 | 16753615 |
| seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus in nigerian poultry. | eight poultry farms in nigeria, including chickens from nine breeder, 14 broiler, 28 pullet, 11 layer, and three cockerel flocks, were tested for antibody seroprevalence to the following poultry viruses of potential economic importance: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian reovirus, avian pneumovirus (apv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and avian leukosis virus (alv). serum samples were collected between 1999 and 2004 and were tested for antibodies u ... | 2006 | 16863071 |
| characterization of human metapneumovirus f protein-promoted membrane fusion: critical roles for proteolytic processing and low ph. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently described human pathogen of the pneumovirus subfamily within the paramyxovirus family. hmpv infection is prevalent worldwide and is associated with severe respiratory disease, particularly in infants. the hmpv fusion protein (f) amino acid sequence contains features characteristic of other paramyxovirus f proteins, including a putative cleavage site and potential n-linked glycosylation sites. propagation of hmpv in cell culture requires exogenous trypsi ... | 2006 | 16971452 |
| interaction between a live avian pneumovirus vaccine and two different newcastle disease virus vaccines in broiler chickens with maternal antibodies to newcastle disease virus. | broiler chicks with maternal antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) but none to avian metapneumovirus (apv) were divided into six groups. one group was kept as an unvaccinated control group. three of the other groups were vaccinated at 1 day old with live apv vaccine or one of two live ndv vaccines (vg/ga or hb1). the remaining two groups received the apv vaccine in combination with either of the two ndv vaccines at 1 day old. at intervals after vaccination for up to 42 days, distribution o ... | 2006 | 17121730 |
| development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) filters. | the aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (ahus) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. an hvac test facility constructed according to ashrae standard 52.2-1999 was used for the controlled loading of hvac filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. nonpathogenic bacillus subtilis var. niger was chosen as a surrogate for bacillus anthracis. three animal viruses; transmissible gastroenteritis virus ( ... | 2006 | 17240906 |
| [human metapneumovirus]. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv), first isolated in the netherlands in 2001, is a member of the genus metapneumovirus of the sub-family pneumovirinae of the family paramyxoviridae. the genomic organization of hmpv is 3'-n-p-m-f-m2-sh-g-l-5'. hmpv resembles the sole member of this genus, avian pneumovirus. hmpv is the most closely related human pathogen to respiratory syncytial virus. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that there were two genetic groups. furthermore, each gro ... | 2006 | 17446666 |
| avian and human metapneumovirus. | pneumovirus infection remains a significant problem for both human and veterinary medicine. both avian pneumovirus (ampv, turkey rhinotracheitis virus) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are pathogens of birds and humans, which are associated with respiratory tract infections. based on their different genomic organization and low level of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) identity with paramyxoviruses in the genus pneumovirus, ampv and hmpv have been classified into a new genus referred to as me ... | 2007 | 17470912 |
| coupled translation of the second open reading frame of m2 mrna is sequence dependent and differs significantly within the subfamily pneumovirinae. | coupled translation, first described in the m2 gene of pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), is an alternative mechanism of translational initiation in which the ribosomes which translate the first (m2-1) open reading frame (orf) move a short distance upstream after termination and reinitiate translation from a second (m2-2) overlapping orf. here, we show that the same mechanism occurs in two closely related viruses, avian pneumovirus (apv) and pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), although wi ... | 2007 | 17522208 |
| serological and molecular detection of avian pneumovirus in chickens with respiratory disease in jordan. | avian pneumovirus (apv) causes upper respiratory tract infection in chickens and turkeys. there is a serious respiratory disease in chickens, resulting in catastrophic economic losses to chicken farmers in jordan. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of apv as a factor in the respiratory disease of chickens in jordan by serological and molecular methods. thirty-eight chicken flocks were examined by competitive elisa (23 broilers, 8 layers, and 7 broiler breeders), and 150 chic ... | 2007 | 17626813 |
| identification of a cd4 t cell epitope in the pneumonia virus of mice glycoprotein and characterization of its role in protective immunity. | pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in mice. infection is associated with high levels of viral replication in the lungs and results in the functional inactivation of pulmonary virus-specific cd8 t cells. due to its similarity to severe human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, pvm infection in mice has been proposed as an alternative rsv model. here, we have delineated the minimal requirements for protective t cell immunity in the pvm model. immunization wit ... | 2007 | 17632195 |
| diminished inflammatory responses to natural pneumovirus infection among older mice. | immune responses to virus infection undergo significant change as part of the aging process. here we examine the inflammatory responses of older, but otherwise immunologically naive mice to infection with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm). although we see no changes in the extent or kinetics of virus replication, we observe diminished local production of inflammatory mediators, including mip-1alpha, je/mcp-1, ifn-gamma and ifn-gamma-induced mig and ip-10, and interleukins (il)-6 and il-17. levels of ... | 2007 | 17655904 |
| bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. | bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. brsv is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded rna genome encoding 11 proteins. the virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type ii pneumocytes. it appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the p ... | 2007 | 17257568 |
| immunization strategies for the prevention of pneumovirus infections. | pneumoviruses, which are viruses of the family paramyxoviridae, subfamily pneumovirinae, are pathogens that infect the respiratory tract of their host species. the human pneumovirus pathogen, human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), has counterparts that infect cows (bovine rsv), sheep (ovine rsv), goats (caprine rsv) and rodents (pneumonia virus of mice). each pneumovirus is host specific and results in a spectrum of disease, ranging from mild upper-respiratory illness to severe bronchiolitis a ... | 2007 | 17408367 |
| an improved method for the recovery of recombinant paramyxovirus vaccine candidates suitable for use in human clinical trials. | we describe a method for the generation of clinical grade, live-attenuated vaccines in vero cells entirely from cdna plasmids. the entire electroporation procedure can be completed in less than 15 minutes and this is a significant improvement over previous lipid or electroporation based transfection techniques that also involve a heat-shock step. importantly, the virus preparations can be generated with a minimal use of animal product derived materials, an important consideration for a vaccine c ... | 2007 | 17210187 |
| mucosal inoculation with an attenuated mouse pneumovirus strain protects against virulent challenge in wild type and interferon-gamma receptor deficient mice. | protective mechanisms underlying the responses to mucosal vaccination are not yet clearly defined. using the natural mouse pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), we explore responses of wild type and interferon-gamma (ifngamma) receptor gene-deleted mice to virulent challenge after mucosal vaccination with an attenuated virus strain. serum neutralizing antibodies develop after intranasal inoculation with 30 pfu of attenuated, replication-competent pvm strain 15, which correlate wit ... | 2007 | 17052820 |
| stimulation of pneumovirus-specific cd8+ t-cells using a non-toxic recombinant ricin delivery system. | internalisation of the plant toxin ricin occurs by retrograde transport which delivers the toxin to the er where it intersects with the mhc class i system for peptide antigen display. here, we describe the generation of an inactivated, non-toxic, ricin molecule fused to a peptide which elicits a cd8+ t-cell response in mice directed against pneumonia virus of mice, a pneumovirus related to human respiratory syncytial virus. the ricin fusion elicited a significant t-cell response when delivered b ... | 2007 | 16650896 |
| first detection of human metapneumovirus in children with respiratory infections in romania. | the human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was first isolated in 2001 in the netherlands (van der hoogen and collaborators) from a nasopharyngeal aspirate sampled from an infant. based on the morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristics, the hmpv was initially classified in the genus metapneumovirus with the avian metapneumovirus (apv), the agent causing the respiratory infections of the upper tract in turkeys and other birds. subsequently, together with the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), it ... | 2007 | 18928061 |
| human metapneumovirus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein interact and provide the minimal requirements for inclusion body formation. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered paramyxovirus of the subfamily pneumovirinae, which also includes avian pneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). hmpv is an important cause of respiratory disease worldwide. to understand early events in hmpv replication, cdnas encoding the hmpv nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (p), matrix protein (m), m2-1 protein and m2-2 protein were cloned from cells infected with the genotype a1 hmpv wild-type strain tn/96-12. hmpv n an ... | 2008 | 18931065 |
| role of t cells in virus control and disease after infection with pneumonia virus of mice. | infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is used as a natural host experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of infection with the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus. we analyzed the contribution of t cells to virus control and pathology after pvm infection. control of a sublethal infection with pvm strain 15 in c57bl/6 mice was accompanied by a 100-fold increase in pulmonary cytotoxic t lymphocytes, 20% of which were specific for pvm. t-cell-deficient mice fail ... | 2008 | 18815308 |
| hvj envelope vector, a versatile delivery system: its development, application, and perspectives. | an efficient and minimally invasive vector system is the "bottle neck" of both gene transfer and drug delivery. numerous viral and non-viral (synthetic) delivery systems have been developed and improved. hemagglutinating virus of japan (hvj, sendai virus) envelope vector is a novel and unique system which combined the advantages of viral and non-viral vectors with the following features and advantages: (1) safe and easy as a "non-viral" transfection reagent; (2) delivery of various molecules inc ... | 2008 | 18588856 |
| loss of function in virus-specific lung effector t cells is independent of infection. | recently, several studies, including those with respiratory syncytial virus, mouse pneumovirus, and simian virus 5, have reported that virus-specific cd8+ effector cells entering the lung as a result of respiratory infection undergo significant loss of function. the impaired function in these cells has been proposed to be the result of infection-induced changes in the lung. although virus-specific effects may contribute to regulation of t cells in the lung, the findings from this study provide e ... | 2008 | 18079210 |
| molecular survey of avian respiratory pathogens in commercial broiler chicken flocks with respiratory diseases in jordan. | acute respiratory tract infections are of paramount importance in the poultry industry. avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian pneumovirus (apv), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) have been recognized as the most important pathogens in poultry. in this study, trachea swabs from 115 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv subtype h9n2, ibv, ndv, and apv by using reverse transcription ... | 2008 | 18281569 |
| melatonin decreases tlr3-mediated inflammatory factor expression via inhibition of nf-kappa b activation in respiratory syncytial virus-infected raw264.7 macrophages. | double-stranded (ds) rna has been identified as a ligand for toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3). respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a single-stranded rna virus and a major respiratory pathogen and pneumovirus in human infants pathogenesis of which relies on early inflammatory and immune events of the host in response to rsv, could be recognized by tlr3 sensing viral dsrna produced during replication. the downstream signaling pathway from tlr3 leads to activation of ifn regulatory factor (irf)-3 and/or ... | 2008 | 18312297 |
| comparison of the seeplex reverse transcription pcr assay with the r-mix viral culture and immunofluorescence techniques for detection of eight respiratory viruses. | this study evaluated the clinical usefulness of a newly introduced multiplex reverse transcription pcr assay (seeplex rv; seegene, inc., seoul, korea) in patients with respiratory symptoms. fifty clinical respiratory specimens (45 from children, 5 from adults) were tested for 8 viruses (influenza virus type a and b, parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, 3, respiratory syncytial virus type a and b, and adenovirus) by seeplex rv (s-rv) and r-mix viral culture with immunofluorescence (vc-if). forty (80%) ... | 2008 | 18316781 |
| pneumonia virus of mice: severe respiratory infection in a natural host. | pneumonia virus of mice (pvm; family paramyxoviridae, genus pneumovirus) is a natural mouse pathogen that is closely related to human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses. among the prominent features of this infection, robust replication of pvm takes place in bronchial epithelial cells in response to a minimal virus inoculum. virus replication in situ results in local production of proinflammatory cytokines (mip-1alpha, mip-2, mcp-1 and ifngamma) and granulocyte recruitment to the lung. if ... | 2008 | 18471897 |
| eosinophils and their interactions with respiratory virus pathogens. | eosinophils are implicated in the pathophysiology of respiratory virus infection, most typically in negative roles, such as promoting wheezing and bronchoconstriction in conjunction with virus-induced exacerbations of reactive airways disease and in association with aberrant hypersensitivity responses to viral vaccines. however, experiments carried out in vitro and in vivo suggest positive roles for eosinophils, as they have been shown to reduce virus infectivity in tissue culture and promote cl ... | 2009 | 18818885 |
| mechanical ventilation enhances lung inflammation and caspase activity in a model of mouse pneumovirus infection. | severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children can progress to respiratory distress and acute lung injury (ali). accumulating evidence suggests that mechanical ventilation (mv) is an important cofactor in the development of ali by modulating the host immune responses to bacteria. this study investigates whether mv enhances the host response to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), a mouse pneumovirus that has been used as a model for rsv infection in humans. balb/c mice were inocul ... | 2009 | 18996903 |
| respiratory viruses in pediatric necropsies: an immunohistochemical study. | infections of the respiratory system are responsible for the majority of hospitalizations and deaths in pediatric patients in developing countries. we selected 177 necropsies of pediatric patients who died as a result of serious respiratory infections. the histopathological findings and epidemiological data were reviewed, and lung tissue samples were separated for immunohistochemistry testing. conventional immunohistochemistry techniques were used to detect viral antigens in formalin-fixed, para ... | 2009 | 19018665 |
| minimum intravenous infectious dose of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv). | the minimum intravenous infectious dose for ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) wlc1 was determined using twenty-four 6month-old lambs. twelve groups of two 6month-old lambs were inoculated intravenously (i.v.) with tissue culture fluid containing ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) wlc1 titers ranging from 10(7.6) tcid(50)/lamb down to 10(-3.4) tcid(50)/lamb and were monitored for seroconversion using the oppv agar gel immunodiffusion assay (agid). fifteen of the 16 lambs given equal ... | 2009 | 19246063 |
| interferon-gamma coordinates ccl3-mediated neutrophil recruitment in vivo. | we have shown previously that acute infection with the respiratory pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), results in local production of the proinflammatory chemokine, ccl3, and that neutrophil recruitment in response to pvm infection is reduced dramatically in ccl3 -/- mice. | 2009 | 19298652 |
| respiratory viruses and eosinophils: exploring the connections. | in this review, we consider the role played by eosinophilic leukocytes in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of respiratory virus infection. the vast majority of the available information on this topic focuses on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; family paramyxoviridae, genus pneumovirus), an important pediatric pathogen that infects infants worldwide. there is no vaccine currently available for rsv. a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine used in a trial in the 1960s elicited immunopathology in re ... | 2009 | 19375458 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in the setting of bone marrow transplantation. | several epidemiologic studies have enhanced our understanding of the impact of respiratory viruses on bone marrow transplant recipients. | 2009 | 19532020 |
| pulmonary eosinophils and their role in immunopathologic responses to formalin-inactivated pneumonia virus of mice. | enhanced disease is the term used to describe the aberrant th2-skewed responses to naturally acquired human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection observed in individuals vaccinated with formalin-inactivated viral ags. here we explore this paradigm with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), a pathogen that faithfully reproduces features of severe hrsv infection in a rodent host. we demonstrate that pvm infection in mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated ags from pvm-infected cells (pvm ags) yi ... | 2009 | 19542471 |
| analysis of antigenic cross-reactivity between subgroup c avian pneumovirus and human metapneumovirus by using recombinant fusion proteins. | avian pneumovirus subgroup c (apv/c) has recently been reported to be more closely related to human metapneumovirus (hmpv) as determined by sequence analysis. to examine the antigenic relationship between apv/c and hmpv, the apv/c fusion (f) gene was cloned and expressed as an uncleaved glycoprotein in a baculovirus system. the reactivity of the apv/c f protein with antibodies against apv subgroups a, b, c, and hmpv was examined by western blot analysis. the results showed that the expressed apv ... | 2009 | 19548897 |
| pneumoviruses infect eosinophils and elicit myd88-dependent release of chemoattractant cytokines and interleukin-6. | eosinophils are recruited to the lung in response to infection with pneumovirus pathogens and have been associated with both the pathophysiologic sequelae of infection and, more recently, with accelerated virus clearance. here, we demonstrate that the pneumovirus pathogens, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), can infect human and mouse eosinophils, respectively, and that virus infection of eosinophils elicits the release of disease-related proinflammatory mediato ... | 2009 | 19652202 |
| microbial contaminations of laboratory mice and rats in taiwan from 2004 to 2007. | limited data are available on the pathogen status of contemporary rodent colonies in taiwan. here we summarized the rodent pathogen diagnostic records of the taiwan national laboratory animal center during a 4-y period that representing approximately 10% of the rodent colonies in taiwan. demand for pathogen diagnostic service increased continuously from 2004 to 2007, with a 20% increase each year. in 2007, more than 20% of the mouse colonies were positive for mouse parvovirus, mouse hepatitis vi ... | 2009 | 19653946 |
| human respiratory syncytial virus a2 strain replicates and induces innate immune responses by respiratory epithelia of neonatal lambs. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a pneumovirus that causes significant respiratory disease in premature and full-term infants. it was our hypothesis that a common strain of rsv, strain a2, would infect, cause pulmonary pathology, and alter respiratory epithelial innate immune responses in neonatal lambs similarly to rsv infection in human neonates. newborn lambs between 2 and 3 days of age were inoculated intrabronchially with rsv strain a2. the lambs were sacrificed at days 3, 6, and ... | 2009 | 19659901 |
| effect of multiple- and single-day enrofloxacin medications against dual experimental infection with avian pneumovirus and escherichia coli in turkeys. | escherichia coli infections are a common cause of respiratory disease in turkeys. to control these respiratory infections in turkeys, drinking water treatment with enrofloxacin is widely used. the current treatment schedule advises a 5-d treatment at 10 mg/kg of bw. because enrofloxacin exerts a concentration-dependent activity, it might be useful to provide this 50 mg/kg total dose in a single-day treatment regimen. therefore, we assessed whether a single-day treatment schedule with 50 mg/kg of ... | 2009 | 19762861 |
| inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue elicited by a protein cage nanoparticle enhances protection in mice against diverse respiratory viruses. | destruction of the architectural and subsequently the functional integrity of the lung following pulmonary viral infections is attributable to both the extent of pathogen replication and to the host-generated inflammation associated with the recruitment of immune responses. the presence of antigenically disparate pulmonary viruses and the emergence of novel viruses assures the recurrence of lung damage with infection and resolution of each primary viral infection. thus, there is a need to develo ... | 2009 | 19774076 |
| efficacy of four enrofloxacin treatment regimens against experimental infection in turkey poults with avian pneumovirus and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. | drinking-water treatment with enrofloxacin is widely used to cure respiratory infections in turkeys. the current treatment regimen advises a 5-day treatment at 10 mg/kg body weight. since enrofloxacin exerts a concentration-dependent activity it might be useful to provide the total treatment dose of 50 mg/kg total dose in a single-day treatment regimen. we therefore assessed whether single-day treatment regimens with 50 mg/kg body weight were clinically equivalent to the advised multiple-day tre ... | 2009 | 19937513 |
| granzyme a- and b-cluster deficiency delays acute lung injury in pneumovirus-infected mice. | lower respiratory tract infection by the human pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus is a frequent cause of acute lung injury in children. severe pneumovirus disease in humans is associated with activation of the granzyme pathway by effector lymphocytes, which may promote pathology by exaggerating proapoptotic caspase activity and proinflammatory activity. the main goal of this study was to determine whether granzymes contribute to the development of acute lung injury in pneumovirus-infected m ... | 2010 | 20018616 |
| clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry. | chickens, turkeys, and other poultry in a production environment can be exposed to stressors and infectious diseases that impair innate and acquired immunity, erode general health and welfare, and diminish genetic and nutritional potential for efficient production. innate immunity can be affected by stressful physiologic events related to hatching and to environmental factors during the first week of life. exposure to environmental ammonia, foodborne mycotoxins, and suboptimal nutrition can dimi ... | 2010 | 20408392 |
| pneumovirus in dogs with acute respiratory disease. | to determine which respiratory viruses circulate among confined dogs, we analyzed nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens from shelter dogs with acute respiratory disease. an unknown virus was isolated. monoclonal antibody testing indicated that it was probably a pneumovirus. pcr and sequence analysis indicated that it was closely related to murine pneumovirus. | 2010 | 20507755 |
| the distinguishing features of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. | acute respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a member of the metapneumovirus genus within the pneumovirinae subfamily of the paramyxoviridae family. though hmpv was only discovered in 2001, a large body of work has already shown that it is the aetiologic agent of a substantial proportion of upper and lower rtis across all age groups in both healthy and immunocompromised hosts throughout the world. rsv, also a ... | 2010 | 20586081 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of a549 cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract disease to which there is no vaccine or efficacious chemotherapeutic strategy. although rna synthesis and virus assembly occur in the cytoplasm, hrsv is known to induce nuclear responses in the host cell as replication alters global gene expression. quantitative proteomics was used to take an unbiased overview of the protein changes in transformed human alveolar basal epithelial cells infected with hrs ... | 2010 | 20647383 |
| inflammatory responses to acute pneumovirus infection in neonatal mice. | the innate immune responses of neonates differ dramatically from those of adults. here we examine the acute inflammatory responses of neonatal and weanling mice infected with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), a rodent pathogen (family paramyxoviridae, genus pneumovirus) that replicates the sequelae of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. | 2010 | 21078159 |
| lactobacillus-mediated priming of the respiratory mucosa protects against lethal pneumovirus infection. | the inflammatory response to respiratory virus infection can be complex and refractory to standard therapy. lactobacilli, when targeted to the respiratory epithelium, are highly effective at suppressing virus-induced inflammation and protecting against lethal disease. specifically, wild-type mice primed via intranasal inoculation with live or heat-inactivated lactobacillus plantarum or lactobacillus reuteri were completely protected against lethal infection with the virulent rodent pathogen, pne ... | 2010 | 21169550 |
| reassessing conflicting evolutionary histories of the paramyxoviridae and the origins of respiroviruses with bayesian multigene phylogenies. | the evolution of paramyxoviruses is still poorly understood since past phylogenetic studies have revealed conflicting evolutionary signals among genes, and used varying methods and datasets. using bayesian phylogenetic analysis of full length single and concatenated sequences for the 6 genes shared among paramyxovirus genera, we reassess the ambiguous evolutionary relationships within the family, and examine causes of varying phylogenetic signals among different genes. relative to a pneumovirus ... | 2010 | 19900582 |
| both nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 of pneumonia virus of mice are inhibitors of the interferon type i and type iii responses in vivo. | infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) provides a convenient experimental pathogenesis model in a natural host for a human respiratory syncytial virus-related virus. extending our previous work showing that the pvm nonstructural (ns) proteins were pathogenicity factors in mice, we identify both the ns1 and ns2 proteins as antagonists of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-a/ß) and ifn-? by use of recombinant pvm (rpvm) with single and combined deletions of the ns proteins (?ns1, ?ns2, and ? ... | 2011 | 21307191 |
| a novel broad-spectrum treatment for respiratory virus infections: influenza-based defective interfering virus provides protection against pneumovirus infection in vivo. | respiratory viruses represent a major clinical burden. few vaccines and antivirals are available, and the rapid appearance of resistant viruses is a cause for concern. we have developed a novel approach which exploits defective viruses (defective interfering (di) or protecting viruses). these are naturally occurring deletion mutants which are replication-deficient and multiply only when coinfection with a genetically compatible infectious virus provides missing function(s) in trans. interference ... | 2011 | 21320545 |
| genomic analysis of a pneumovirus isolated from dogs with acute respiratory disease. | a previously unrecognized virus belonging to the subfamily pneumovirinae and most closely related to murine pneumovirus (mpv) was identified in domestic dogs in 2 related animal shelters. additional diagnostic testing yielded 3 new viral isolates and identified 6 additional pcr positive dogs from other usa locations indicating that its distribution is not geographically limited. nucleotide sequences encompassing 9 of the 10 genes were compared to the only 2 available mpv strains, 15 and j3666. s ... | 2011 | 21324612 |
| plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote host defense against acute pneumovirus infection via the tlr7-myd88-dependent signaling pathway. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. in human infants, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are recruited to the nasal compartment during infection and initiate host defense through the secretion of type i ifn, il-12, and il-6. however, rsv-infected pdc are refractory to tlr7-mediated activation. in this study, we used the rodent-specific pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), to determine the contribution of pdc and tlr7 s ... | 2011 | 21482736 |
| blocking induction of t helper type 2 responses prevents development of disease in a model of childhood asthma. | early-life respiratory viral infections are linked to subsequent development of allergic asthma in children. we assessed the underlying immunological mechanisms in a novel model of the induction phase of childhood asthma. balb/c mice were infected neonatally with pneumonia virus of mice, then sensitized intranasally with ovalbumin following recovery. animals were challenged with low levels of aerosolized ovalbumin for 4 weeks to induce changes of chronic asthma, then received a single moderate-l ... | 2011 | 21501148 |
| viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years. | acute respiratory infection (ari) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. this study aimed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial causes of different severities and clinical manifestations of ari in preschool children from low-income families in north-east brazil. | 2011 | 21533115 |
| animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease. | infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hrsv disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. current animal models include several target species for hrsv, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats and mice, as well as alternative animal pne ... | 2011 | 21571908 |
| canine pneumovirus replicates in mouse lung tissue and elicits inflammatory pathology. | canine pneumovirus (cnpnv) was recently isolated from the respiratory tracts of shelter dogs and shares sequence similarity with the rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm). we show here that cnpnv replicates in and can elicit local proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment to lung tissue and the airways. in contrast to pvm j3666 infection, fatal cnpnv infections are observed only in response to high titer intranasal inocula (>67 tcid(50) units). sera from mice that r ... | 2011 | 21600624 |
| role of the fas/fasl system in a model of rsv infection in mechanically ventilated mice. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children can progress to respiratory distress and acute lung injury (ali) necessitating mechanical ventilation (mv). mv enhances apoptosis and inflammation in mice infected with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), a mouse pneumovirus that has been used as a model for severe rsv infection in mice. we hypothesized that the fas/fas ligand (fasl) system, a dual pro-apoptotic/pro-inflammatory system involved in other forms of lung injury, is required for ... | 2011 | 21743025 |
| The respiratory syncytial virus transcription antiterminator M(2-1) is a highly stable, zinc binding tetramer with strong pH-dependent dissociation and a monomeric unfolding intermediate. | The human respiratory syncytial virus M(2-1) transcription antiterminator is an essential elongation factor required by the RNA polymerase for effective transcription beyond the first two nonstructural genes. Its exclusive presence in pneumovirus among all paramyxovirus suggests a unique function within this small genus. With the aim of understanding its biochemical properties, we investigated this a-helical tetramer by making use of a biophysical approach. We found that the tetramer hydrodynami ... | 2011 | 21877705 |
| Depletion of alveolar macrophages prolongs survival in response to acute pneumovirus infection. | Alveolar macrophages are immunoregulatory effector cells that interact directly with respiratory virus pathogens in vivo. We examined the role of alveolar macrophages in acute infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a rodent pneumovirus that replicates the clinical sequelae of severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We show that PVM replicates in primary mouse macrophage culture, releasing infectious virions and proinflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages isolated from PVM-in ... | 2012 | 22129848 |
| il-21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection. | il-21 is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions, promoting terminal differentiation of b cells, increased ig production, and the development of th17 and t follicular helper cells. il-21 is also implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and has antitumor activity. in this study, we investigated the role of il-21 in host defense to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), which initiates an infection in mice resembling that of respiratory syncytial virus disease in humans. we found that pvm-infected ... | 2012 | 22238461 |