Publications

frequency of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in selected cattle herds.	sera and blood buffy coat samples were obtained from 3,157 cattle in 66 selected herds. antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were detected in 89% of the serum samples by immunoprecipitation or virus-neutralization tests. cytopathic or noncytopathic bvd viruses were isolated from blood buffy coat samples from 60 cattle in 6 herds. a second blood buffy coat sample was obtained from 54 of the 60 cattle 2 months after the initial sampling, and bvd virus was isolated again from each cow. t ...	1985	3000232
response of cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus to vaccination for bovine viral diarrhea and to subsequent challenge exposure with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.	nine steers persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were allotted into 3 groups (3 cattle/group). cattle in group a were vaccinated with a modified-live bvd virus vaccine of porcine cell origin, cattle in group b with a modified-live bvd virus vaccine of bovine cell origin, and cattle in group c with a killed bvd virus vaccine of bovine cell origin. detrimental effects due to vaccination were not seen. six weeks after vaccination, the steers were challenge expo ...	1985	3002214
molecular cloning of bovine viral diarrhea viral sequences.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) genomic rna was identified as a 12.5-kb single-stranded rna molecule in both infected bovine embryonic kidney cells (bek-1) and partially purified virions. bvd virion rna was partially purified and used as a template for cdna synthesis. bvdv-specific cdna sequences were molecularly cloned and shown to hybridize to infected cell rna but not to uninfected cell rna or dna. a single rna species of 12.5 kb, representing the viral rna genome, was detected in infected ...	1985	2419063
prevalence of antibodies to specific infectious agents in bovine fetuses from a slaughterhouse in minnesota.	sera from 486 bovine fetuses, approximately 60 to 270 days of gestation, were collected at slaughter and tested for the presence of immunoglobulins (ig). one hundred ten (27%) of the sera were positive for igg and/or igm. the earliest age at which fetuses tested positive for igm and igg was estimated to be 100 and 120 days, respectively. ig concentration increased with increased age of the fetus. sera that were positive for ig were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to five different ...	1985	16726037
production of monoclonal antibodies against swine fever virus and their use in laboratory diagnosis.	thirteen hybridoma cell lines which secrete monoclonal antibodies (mcas) against swine fever virus (sfv) strain brescia were produced. the hybrid cells resulted from fusion of p3x63-ag8.653 myeloma cells with splenocytes of balb/c mice which had been immunized with purified sfv. screening of supernatant fluids was performed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma). the ipma, and an immunoperoxidase test (ipt) performed on cryostat se ...	1986	2428160
safety of a temperature-sensitive vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus in pregnant cows.	safety tests were conducted in 78 pregnant cows vaccinated with a commercial preparation of a temperature-sensitive vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus. after vaccination, seroconversion was detected in 33 (97%) of 34 cattle that did not have antibodies against bvd virus. overall, 43 (91%) of 47 cows with prevaccination titers less than or equal to 4 seroconverted. during the test period, cows did not become naturally infected with bvd virus, and bvd-associated reactions to the v ...	1986	3008601
seroepizootiology of types 3 and 7 adenoviruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus infections of beef cattle from birth to first parturition.	twenty-nine female angus cattle were monitored from birth until 24 months of age for infection with types 3 and 7 adenoviruses (av3, av7) and bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus by virus isolation and neutralization tests. twenty-seven animals remained in the study for 450 days, whereas 16 animals remained at the conclusion of the tests. viruses were not isolated from test animals. seroepizootiologic examination indicated that there were 28 infections with av3, 33 infections with av7, and 13 infec ...	1986	3008611
a technique to obviate the risk of inadvertent infection of cell cultures with bovine viral diarrhoea virus.	when bovine embryonic kidneys collected at the gorgie abattoir, edinburgh were examined for evidence of infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), 11 out of 26 kidneys were found to be positive. a technique that detected the presence of inadvertent bvdv in cell cultures consisted of processing and digesting the kidneys to produce cell suspensions, adding dimethyl sulphoxide and dispersing the suspensions in small aliquots that were stored frozen at - 114 degrees c. one aliquot was cultu ...	1986	3013952
cellular inflammatory response in the lungs of calves exposed to bovine viral diarrhea virus, mycoplasma bovis, and pasteurella haemolytica.	three, 5, or 7 days after inoculation with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus (n = 12) or mycoplasma bovis (n = 12), groups of calves were exposed to aerosols of pasteurella haemolytica and were euthanatized 4 hours later. histologic lesions in the lungs and the ratios of neutrophils to alveolar macrophages, collected by bronchoalveolar lavage, were compared with those of clinically healthy calves (n = 8) and calves inoculated with bvd virus only (n = 4), m bovis only (n = 4), or p haemolytica on ...	1986	3014929
evidence for an immunocompromising effect of bovine pestivirus on bovid herpesvirus 1 vaccination.	five calves were given live intranasal vaccine against bovid herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) two days after intranasal inoculation of bovine pestivirus (bvdv). another 5 were vaccinated in the absence of bvdv. control unvaccinated groups were also maintained. all calves were challenged with virulent bhv1. the unvaccinated calves developed signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) and both vaccinated groups showed a similar degree of clinical protection from ibr. those given bvdv before vaccination s ...	1986	3016976
neutralization kinetics of bovine viral diarrhea virus by hyperimmune serum: one or multi-hit mechanism.	the kinetics of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus neutralization (vn) by hyperimmune serum followed first order kinetics at low dilutions (1:8 and 1:16) of hyperimmune bovine serum. a lag phase in the vn curve occurred when the serum was further diluted. addition of rabbit anti-bovine igg, but not anti-igm, significantly increased the degree of vn after bvd virus was reacted with further diluted (1:256 dilution) anti-bvd bovine hyperimmune serum. incubation of virus-hyperimmune serum (1:64 dilut ...	1986	3021386
development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of bovine serum antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus.	an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in bovine serum. the elisa results were compared with those of the serum neutralisation test (snt) using serums from 6 experimentally infected calves bled at intervals from 0 to 154 days postinfection and 886 field samples. the optical density (od) produced by a single dilution of test serum was compared with a standard curve and the result expressed in elisa units. despite wide v ...	1986	3026300
herd problem of abortions and malformed calves attributed to bovine viral diarrhea.	a herd problem of abortions and the birth of malformed calves developed subsequent to a transient febrile illness in adult cows. the herd was not vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea (bvd). bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from blood of one calf. the problem continued for 8 months. the entire herd was vaccinated with a killed bvd virus product. no further problems developed. this herd problem illustrates one of the many recognized clinical manifestations of bvd.	1986	3957770
a live pasteurella haemolytica vaccine efficacy trial.	a live pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 vaccine was used in an efficacy trial conducted on 100 lightweight feeder calves purchased from a florida ranch. forty-one calves were inoculated with the vaccine intradermally in the neck. fifty-nine calves served as nonvaccinated controls. fourteen days later, the calves were shipped to an order buyer in eastern tennessee, where the calves were mixed with 60 local calves in a community sale barn for 72 hours. after 3 additional days, the calves were sh ...	1986	3514562
hyena disease in cattle: a review.	hyena disease was first reported in france in 1975 and since then has been recognized in many countries. it is currently regarded as a disorder of skeletal development, mainly localised in the pelvic limbs of young cattle. some investigators consider that it is a metabolic disease but the authors believe that it may be caused by a virus. their hypothesis, according to which bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus is involved, is based on epidemiological, histopathological and immunological ...	1986	3518208
lymphocyte blastogenesis and neutrophil function in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	neutrophil function and mononuclear cell proliferative responses to mitogens were determined in healthy cattle and in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus. uptake of [3h]thymidine by resting and mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly lower in cattle persistently infected with bvd virus than in healthy cattle. neutrophils from cattle persistently infected with bvd virus had significantly impaired capability to ingest staphylococcus a ...	1986	3717739
border disease in a flock of sheep: epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical findings.	a flock of sheep in which border disease (bd) was enzootic was studied through a breeding season. at the beginning of the study (august 1981), 125 (82%) of 152 ewes were seropositive to the cross-reacting bovine viral diarrhea virus. within 7 months, 3 (18%) of 17 seropositive ewes retested had reverted to seronegative. of the remaining 21 ewes identified as seronegative, 7 (33%) converted to seropositive by the end of the study. triplet lambs were born, 2 of which exhibited clinical signs of bd ...	1986	3733503
study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves.	bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was the viral agent most commonly identified in 14 epizootics of pneumonia in dairy calves. a microtiter serum-virus neutralization test proved to be the best means of identifying involvement of brsv; seroconversion (fourfold or greater rise in titer) was demonstrated in 10 of the 14 epizootics. only limited involvement of bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, and bovine adenovirus type 3 was recogni ...	1986	3733504
pestivirus fetopathogenicity in cattle: changing sequelae with fetal maturation.	the events which followed the introduction of a heifer into a dairy herd were consistent with the animal being persistently infected with bovine diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus. obvious damage was limited to the progeny of cows which were in the first 168 days of gestation at that time. only fetuses up to 81 days of gestation at the putative time of introduction of infection became persistently infected in calfhood and, although they exhibited body tremor, two such calves necropsied at three mon ...	1986	3753809
bovine virus diarrhea--clinical syndromes in dairy herds.	bovine virus diarrhea (bvdv) was diagnosed as the major etiological agent in 10 dairy herd disease outbreaks. the outbreaks varied between herds in time of onset in individual cattle, signs, morbidity, and clinical course. a definitive diagnosis was obtained by viral isolation from whole blood samples in each herd. each herd problem and its clinical course was described in detail. a discussion of current knowledge pertaining to bvd--the disease and the virus--follows. the importance of strain va ...	1987	3802830
abortion, stillbirth and illthrift in cattle associated with mucosal disease virus.		1987	3579761
pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection of cattle.	an outline of the clinical diseases that arise following bvdv infection is given. isolates of bvdv can be separated into two forms non-cytopathic and cytopathic depending on their effect on cell cultures. in utero infection of the foetus with non-cytopathic virus may result in a number of syndromes, such as abortions, stillbirths or weak calves. it may also result in the birth of calves with a persistent viraemia and these animals may later develop mucosal disease as a result of superinfection w ...	1987	3619343
molecular specificity of the antibody responses of cattle naturally and experimentally infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes.	the specificity of the humoral igg response of cattle naturally or experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was studied by radioimmunoprecipitation. serum samples were tested against radiolabeled lysates of cells infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bvdv. a biotype-specific serologic marker was not detected. the specificity of the igg induced in cows naturally or experimentally infected with either bvdv biotype was essentially the same. a strong igg respo ...	1987	3434896
frequency of association of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus with mononuclear leukocytes from persistently infected cattle.	all mononuclear leukocytes and t lymphocyte-enriched and b lymphocyte-enriched subpopulations of mononuclear leukocytes collected from 8 cows persistently infected with 1 of 3 isolates of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus were tested for association with virus. for all persistently infected cows, approximately 4.4% of all mononuclear leukocytes, 5.4% of t lymphocyte-enriched, and 2.1% of b lymphocyte-enriched subpopulations of mononuclear leukocytes were associated with virus. difference ...	1987	3499835
competitive and blocking enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of fetal bovine serum antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus.	a competitive blocking enzyme-linked immunoassay (celia) was developed to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) antibodies in undiluted fetal bovine serum (fbs). the celia was based on competition of serum bvdv antibodies with biotin-labelled anti-bvdv immunoglobulins (ig) for a limited quantity of solid-phase bvdv antigen. antigen preparation was simple, fbs could be tested undiluted, and detergent-containing washes were unnecessary. a series of dilutions of postnatal bovine bvdv antiserum ...	1987	3031112
immunologic and virologic findings in a bull chronically infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.	depressed lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to mitogen stimulation, depressed iodination of protein by neutrophils, and enhanced ingestion of staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils were detected in a bull with chronic bovine viral diarrhea (bvd). before developing chronic bvd, the bull was vaccinated with a killed cytopathic bvd virus. neutralizing antibodies specific for the vaccine virus were detected in serum specimens obtained from the bull immediately before death. a noncytopathic bvd viru ...	1987	3032879
double-immunolabeling systems for phenotyping of immune cells harboring bovine viral diarrhea virus.	optimal staining conditions were defined for simultaneous detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and mononuclear leukocyte surface antigens in tissue sections and cytospins. because of the extreme lability of the virus antigens and the variable stability of the epitopes on the cell differentiation antigens, cryopreservation had to be used. this method gives slightly sub-optimal preservation of morphology. however, the specificity and sensitivity of the immunolabeling ensured reliable id ...	1987	3033062
cell-protective monoclonal antibodies to bovine enterovirus-3 and partial or no activity against other serotypes.	preparation of monoclonal antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv) yielded some hybridoma cells that secreted monoclonal antibodies against the madin-darby bovine kidney cells. the anti-cellular monoclonal antibodies reacted with other bovine cells (bovine turbinate and testicle) but not with cell lines derived from other animal species. subclones derived from one hybridoma partially blocked the infectivity of bvdv, possibly through the binding of the monoclonal antibodies with an epitop ...	1987	3033333
differences in virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected by cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease virus.	two biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus are present in nature: one that induces cytopathology in infected bovine cells and the other that infects cells without overt cytopathology. infections with both types of virus yield similar amounts of infectious progeny virus. field and laboratory isolates of both biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were analyzed by radioimmunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of infected cell extracts. the noncytopathic bi ...	1987	3033887
variation in the intracellular polypeptide profiles from different isolates of bovine virus diarrhoea virus.	variation of the intracellular polypeptides induced in calf testis cells by 5 cloned isolates of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was examined. three of the isolates were cytopathic (nadl, c 2415 and pe 515 c) and two were non-cytopathic (c 1226 and pe 515 nc) in these cells. the isolates pe 515 c and pe 515 nc were both isolated from an animal with clinical signs of mucosal disease. in cells infected with nadl, 8 virus specific proteins (vp 1 to vp 8) with molecular weights ranging from 120, ...	1987	3034204
characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus-specific proteins in bovine cells.	the presence of virus-specific polypeptides in bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease (bvd) virus-infected bovine cells was studied by radiolabelling in the presence of a hypertonic initiation block (hib) and by analysis by sds-page. these experiments were complemented by radioimmunoprecipitations with anti-bvd hyperimmune serum of infected cells labelled under isotonic conditions. a total of 12 polypeptides (mr 165, 135, 118, 80, 75, 62, 56 to 58, 48, 37, 32, 35 and 19, all x 10(-3)) were ident ...	1987	3035061
glycoproteins of bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in infected bovine cells.	bovine cell cultures infected with bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease (bvd) virus were radiolabelled with l-[35s]methionine or d-[2-3h]mannose followed by analysis of the labelled polypeptides by radioimmunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in one and two dimensions. six glycoproteins were detected in infected cells. two abundant species had mr of 48k and 56k to 58k while the less abundant species had mr of 118k, 75k, 65k and 25k. when cells were radiolabelled with l-[35s] ...	1987	3035062
effect of bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus infection on salmonella infection in calves.	the possibility that bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection could aggravate concurrent salmonella infections was investigated in two series of experiments with salmonella dublin and s typhimurium. in both series of experiments the clinical signs tended to be more severe in dual infections than in those with salmonella alone. faecal excretion of s dublin was similar in both single and dual infected calves. a protracted bacteraemia occurred only in two dual infected calves, one of which die ...	1987	3035663
demonstration of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of persistently infected, clinically normal cattle.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbl) from cattle known to be persistently viraemic with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) following a foetal infection, were examined for the presence of viral antigens and cell-associated infectious virus. using immunocytochemical techniques, physical separations of pbl subsets and virus isolation techniques (directly and by cocultivation) it was found that infection occurred in b and t lymphocytes, monocytes, and a group of cells designated null cells for ...	1987	3037018
comparison by the neutralisation assay of pairs of non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus isolated from cases of mucosal disease.	neutralising antibody to non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was assayed in a microtitre test in which cultures of calf testis cells were stained by the immunoperoxidase method to detect viral replication. fourteen bvdv strains were compared in cross neutralisation tests with antisera prepared in gnotobiotic calves. ten of the strains comprised five pairs of non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic bvdv. each pair was isolated from an animal with muc ...	1987	3037765
bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected mdbk monolayer as antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the measurement of antibodies in bovine sera.	a specific elisa for the detection of igg antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) has been developed and was compared with the seroneutralization (sn) titers for a total of 60 bovine serum samples. a bvdv-infected madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cell monolayer served as test antigen. the following results were obtained: a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.63 (p less than 0.01) between bvdv-elisa and sn titer in bvdv-seroconverted animals and 0.71 for all sera, including that fro ...	1987	3037768
bovine viral diarrhea virus: a review.		1987	3038804
molecular cloning of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic rna.	the genomic rna from bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvd) was cloned in e. coli. the complete sequence has been obtained and the genomic organization has been deduced. some of the bvd specific cdna have been expressed in bacteria, eucaryotic cells and in vitro. we suggest that bvdv belongs to a new family different from togaviridae and flaviviridae.	1987	3039900
pathogenesis and epidemiology of border disease.	the pathogenesis of bd virus infection of sheep is reviewed briefly. the most serious consequences occur when susceptible pregnant sheep are infected. the virus crosses the placenta readily and can cause foetal death with resorption, mummification or stillbirths. other lambs survive, however, and are born with varying degrees of tremor and/or hairy fleeces. many such "hairy-shaker" lambs die shortly after birth but survivors gradually recover. these survivors plus other apparently normal lambs c ...	1987	3039901
comparison of methods for concentration and purification of bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the nadl strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was concentrated by hollow fiber ultrafiltration or polyethylene glycol and purified by centrifugation through sucrose or potassium tartrate gradients. the protein content of polyethylene glycol concentrates was much lower than that of ultrafiltration concentrates. conversely, recoveries of infectivity were greater using polyethylene glycol (100%) as compared to ultrafiltration (50%). sucrose or potassium tartrate density gradients appeared c ...	1987	2822746
frequency of persistent infection of cattle with bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus in epidemic areas.		1987	2828731
neutralizing antibody development following sequential inoculation of pigs with strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus.		1987	2830743
high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and immunological characterization of soluble bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen.	sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis of the protein extracts from bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv, singer strain) infected primary calf testicle cells (soluble antigen) showed the presence of four virus specific polypeptides of 105, 90, 84 and 67 kilodaltons (kd) the 84-kd being the most abundant. anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) of soluble antigen separated the virus specific polypeptides in individual peaks while the ...	1988	2832429
serological investigations for some bacterial and viral pathogens in fallow deer (cervus dama) and wild boar (sus scrofa) of the san rossore preserve, tuscany, italy.	sera of 43 fallow deer (cervus dama) of the san rossore preserve (tuscany, italy) were examined for antibodies against eight pathogens; one proved positive for brucella sp., 21 for listeria monocytogenes, 34 for chlamydia psittaci, three for coxiella burnetii, one for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, 11 for parainfluenza-3 virus, 25 for bovine viral diarrhea virus and six for bovine respiratory syncytial virus. no age and sex difference in the positivity rates and titers was evidenced, w ...	1988	2832622
monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity segregate isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus into groups. brief report.	isolates of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were differentiated by monoclonal antibodies (moabs) reactive with the 56 kd viral polypeptide. patterns of neutralizing activity of the moabs indicate that multiple epitopes are involved in virus neutralization.	1988	2833200
immunofluorescence of bovine virus diarrhea viral antigen in white blood cells from experimentally infected immunocompetent calves.	a study to evaluate the detection of bovine virus diarrhea viral antigen using immunofluorescence testing of white blood cells was conducted. five colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated intravenously with a cytopathic strain of the virus. lymphocyte and buffy coat smears were prepared daily for direct immunofluorescent staining for detection of antigen. lymphocytes were separated from heparinized blood using a ficoll density procedure. buffy coat smears were prepared from centrifuged blood sa ...	1988	2836047
detection of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus in cell culture with an immunoperoxidase test.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) antigen was detected in cell culture with an indirect immunoperoxidase (ip) procedure using a specific monoclonal antibody, and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. cytopathic and noncytopathic strains of the virus showed similar patterns of ip staining until 3 days post-infection. at six days post-infection, intensity of staining decreased in cell cultures infected with noncytopathic virus, but not with cytopathic virus. the ip procedure detected bvdv antigen ...	1988	2836466
evaluation of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 shedding from feedlot cattle.	a total of 457 nasal swab specimens from cases of respiratory disease in 2 feed lots were evaluated for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) by elisa. thirty-three were found to be positive for bhv-1 by the recovery of infectious virus and 21 of these were positive by elisa, yielding a sensitivity of 64%. fifteen other virus isolations were made and included bovine viral diarrhea viruses, rhinoviruses and parainfluenza type 3 viruses; none of these cases were positive with the bhv- ...	1988	2836986
prevalence of antibodies to seven viruses in a flock of ewes in minnesota.	blood samples were collected from a flock of healthy ewes at a university of minnesota research station. sera from these blood samples were tested for antibodies against 7 viruses, using 3 tests (eg, virus-neutralization test for bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine adenovirus type 3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus; hemagglutination inhibition test for parainfluenza virus type 3; and agar-gel immunodiffusion test for lentivirus of ovine progressive ...	1988	2837112
response of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus to bovine leukosis virus.	six cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and seronegative, and two control, virus negative seropositive cattle were inoculated with lymphocytes infected with bovine leukosis virus (blv). the two controls produced a normal immune response to blv, developing antibodies at four and five weeks after inoculation. two of the six cattle persistently infected with bvdv developed a strong antibody response by six weeks after inoculation with blv. four developed a depresse ...	1988	2837860
identification of hog cholera viral isolates by use of monoclonal antibodies to pestiviruses.	a collection of 90 field isolates of hog cholera virus (hcv) was used to test the specificity of four hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against pestiviruses. reaction of virus isolates and monoclonal antibodies was controlled by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). two monoclonal antibodies which had been generated against hc virus strain "alfort 187" were reactive only with hcv field isolates and an hcv reference strain but not with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) ...	1988	2837867
influence of interferons alpha i1 and gamma and of tumour necrosis factor on persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in vitro.	non-cytopathic strains of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) readily establish persistent infections in cells of bovine origin. the involvement of endogenous interferon (ifn) on the maintenance of the infection level, as well as the effect of exogenous ifn and tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), was studied. although exogenous ifn suppressed the spread and replication of virus, it did not cure the infection, even when continuously present over many cell passages. tnf-alpha alone had no an ...	1988	2838577
molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the rna genome of the cytopathic nadl isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) has been molecularly cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. the cloned sequence was 12,573 nucleotides in length, corresponding to a molecular weight of 4.3 x 10(6), having a base composition of 32.2% a, 25.7% g, 22.1% u, and 20.0% c. however, the sequences at the 5' and 3' termini of the rna have not been unequivocally established. a single major open reading frame extending the length of the molecule wa ...	1988	2838957
proteins encoded by bovine viral diarrhea virus: the genomic organization of a pestivirus.	the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) contains a single large open reading frame capable of encoding 449 kda of protein. short segments from along the length of the molecularly cloned bvdv genome were engineered so as to be expressed as bacterial fusion polypeptides in escherichia coli. these bvdv analog fusion proteins were used as immunogens to generate a panel of sequence-specific antisera. these antiserum reagents were in turn employed in immunoprecipitation analyses to identify t ...	1988	2838958
[the occurrence of antibodies against bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (border disease) in sheep].		1988	2840047
prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in tanzanian cattle.	a serological survey to determine the prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (bvd-md) virus was conducted on 419 bovine serum samples originating from 18 of 20 regions (except mwanza and shinyanga) of the tanzania mainland. the sera were a small proportion of samples collected for the appraisal of immune response to rinderpest vaccination. the survey indicated that the virus is prevalent in cattle populations and approximately 12% of sera tested contained demonstrable ...	1988	2840761
viral and viral protein specificity of antibodies induced in cows persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.	neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were detected in 3 cows persistently infected with noncytopathic bvd virus after vaccination with modified-live cytopathic bvd virus. neutralizing antibodies detected in serum samples from each persistently infected cow at 3 weeks after vaccination were highly specific for certain isolates of cytopathic bvd virus and reacted only with a viral protein with a molecular weight of 53,000. neutralizing antibodies to 1 of ...	1988	2844105
comparisons of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus with members of the flaviviridae.	the molecular features of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), a member of the pestivirus genus currently classified in the togaviridae, were examined for characteristics resembling those of the flaviviridae family. like flaviviruses, bvdv possesses a single-stranded rna genome (approx. 4.3 x 10(6) mr) deficient in a 3' poly(a) tract. this rna has a single open reading frame spanning the length of the genome in the viral rna sense (positive polarity), implying an expression strategy involving th ...	1988	2844971
transmission of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) by artificial insemination (ai) with semen from a persistently-infected bull.	twelve heifers that did not have antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) were inseminated with semen from a bull that was persistently infected with the virus and contained 10(4.0)-10(6.5) tcid50 0.1 ml-1. all 12 became infected, as indicated by seroconversion within 2 weeks of insemination. four control heifers were inseminated with virus-free semen. the virus was not transmitted to these animals in spite of close contact with the heifers inseminated with the infected semen. all the h ...	1988	2845636
effect in vitro of bovine viral diarrhea virus on bovine embryos with the zona pellucida intact, damaged and removed.	the in vitro effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) on the survival of day 7 to day 7.5 bovine embryos collected from superovulated donors was studied. fifty-four experimental embryos with the zona pellucida (zp) intact, damaged or removed were exposed to 1 x 10(4) tcd50/ml of the nadl cytopathic strain of bvdc at 37 degrees c for 24 hrs and compared to 36 control embryos that were cultured for 24 hr. seven embryos with the zp-removed were similarly exposed for 48 hrs and compared to five ...	1988	2845638
natural infections of pigs with bovine viral diarrhoea virus associated with signs resembling swine fever.	between 1976 and 1985 while using immunofluorescence in the laboratory diagnosis of swine fever (sf), 13 incidents of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection were detected in the netherlands. ultimate differentiation between swine fever virus (sfv) and bvdv was based on herd evidence supported by comparative antibody studies on sera from pigs inoculated with the isolate and from contact pigs in the herd of origin, using reference strains of sfv and bvdv. recently differentiation of sfv and ...	1988	2848298
bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections in piglets born to sows vaccinated against swine fever with contaminated vaccine.	on eight farms a congenital pestivirus infection in piglets was detected which could be traced to vaccination of the dams against swine fever (sf). viruses isolated from the piglets were not recognised by monoclonal antibodies (mcas) against swine fever virus (sfv) and were shown to be bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) or border disease virus. the expected 'chinese' strain of sfv could not be demonstrated in the batch of vaccine that had been used on these farms. instead, a contaminating pesti ...	1988	2848299
molecular cloning of complementary dna from a pneumopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its diagnostic application.	a pneumopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus was grown in cell culture and purified. genomic ribonucleic acid was extracted, polyadenylated at the 3' end, and copied into complementary dna after oligo-dt priming. complementary dna was male double stranded and cloned into the puc9 plasmid. approximately 200 complementary dna clones varying in length from 0.5 to 2.5 kilobases were obtained. hybridization assays indicated that the sequences isolated were specific for bovine viral diarrhea v ...	1988	2848623
failure to induce mucosal disease in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone.		1988	2849293
typing of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus reference and canadian field strains using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody.	cytopathic and noncytopathic reference strains as well as canadian field isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus were analyzed by neutralization and immunofluorescence tests using a bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody. results on reference strains indicated three major antigenic groups: i) nadl-like, ii) new york 1-like and iii) oregon c24v-like. field isolates could be segregated into groups i and ii and none could be typed into the group iii. it appears that m ...	1988	2450629
bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins: heterogeneity of cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic strains and evidence of a 53k glycoprotein neutralization epitope.	intracellular virus-induced polypeptides from 3 cytopathogenic and 2 non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus reference strains were analyzed by radioimmunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using a specific bovine multivalent antiserum and a neutralizing bvd-virus monoclonal antibody. electrophoretic patterns of major proteins demonstrate extensive variation between strains. most notably, a major 80,000 (80k) polypeptide was present in all cytopathogenic strains b ...	1988	2454527
monoclonal antibody analyses of cytopathic and noncytopathic viruses from fatal bovine viral diarrhea virus infections.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognize the two major glycoproteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bdv) was used to evaluate the antigenic relationship between cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) viruses isolated from cattle dead or dying from fatal bdv infections. various unrelated bdv isolates were initially screened by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies directed against the 56- to 58- and 48-kilodalton glycoproteins of the virus. a wide spectrum of reactivity ...	1988	2455820
a rapid, quantitative assay for titration of bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus.	an end point dilution microtitration assay is described that can be used for the titration of both cytopathic and non-cytopathic isolates of bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus. indirect immunofluorescence is used to detect infected mdbk cells in the wells of terasaki plates. the virus titre is derived from the number of uninfected wells, using the poisson distribution. the assay is simple, fast and economical. titres of cytopathic virus determined by the microtitration assay and standa ...	1988	2466364
induction of mhc class ii antigens on bovine cells of nonlymphoid origin by recombinant bovine interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.	to test a hypothesis that immune mechanisms may be involved in the disease process in cattle persistently infected with and immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus, the effect of interferon-alpha i 1 (ifn-alpha i 1) and -gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) on bovine endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cell class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene product expression was investigated. untreated control cultures did not express mhc class ii antigens. howeve ...	1988	3139783
prevalence and specificity of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in sera from feedlot and range cattle.	the specificity of serum antibodies for the polypeptides of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was examined, using sera obtained from feedlot and range cattle. test results in sera from feedlot cattle indicated a 60% rate of seroconversion and 95% seropositivity to brsv, associated with lack of clinical signs indicative of respiratory tract disease. exposure to other common respiratory tract viruses also was high (greater than or equal to 92% to bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine viral dia ...	1988	3178027
reproductive difficulties in cattle with antibody titers to haemophilus somnus.	a herd of holstein cows was examined because of suspected embryonic death. four cows had embryonic loss, and 2 cows had aborted. paired serum samples were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and haemophilus somnus. of 16 cows, 8 had antibody titers to h somnus greater than 1:1,024, and 3 had greater than or equal to four-fold changes in antibody titers to h somnus. haemophilus somnus infection was active in this herd and may have been re ...	1988	3192475
in situ characterization of mononuclear leukocytes in skin and digestive tract of persistently bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected clinically healthy calves and calves with mucosal disease.	the phenotypic identity of mononuclear leukocytes in skin and digestive tract of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-infected animals was examined using sensitive single and double labeling immunocytochemical techniques. occurrence and distribution of b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes of either the helper (bot4) or suppressor/cytotoxic (bot8) subsets, and macrophages (m phi) were examined. no differences were found in the skin and digestive tract of persistently infected clinically healthy calves and ...	1988	3261471
flow cytofluorimetric analysis of lymphocyte subset alterations in cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	clinically normal, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-seronegative, 7 to 9-month-old steers were inoculated intranasally with ny-1, a noncytopathic strain of bvdv, or exposed intramuscularly to killed bvdv. indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte subsets followed by flow cytometric analysis was used to monitor subsequent hematologic alterations. infection with bvdv resulted in a transient leukopenia which was characterized by decreases in the ...	1988	3293305
validation of disease diagnoses reported to the national animal health monitoring system from a large colorado beef feedlot.	clinical observation and collection of biological specimens from a large beef feedlot (approximately 30,0000 animals) were used to evaluate 6 approaches for validation of a disease reporting system. data collected during a 12-month period were used to evaluate each approach. a subsample of disease cases reported to the national animal health monitoring system (nahms) was compared with the clinical observations of the investigators. although the agreement between clinical diagnosis by the nahms v ...	1988	3372333
fertility of cows challenged with a cytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus during an outbreak of spontaneous infection with a noncytopathic strain.	during an attempt to accumulate 40 bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) seronegative cows for breeding and for intramuscular infection on day 21 of gestation, a persistently infected cow was inadvertently included among the first group of seronegative animals assembled. this animal proceeded to infect all seronegative animals added to the experimental herd. since the addition of cows was gradual and they were bred as they arrived, a group of cows was bred before they seroconverted, another group w ...	1988	16726367
new concepts in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the new information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of mucosal disease of cattle is reviewed. it is now known that clinical mucosal disease occurs only in cattle which were infected with a pestivirus in early gestation and were born with persistent viral infection and specific immunotolerance. these animals may be clinically normal at birth but may develop fatal mucosal disease, perhaps following superinfection with another pestivirus, usually between 6 and 24 months of age. they may also r ...	1988	17423063
association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with multiple viral infections in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks.	we investigated eleven outbreaks of naturally occurring bovine respiratory diseases in calves and adult animals in the st-hyacinthe area of quebec. specific antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3 virus, reovirus type 3, and serotypes 1 to 7 of bovine adenovirus were found in paired sera from diseased animals. several bovine viruses with respiratory tropism were involved concomitantly in herds during an outbreak of bovine ...	1988	17423116
viruses and virus-like particles detected during examination of feces from calves and piglets with diarrhea.	a total of 763 fecal or intestinal samples from diarrheic calves and piglets were examined for viral content by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy or cell culture. routine fluorescent antibody and cultural tests detected rotavirus (n=126), coronavirus (n=80) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (n=13). electron microscopy detected rotaviruses (n=24) and coronaviruses (n=17) not identified by standard fluorescent antibody tests. other viruses detected by electron microscopy included breda virus-l ...	1989	17423455
detection and elimination of carrier animals in a dairy herd persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.		1989	2488357
viral antigen distribution in the central nervous system of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	distribution of viral antigens in the central nervous system of 25 cattle with a persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection was studied. using a polyclonal antiserum produced in pigs and the direct immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase technique, bvdv antigen was located exclusively in neurons. predilection sites for viral persistence were cerebral cortex and hippocampus; in other areas of brain and spinal cord, viral antigens were in single neurons or small groups of neurons. the ...	1989	2536511
evaluation of the quality and virological status of semen from bulls acutely infected with bvdv.		1989	2537554
serological comparison of cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease viruses isolated from cattle with mucosal disease.	ten cattle that died with mucosal disease were examined for bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (bvd-md) viruses. both cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bvd-md viruses were isolated concomitantly from 9 of them, and only a cp virus was recovered from the other. then each pair of cp and ncp viruses was compared serologically by a serum neutralization test. each pair of cp and ncp viruses from the same cattle was found to be serologically indistinguishable, although a minor antige ...	1989	2538669
a neutrophil-derived antiviral protein: induction requirements and biological properties.	polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (pmn) have been implicated as playing a role in antiviral defense. in addition to having phagocytic and cytotoxic activities, pmn may produce an antiviral substance with interferon (ifn)-like activity. the product, for which the name polyferon (pf) has been coined, is produced upon direct encounter of pmn with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1)-infected bovine cells or membranes thereof. exposure to purified virus only does not induce pf. the intimate intera ...	1989	2539494
application of peroxidase labelled antibody assays for detection of porcine igg antibodies to hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses.	rapid, sensitive peroxidase labelled antibody (pla) assays using microtiter systems, were developed for detection of hog cholera virus (hcv) and cross-reacting bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) antibodies in pig sera. hcv-infected pig kidney cell line (pk 15) prepared in microtiter plates were fixed and used in pla assays. after inoculation with test serum, bound antibodies (hcv/bvdv) were reacted with either horseradish peroxidase (hrp) conjugated anti-porcine immunoglobulin (h & l) or biotiny ...	1989	2541152
protection against respiratory infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus by passively acquired antibody.	susceptibility to infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was compared for calves with varying amounts of specific antibody in their sera passively acquired from the ingestion of colostrum. challenge consisted of intranasal exposure to a strain of bvdv isolated from an outbreak of respiratory disease. resistance to infection, as judged by nasopharyngeal shedding of virus, was directly related to the titre of neutralizing antibodies in sera. besides protecting against infection of the ...	1989	2541531
efficacy of viral components of a nonabortigenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle.	efficacy and safety of components of an im-administered vaccine for prevention of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), parainfluenza type-3 (pi-3) virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis were evaluated in cattle, including calves and pregnant cows. challenge of immunity tests were conducted in calves for ibrv, pi-3 virus, or bvdv vaccinal components. all inoculated calves developed serum-neutr ...	1989	2542202
experimental infection of cattle in early pregnancy with a cytopathic strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus.	nine pregnant heifers, in early gestation (63 to 107 days), were infected intranasally or in utero with cytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and each dam seroconverted. all nine calves developed to full term; four were stillborn, of which one had seroconverted but virus was not recovered from their tissues. one of the five liveborn calves appeared to have seroconverted in utero to an adventitious bvdv infection in late pregnancy but the remaining four were not viraemic and showed a nor ...	1989	2544969
demonstration of bovine virus diarrhoea virus antigen in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue using a streptavidin/biotin technique.	the detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antigen in sections from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue is described. pre-digestion of the sections with 0.02 per cent protease xiv for 18 hours at 4 degrees c is necessary to unmask formalin fixed antigen. a hyperimmune antiserum prepared in a pig, using a combination of bvdv and hog cholera virus inoculations, linked to a biotinylated anti-pig/streptavidin peroxidase detection system demonstrated antigen in a wide range of tissues ...	1989	2544973
hog cholera virus--characterization of specific antiserum and identification of cdna clones.	a specific antiserum was raised against the pestivirus inducing hog cholera (hog cholera virus, hcv). using immunoprecipitation and sds-page, this antiserum served for comparison of hcv-induced proteins with those from a related and better characterized pestivirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). in addition to immunological relationships, the apparent molecular weights of some proteins induced by both viruses were quite similar. hcv genomic rna was found to be about 12 kb in length, compara ...	1989	2545029
evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus in milk.	the present study shows that milk is an appropriate source for detection of seroreactors to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv). there was close agreement between antibody titres in serum and in skim milk, as determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the antibody titres were usually lower in skim milk than in serum, but all seropositive cows (n = 84) were also skim milk-positive and all but one seronegative cow (n = 55) proved negative in skim milk. during lactation, the level ...	1989	2546339
development of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus after pretreatment of mice with normal bovine cells and cyclophosphamide.	after immunization of mice with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) concentrated by ultracentrifugation only antibodies against normal cellular constituents were detectable. monoclonal and polyclonal anti-bvdv antibodies were obtained, however, after induction of tolerance against normal bovine cellular antigens by pretreatment of adult mice with bovine cells and cyclophosphamide followed by immunization with bvdv containing material.	1989	2547817
severe thrombocytopenia in young calves experimentally infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.	seven calves between 1 week and 2 months of age were infected with a noncytopathic field isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bdv) in order to evaluate the effect of bdv infection on the concentration of circulating platelets in the blood. all calves were determined to be free of bdv and neutralizing antibodies to bdv before infection. platelet counts were performed on a daily basis over a 30-day period beginning at the time of infection. by 2 weeks postinfection, all calves showed a signific ...	1989	2548007
specificity of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies induced in healthy calves by monovalent modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines.	serum was obtained at weekly intervals after vaccination of 6 healthy calves with either of 2 commercially available monovalent modified-live bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus vaccines. detectable neutralizing antibodies to each of 10 cytopathic and 10 noncytopathic isolates of bvd virus were produced by 1 or more of the calves by 14 days after vaccination, but no calf produced detectable neutralizing antibodies to all 20 bvd viruses. at that time, precipitating antibodies against viral-induced ...	1989	2548419
comparative analysis of monoclonal antibodies against pestiviruses: report of an international workshop.	thirty-three pestivirus strains were grown in cell culture and characterized by immunostaining with 19 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against hog cholera virus (hcv), with 42 mabs against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and with 13 mabs against border disease virus (bdv). seven mabs reacted with all pestivirus strains tested, eight mabs detected only the seven hcv strains, three detected only the 16 bvdv strains. no mab was found that was specific for bdv. bvdv and bdv strains were broa ...	1989	2549680
development of a neutralising antibody response to an inoculated cytopathic strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus.	fourteen clinically healthy cattle that were persistently infected with non-cytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and three bvdv-free cattle were inoculated with one of three cytopathic bvdv strains. mucosal disease developed in 12 of the viraemic cattle, resulting in a moribund condition 17 to 99 days after inoculation. two of the viraemic cattle remained clinically healthy until the end of the experiment, 14 months after inoculation. the bvdv-free cattle did not develop clinical signs ...	1989	2552639
characterization of porcine and some ruminant pestiviruses by cross-neutralization.	serologic relationships between 11 pestivirus strains that originated from pigs and five that originated from cattle or sheep were studied by cross-neutralization. experiments were performed with pig and sheep sera raised against the strains. the results were analysed by a computerized taxonomic procedure. the 16 viruses were classified into four distinct serologic groups. all hog cholera virus (hcv) strains were classified in one group; the other three groups consisted of strains that can infec ...	1989	2552645
modulation of the cellular immune responses to t-cell-dependent and t cell-independent antigens in lambs with induced bovine viral diarrhea virus infection.	functional interaction between lymphoid cells and lymphotropic viruses is particularly evident for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cattle and its closely related virus, the border disease virus (bvdv) in sheep. the most important aspect of acute or chronic phases of bvdv or bdv infection was the host's increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial or viral infection. to study the ability of bvdv to alter the development of the cellular immune responses to concomitant inoculation with t c ...	1989	2552879
detergent solubilised bovine viral diarrhea virus elicits a similar immune response as the inactivated virus.	the immune response to two detergent solubilised preparations of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) proteins were compared with the response to a chemically inactivated bvdv preparation. the antibody titres were measured with the standard immunofluorescence assay and with a newly developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the range of viral protein specificity of the antibodies was compared using sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) followed by western blot analysis. the r ...	1989	2558836
prevalence of bovid herpesvirus-4 and its antibody in cattle in minnesota.	serologic analyses and virus isolation studies were carried out to determine the role of bovid herpesvirus-4 (bhv-4) in infections in cattle, principally those of the reproductive tract. serologic analyses were performed, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test on thoracic fluid specimens from aborted fetuses and on sera from 3 sources of adult cattle. virus isolation was attempted from field cases of abortion, early embryo death, and postpartum vulvovaginitis/metritis, using uterine dischar ...	1989	2559632
antigenic differentiation of pestivirus strains with monoclonal antibodies against hog cholera virus.	thirty-one bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) or border disease virus (bdv) strains and 94 hog cholera virus (hcv) strains were grown in cell culture, and characterized by immunostaining with 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and one polyclonal serum (pab) against hcv. all 125 strains were recognized by the pab. none of the bvdv or bdv strains were detected by the 13 mabs. seven mabs detected all 94 hcv strains. six other mabs detected heterogeneity among and within hcv strains. the mabs are usef ...	1989	2560281