Publications

identification of hitherto unrecognized arboviruses from ecuador: members of serogroups b, c, bunyamwera, patois, and minatitlan.	three hundred seventy-nine virus isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected and sentinel hamsters exposed in coastal ecuador from 1974 to 1978. these included four alphaviruses [venezuelan equine encephalitis 1b (1), venezuelan equine encephalitis 1d (35), western equine encephalitis (1) and eastern equine encephalitis (4)]; two flaviviruses [st. louis encephalitis (3) and naranjal (6)]; 11 bunyaviruses [maguari (243), playas (3), vinces (33), turlock (2), abras (5), babahoyo (3), acara (2 ...	1983	6309029
a survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in lombok, republic of indonesia.	sera were collected from humans, cattle, horses, goats, ducks, chickens, wild birds, bats and rats in lombok, indonesia, and were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) for antibodies to je, zika, chik and rr. selected sera were tested by microneutralization tests for antibodies to the following viruses: je, zika, mve, tmu, lgt, kun, sep, den-2, chik, rr, get, sin, bun, bat and bak. human sera had je hi antibody in 135 (30%) of 446 tested. neutralization tests indicated that den-2, zika, tm ...	1983	6309104
[use of species-specific immune ascitic fluids for identifying flaviviruses].		1983	6310897
[epidemic hemorrhagic fevers].		1983	6310907
antiviral activity released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus.	aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus released an agent which inhibited virus production by a. albopictus cells infected with homologous virus. inhibition of virus production was accompanied by a marked reduction in the synthesis of viral rna and viral proteins. expression of the antiviral effect was prevented by pretreatment of cells with actinomycin. no analogous antiviral activity was detected in culture fluids of a. albopictus cells persistently in ...	1983	6312089
the house sparrow (passer domesticus) as a sentinel for st. louis encephalitis virus.	birds are the primary hosts for st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus in most of north america. because the increased prevalence of antibody in house sparrows (passer domesticus) has been related to human cases, this species has been frequently used as a sentinel of sle virus activity in urban areas. this study investigated the susceptibility of house sparrows to two strains of sle virus, measured antibody profiles, and evaluated the use of house sparrows in an urban surveillance system. house spar ...	1983	6312819
a sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (togaviridae) in pakistan.	complement-fixation test reactions to eight viruses of the family togaviridae were studied in 372 serum samples (157 rodents, 172 domestic animals, 43 humans) from pakistan. antibodies to each tested virus were detected. the highest over-all prevalence rates were for west nile (wn) (7.8%), japanese encephalitis (je) (3.2%) and zika (zika) (2.4%) viruses, followed by sindbis (sin), chikungunya (chik), uganda s (ugs) and royal farm (rf) viruses (1.6 to 1.3%). one human serum (male, age 58 years) r ...	1983	6314612
variation in infectivity of saint louis encephalitis viral strains for culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).		1983	6315940
brief-exposure break-bone fever.		1983	6315975
[effect of a bone marrow stimulator of antibody producers on virus-specific antibody formation in animals infected with flaviviruses].	the injection of the marrow stimulator of antibody-producing cells (sapc) into animals infected with japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses stimulated the formation of virus-specific antibodies in the infected animals, increasing antibody production 8- to 16-fold. such sapc-induced stimulation of the formation of virus-specific antibodies is observed in cases of both acute and chronic virus infection. the prospects of using the preparation of sapc are discussed.	1983	6318482
immunofluorescent sites in vero cells infected with the flavivirus kunjin.	the sites of replication and of accumulation of viral macromolecules were examined using fluorescent antibodies to viral products and to cell organelles. synthesis of envelope protein and its accumulation in a narrow rim around the nucleus were detected at 4 hours post infection; concurrently, a progressive change was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum from a fine to a coarse network emanating from around the nucleus. this change in the network was visible by light microscopy. the immun ...	1983	6318692
the replication of rocio virus in brain tissue of suckling mice. study by electron microscopy.	by electron microscopy studies, rocio virus particles were about 43 nm and spherically shaped. they were found within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex of infected neurons. no precursor particles were detected nor virus budding was evident.	1983	6318701
flavivirus infections in chiang mai area, thailand, in 1982.	infection by je virus still constitutes major cause of encephalitis in chiang mai area, although some cases of possible dengue encephalopathy were observed. in spite of many apparent encephalitis cases, infection of vector mosquitoes by je virus was not demonstrated. virus isolation from hospitalized patients showed that the principal type of dengue virus circulating in chiang mai in 1982 was type 1 virus. seroepidemiological survey on healthy humans indicated that the northern part of chiang ma ...	1983	6324386
amino acid compositions and amino-terminal sequences of the structural proteins of a flavivirus, european tick-borne encephalitis virus.	n-terminal amino acid sequences of the three structural proteins e, c, and m of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus comprising 4, 17, and 4 amino acid residues, respectively, have been determined. each of these proteins has a unique n-terminal sequence. since none of the three proteins possesses an n-terminal methionine residue, none contains an unprocessed translation initiation sequence. the amino acid composition of the three proteins has also been analyzed. the c protein is rich in ...	1983	6305006
interference between bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.	inhibition of the replication of alternate california serogroup bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes has been observed for mosquitoes previously infected with la crosse (lac) virus. by contrast, prior infection of mosquitoes with lac virus did not interfere significantly with the subsequent infection and replication of guaroa bunyavirus (bunyamwera serogroup), or heterologous viruses such as west nile flavivirus, or vesicular stomatitis rhabdovirus.	1983	6305019
comparison of biological properties of st. louis encephalitis and rio bravo viruses.	st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, an arbovirus, and rio bravo (rb) virus, a non-arthropod-borne virus, are flaviviruses which cross-react in neutralization tests. several of their biological properties were compared. viral growth curves revealed that greater than 99% of infectious sle (parton) virus remained cell-associated in vero cells but was released slowly into the medium of infected bhk-21 cells. in contrast, rb (m-64) virus was released upon maturation into the fluids of vero and bhk-21 ...	1983	6305222
arthropod-borne virus antibodies in sera of residents of kainji lake basin, nigeria 1980.	a survey for haemagglutination-inhibiting arthropod-borne virus antibody was carried out in the kainji lake area of nigeria. of 267 persons tested, 139 (52%) and 158 (59%) had alphavirus and flavivirus group hi antibody, respectively. the prevalence of antibody to individual virus antigen is as follows: chikungunya, 45%; semliki forest, 25%; sindbis, 33%, yellow fever, 31%, dengue type 2, 46%; and zika 56%. the presence of high antibody rates to chikungunya, dengue type 2 and yellow fever viruse ...	1983	6306872
mode of entry of a neurotropic arbovirus into the central nervous system. reinvestigation of an old controversy.	the mechanism by which neurotropic arboviruses gain access to the central nervous system remains uncertain, although it is generally assumed that viremic infection results in growth across or passive diffusion through brain capillaries. in contrast to the natural reservoir hosts of these arboviruses, clinical hosts (e.g., horses, humans) have viremias of very brief duration and low magnitude. we investigated the question of neuroinvasion in 5- to 6-week-old syrian hamsters infected with st. loui ...	1983	6300550
comparative vector competence of culex tarsalis and culex quinquefasciatus from the coachella, imperial, and san joaquin valleys of california for st. louis encephalitis virus.	st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus has continued to be active in the colorado desert region of southern california (coachella and imperial valleys) since 1973, while it has virtually disappeared from the sacramento and san joaquin valleys of central california. consequently, comparative vector competence studies were undertaken from 1978 to 1981 to evaluate the susceptibility of populations of culex quinquefasciatus and culex tarsalis from the san joaquin and coachella/imperial valleys to oral i ...	1983	6301301
comparisons by peptide mapping of proteins specified by kunjin, west nile and murray valley encephalitis viruses.	the relationships among virus-specified proteins of murray valley encephalitis (mve), kunjin (kun) and west nile (wn) viruses were investigated by peptide mapping of exhaustive proteolytic digests of radioactively labelled polypeptides. maps of the three structural proteins (e, c and m) derived from purified virions and of two non-structural proteins (nv5 and nv4) obtained from infected cells were compared. for each polypeptide considered, the peptide maps of the kun and wn virus-specified prote ...	1983	6326723
primary viraemia responses of herons to experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis, kunjin and japanese encephalitis viruses.	rufous night herons, pacific herons, little egrets and intermediate egrets were experimentally infected with murray valley encephalitis, kunjin or japanese encephalitis viruses. viraemias of at least one day's duration were detected in all birds except two intermediate egrets inoculated with a very low dose of kunjin virus and one rufous night heron inoculated with japanese encephalitis virus. there was usually a viraemia of 3 to 5 days' duration commencing on the first or second day and continu ...	1983	6326724
primary antibody responses of herons to experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses.	antibody responses of rufous night herons (nycticorax caledonicus) and little egrets (egretta garzetta) following infection with murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses were determined. haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies were first detected on day 5 or 6 after inoculation and increased rapidly, reaching maximum titres of 320 to 2560 between 10 and 20 days after inoculation. titres declined 20-320 between 60 and 120 days after inoculation, then tended to remain stationary. titres were 2- ...	1983	6326725
st. louis encephalitis virus temperature-sensitive mutants. i. induction, isolation and preliminary characterization.	nine temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of st. louis encephalitis virus were isolated after "forced mutagenesis" with 5-fluorouracil or 5-azacytidine. the ts mutants could be grouped on the basis of rna synthesis at 40 degrees c, the nonpermissive temperature and complementation analysis. four complementation groups were identified. members of two of the groups were negative for rna synthesis at 40 degrees c while the remainder were positive.	1983	6188441
interferon and antibody titrations using haemagglutinating togaviridae and trypsinized human erythrocytes.	several togaviridae of the alphavirus and flavivirus genera agglutinate trypsinized human group o erythrocytes (thoe) (shortridge and hu, 1976). haemagglutinin titers of semliki forest virus (sfv) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev) measured with thoe were equivalent to, if not higher than, those obtained with embden gander erythrocytes, even with unextracted haemagglutinin. results obtained with thoe in jev haemagglutination-inhibition tests on sera taken from a previously infected individual ...	1983	6189850
a topological and functional model of epitopes on the structural glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus defined by monoclonal antibodies.	a topological and functional model of eight distinct epitopes on the structural glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus was established by the use of monoclonal antibodies. the unique specificities and spatial relationships of these antibodies were determined by variant analysis, haemagglutination inhibition (hi), neutralization, passive mouse protection, and antibody blocking assays. seven out of the eight distinct epitopes were shown to be partially linked and to cluster in two ant ...	1983	6190308
identification of epitopes on the e glycoprotein of saint louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies.	twenty-one hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies specific for the e glycoprotein of st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, strain msi-7, have been isolated. serologic reactivities were initially determined by cross-reactivity indirect immunofluorescence assays using 22 strains of sle virus and 8 other related flaviviruses. four groups demonstrating type-, subcomplex-, supercomplex-, and group-specific reactivity patterns were identified. analysis of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and virus n ...	1983	6192585
comparative arboviral susceptibility of female culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae) collected in co2-baited traps and reared from field-collected pupae.		1983	6298431
topographical analysis of antigenic determinants on envelope glycoprotein v3 (e) of japanese encephalitis virus, using monoclonal antibodies.	ten monoclonal antibodies directed against envelope glycoprotein v3 (e) of japanese encephalitis virus were obtained. they were characterized by hemagglutination inhibition (hi), neutralization, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and divided into four types: flavivirus-cross-reactive hi and non-neutralizing antibody (group 1), subgroup-specific hi and non-neutralizing antibody (group 2), low hi and neutralizing antibody (group 3), and non-hi and neutralizing antibody (groups 4 and 5, respecti ...	1983	6185694
interferon induction by flavi- and orbiviruses in l-m cell line.	interferon (ifn) inducing ability of six flaviviruses was compared with five orbiviruses in mouse fibroblast cells (l-m). orbiviruses were found to induce significantly higher amounts of ifn than flaviviruses.	1983	6133435
serum factor blocking the activity of virus-induced autoreactive t lymphocytes of mice.	normal mouse serum was found to contain a factor blocking in vivo the effect of autoreactive cells accumulating in spleens of mice infected with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), langat, dengue type 2 (d2), and attenuated yellow fever (17d strain) viruses. the activity of the factor was manifested only, when the autoreactive lymphocytes had h-2 antigens identical with h-2 antigens of the serum donors. the hypothesis is discussed that serum factor protects the host against clones of autoreactive t l ...	1983	6138997
in vivo inhibition by intact mouse serum of the activity of the flavivirus-induced t-suppressors of autoreactive t-lymphocytes.	in the serum of healthy mice a factor was found inhibiting the in vivo effect of t-suppressors of autoreactive t-lymphocytes (tsart1) induced in mice by tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, langat virus, dengue virus type 2 (d2) and attenuated strain 17d of yellow fever virus. activity of the serum factor (s) was demonstrated providing that the tsart1 had h-2 antigens completely or partially identical with the h-2 antigens of serum donors. the activity was not connected with destruction of tsart ...	1984	6147997
[biological studies of st. louis encephalitis virus in majé, bayano].		1984	6149603
[comparative analysis of the electrophoretic mobility of the high-molecular virus-specific proteins of flaviviruses].	a comparative study of high molecular virus-specific proteins in cells infected with flaviviruses from 5 serological subgroups was carried out. proteins nv5, nv4, and v3 were found to have similar electrophoretic mobility in viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex with the exception of powassan virus protein. proteins nv5 and nv4 of mosquito-borne flaviviruses differ in electrophoretic mobility both from the corresponding proteins of the tbe complex viruses and from each other. prot ...	1984	6152087
evidence for flavivirus(es) outside of the distribution area for ixodes ricinus in norway.	small rodent (vole) sera were collected from three different locations in norway. one of these was within the distribution area for ixodes ricinus, and a tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus strain had been isolated from ticks collected there (traavik & mehl, 1977). the two other locations were outside the i. ricinus area, one in southern norway, the other at nearly 70 degrees n. the sera were tested for tbe antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition (hi), hemolysis-in-gel (hig) and complement fix ...	1984	6086747
flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: radioactive and biological studies on the effect of antibody on viral fate.	35s-labelled west nile virus was used in radioactive binding, internalization and degradation studies in the macrophage cell line p388d1 in the absence or presence of various concentrations of antiviral antibody. proteases were used to help distinguish between intracellular and extracellular (bound) virus. it was found that the enhancement in viral infectivity that occurs in the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of antiviral antibody was caused by (i) increased binding of virus to the c ...	1984	6086817
acid production by flavivirus-infected vero and cer cell cultures.	vero and cer cell cultures infected with flaviviruses produce more acid than non-infected control cultures. acid production is dependent on the presence of glucose. this phenomenon can be utilized for the titration of flaviviruses.	1984	6087235
"original antigenic sin" phenomenon in experimental flavivirus infections of guinea pigs: studies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	guinea pigs were sequentially infected with two closely related flavivituses (japanese encephalitis and west nile viruses), and their antibody responses were studied both by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi). the results by elisa always showed "original antigenic sin" responses: antibody activity of sera after the second infection was higher to the first infecting virus than to the second infecting virus. however, the results obtained by hi were varia ...	1984	6088953
viral haemorrhagic fevers: properties and prospects for treatment and prevention.		1984	6091539
[prevalence of antibodies against st. louis encephalitis virus in various marine birds from panama].		1984	6093203
a simplified new method for the identification of arboviruses: virus detection using enzyme immunoassay on cultured cells.	a simple new method is reported for the identification of arbovirus isolates and the titration of arboviruses. horseradish peroxidase conjugated staphylococcus aureus protein a was used for the indirect staining of virus antigens grown in an aedes albopictus cell line, c6/36 cells. thirty-five isolates from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were examined by this method and 20 of these were identified as japanese encephalitis virus (jev). these results were confirmed by immunofluorescent assay a ...	1984	6094608
[serologic survey on arbovirus infections in patients presenting with uveitis].	viruses have been demonstrated or suspected as the causative agents of various types of uveitis. some arboviruses can be responsible for ocular manifestations. in brittany, both serosurveys and virus isolations were positive for arboviruses. these results led us to look for the possible role of arboviruses in the aetiology of uveitis. for this, we performed a serosurvey on 131 patients with uveitis of unknown aetiology. patients were examined in the ophthalmologic department of the brest univers ...	1984	6094643
antigenic analysis of flaviviruses with monoclonal antibodies against negishi virus.	twelve monoclonal antibodies against negishi virus were obtained and characterized by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and neutralization (nt) tests using five flaviviruses isolated in the pan-pacific region. the reaction pattern of the antibodies showed that negishi virus was most closely related to langat virus, followed by 3-arch, je and apoi viruses in that order. hemagglutinating (ha) antigen of the virus had distinct hi relating sites which were negishi virus specific, tick borne encephali ...	1984	6096680
[effectors of in vivo delayed hypersensitivity in experimental flavivirus infections and vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in mice].	the development of experimental infections caused by tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, langat virus and dengue virus type 2 in mice or the immunization of these animals with live yellow fever vaccine (prepared from strain 17d) and inactivated tbe vaccine were accompanied by the formation of delayed hypersensitivity (dh) to viral antigens, determined in vivo. in experimental tbe infection the effectors of dh were identified as t-lymphocytes whose action was specific and followed the rule of h- ...	1984	6098109
purification of the structural and nonstructural proteins of st. louis encephalitis virus.	we have developed a procedure for purifying both the structural and nonstructural proteins of flaviviruses from lysates of infected cell cultures. the procedure involves: immunoprecipitation to concentrate viral proteins and eliminate most of the cellular proteins, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate the viral proteins, and hydroxyapatite chromatography, which eliminates most of the unlabeled cellular protein. this procedure offers an improvement over previous purification ...	1984	6099371
gene order of translation of the flavivirus kunjin: further evidence of internal initiation in vivo.	the rates of inactivation of synthesis of individual virus-specified proteins by ultraviolet radiation provided an estimate of the target sizes of individual viral genes. in a control experiment with semliki forest virus, the genes for the structural proteins mapped in the known sequence 5' c-pe2-e1 3', and in accordance with initiation of translation from a single site on 26-s mrna. under the same conditions, the inactivation of synthesis of seven kunjin virus-specified proteins also followed f ...	1984	6099663
serological evidence of infection with california serogroup viruses (family bunyaviridae) in residents of long hua, suburb of shanghai, people's republic of china.	sera from 126 residents of long hua, a suburb of shanghai, in the people's republic of china, were studied. sera were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to alphavirus (eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis), flavivirus (st. louis encephalitis, powassan, dengue) and california serogroup (snowshoe hare) antigens. flavivirus antibodies were found in 14 (11.1%) and california serogroup antibodies in 5 (3.9%) individuals. neutralizing antibodies with highest titres ...	1984	6099922
the vector competence of australian culex annulirostris with murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses.	australian populations of culex annulirostris skuse from 10 localities, brisbane, townsville, cairns, charleville, kowanyama (queensland), darwin (northern territory), mildura (victoria) and port hedland, karratha and mt. tom price (western australia) showed considerable heterogeneity in response to oral infection with low passage level murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin (kun) viruses. however, there was no consistent pattern of either high or low vector efficiency for populations colle ...	1984	6100042
analysis of 17d yellow fever virus envelope protein epitopes using monoclonal antibodies.	sixteen monoclonal antibodies that reacted with the envelope glycoprotein (e) of 17d vaccine strain yellow fever virus (17d yf), including two antibodies produced against dengue 2 virus, were used in a solid phase competitive binding assay (cba) to define spatial relationships among antigenic determinants on 17d yf e. the antibodies showed yf strain, type or flavivirus group specificities and nine epitopes were identified on 17d yf e by patterns of neutralization, haemagglutination inhibition an ...	1984	6208313
comparison of dengue viruses and some other flaviviruses by cdna-rna hybridization analysis and detection of a close relationship between dengue virus serotype 2 and edge hill virus.	variable amounts of cdna were synthesized in vitro from rna extracted from several flaviviruses, including the four prototype dengue (den) virus serotypes. the synthesis was carried out using an oligo(dt) primer, suggesting the presence of a short poly(a) region at or near the 3' end of some flavivirus genomes. the den-1 and den-2 prototype strains produced the largest amount of cdna and were therefore used to investigate further the relatedness of flavivirus genomes by cdna-rna hybridization. t ...	1984	6210345
[electron microscopy study of the midgut of ticks after experimental infection with karshi virus].	the guts of h. asiaticum and h. anatolicum ticks infected with karshi virus and incubated at 22 degrees and 37 degrees c were studied. virus particles with morphological features of flaviviruses were found 5 days after infection in the cells of the gut of ticks incubated at 22 degrees c and within 24 hours postinfection in the gut cells of the ticks incubated at 37 degrees c. the possible effect of temperature on the rate of development and spread of the infectious process in the gut wall of the ...	1984	6328768
serologic evidence for widespread infection with la crosse and st. louis encephalitis viruses in the indiana human population.	the vast under-reporting of la crosse virus and st. louis encephalitis virus infections in indiana residents was evident when numerous inapparent infections were detected retrospectively using serum dilution neutralization analyses of serum obtained in november 1978-april 1979 from 10,208 persons (0.2% of the state's population). an antibody prevalence rate of 3.6% to st. louis encephalitis virus was detected in the sample population as a whole, with rates as high as 13.2% for residents of indiv ...	1984	6328975
antibody response to dengue-2 vaccine measured by two different radioimmunoassay methods.	two different radioimmunoassays were used to detect virus-specific antibodies in sera from human volunteers inoculated with an attenuated dengue type 2 (den-2) vaccine (pr-159/s-1). an indirect radioimmunoassay required purified den-2 virions for optimal reactivity but was 10 to 500 times more sensitive than neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests. an antibody capture radioimmunoassay was able to utilize crude antigens from either den-infected mouse brains or aedes albopictus cell cu ...	1984	6330164
detection of specific immunoglobulin m antibody to different flaviviruses by use of enzyme-labeled antigens.	an enzyme immunoassay was developed for the detection of human immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody to different flavivirus antigens. the igm antibody of human sera was selectively bound to anti-igm antibody-coated solid-phase plates. flavivirus igm antibodies were then detected by use of various enzyme-labeled antigens. the flavivirus antigens (dengue type 2 virus, west nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus) were produced in suckling mice. the antigens were labeled with horseradish peroxidas ...	1984	6330165
[diagnostic value of serum igm determination in human infections caused by flaviviruses].	since 1977, we have performed arboviruses' serosurveys in 330 patients by haemagglutination inhibition test. for 22 of them we have studied specific igm antibodies against flavivirus. the separation was done by sucrose-gradient density ultracentrifugation and igm antibodies were demonstrated by the hi test. the 22 igm tested sera were distributed as follows: 1) 7 positive sera corresponding to patients with a recent flavivirus infection; 2) 12 sera to test with a hi titer greater than or equal t ...	1984	6330490
immunoglobulin m antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of st. louis encephalitis.	sera from patients with st. louis encephalitis were tested with an immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (mac elisa). the assay used five reagents: antihuman igm, test serum, sucrose-acetone-extracted mouse brain antigen, broadly cross-reactive flavivirus monoclonal antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, and substrate (p-nitrophenyl phosphate). mac elisa endpoint titers correlated (r = 0.893) with the absorbance value of a 1:100 dilution of patient serum. significant ( ...	1984	6386882
[comparative study of glial cells infected with alpha-, flavi- and picornaviruses].		1984	6324506
febrile illness in malaysia--an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients.	we studied 1,629 febrile patients from a rural area of malaysia, and made a laboratory diagnosis in 1,025 (62.9%) cases. scrub typhus was the most frequent diagnosis (19.3% of all illnesses) followed by typhoid and paratyphoid (7.4%); flavivirus infection (7.0%); leptospirosis (6.8%); and malaria (6.2%). the hospital mortality was very low (0.5% of all febrile patients). the high prevalence of scrub typhus in oil palm laborers (46.8% of all febrile illnesses in that group) was confirmed. in rura ...	1984	6324601
electron microscopic observation of a newly isolated flavivirus-like virus from field-caught mosquitoes.	of many unidentified virus strains which were isolated from field-caught mosquitoes by using c6/36 cells (a virus-sensitive clone of aedes albopictus cells), three strains which formed small size plaques (sp virus) in c6/36 cells were investigated by electron microscopy. although the sp virus strains did not react with antisera against known arboviruses in serological tests, they closely resembled flaviviruses in morphology. however, when they were compared to japanese encephalitis (je) virus, s ...	1984	6707614
absence of dengue 2 infection enhancement in human sera containing japanese encephalitis antibodies.	sera from 52 young adults resident in a rural area in north thailand were studied for plaque-reducing neutralizing antibodies against dengue (den) viruses types 1-4 and japanese encephalitis (je), and for den-2 infection-enhancing antibodies using a newly described microtest in the human monocyte cell line, u-937. infection-enhancing antibody titers in u-937 cells using a simplified micromethod were similar to results obtained by published methods using human peripheral blood leukocytes and a ma ...	1984	6711745
antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation.	pregnancies were identified in which maternal igg antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. in the absence of specific antibody, the hi activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. the hi activity in maternal sera was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher tha ...	1984	6736640
differences between translation products of tick-borne encephalitis virus rna in cell-free systems from krebs-2 cells and rabbit reticulocytes: involvement of membranes in the processing of nascent precursors of flavivirus structural proteins.	tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna was translated in extracts from krebs-2 cells and in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in the former system, two polypeptides, p53 and p13, corresponding to envelope (e) and core (c) proteins of the virion, respectively, were synthesized preferentially. in contrast, the major product in reticulocyte lysates was represented by a heterogeneous set of high-molecular-weight polypeptides which did not appear to include p53 or p13. the reticulocyte lysates, however, ...	1984	6740945
preliminary report on arbovirus-antibody prevalence among patients in kuwait: evidence of congo/crimean virus infection.	from two major hospitals in kuwait 502 sera were randomly selected from patients during the period december 1979 to october 1982. serological investigations demonstrated flavivirus activity in the area and antibody to congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever virus was found in 4% of the samples. clinical data indicate that some cases may have been due to recent congo/crimean virus infection.	1984	6435292
heterogeneity of infection enhancement of dengue 2 strains by monoclonal antibodies.	seven dengue (den) 2 virus strains were studied for antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of infection in p388d1 mouse macrophage-like cells by using a panel of five den 2 monoclonal antibodies. den 2 strains were of diverse temporal, geographic, and disease origins. by hemagglutination inhibition and a plaque-reduction neutralization test in llc-mk2 cells, two of the monoclonal antibodies were type specific and three were flavivirus group reactive. in llc-mk2 cells, the seven den 2 viruses each ...	1984	6607288
malaria, arbovirus and hepatitis infections in macaca fascicularis from malaysia.	naturally occurring malaria, arbovirus infection and hepatitis in monkeys can be a hazard for the investigator and might interfere with the outcome of experiments. 63 young adult macaca fascicularis from malaysia were screened for these infections. about 1 year after their arrival in france, parasitaemia due to plasmodium spp., was present in 6.4% of the animals and specific antibodies in 55.5%. 19 of 35 initially positive monkeys were tested again 2 years later. parasitaemia was found in 1 of 4 ...	1984	10628790
comparison of dengue virus plaque reduction neutralization by macro and "semi-micro' methods in llc-mk2 cells.	a simplified "semi-micro' plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) for dengue antibody in llc-mk2 cells in disposable tissue culture plates is described. the assay compares favorably with the standard prnt in glass prescription bottles, with relative sensitivity and specificity both 100% at a 1:40 screening dilution by 70% plaque reduction criteria. the assay is easy to perform, economical of time, expense, and storage space, and is suitable for study of sera available in small volumes, such ...	1985	3831719
serotyping of dengue viruses by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we have developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serotyping dengue viruses. in this assay, we used antibody from dengue hemorrhagic fever patients for detection of flavivirus common antigens to confirm virus isolation in c6/36 cells and that from hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids for serotyping. the anti-dengue antibody was immobilized on microplate wells for capturing of dengue antigens, which were then sandwiched with the same biotinylated antibody. then the biotin in the soli ...	1985	3834210
sequence analysis of the membrane protein v3 of the flavivirus west nile virus and of its gene.	flaviviruses contain a large membrane-associated protein v3, having a mol mass of about 50 kda which is responsible for hemagglutination. we have isolated the v3 protein from the west nile (wn) flavivirus and determined its amino-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid sequences of fragments derived from this protein. we have also transcribed parts of the wn virus genome rna into cdna and cloned and sequenced this cdna. the results of these analyses have allowed us to identify the region of ...	1985	3855247
[dengue in burkina faso (ex-upper volta): seasonal epidemics in the urban area of ouagadougou].	during the rainy season of 1982 30 patients (29 european and 1 voltaic) presented with an intense dengue-like syndrome in ouagadougou city. 73.3% of these cases possessed anti-flavivirus fluorescent antibodies while 30%, were positive for specific anti-dengue igm antibodies. vero type e 6 cell cultures were used to isolate six strains of dengue 2 virus; monoclonal antibodies were used for viral identification. these strains constitute the first isolates of human dengue virus in upper volta. auth ...	1985	3886182
use of the biotin-streptavidin interaction to improve flavivirus detection by immunofluorescence and elisa tests.	the specificity and sensitivity of immunofluorescence microscopy and elisa tests were compared both with and without the use of biotinylated anti-species antibody and streptavidin, conjugated with either fluorescein isothiocyanate or horse radish peroxidase. in the biotin-streptavidin system monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against yellow fever virus had titres between ten- and fifty-fold higher and background readings, particularly in elisa tests, were noticeably reduced. plaque variants of ...	1985	3891767
nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution.	the sequence of the entire rna genome of the type flavivirus, yellow fever virus, has been obtained. inspection of this sequence reveals a single long open reading frame of 10,233 nucleotides, which could encode a polypeptide of 3411 amino acids. the structural proteins are found within the amino-terminal 780 residues of this polyprotein; the remainder of the open reading frame consists of nonstructural viral polypeptides. this genome organization implies that mature viral proteins are produced ...	1985	4023707
protection against 17d yellow fever encephalitis in mice by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies to the nonstructural glycoprotein gp48 and by active immunization with gp48.	the protective capacity of antiviral antibodies has generally been considered to depend on their interactions with structural components of the virion. here we report protection against lethal 17d yellow fever virus (yf) encephalitis of mice by passive administration of nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies to a 17d yf-specified nonstructural glycoprotein, gp48, and by active immunization with purified gp48. among five anti-gp48 monoclonal antibodies tested, two with high titer complement-fixing ...	1985	4031501
flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: an electron microscopic study of viral cellular entry.	the mode of entry of west nile virus (wnv) into the macrophage-like cell line p388d1 was investigated at the electron microscopical level using synchronized infections. the presence of the antiviral monoclonal antibody f6/16a at a concentration that enhanced viral attachment to p388d1 cells ninefold made no difference to the entry pathway of wnv. in both the absence and presence of f6/16a the initial uptake of single viral particles was mediated by coated pits, and started within 30 s of warming ...	1985	4031825
the association of enhancing antibodies with seroconversion in humans receiving a dengue-2 live-virus vaccine.	a group of human subjects, some with yellow fever (yf) antibodies, volunteered for testing of a live-attenuated dengue-2 (den-2) vaccine. serum samples taken before den-2 vaccination were tested for their ability to enhance infection of human monocytes by den-2 virus. a significantly greater proportion of enhancing antibodies (eab) were found in yf-immune (yfi) individuals (50%) as compared to those with no evidence of flavivirus infection (9.5%). geometric mean titers of neutralizing and hemagg ...	1985	4067313
identification of dengue type 2 virus-specific high molecular weight proteins in virus-infected bhk cells.	evidence is presented for the production in dengue type 2 virus (den-2)-infected bhk cells of large virus-specific proteins with molecular weights up to 250 000. these proteins were most prominent in lysates of cells which had been labelled with [35s]methionine for 7 to 15 min. during pulse-chase experiments, these high mol. wt. proteins appeared to be converted into smaller, more stable, proteins with mol. wt. between 10 000 and 98 000. finally, inhibition of proteolysis prevented the chasing o ...	1985	4067585
[arbovirus serological survey among marine and non-marine birds of brittany].	sera from 215 seabirds (mainly gulls) and 74 landbirds (mainly starlings) from brittany were studied by hemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests for antibody against 9 arboviruses among them 8 were previously isolated from ticks associated with seabirds. among seabirds, 145 or 65% were found positive for flaviviruses and nairoviruses of the hughes serogroup. unexpected frequency of hi positive reactions for tyuleniy virus indicate the possible circulation of this virus among sea ...	1985	4085099
[flavivirus: serological survey in horses from the tandil area].	sera from 282 equines from tandil country and surroundings were investigated searching for hemagglutination inhibition (hi), complement fixation (cf), and neutralizing (nt) antibodies against three flavivirus:ilheus, st. louis encephalitis, and yellow fever from the togaviridae family. sera were collected between 3-20-79 and 11-25-80 from 10 different places in tandil and ayacucho countries. animals ranged from 45 days to 27 years old. forty nine of them reacted with one or more flavivirus by hi ...	1985	2829272
antigen-specific transfer factor from mice immunized with an attenuated flavivirus: augmentation of inducing activity in semipurified splenocytic dialyzates.	three large batches were prepared of lyzed splenocytic leukocyte dialyzate from spf outbred mice, immunized with a live attenuated virus from the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex. total mass of freeze-dried dialyzates was 1.73 g. one mg of respective batches contained 2 x 10(5), 2 x 10(4) and 2 x 10(3) units of the transfer factor, specific for the flavivirus group-antigen, as estimated according to the capacity to induce specifically cytotoxic t-cells in the recipient c3h mice. the amount ...	1985	2859759
virus-induced decrease in the activity of serum blocking factor(s): a mechanism of activation of the autoreactive t effectors in graft versus host reaction and of controlling t suppressors.	it has been shown that serum blocking factor(s) (sbf) previously detected in normal mice bind(s) to receptors on the surface membranes of virus-induced autoreactive t lymphocytes (artl) and to that of artl activity inhibiting t suppressors (tsar). the interaction of sbf with the receptors is reversible, h-2 restricted and associated with the inhibition of functional activity of the tested t lymphocyte populations. in mice during acute tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), in the course of inapparent in ...	1985	2859760
comparative susceptibility of five species of toxorhynchites mosquitoes to parenteral infection with dengue and other flaviviruses.	five species of colonized toxorhynchites mosquitoes were compared for relative susceptibility to parenteral infection with the four dengue serotypes and st. louis and japanese encephalitis viruses. tx. amboinensis, tx. brevipalpis, tx. rutilus, and tx. splendens were equally susceptible to infection with the dengue viruses, while tx. theobaldi was relatively resistant to infection with those viruses. all five mosquito species were equally susceptible to infection with the encephalitis viruses. t ...	1985	2862802
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. iv. serologic surveys and sentinel equine program.	serologic surveys of wild and domestic birds, wild mammals, and horses were conducted during arbovirus field studies in argentina from 1977 through 1980, a non-epizootic interval. the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was consistently higher than to western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in all species and all areas. the presence of antibodies in short-lived avian species and in young unvaccinated horses and the demonstration of seroconversions in horses ...	1985	2863991
experimental study of the reproduction of karshi virus (togaviridae, flavivirus) in some species of mosquitoes and ticks.	the strain kaz-816 of karshi virus was isolated in 1976 from h. asiaticum ticks collected in the north of central asia (alma-ata region of the kazakh soviet socialist republic). both ticks and mosquitoes can be vectors of karshi virus as proved experimentally by reproduction of the virus in hyalomma asiaticum and dermacentor daghestanicus ticks and culex pipiens molestus, anopheles atroparvus an aedes aegypti mosquitoes as well as by transmission to newborn mice by the bite of infected mosquitoe ...	1985	2864824
antigen capture elisa for the identification of dengue viruses.	we developed a simple antigen capture enzyme immunosorbent assay (agc-elisa) for identifying dengue (den) virus. the method employed serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies as capture antibodies and an enzyme conjugate of a flavivirus-reactive monoclonal antibody as a detecting antibody. most den virus strains, representing all 4 serotypes isolated from various parts of the tropics, were identical either visually of spectrophotometrically when infected cell culture fluids were used as sources of ...	1985	2867103
characterization of west nile virus persistent infections in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse cells. ii. generation of temperature-sensitive mutants.	long-term persistent infections were established with the flavivirus, west nile virus (wnv), strain e101, in embryofibroblast cultures derived from susceptible c3h/he and congenic-resistant c3h/rv mice. cultures were initially maintained by weekly subculture at 37 degrees, but at passage 6 sister cultures were shifted to 32 degrees. virus progeny titers were observed to increase after the shift to 32 degrees indicating the possible presence of temperature-sensitive mutants. temperature-sensitive ...	1985	2981450
the isolation of meaban virus, a new flavivirus from the seabird tick ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus in france.	seven strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name of meaban virus is proposed, were isolated from the seabird tick ornithodoros (a.) maritimus collected during 1981 and 1982 in nests of herring gulls (larus argentatus) on islands of south brittany, france. the new virus was compared serologically with 65 other flaviviruses including tyuleniy virus and was found to be most closely related to, but different from saumarez reef virus, an agent previously isolated in australia and tasmania. some ...	1985	2982352
peptide mapping of envelope-related glycoproteins specified by the flaviviruses kunjin and west nile.	glycoproteins detected in vero cells infected by the flaviviruses west nile and kunjin were examined by gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. two major glycoproteins, gp66 and gp54, were observed in west nile virus-infected cells labelled for short time periods with [3h]mannose. a third glycoprotein, gp58, was present in smaller amounts. pulse-labelling experiments suggested that gp66 was a precursor of gp54. peptide mapping of [3h]leucine-labelled gp66, gp54 and the envelope glycoprotein e o ...	1985	2983002
isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from adult dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae).		1985	2984423
the isolation of arboviruses including a new flavivirus and a new bunyavirus from ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (ixodoidea: ixodidae) collected at macquarie island, australia, 1975-1979.	pools of ticks, ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae collected between 1975 and 1979 at macquarie island, yielded 33 strains of at least 4 different viruses: nugget virus (kemerovo group), 1 strain; taggert virus (sakhalin group) 9 strains; a previously undescribed flavivirus, related to central european tickborne encephalitis virus, for which the name "gadgets gully" is proposed, 9 strains; a virus serologically related to the uukuniemi serogroup, family bunyaviridae, for which the name "precarious point ...	1985	2984951
a focus assay method for japanese encephalitis virus using complement and anti-virus serum.	a sensitive, quantitative, short-time, and reproducible focus assay for japanese encephalitis (je) virus is described. after 2 or 3 days of incubation, the infected cells were treated with anti-je virus serum and complement, and subsequently stained with trypan blue; then clear foci were produced. this method made it easy to titrate the infectivities not only of all seven je virus strains tested but also of west nile (wn), murray valley encephalitis (mve), and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruse ...	1985	2985940
arthropod-borne virus zoonosis surveillance in the cape province: 1. prospective serological investigations for virus activity in the beaufort west and middelburg districts during 1981.	in addition to the routine sero-epidemiological surveillance for arthropod-borne viral zoonoses in the cape province carried out by the department of medical microbiology and state health department of virology laboratory, we conducted a prospective serological investigation for virus activity during 1981 in two districts of the province, namely the beaufort west and middelburg districts, which experienced heavy rainfall during the first two months of that year. the approach used was to obtain p ...	1985	2987499
modoc-like virus isolated from wild deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) in alberta.	small mammals were trapped in northeastern alberta, canada during 1976. blood samples from these animals were tested for virus by inoculation of suckling mice. blood clots from two deer mice yielded isolates of the same virus. the virus was related antigenically to a number of flaviviruses which have been isolated from mammals in central america and north america and was related most closely to modoc virus. physical, chemical, and biological properties of the virus were similar also to those of ...	1985	2987550
experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis virus. pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, rabbits, macropods and chickens.	a total of 142 young animals including 10 domestic and 14 feral pigs, 12 hereford calves, 12 crossbred and 24 merino lambs, 11 dogs, 8 domestic and 16 feral rabbits, 14 grey kangaroos, 9 agile wallabies and 12 chickens was exposed to infection with 4 strains of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve), mainly using orally infected culex annulirostris mosquitoes. in terms of their viraemic response, the animals were grouped into high (grey kangaroos, rabbits), moderate (pigs, dogs, chickens) and lo ...	1985	2990398
antibody-dependent enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus infectivity.	fourteen mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and polyclonal antisera raised against six other flaviviruses, edge hill (ehv), japanese encephalitis (jev), langat (lgtv), louping ill (liv), west nile (wnv) and yellow fever (yfv), were tested for their ability to enhance the replication of tbev in cells of the mouse macrophage-like line p388 d1, and for their reactivity in elisa and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. irrespective of their specificit ...	1985	2991448
sequence analysis of the viral core protein and the membrane-associated proteins v1 and nv2 of the flavivirus west nile virus and of the genome sequence for these proteins.	cell-associated flaviviruses contain the two membrane proteins v3 and nv2 besides the viral core protein v2 whereas extracellular viruses do contain v2 protein and the two membrane proteins v3 and v1. since the v1 protein could not be detected in infected cells it has been suggested that v1 is generated from nv2 by proteolytic cleavage during the release of virus from cells (d. shapiro, w. e. brandt, and p. k. russell (1972), virology 50, 906-911). we have isolated the viral structural proteins ...	1985	2992152
polyadenylic acid sequences in the genomic rna of the togavirus of simian hemorrhagic fever.	since serologic studies have failed to relate the togavirus simian hemorrhagic fever (shf) virus to any currently accepted genus within the togaviridae family, the presence of polyadenylic acid [poly(a)] in the genomic rna was analyzed in view of the different content reported for the two major genera of that family: alphaviruses where poly(a) is 40 to 120 nucleotides long and flavivirus where poly(a) is considered to be absent. oligo(dt)-cellulose chromatography of whole genomic rna from purifi ...	1985	2992158
separation of flavivirus membrane and capsid proteins by multistep high-performance liquid chromatography optimized by immunological monitoring.	complete separation of the three structural proteins, e, c and m, of an enveloped virus (tick-borne encephalitis virus) was achieved by means of a two-step high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) technique in less than 1 h. the hydrophobically associated membrane proteins e and m were successfully separated by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (tsk-3000 sw column) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds), whereas the separation of m and c as well as desalting and remov ...	1985	2993325
viral infections of little blue penguins (eudyptula minor) along the southern coast of australia.	serum antibodies to strains of avian paramyxovirus and flavivirus were detected in little blue penguins sampled at port campbell and phillip island, victoria, australia. no antibody to newcastle disease virus (ndv) was detected in 267 sera collected, although one penguin captured for experimental studies had a hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer of 2(4) to this virus. experimental studies showed that the avian paramyxovirus designated apmv-im and strain v4 of ndv were non-pathogenic for p ...	1985	2993680
conditions for haemolysis by flaviviruses and characterization of the haemolysin.	the 17d vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (yf 17d) was used to establish the optimal conditions for lysis of chick erythrocytes. tissue culture-grown, polyethylene glycol-concentrated virus showed peak activity at ph 5.4 in citrate buffer when incubated at 37 degrees c. a further two- to fourfold increase in titre was obtained by pretreatment of the chick erythrocytes with 250 micrograms/ml trypsin. these conditions were also shown to be optimal for japanese encephalitis (je), west nile (wn) ...	1985	2995565
human antibody response to immunization with 17d yellow fever and inactivated tbe vaccine.	the antibody response against flaviviruses tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), kyasanur forest disease (kfd), murray valley encephalitis (mve), west nile fever (wnf), japanese b encephalitis (je), dengue 2 (den-2), and yellow fever (yf) was studied in humans after administration of an inactivated tbe virus vaccine. individuals were either prevaccinated with 17d yellow fever (experimental group) or without any previous exposure to flaviviruses (control group). the appearance of serum titres of homolog ...	1985	2995571
premortem isolation of saint louis encephalitis virus: case report and implications for hospital and laboratory personnel.		1985	2995935
powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit.	powassan virus strain m794, a member of the flavivirus genus known to infect man and animals in canada, was inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and horses. no clinical signs were observed in rabbits, but widespread encephalitis resulted, characterized by lymphoid perivascular cuffing, lymphocytic meningitis, and lymphocytic choroiditis. in horses, eight days after inoculation, prominent neurological signs occurred and lesions were those of non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal necrosis ...	1985	2996203