Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| poxvirus-induced immunostimulating effects on porcine leukocytes. | the prophylactic application of inactivated parapox ovis viruses (baypamun; bayer ag, leverkusen, germany) has been shown to reduce efficiently the outbreak of stress-mediated diseases in different species. however, little is known about the basic mechanism behind this observed stimulatory property. we therefore tested eight inactivated poxvirus strains belonging to three different genera (orthopoxvirus, avipoxvirus, and parapoxvirus) for their capacity to activate cells of the porcine innate an ... | 2000 | 10933702 |
| treatment of cowpox virus respiratory infections in mice with ribavirin as a single agent or followed sequentially by cidofovir. | to better understand the potential of ribavirin in the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections (such as those acquired through bioterrorist activities), the efficacy of the drug was studied in a cowpox respiratory infection model in mice under varying disease severity. mice did not survive a high intranasal cowpox virus challenge [3 x 10(6) plaque forming units (pfu)/animal] treated with subcutaneous ribavirin (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days), but lived 3.9 days longer than placebos. in contrast, 100% o ... | 2000 | 10950392 |
| intranasal treatment of cowpox virus respiratory infections in mice with cidofovir. | orthopoxvirus infections in mice have been effectively treated with cidofovir, a clinically approved drug given by intravenous infusion to treat cytomegalovirus infections. in a bioterrorist scenario it would be technically difficult to give this drug to a large number of exposed individuals. new treatment approaches are being sought, which include giving cidofovir by alternative routes or designing oral prodrugs of cidofovir. in this report, intranasal cidofovir was investigated as a treatment ... | 2000 | 10974369 |
| a longitudinal study of an endemic disease in its wildlife reservoir: cowpox and wild rodents. | cowpox is an orthopoxvirus infection endemic in european wild rodents, but with a wide host range including human beings. in this longitudinal study we examined cowpox in two wild rodent species, bank voles clethrionomys glareolus and wood mice apodemus sylvaticus, to investigate the dynamics of a virus in its wild reservoir host. trapping was carried out at 4-weekly intervals over 3 years and each animal caught was uniquely identified, blood sampled and tested for antibodies to cowpox. antibody ... | 2000 | 10982080 |
| detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in the state of rio de janeiro: preliminary report. | this preliminary report describes human and cow cases of poxvirus that recently occurred in the state of rio de janeiro. the electron microscopic findings were consistent with parapoxviral and orthopoxviral infection. orthopoxvirus strains were isolated from human and cow cases. detailed viral characterization by means of genetical techniques is under investigation. based on these informations, poxviral diseases should be also considered an emerging viral zoonosis that can affect human beings. | 2000 | 10998211 |
| an emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in rio de janeiro state: cantagalo virus may derive from brazilian smallpox vaccine. | the biological properties of poxvirus isolates from skin lesions on dairy cows and milkers during recent exanthem episodes in cantagalo county, rio de janeiro state, brazil, were more like vaccinia virus (vv) than cowpox virus. pcr amplification of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene substantiated the isolate classification as an old world orthopoxvirus, and alignment of the ha sequences with those of other orthopoxviruses indicated that all the isolates represented a single strain of vv, which we have ... | 2000 | 11080491 |
| cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. | the efficacy of cidofovir for treatment of cowpox virus infection in balb/c mice was investigated in an effort to evaluate new therapies for virulent orthopoxvirus infections of the respiratory tract in a small animal model. exposure to 2(-5)x10(6) pfu of cowpox virus by aerosol or intranasally (inl) was lethal in 3- to 7-week-old animals. one inoculation of 100 mg/kg cidofovir on day 0, 2, or 4, with respect to aerosol infection, resulted in 90%-100% survival. treatment on day 0 reduced peak pu ... | 2000 | 10608745 |
| ectromelia, vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode secreted interleukin-18-binding proteins. | interleukin-18 (il-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the activation of natural killer and t helper 1 cell responses principally by inducing interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). human and mouse secreted il-18-binding proteins (il-18bps) have recently been described which block il-18 activity but have no sequence similarity to membrane il-18 receptors. several poxvirus genes encode proteins with sequence similarity to il-18bps. here we show that vaccinia, ectromelia and cowpox vi ... | 2000 | 10769064 |
| the cowpox virus serpin spi-3 complexes with and inhibits urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activators and plasmin. | the orthopoxvirus serpin spi-3 is n-glycosylated and suppresses fusion between infected cells. although spi-3 contains motifs conserved in inhibitory serpins, no proteinase inhibition by spi-3 has been demonstrated, and mutations within the serpin reactive center loop (rcl) do not affect the ability to regulate cell fusion. we demonstrate here that spi-3 protein expressed by transcription/translation in vitro is able to form sds-stable complexes with the serine proteinases plasmin, urokinase-typ ... | 2000 | 10873770 |
| parapoxviruses are strongly inhibited in vitro by cidofovir. | three parapoxviruses which cause orf or related diseases in humans and animals and the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus, were tested for their in vitro sensitivity to cidofovir. the 50% inhibitory concentration for the three parapoxviruses was between 0.21 and 0.27 microg/ml and for vaccinia was 1.32 microg/ml. the selectivity index varied from 198 to 264 for the parapoxviruses and was 42 for vaccinia virus. virus yield assays confirmed the ability of cidofovir to reduce ortho- and parapoxvirus rep ... | 2000 | 11164507 |
| the vaccinia virus superoxide dismutase-like protein (a45r) is a virion component that is nonessential for virus replication. | a characterization of the a45r gene from vaccinia virus (vv) strain western reserve is presented. the open reading frame is predicted to encode a 125-amino-acid protein (m(r), of 13,600) with 39% amino acid identity to copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (cu-zn sod). sequencing of the a45r gene from other orthopoxviruses, here and by others, showed that the protein is highly conserved in all viruses sequenced, including 16 strains of vv, 2 strains of cowpox virus, camelpox virus, and 4 strains of v ... | 2001 | 11435582 |
| [smallpox]. | 2001 | 11980393 | |
| antiviral activity and mode of action studies of ribavirin and mycophenolic acid against orthopoxviruses in vitro. | two inhibitors of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, mycophenolic acid (mpa) and ribavirin, were evaluated for inhibitory activity against orthopoxviruses. unrelated antipoxvirus agents tested for comparison included 6-azauridine, cidofovir (hpmpc) and cyclic hpmpc. mpa inhibited camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox and vaccinia viruses by 50% in plaque reduction assays at 0.2-3 microm in african green monkey kidney (vero 76) and mouse 3t3 cells. ribavirin was considerably more active in 3t3 c ... | 2001 | 12018677 |
| species-specific differences in the structure of orthopoxvirus complement-binding protein. | vaccinia virus complement-binding protein (vcp) is secreted from the cells infected with the virus and controls the complement activation reactions. this protein contains four short consensus repeats (scr), typical of the protein family of complement activation regulators. organization of the vcp genes/proteins of orthopoxviruses-monkeypox (mpv), variola, cowpox and vaccinia viruses-and their cellular homologues (daf and c4bp) were studied comparatively. for this purpose, vcp genes of three mpv ... | 2001 | 11682123 |
| [isolation and identification of the smallpox virus which caused iatrogenic vaccinia in children in the city of vladivostok]. | the comparative study of the specimens of the morphological elements of exanthema obtained from 8 children with the clinical diagnosis of secondary exogenic vaccinia, dried smallpox vaccine and the cultures of other orthopoxviruses (rabbit pox, monkey pox and buffalo pox viruses) was made. the isolation and identification of the causative agents from the specimens was carried out with the use of modern virological, electron microscopic and molecular methods. the study proved the fact that 8 chil ... | 2001 | 11548257 |
| granzyme a and b-deficient killer lymphocytes are defective in eliciting dna fragmentation but retain potent in vivo anti-tumor capacity. | recent studies have demonstrated that granzymes a and b make an important contribution to the clearance of the orthopoxvirus ectromelia, and in graft versus host disease. to test whether granzymes are generally necessary for lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vivo, we assessed the cytotoxic capacity of granzyme a and/or b-deficient lymphocytes in several perforin-dependent settings. splenocytes and allogeneic ctl of granzyme a and/or b-deficient mice were defective for induction of dna fragment ... | 2001 | 11169436 |
| efficacy of 2-amino-7-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)purine for treatment of vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) infections in mice. | we have previously shown that the n-7 substituted acyclic nucleoside analog 2-amino-7-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]purine (compound s2242) is, both in vitro and in animal models, a potent inhibitor of the replication of several herpesviruses (neyts et al., antimicrob. agents chemother. 39:56-60, 1995). here we report on the potent and selective antiviral activity of s2242 against vaccinia virus (vv), an orthopoxvirus. the 50% effective concentrations for inhibition of vv-induced cytopathic ef ... | 2001 | 11120949 |
| detection and differentiation of old world orthopoxviruses: restriction fragment length polymorphism of the crmb gene region. | a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay was developed to identify and differentiate old world, african-eurasian orthopoxviruses (opv): variola, vaccinia, cowpox, monkeypox, camelpox, ectromelia, and taterapox viruses. the test uses amplicons produced from virus genome dna by pcr with a consensus primer pair designed from sequences determined for the cytokine response modifier b (crmb) gene of 43 different opv strains of known taxonomic origin. the primer pair amplified a single s ... | 2001 | 11136755 |
| orthopoxvirus il-18 binding proteins: affinities and antagonist activities. | the affinities of purified recombinant human il-18 binding protein (bp) and ectromelia and cowpox virus homologs for human and murine il-18 were compared by plasmon resonance. the dissociation constants of human il-18bp were similar for murine and human il-18. by contrast, the dissociation constants of the viral proteins for murine il-18 were 12- to 50-fold lower than that for human il-18. the ectromelia and cowpox virus proteins were biologically active, as judged by their ability to inhibit in ... | 2001 | 11145885 |
| an overview of poxviruses. | the poxvirus family is a diverse and interesting group of viruses that affect both humans and animals. poxviruses are epitheliotropic and therefore are of interest to the dermatologist. the genera of poxviruses known to affect humans are orthopoxvirus, parapoxvirus, molluscipoxvirus, and yatapoxvirus. the different poxviruses are reviewed, including their history, incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment. | 2001 | 11148468 |
| treatment of lethal vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice with cidofovir. | intranasal infection of balb/c mice with the wr strain of vaccinia virus leads to pneumonia, profound weight loss and death. five days after intranasal inoculation, virus from untreated mice was recovered from 11 organs, tissues and whole blood. the highest titres [>10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/g] were in lungs and nose/sinus tissue, with about 10(7) pfu/g in spleen and blood. seven other organs contained 30- to > or = 50-fold lower amounts of virus. mice infected with the related cowpox vir ... | 2001 | 11437324 |
| comparison of closely related orthopoxvirus isolates by random amplified polymorphic dna and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. | the reliability and reproducibility of random amplified polymorphic dna analysis (rapd) was compared with restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) by analysing three virus strains isolated from zoo animals in berlin and three isolates which were cultivated from pets from northern germany. the rapd technique was evaluated as a reliable tool with good reproducibility of the patterns for each virus strain investigated. problems of interpretation due to inconsistent intensity of bands in diff ... | 2001 | 11765800 |
| poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. | a number of molecular forms of dna polymerases have been reported to be involved in eukaryotic nuclear dna replication, with contributions from alpha-, delta-, and epsilon-polymerases. it has been reported that delta-polymerase possessed a central role in dna replication in archaea, whose ancestry are thought to be closely related to the ancestor of eukaryotes. indeed, in vitro experiment shown here suggests that delta-polymerase has the potential ability to start dna synthesis immediately after ... | 2001 | 11443345 |
| cowpox virus and other members of the orthopoxvirus genus interfere with the regulation of nf-kappab activation. | nf-kappab comprises a family of transcription factors that regulate key immune processes. in this study, the effects of orthopoxvirus infection upon the activation of nf-kappab were examined. during the early phase of infection, cowpox virus can inhibit the induction of nf-kappab-regulated gene expression by interfering with the process of ikappabalpha degradation. although either okadaic acid or tumor necrosis factor (tnf) treatment of infected cells can induce ikappabalpha phosphorylation, fur ... | 2001 | 11543670 |
| species-specific differences in the organization of the complement-binding protein of orthopoxviruses. | 2001 | 11605339 | |
| characterization of ati, tk and ifn-alpha/betar genes in the genome of the bean 58058 virus, a naturally attenuated wild orthopoxvirus. | the lack of knowledge about the natural host of vaccinia virus (vv) along with the description of human infections caused by poxviruses after smallpox eradication has increased the need to characterize poxviruses isolated from the wild. moreover, in the past years poxviruses have been widely studied as potential vaccination tools, with the discovery of several genes implicated in the evasion of the host immune response involved in virus pathogenesis. among them, an interferon (ifn)-binding prote ... | 2001 | 11778697 |
| cowpox virus in a 12-year-old boy: rapid identification by an orthopoxvirus-specific polymerase chain reaction. | although smallpox was eradicated 20 years ago, other members of the genus orthopoxvirus (opv), such as cowpox virus (cpxv) or monkeypox virus, are still a threat to humans. because human cpxv infection is rare, it is seldom suspected on clinical grounds only. we report a boy who presented with two necrotic ulcers with surrounding erythema. infection with opv was suspected, as antibiotic treatment had not produced improvement and smears were negative for anthrax. an opv was isolated and an opv-sp ... | 2001 | 11453925 |
| outbreak of human monkeypox, democratic republic of congo, 1996 to 1997. | human monkeypox is a zoonotic smallpox-like disease caused by an orthopoxvirus of interhuman transmissibility too low to sustain spread in susceptible populations. in february 1997, 88 cases of febrile pustular rash were identified for the previous 12 months in 12 villages of the katako-kombe health zone, democratic republic of congo (attack rate = 22 per 1,000; case-fatality rate = 3.7%). seven were active cases confirmed by virus isolation. orthopoxvirus- neutralizing antibodies were detected ... | 2001 | 11384521 |
| [smallpox, bioterrorism agent]. | a considerable risk: among the infectious agents that might be used as terrorist weapons, the smallpox virus represents a sufficiently high risk, which is difficult to manage and must be seriously taken into account. from a microbiological point of view: two viral strains of the smallpox virus, which belong to the poxviridae and orthopoxvirus-type families, are known. they are associated with various clinical presentations of smallpox, i.e., variola major and variola minor or "alastrim". variola ... | 2002 | 12497725 |
| enhanced inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication in vitro by alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir. | the nucleotide phosphonates cidofovir (cdv) and cyclic cidofovir (ccdv) are potent antiviral compounds when administered parenterally but are not well absorbed orally. these compounds have been reported to have activity against orthopoxvirus replication in vitro and in animal models when administered parenterally or by aerosol. to obtain better oral activity, we synthesized a novel series of analogs of cdv and ccdv by esterification with two long-chain alkoxyalkanols, 3-hexadecyloxy-1-propanol ( ... | 2002 | 11897580 |
| structural analysis of the extracellular domain of vaccinia virus envelope protein, a27l, by nmr and cd spectroscopy. | this study presents the molecular structure of the extracellular domain of vaccinia virus envelope protein, a27l, determined by nmr and cd spectroscopy. a recombinant protein, ea27l-aa, containing this domain in which cysteines 71 and 72 were replaced with alanine, was constructed to prevent self-assembly due to intermolecular disulfide bonds between these two cysteines. the soluble ea27l-aa protein forms an oligomer resembling that of a27l on vaccinia virions. heteronuclear correlation nmr spec ... | 2002 | 11901147 |
| the sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. | camelpox virus (cmpv) and variola virus (var) are orthopoxviruses (opvs) that share several biological features and cause high mortality and morbidity in their single host species. the sequence of a virulent cmpv strain was determined; it is 202182 bp long, with inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 6045 bp and has 206 predicted open reading frames (orfs). as for other poxviruses, the genes are tightly packed with little non-coding sequence. most genes within 25 kb of each terminus are transcribed ... | 2002 | 11907336 |
| amplification of 'variola virus-specific' sequences in german cowpox virus isolates. | in 1995 a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol describing the specific detection of variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, was published by knight and others. virulent variola major strains could be differentiated from less virulent variola minor strains because of the distinct amplicon sizes. here, we applied this pcr protocol to dna from various orthopoxvirus isolates. there was no amplification with the orthopoxvirus species vaccinia, monkeypox, mousepox, or camelpox viruses. how ... | 2002 | 11911586 |
| characterization of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses. | cidofovir ([(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine] [hpmpc])-resistant forms of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses were developed by prolonged passage in vero 76 cells in the presence of drug. eight- to 27-fold-higher concentrations of cidofovir were required to inhibit the resistant viruses than were needed to inhibit the wild-type (wt) viruses. resistant viruses were characterized by determining their cross-resistance to other antiviral compounds, examining their di ... | 2002 | 11959564 |
| inhibition of interferons by ectromelia virus. | ectromelia virus (ev) is an orthopoxvirus (opv) that causes mousepox, a severe disease of laboratory mice. mousepox is a useful model of opv infection because ev is likely to be a natural mouse pathogen, unlike its close relatives vaccinia virus (vv) and variola virus. several studies have highlighted the importance of mouse interferons (ifns) in resistance to and recovery from ev infection, but little is known of the anti-ifn strategies encoded by the virus itself. we have determined that 12 di ... | 2002 | 11773388 |
| spectrum of antimicrobial activity and user acceptability of the hand disinfectant agent sterillium gel. | the antimicrobial efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels has been shown to be significantly less than liquid hand rubs probably because of a lower concentration of alcohol. sterillium gel is the first hand gel with 85% ethanol. its antimicrobial efficacy and user acceptability was studied. bactericidal activity was tested according to pren 12054 against staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus hirae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli (suspension test) and en 1500 (15 volunteers; four replicate ... | 2002 | 12392906 |
| detection of smallpox virus dna by lightcycler pcr. | a 300-bp plasmid fragment of the hemagglutinin gene was used as target dna to develop a rapid real-time lightcycler (roche applied science, indianapolis, ind.) pcr assay for laboratory detection of smallpox virus. pcr primers and probes were designed specifically for detection of smallpox virus dna, but all viruses of the genus orthopoxvirus tested could be detected by use of the hemagglutinin gene target sequence. base pair mismatches in the 204-bp amplicon allowed discrimination of cowpox viru ... | 2002 | 12037052 |
| the genome of camelpox virus. | camelpox virus (cmlv), a member of the orthopoxvirus genus in the poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of a disease of camels. here we report the cmlv genomic sequence with analysis. the 205,719-bp cmlv genome contains 211 putative genes and consists of a central region bound by identical inverted terminal repeats of approximately 7 kb. a high degree of similarity in gene order, gene content, and amino acid composition in the region located between cmlv017 and cmlv184 (average 96% amino acid ident ... | 2002 | 12033760 |
| species-level identification of orthopoxviruses with an oligonucleotide microchip. | a method for species-specific detection of orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans and animals is described. the method is based on hybridization of a fluorescently labeled amplified dna specimen with the oligonucleotide dna probes immobilized on a microchip (magichip). the probes identify species-specific sites within the crmb gene encoding the viral analogue of tumor necrosis factor receptor, one of the most important determinants of pathogenicity in this genus of viruses. the diagnostic procedu ... | 2002 | 11880388 |
| an investigation of incorporation of cellular antigens into vaccinia virus particles. | vaccinia virus (vv) infection produces several types of virus particle called intracellular mature virus (imv), intracellular enveloped virus (iev), cell-associated enveloped virus (cev) and extracellular enveloped virus (eev). some cellular antigens are associated with eev and these vary with the cell type used to grow the virus. to investigate if specific cell antigens are associated with vv particles, and to address the origin of membranes used to envelope imv and iev/cev/eev, we have studied ... | 2002 | 12237415 |
| identification of the orthopoxvirus p4c gene, which encodes a structural protein that directs intracellular mature virus particles into a-type inclusions. | the orthopoxvirus gene p4c has been identified in the genome of the vaccinia virus strain western reserve. this gene encodes the 58-kda structural protein p4c present on the surfaces of the intracellular mature virus (imv) particles. the gene is disrupted in the genome of cowpox virus brighton red (br), demonstrating that although the p4c protein may be advantageous for virus replication in vivo, it is not essential for virus replication in vitro. complementation and recombination analyses with ... | 2002 | 12388681 |
| species-specific differences in the organization of genes encoding kelch-like proteins of orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans. | 2002 | 12058374 | |
| analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. | monkeypox virus (mpv) belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus of the family poxviridae, is endemic in parts of africa, and causes a human disease that resembles smallpox. the 196,858-bp mpv genome was analyzed with regard to structural features and open reading frames. each end of the genome contains an identical but oppositely oriented 6379-bp terminal inverted repetition, which similar to that of other orthopoxviruses, includes a putative telomere resolution sequence and short tandem repeats. compu ... | 2002 | 12083817 |
| the interaction of orthopoxviruses and interferon-treated cultured cells. | 2002 | 12205783 | |
| orthologs of the vaccinia a13l and a36r virion membrane protein genes display diversity in species of the genus orthopoxvirus. | alignment of vaccinia and variola virus genomes has highlighted some targets that display diversity. we have investigated the sequence diversity of two viral membrane protein genes from 36 different orthopoxvirus (opv) strains to evaluate the suitability of these loci to differentiate between opv species. orthologs of the vaccinia virus copenhagen a13l gene were all predicted to have functional genes that ranged between 201-213 bps in length. whereas the n- and c-termini of each protein were rel ... | 2002 | 12021869 |
| the zoonotic poxviruses. | animal poxviruses occasionally produce human skin disease often associated with systemic illness. lesions are painful blisters and crusted eschars and are usually self-limiting and rarely fatal. treatment is generally supportive. | 2002 | 12017086 |
| characterization of a vaccinia-like virus isolated in a brazilian forest. | the span232 virus (spanv) was isolated from sentinel mice in the forest of cotia, são paulo, brazil. it was grouped originally as a cotia virus (cv) sample due to serological cross-reaction with the latter. however, spanv presented genetic characteristics that differed from cv and indicated that spanv is a member of the vaccinia virus (vv) subgroup. spanv showed a hindiii-digested dna pattern similar to those of the wr and lister strains of vv. also, spanv presented genes homologous to the vacci ... | 2002 | 11752719 |
| variola virus immune evasion design: expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement. | variola virus, the most virulent member of the genus orthopoxvirus, specifically infects humans and has no other animal reservoir. variola causes the contagious disease smallpox, which has a 30-40% mortality rate. conversely, the prototype orthopoxvirus, vaccinia, causes no disease in immunocompetent humans and was used in the global eradication of smallpox, which ended in 1977. however, the threat of smallpox persists because clandestine stockpiles of variola still exist. although variola and v ... | 2002 | 12034872 |
| cowpox virus encodes a fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family: a soluble, secreted cd30 homologue. | cowpox virus (brighton red strain) possesses one of the largest genomes in the orthopoxvirus genus. sequence analysis of a region of the genome that is type-specific for cowpox virus identified a gene, vcd30, encoding a soluble, secreted protein that is the fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family known to be encoded by cowpox virus. the vcd30 protein contains 110 aa, including a 21-residue signal peptide, a potential o-linked glycosylation site, and a 58-aa sequence sharing 51- ... | 2002 | 12034885 |
| apoptosis during ectromelia orthopoxvirus infection is devdase dependent: in vitro and in vivo studies. | ectromelia virus (ev), which causes mousepox, is a member of the orthopoxviruses that are defined as being able to suppress apoptosis. caspase-3 is one of the key effector proteases which regulates the apoptotic cascade and which is responsible for dna fragmentation observed during apoptosis. it is well known that viruses, especially poxviruses, can inhibit caspase activity. here, we report that ev can regulate apoptosis in vitro, suppressing the activity of caspases recognizing the devd (asp-gl ... | 2002 | 12048029 |
| species-specific differences in organization of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins. | organization of orthopoxvirus proteins of the kelch superfamily and their genes were analyzed and compared. complete genomic sequences of variola (var), monkeypox (mpv), vaccinia (vac), and species-specific regions of cowpox (cpv) viruses were used in the work. despite the multiplicity of kelch-like proteins in orthopoxviruses, their function is still vague. it has been discovered that the genes of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins are localized only to the terminal variable regions of the genom ... | 2002 | 12018707 |
| treatment of lethal cowpox virus respiratory infections in mice with 2-amino-7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]purine and its orally active diacetate ester prodrug. | the acyclic purine nucleoside analog, 2-amino-7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]purine (s2242) and its orally active diacetate ester prodrug (hoe961) were reported to be potent inhibitors of vaccinia virus replication in cell culture and in infected mice. these compounds were evaluated further, using infections with the related cowpox virus. against a wild-type (wt) cowpox virus strain in mouse c127i cell culture, 50% effective concentrations (ec(50), determined by plaque reduction assays) of s ... | 2002 | 12062396 |
| [orthopoxvirus genes for kelch-like proteins. i. analysis of species specific differences by gene structure and organization]. | genes and proteins of the kelch superfamily were structurally analyzed in the smallpox (spv), monkeypox (mpv), cowpox (cpv), and vaccinia (vv) viruses. genes potentially coding for the kelch-like proteins were found only in the variable terminal regions of the orthopoxvirus genome. the set and sizes of their protein products varied with species. all genes of the superfamily proved to be disrupted by mutations in spv, which is highly pathogenic for its only host, man. the largest set of kelch-lik ... | 2002 | 12173463 |
| effect of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine on vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) infections in mice. | there is a concern that there may be unregistered stocks of smallpox that can be used for bioterrorism or biological warfare. according to the who advisory committee on variola research, there is a need to develop strategies to treat smallpox infections should they reappear. it would also be important to have an effective drug at hand for the treatment of monkeypox disease in humans. we show here that 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idu) is a potent inhibitor of vaccinia virus (vv) replication and that ... | 2002 | 12183236 |
| smallpox: residual antibody after vaccination. | of all the microorganisms and toxins, poxviruses (orthopoxvirus) have the greatest potential for use by terrorists. these viruses can spread rapidly through the environment following initial infection. in 1980, the world health organization eradication program discontinued vaccination for smallpox and declared that the disease had been eliminated. with the threat of smallpox virus as a bioterrorism weapon, questions have been asked about the persistence of protection (as offered by antibodies) f ... | 2003 | 12958227 |
| comparative assessment of the properties of orthopoxviral soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor. | 2003 | 12959070 | |
| development of a candidate polyvalent live vaccine against human immunodeficiency, hepatitis b, and orthopox viruses. | 2003 | 12959074 | |
| real-time pcr assay to detect smallpox virus. | we developed a highly sensitive and specific assay for the rapid detection of smallpox virus dna on both the smart cycler and lightcycler platforms. the assay is based on taqman chemistry with the orthopoxvirus hemagglutinin gene used as the target sequence. with genomic dna purified from variola virus bangladesh 1975, the limit of detection was estimated to be approximately 25 copies on both machines. the assay was evaluated in a blinded study with 322 coded samples that included genomic dna fr ... | 2003 | 12904397 |
| accidental infection of laboratory worker with vaccinia virus. | we report the accidental needlestick inoculation of a laboratory worker with vaccinia virus. although the patient had previously been vaccinated against smallpox, severe lesions appeared on the fingers. western blot and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to analyze the virus recovered from the lesions. the vaccinia virus-specific immunoglobulin g levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. our study supports the need for vaccination for la ... | 2003 | 12781015 |
| administration of vaccinia virus to mice may cause contact or bedding sentinel mice to test positive for orthopoxvirus antibodies: case report and follow-up investigation. | routine testing of bedding sentinels from a barrier room revealed one mouse seropositive to ectromelia virus (ev). results of hemagglutination-inhibition testing and western blot analysis were confirmatory for orthopoxvirus antibodies. additional seropositive animals were not identified. interviews indicated that replication-competent vaccinia virus (vv), western reserve strain (vv-wr), recently had been given to mice. although vv-wr was not expected to spread by contact or via fomites, the case ... | 2003 | 12625512 |
| identification of vaccinia virus epitope-specific hla-a*0201-restricted t cells and comparative analysis of smallpox vaccines. | despite worldwide eradication of naturally occurring variola virus, smallpox remains a potential threat to both civilian and military populations. new, safe smallpox vaccines are being developed, and there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate vaccine efficacy after immunization. here we report the identification of an immunodominant hla-a*0201-restricted epitope that is recognized by cytotoxic cd8(+) t cells and conserved among orthopoxvirus species including variola virus. this finding has ... | 2003 | 12518065 |
| araçatuba virus: a vaccinialike virus associated with infection in humans and cattle. | we describe a vaccinialike virus, araçatuba virus, associated with a cowpoxlike outbreak in a dairy herd and a related case of human infection. diagnosis was based on virus growth characteristics, electron microscopy, and molecular biology techniques. molecular characterization of the virus was done by using polymerase chain reaction amplification, cloning, and dna sequencing of conserved orthopoxvirus genes such as the vaccinia growth factor (vgf), thymidine kinase (tk), and hemagglutinin. we u ... | 2003 | 12603984 |
| [identification of orthopoxvirus species using oligonucleotide micro-chips]. | a method for describing the orthopoxviruses that are pathogenic both to man and animals is described in the article. the method is based on hybridization of a fluorescently labelled amplified dna sample with oligonucleotides, which were immobilized in a microchip. species-specific regions within the crmb gene encoding a viral analogue of the tumor necrosis factor receptor, i.e. an important gene determining the pathogenicity of the mentioned orthopoxviruses type, were used as a target for identi ... | 2003 | 12608052 |
| potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. | we assessed the activities of 24 different antiviral compounds against smallpox (two strains of variola major and one of variola minor), monkeypox, vaccinia and cowpox viruses by a neutral red uptake assay. to establish assay parameters, we examined viral replication and its inhibition at various times postinfection and at several multiplicities of infection. drugs were selected to target a range of functions involved in viral replication. eight compounds (cidofovir, cyclic hpmpc (chpmpc), hpmpa ... | 2003 | 12615299 |
| images in clinical medicine. cowpox infection. | 2003 | 12556545 | |
| cowpox with severe generalized eruption, finland. | cowpox with a severe, generalized eruption was diagnosed in an atopic 4-year-old girl by electron microscopy, virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and immunoglobulin (ig) m and low-avidity igg antibodies. the hemagglutinin gene of the isolate clustered with a russian cowpox virus strain, and more distantly, with other cowpox and vaccinia virus strains. the patient's dog had orthopoxvirus-specific antibodies, indicating a possible transmission route. in finnish wild rodents, orthopoxvirus ... | 2003 | 14718092 |
| flow cytometry and t-cell response monitoring after smallpox vaccination. | orthopoxvirus zoonosis or smallpox as result of bioterrorism or biological warfare represents a risk for epidemic spread. by monitoring t-cell responses by flow cytometry, we observed a recall response after recent vaccination against smallpox. when the high similarity between the orthopoxviruses is considered, this rapid assay that uses vaccinia antigens could identify recently exposures. | 2003 | 14718095 |
| antiviral activity of cyclopentenyl nucleosides against orthopox viruses (smallpox, monkeypox and cowpox). | an improved method for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure d-cyclopentenyl nucleosides has been accomplished and their antiviral activity against orthopox viruses have been evaluated. the key intermediate, l-cyclopent-2-enone 13 was prepared from d-ribose using a ring closing metathesis reaction in eight steps. among the synthesized nucleosides, the adenine 2 (neplanocin a), cytosine 14, and 5-f-cytosine 15 analogues exhibited potent anti-orthopox virus activity, including smallpox virus. | 2003 | 12467606 |
| in vitro activity of potential anti-poxvirus agents. | the potential use of variola or another orthopoxvirus such as monkeypox as a weapon of bioterrorism has stimulated efforts to develop new drugs for treatment of smallpox or other poxvirus infections. at the present time only cidofovir is approved for use in the emergency treatment of smallpox outbreaks. although cidofovir is very active against the orthopoxviruses in vitro and in animal model infections, it is not active when given orally and must be administered with precaution so as to avoid r ... | 2003 | 12615301 |
| four-gene-combination dna vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicits appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. | two major infectious forms of vaccinia virus (vacv) have been described: the intracellular mature virion (imv), and the extracellular enveloped virion (eev). due to their stability in the environment, imvs play a predominant role in host-to-host transmission, whereas eevs play an important role in dissemination within the host. in a previous report, we demonstrated that mice vaccinated with vacv l1r (imv immunogen) and a33r (eev immunogen) were protected from a lethal poxvirus challenge. vaccina ... | 2003 | 12620810 |
| [multiplex pcr analysis for species specific express-identification of orthopoxviruses]. | a method for one-stage rapid identification of the four orthopovirus species, which are pathogenic to humans, involving multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) was developed. five pairs of oligonucleotides primers were simultaneously used in the mentioned mpcr assay of orthopoxvirus dna; one of the pairs was genus-specific, the remaining four primers were species-specific for variola, monkey-pox, cowpox and vaccine-pox. the specificity and sensitivity of the developed method were evaluated th ... | 2003 | 12656047 |
| [immunomodulatory proteins of orthopoxviruses]. | the review considers recent data on the structural-functional organization of the genome of orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, including the variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. emphasis was placed on the structure of molecular virulence factors that suppress the inflammatory reactions, immune response, and interferon effects induced by virus infection. | 2003 | 12624944 |
| high-frequency genetic recombination and reactivation of orthopoxviruses from dna fragments transfected into leporipoxvirus-infected cells. | poxvirus dna is not infectious because establishing an infection requires the activities of enzymes packaged in the virion. this barrier can be overcome by transfecting virus dna into cells previously infected with another poxvirus, since the resident virus can provide the trans-acting systems needed to reactivate transfected dna. in this study we show that cells infected with a leporipoxvirus, shope fibroma virus (sfv), can reactivate vaccinia virus dna. similar heterologous packaging systems w ... | 2003 | 12805426 |
| comparative effects of cidofovir and cyclic hpmpc on lethal cowpox and vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice. | cidofovir is approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in humans. although highly effective, the drug can cause renal toxicity in patients. there is much interest in cidofovir as a potential treatment for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. a cyclic phosphonate form of cidofovir, 1-[((s)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl]cytosine (cyclic hpmpc), was reported to be less nephrotoxic than cidofovir in animals. thus, it was deemed important to dire ... | 2003 | 12815205 |
| evaluation of nucleoside phosphonates and their analogs and prodrugs for inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication. | in the event of a bioterrorism attack using smallpox virus, there currently is no approved drug for the treatment of infections with this virus. we have reported previously that (s)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (hpmpc) (also known as cidofovir [cdv]) has good activity against poxvirus infections; however, a major limitation is the requirement for intravenous administration. two related acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (anps), adefovir (pmea) and tenofovir (pmpa), are active ag ... | 2003 | 12821467 |
| a review of compounds exhibiting anti-orthopoxvirus activity in animal models. | several animal models using mice (most frequently), rabbits, or monkeys have been used to identify compounds active against orthopoxvirus infections. the treatment of vaccinia virus infections has been well studied in models involving infection of scarified skin or eyes, or resulting from intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, or intranasal virus inoculation. cowpox virus has been used in intranasal or aerosol infection studies to evaluate the treatment of lethal respiratory infections. ra ... | 2003 | 12615302 |
| multistate outbreak of monkeypox--illinois, indiana, and wisconsin, 2003. | cdc has received reports of patients with a febrile rash illness who had close contact with pet prairie dogs and other animals. the marshfield clinic, marshfield, wisconsin, identified a virus morphologically consistent with a poxvirus by electron microscopy of skin lesion tissue from a patient, lymph node tissue from the patient's pet prairie dog, and isolates of virus from culture of these tissues. additional laboratory testing at cdc indicated that the causative agent is a monkeypox virus, a ... | 2003 | 12803191 |
| analysis of an orf virus chemokine-binding protein: shifting ligand specificities among a family of poxvirus viroceptors. | we identify a secreted chemokine inhibitor encoded by orf virus (orfv), the prototypic poxvirus of the parapoxvirus genus, and show that it is related to the poxvirus type ii cc-chemokine-binding proteins (cbp-ii) produced by members of the orthopoxvirus and leporipoxvirus genera. the orfv chemokine-binding protein (cbp) is functionally similar to the cbp-ii proteins in its ability to bind and inhibit many cc-chemokines with high affinity. however, unlike cbp-ii, the orfv cbp also binds with hig ... | 2003 | 14657392 |
| [the study of orthopoxvirus genes for kelch-like proteins. ii. construction of cowpox virus variants with targeted gene deletions]. | integrative plasmids p delta c, p delta d, and p delta g were designed to contain a selective marker beyond the region of homology to virus dna and to allow construction of recombinant cowpox viruses (cpv) that lack c18l, d11l, or g3l coding for kelch-like proteins. cpv mutants lacking one (c18l, d11l, or g3l), two (d11l/g3l or c18l/d11l), or three (d11l/g3l/c18l, that is, all) kelch-like protein genes of the left variable region of the virus genome were obtained. impaired reproduction was obser ... | 2003 | 12942630 |
| detection and discrimination of orthopoxviruses using microarrays of immobilized oligonucleotides. | variola virus (varv), causing smallpox, is a potential biological weapon. methods to detect varv rapidly and to differentiate it from other viruses causing similar clinical syndromes are needed urgently. we have developed a new microarray-based method that detects simultaneously and discriminates four orthopoxvirus (opv) species pathogenic for humans (variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses) and distinguishes them from chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster virus or vzv). the opv gene c23l/ ... | 2003 | 12951214 |
| on-the-job exposure to hiv. | 2003 | 14503166 | |
| practical synthesis of d- and l-2-cyclopentenone and their utility for the synthesis of carbocyclic antiviral nucleosides against orthopox viruses (smallpox, monkeypox, and cowpox virus). | highly efficient and practical methodology for the syntheses of d- and l-4,5-o-isopropylidene-2-cyclopentenone (9 and 22), versatile intermediates for the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides, have been developed via a ring-closing metathesis reaction from d-ribose in eight steps. the utility of d- and l-4,5-o-isopropylidene-2-cyclopentenone is demonstrated by their application for the preparation of d-cyclopentyl-6-azauridine 12 and d-cyclopentenyl-5-halocytosine nucleosides (33-35) using mitsu ... | 2003 | 14604375 |
| electron microscopy and the investigation of new infectious diseases. | to review and assess the role of electron microscopy in the investigation of new infectious diseases. | 2003 | 14656415 |
| feline orthopoxvirus infection transmitted from cat to human. | we report the case of a 56-year-old female patient who presented with an inflamed, ulcerated lesion on the left side of her neck after contact (scratch) with a cat living in the patient's house. satellite lesions developed despite local treatment and parenteral clindamycin. histopatholgic examination and the tzanck test showed evidence of a viral infection. subsequent transmission electron microscopy of scrap tissue and material from a fresh pustule exhibited multiple typical poxvirus particles, ... | 2003 | 12963921 |
| ocular complications of smallpox vaccination. | to describe the ocular complications of smallpox vaccination and to discuss potential therapeutic options. | 2003 | 12888060 |
| viral infections in atopic dermatitis: pathogenic aspects and clinical management. | a number of different widespread and disseminated viral infections can occur in patients with atopic dermatitis. eczema molluscatum is troublesome but not dangerous. although eczema vaccinatum is rare, it is life-threatening and of increased concern as smallpox vaccinations are reintroduced as a response to possible bioterrorism. there is little information on the course of smallpox itself in atopic dermatitis. eczema herpeticum is the most common member of this group; recent advances in underst ... | 2003 | 14564342 |
| raccoon poxvirus as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. | in the present study, we evaluated both the immunogenicity and safety of recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. rcn is an orthopoxvirus that was isolated from healthy raccoons and has been used experimentally as a vaccine vector for rabies and other antigens in a variety of species, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, bobcats, rabbits, domestic cats, piglets, sheep and non-human primates. we evaluated the antibody response induced by a recombinant rcn va ... | 2003 | 15203914 |
| new class of orthopoxvirus antiviral drugs that block viral maturation. | by using a homology-based bioinformatics approach, a structural model of the vaccinia virus (vv) i7l proteinase was developed. a unique chemical library of approximately 51,000 compounds was computationally queried to identify potential active site inhibitors. the resulting biased subset of compounds was assayed for both toxicity and the ability to inhibit the growth of vv in tissue culture cells. a family of chemotypically related compounds was found which exhibits selective activity against or ... | 2004 | 15507601 |
| working safely with vaccinia virus: laboratory technique and the role of vaccinia vaccination. | vaccinia virus, the prototype orthopoxvirus, is widely used in the laboratory as a model system to study various aspects of viral biology, virus-host interactions, and as a protein expression system and a vaccine vector. the ubiquitous use of vaccinia viruses in the laboratory raises certain safety concerns, because the virus can be a pathogen in individuals with immunological and dermatological abnormalities and, on occasion, can cause serious problems in normal hosts. this chapter reviews stan ... | 2004 | 15114003 |
| efficacy of oral active ether lipid analogs of cidofovir in a lethal mousepox model. | cidofovir (cdv) is a highly effective inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication and may be used intravenously to treat smallpox or complications arising from the smallpox vaccine under an investigational new drug application (ind). however, cdv is absorbed poorly following oral administration and is inactive orally. to improve the bioavailability of cdv, others synthesized alkoxyalkanol esters of cdv and observed >100-fold more activity than unmodified cdv against cowpox, vaccinia, and variola viru ... | 2004 | 14972516 |
| identification of residues in an orthopoxvirus interleukin-18 binding protein involved in ligand binding and species specificity. | interleukin-18 (il-18) is a critical cytokine in inflammation and adaptive immune responses. the il-18 binding proteins (il-18bp) are a family of proteins that bind to, and inhibit the activity of, il-18. using point mutagenesis, we analyzed the ectromelia virus il-18bp to identify residues involved in binding. because p13 can bind both human and murine il-18, and because it is highly homologous to the variola virus il-18bp, we set out to identify residues that may be involved in species specifi ... | 2004 | 15193916 |
| inhibitory activity of alkoxyalkyl and alkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir against orthopoxvirus replication in vitro. | a new series of ether lipid esters of cidofovir (cdv) were evaluated against vaccinia and cowpox viruses. activity was dependent on number of atoms in the alkyl or alkoxyalkyl chain, the linker moiety, and the presence of a double bond in the alkoxyalkyl chains linked to the phosphonate moiety of cdv. | 2004 | 15105146 |
| cutaneous infections of mice with vaccinia or cowpox viruses and efficacy of cidofovir. | orthopoxviruses, including smallpox, monkeypox and molluscipox, pose risks to human health through bioterrorist acts or natural transmission. there is no approved therapy for orthopoxvirus infections; however, cidofovir (cdv) has been approved as an investigational new drug for emergency treatment of adverse effects following smallpox vaccination. for evaluation of new therapies directed against orthopoxvirus infections, we have utilized immunocompetent, hairless mice (skh-1) inoculated by a cut ... | 2004 | 15196818 |
| human vaccinia-like virus outbreaks in são paulo and goiás states, brazil: virus detection, isolation and identification. | since october 2001, the adolfo lutz institute has been receiving vesicular fluids and scab specimens of patients from paraíba valley region in the são paulo and minas gerais states and from são patricio valley, in the goiás state. epidemiological data suggested that the outbreaks were caused by cowpox virus or vaccinia virus. most of the patients are dairy milkers that had vesiculo-pustular lesions on the hands, arms, forearms, and some of them, on the face. virus particles with orthopoxvirus mo ... | 2004 | 15654477 |
| modified vaccinia virus ankara as antigen delivery system: how can we best use its potential? | safety-tested modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) has been established as a potent vector system for the development of candidate recombinant vaccines. the versatility of the vector system was recently demonstrated by the rapid production of experimental mva vaccines for immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus. promising results were also obtained in the delivery of epstein-barr virus or human cytomegalovirus antigens and from the clinical testing of mva ve ... | 2004 | 15560976 |
| [smallpox--in the past or not?]. | smallpox is a potentially deadly illness caused by the variola virus, an orthopoxvirus. severe illness followed by blister-like body rash is the sign of smallpox. smallpox symptoms develop about 12 days after exposure. v. variole can spread very readily by aerosol, which may lead to explosive epidemics. for centuries, smallpox has been a worldwide cause of death, killing about 30% of the infected people. in 1972, the epidemic of smallpox in ex-yugoslavia was the largest postwar smallpox epidemic ... | 2004 | 15615188 |
| [orthopoxvirus immune evasion mechanism]. | 2004 | 15676243 | |
| [screening for orthopoxviruses by electron microscopy]. | 2004 | 15676244 | |
| [use of vaccinia immune globulin in the prophylaxis and the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections]. | 2004 | 15676246 | |
| [using antiviral drugs for orthopoxvirus infections]. | 2004 | 15676247 |