Publications

immune responses after oral inoculation of weanling bison or beef calves with a bison or cattle isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	paratuberculosis is endemic in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. we designed the following study to compare host immune responses and pathologic changes in beef calves and bison calves after challenge with either a cattle or bison (bison bison) strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. in the first part of the study, six bison and six beef calves were orally inoculated with a cattle isolate of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis over a 2 wk period. in the second part, an additiona ...	2003	14567215
relationships among ecology, demography and diseases of european bison (bison bonasus).	the bison population in the bialowieza forest in poland has now grown to approximately 300, while the herds in the belarusian part of the forest total about 240 bison. the first signs of a health problem in these herds appeared in 1980, when two cases of balanoposthitis were detected in two bulls (2 and 5 years of age). since 1980 research has been conducted to explain the cause of diseases, particularly balanoposthitis, and to monitor the health of bison in bialowieza forest. a total number of ...	2003	14703870
safety of revaccination of pregnant bison with brucella abortus strain rb51.	from december 1998 through february 1999, a study was conducted in a brucella-infected bison herd to evaluate the safety of booster vaccination of adult bison (bison bison) with 6 x 10(9) colony forming units (cfu) of brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51) that had previously been vaccinated as yearlings with 1 x 10(10) cfu of srb51. abortions or other adverse effects were not observed after srb51 booster vaccination. at 10 wk after adult vaccination, pregnant and nonpregnant bison (n = 65) were r ...	2003	14733277
reproductive success of bison bulls (bison bison bison) in semi-natural conditions.	sexual size dimorphism has been related to a high variance in male reproductive success. research on american bison (bison bison bison), a species that shows moderate sexual dimorphism, has put forward the assumption that under wild conditions the largest part of the female herd is bred by a limited number of males. thus far, this hypothesis has never been supported by genetic data. the aim of this study is therefore to test the hypothesis of extreme male reproductive variance among bison throug ...	2003	12853177
characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison.	anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present study was undertaken to confirm a. marginale infection and to characterize isolates obtained from naturally infected bison in the united states and canada. major surface protein (msp1a and msp4) sequences of bison isolates were chara ...	2003	12902301
normal anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the lacrimal glands in the american bison and cattle.	dorsal lacrimal glands, superior glands of the third eyelid and harderian glands (deep gland of the third eyelid) from 19 bison and 18 cattle free of apparent ocular disease were examined to compare the normal anatomical properties of these glands. all glands were characterized and measured (length and width). the gross anatomy of the dorsal lacrimal glands was similar, with the exception of a bipartite gland in cattle. the bison's superior gland of the third eyelid and harderian gland was longe ...	2003	12969024
development of a linkage map and qtl scan for growth traits in north american bison.	pcr protocols incorporating fluorescently labeled multiplexed primer combinations were developed to produce a linkage map for bison. three hundred fifty eight microsatellite loci spanning all 29 autosomes were genotyped via 83 pcr multiplexes and nine individual amplifications. a total of 292 markers were integrated into an autosomal linkage map for bison. the sex averaged bison map (2,647 cm) was approximately 9% longer than the corresponding usda marc map, which covered 2,415 cm. utilizing wea ...	2003	14970680
foraging ecology of bison at the landscape and plant community levels: the applicability of energy maximization principles.	predictions of animal distribution and resource use require multi-scale consideration because animals can use different sets of selection criteria at different scales. we investigated whether patterns of distribution and resource use by free-ranging bison (bison bison) in prince albert national park, saskatchewan, follow rules of energy maximization that hold across multiple scales. optimality theory predicts specialization on carex atherodes and frequency-independent selection among plant speci ...	2003	12647163
phylogenetic relationships of northeast asian cattle to other cattle populations determined using mitochondrial dna d-loop sequence polymorphism.	phylogenetic relationships of northeast asian cattle to various other cattle breeds including bos taurus, bos indicus, and bison bison were assessed using mtdna d-loop sequences. a neighbor-joining tree was constructed using sequences determined for 4 cheju black, 4 cheju yellow, 4 korean yellow cattle (bos taurus), and 2 american brahman cattle (bos indicus), and also published sequences for 31 japanese black cattle, 45 european breed cattle, 6 african zebus, 2 african taurines, and 6 indian ze ...	2003	12670023
rapid and sensitive detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk and feces by a combination of immunomagnetic bead separation-conventional pcr and real-time pcr.	immunomagnetic bead separation coupled with bead beating and real-time pcr was found to be a very effective procedure for the isolation, separation, and detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk and/or fecal samples from cattle and american bison. samples were spiked with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms, which bound to immunomagnetic beads and were subsequently lysed by bead beating; then protein and cellular contaminants were removed by phenol-chloroform-isop ...	2004	15004056
[genetic characteristics and prognosis of the existence of the european bison free-living population created in the "orlovsky poles'e" national park].	we present preliminary data on genetic aspects of preserving viability of the free-living population of european bison (bison bonasus l.) created in the orlovskoe poles'e national park.	2004	15125253
experimental brucella abortus infection in wolves.	four juvenile male wolves (canis lupus) each received an oral dose of 1.6-1.7 x 10(12) colony-forming units of brucella abortus biovar 1 isolated from a bison (bison bison) in wood buffalo national park (canada), and two others served as negative controls. infected wolves did not show clinical signs of disease but did develop high brucella antibody titers. small numbers of b. abortus were excreted sporadically in feces until day 50 postinoculation (pi). very small numbers of the bacterium were i ...	2004	15137489
parasitemia in a neonatal bison calf.	a 3-day old female bison calf (bison bison) was presented in lateral recumbency to the université de montréal veterinary teaching hospital. the animal was severely depressed and dehydrated (10%) and died a few hours after admission. prior to death, blood samples were obtained for cbc, clinical chemistry, and serology tests. abnormal cbc findings included thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis, mild monocytosis, and a toxic left shift. abnormal serum clinical chemistry findings included marked azotemia, ...	2004	15334355
brucellosis in captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) caused by brucella abortus biovar 4.	nine (four female, five male) captive adult rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) contracted brucellosis caused by brucella abortus biovar 4 as a result of natural exposure to an aborted elk (cervus elaphus) fetus. clinical signs of infection were orchitis and epididymitis in males and lymphadenitis and placentitis with abortion in females. gross pathologic findings included enlargement of the testes or epididymides, or both, and yellow caseous abscesses and pyogranulomas of the same. b ...	2004	15362833
fecal androgens of bison bulls during the rut.	the influence of sex hormones is a key proximate factor underlying male reproductive behavior in mammals. effective conservation policies for the remaining purebred plains bison (bison bison bison) herds require knowledge of the physiology underlying bison reproductive biology. we used fecal steroid analysis to characterize androgen levels in adult bison bulls before, during, and after the rut, and to examine androgen levels of bulls differing in reproductive status, age, and mating success. fie ...	2004	15465524
molecular phylogeny of the tribe bovini (bovidae, bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the kouprey, bos sauveli urbain 1937.	the kouprey is a very rare bovid species of the indochinese peninsula, and no living specimen has been described for a long time, suggesting that it is possibly extinct. its systematic position within the tribe bovini remains confused since the analyses of morphological characters have led to several conflicting hypotheses. some authors have also suggested that it could be a hybrid species produced by the crossing of the banteng with gaur, zebu, or water buffalo. here we performed a molecular ph ...	2004	15522811
recent studies on the characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison.	anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. many geographic isolates of a. marginale occur worldwide that have been identified by major surface protein (msp) 1a, which varies in sequence and molecular weight owing to different numbers of tandem 28-29 amino acid repeats. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present studie ...	2004	15604478
contraception of bison by gnrh vaccine: a possible means of decreasing transmission of brucellosis in bison.	preventing pregnancy in brucellosis-infected bison (bison bison) provides a potential means of preventing transmission of disease. to determine whether a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) vaccine was effective in reducing pregnancy in bison and to study the safety of injecting gnrh in pregnant bison, a study was conducted at the idaho fish and game wildlife health laboratory in caldwell, idaho (usa). four pregnant and two nonpregnant female bison were given a single injection of gnrh vaccine ...	2004	15650090
maternal and paternal lineages in cross-breeding bovine species. has wisent a hybrid origin?	the tribe bovini comprises cattle and cattle-like species. reconstructions of their phylogeny have so far been incomplete and have yielded conflicting conclusions about the relationship of american bison and wisent (european bison). we have compared the sequences of three mitochondrial and two y-chromosomal dna segments. mitochondrial dna indicates that four distinct maternal lineages diverged after an early split-off of the buffalo species, leading to (1) taurine cattle and zebu, (2) wisent, (3 ...	2004	14739241
antibodies to neospora caninum in the blood of european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) living in poland.	the prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum was examined in european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) living in free and fenced areas in poland. sera of 320 european bison, different ages and sexes, from breeding areas in poland were tested for n. caninum antibodies using elisa test. positive antibody responses were found in 23 bison (prevalence 7.3%). additionally, all positive sera were tested by western blot to verify the elisa results. the western blot results confirmed the presence of ...	2004	15725547
milkprotchip--a microarray of snps in candidate genes associated with milk protein biosynthesis--development and validation.	milkprotchip is an oligonucleotide microarray based on the arrayed primer extension (apex) technique, allowing genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in genes of interest for bovine milk protein biosynthesis. apex consists of a sequencing reaction primed by an oligonucleotide anchored with its 5'end to a glass slide and terminating one nucleotide before the polymorphic site. the extension with one fluorescently labeled dideoxy nucleotide complementary to the template reveals the po ...	2005	15741664
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free-ranging bison (bison bison) by pcr.	bacterial culture is the 'gold standard' for detecting mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, but is time consuming, laborious, and recovery of organism varies with species of animal tested. pcr has been used for detection of map dna in feces and tissues. we used pcr to detect map dna isolated from tissues from 25 free-ranging north american bison (bison bison), each with clinical signs compatible with johne's disease. we report the performance of pcr to detect map dna ...	2005	15797824
[immobilization of cattle and bison with a combination of xylazine, zolazepam-tiletamine and ketamine].	the aim of this study was to find a safe and reliable alternative to immobilon for the immobilization of (feral) cattle. a combination of xylazine, zolazepam-tiletamine and ketamine was tested in limousin cattle, scottish highland cattle, and american bison. bodyweight, induction time, arterial o2 saturation and the total downtime were measured. arterial blood was taken for ph and blood gas analysis. the animals were then injected with atipamezole and the recovery time was recorded. a combinatio ...	2005	15906824
conservation genomics: disequilibrium mapping of domestic cattle chromosomal segments in north american bison populations.	introgressive hybridization is one of the major threats to species conservation, and is often induced by human influence on the natural habitat of wildlife species. the ability to accurately identify introgression is critical to understanding its importance in evolution and effective conservation management of species. hybridization between north american bison (bison bison) and domestic cattle (bos taurus) as a result of human activities has been recorded for over 100 years, and domestic cattle ...	2005	15969719
occurrence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in mammals and reptiles at the lisbon zoo.	the presence of cryptosporidium parasites in mammals and reptiles kept at the lisbon zoo was investigated. a total of 274 stool samples were collected from 100 mammals and 29 reptiles. the species and genotype of the isolates identified by light microscopy were determined by nested pcr and sequence analysis of a fragment of the small subunit rrna gene. cryptosporidium oocysts were found in one black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou), one prairie bison (bison bison bison) and in one indian star tort ...	2005	15986253
the accidental conservationist: william t. hornaday, the smithsonian bison expeditions and the us national zoo.	in 1886 william t. hornaday, the chief taxidermist of the us national museum, led the "smithsonian institution buffalo outfit" to montana. the american bison was fast heading toward extinction and the mission of the expedition was to locate those of the elusive animals that remained and obtain specimens for the scientific collection at the museum. the successful expedition produced the most complete scientific series, and the finest artistic grouping of taxidermied specimens of the american biso ...	2005	16038976
close genetic relationship of early neolithic cattle from ziegelberg (freising, germany) with modern breeds.	in 2003 a variety of crafts and bone specimens were found during excavations of a neolithic settlement near freising, the southernmost site of the linear pottery culture in bavaria. six cattle bones were used to extract ancient dna (adna). applying nested and touchdown pcr, two fragments of the mitochondrial (mt) dna control region could be amplified from specimen 533/iii which yielded a total of 230 base pairs (bp). the sequence was compared with the homologous part of 40 extant breeds of bos t ...	2005	16130455
chorionic mrna expression and n-glycodiversity of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (pag) of the european bison (bison bonasus).	placental pag mrna expression and n-glycodiversity of multiple pag proteins secreted in vitro by trophectoderm (chorion epithelium) of wild pecoran bovidae taxons was not examined previously. the study on european bison (eb) aimed: (1) to determine placental pag mrna expression by in situ hybridisation; (2) to identify a profile of pecoran pag protein family secreted in vitro by cotyledonary (ct) explants; (3) to examine n-glycodiversity of the pag proteins in this wild taxon. in addition, we co ...	2005	16143214
characterization of bison bison major histocompatibility complex class iia haplotypes.	american bison (bison bison) and domestic cattle (bos taurus and bos indicus) evolved from a common ancestor 1-1.4 million years ago. nevertheless, they show dramatic differences in their susceptibility to infectious diseases, including malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). although bison are highly susceptible to ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) associated mcf, about 20% of healthy domesticated and wild bison are positive for ovhv-2 antibody. we are interested in testing the hypothesis that, within the ...	2005	16331512
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in wild animals.	antibodies to neospora caninum were determined in several species of wild animals in the united states by the neospora agglutination test (nat). antibodies (nat 1:40 or higher) were found in 5 of 249 bison (bison bison), 5 of 160 caribou (rangifer tarandus), 4 of 162 moose (alces alces), 4 of 122 wolves (canis lupus), and 1 of 224 musk ox (ovibos moschatus) but not in 197 black bears (ursus americanus). to our knowledge, this is the first report of antibodies to n. caninum in bison and caribou. ...	2005	16419771
molecular typing of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains from different hosts and regions.	the is1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis was used to detect genetic differences among 38 mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) isolates from cattle, sheep, goats and bison from distinct regions of spain, india and the united states of america (usa). in spain, all eight bovine isolates, three out of six caprine isolates and one of ten ovine isolates were of the c type, while the other nine ovine isolates and three caprine isolates were of the s type. in i ...	2005	16642774
comparison of diagnostic detection methods for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in north american bison.	tissues and fecal material were collected from 14 north american bison (bison bison) that were suspected of having johne's disease and analyzed for the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis). sections of ileum, ileal-cecal lymph node, and three sequential sections of jejunum with their associated mesenteric lymph nodes were taken from each animal. fecal culture indicated that 5 of 14 (35.7%) animals were infected, whereas cultures from tissues detected 12 o ...	2005	15657271
an outbreak of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in bison (bison bison) after exposure to sheep at a public auction sale.	an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) among bison sold at an auction market was studied for an 18-month period. forty-five of 163 bison submitted for sale from 8 different bison farms died on 7 other destination farms. the outbreak began on day 50 after the sale, peaked between days 60 and 70, and ended on day 220. twenty-one dead bison were confirmed to be mcf cases by clinical histories, pathology, and detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 dna in their tissues with polymerase chain reactio ...	2005	15690951
identification of bovine and novel interferon-tau alleles in the american plains bison (bison bison) by analysis of hybrid cattle x bison blastocysts.	the objective of this study was to generate bison x cattle hybrid embryos by in vitro fertilization, to assess their developmental potential, to determine the pattern of secretion of the embryonic signaling molecule interferon-tau (ifn-tau), and to identify novel ifn-tau mrna polymorphism in the american plains bison. a total of 600 bovine oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed bison semen. of these, 40.7% cleaved and 14.8% proceeded to the blastocyst stage. individual blastocysts were cult ...	2005	15570611
new carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and pleistocene extinctions.	drastic ecological restructuring, species redistribution and extinctions mark the pleistocene-holocene transition, but an insufficiency of numbers of well-dated large mammal fossils from this transition have impeded progress in understanding the various causative links. here i add many new radiocarbon dates to those already published on late pleistocene fossils from alaska and the yukon territory (ak-yt) and show previously unrecognized patterns. species that survived the pleistocene, for exampl ...	2006	16688174
papillomatosis in a european bison.	five european bison (bison bonasus) from three european zoos were shipped to the bukovské vrchy hills (slovakia) in june 2004 and kept together in an acclimatization enclosure. the european bison were released into the wild in december 2004. at that time, papillomas were found at the medial canthus of the left eye of a 12-yr-old female bison. cutaneous papillomatosis was confirmed histologically. negative stain transmission electron microscopic examination revealed papillomavirus in the papillom ...	2006	16699157
assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites.	within predator-prey systems behavior can heavily influence spatial dynamics, and accordingly, the theoretical study of how spatial dynamics relate to stability within these systems has a rich history. however, our understanding of these behaviors in large mammalian systems is poorly developed. to address the relationship between predator selection patterns, prey density, and prey vulnerability, we quantified selection patterns for two fine-scale behaviors of a recovering wolf (canis lupus) popu ...	2006	16705979
are there preconceptional determinants of mammalian sex? a response to boklage (2005).	boklage (2005, hum reprod 20,583-587) wrote: 'changes in, or mediated by, the epigenetic environment of embryogenesis provide the most plausible prospects for causes of changes in secondary sex ratio'. without impugning this notion, i suggest here that other causes of variation in secondary sex ratio antedate fertilization or, in other words, that there are circumstances under which unequal numbers of male and female zygotes are formed. it will be documented here that this suggestion has repeate ...	2006	16772280
brucellosis in elk of eastern idaho.	brucellosis occurs in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area, which includes portions of idaho, wyoming, and montana. brucella abortus was first detected in elk in idaho in 1998, and from 1998 to 2002, serologic surveillance of hunter-killed elk was conducted in northeastern and southeastern idaho. prevalence of antibodies in these elk varied annually, but averaged between 2% and 3%. elk were also trapped in northeastern idaho from 1998-2002 and ...	2006	16870849
temporal variability in winter travel patterns of yellowstone bison: the effects of road grooming.	the influence of winter recreation on wildlife in yellowstone national park (ynp), wyoming and montana, usa, is a controversial issue. in particular, the effects of road grooming, done to facilitate snowmobile and snowcoach travel, on bison (bison bison) ecology are under debate. we collected data during winters, from 1997 to 2005, on bison road use, off-road travel, and activity budgets to quantify temporal trends in the amount of bison road and off-road travel and to identify the ecological fa ...	2006	16937817
malignant schwannoma in an american buffalo (bison bison bison).	a case of a malignant schwannoma in a 20-year-old male american buffalo (bison bison bison) from the grand park zoo, gyeonggi province, republic of korea is reported. the animal showed no apparent clinical signs before death except for wound on the neck. grossly, neoplastic nodules of various sizes were observed on the skin, lung, heart, liver, stomach, mesentery and kidney. histologically, the neoplastic nodules were composed of fusiform cells that formed multidirectional bundles. the tumour ce ...	2006	16970634
the fitting of general force-of-infection models to wildlife disease prevalence data.	researchers and wildlife managers increasingly find themselves in situations where they must deal with infectious wildlife diseases such as chronic wasting disease, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and west nile virus. managers are often charged with designing and implementing control strategies, and researchers often seek to determine factors that influence and control the disease process. all of these activities require the ability to measure some indication of a disease's foothold in a population a ...	2006	16995636
outbreak of tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae in a zoological garden.	in the autumn of 2004, tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae occurred in a zoo in slovenia. a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) was killed after a history of progressive emaciation. necropsy findings indicated disseminated tuberculosis, which was confirmed by cultivation of m. caprae. consequently, a tuberculin skin test was performed in all epidemiologically linked animals and another dromedary camel and six bison (bison bison) were positive and killed. mycobacterium caprae was isolat ...	2006	17010043
a canadian bison isolate of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) is not transmissible by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae), whereas ticks from two canadian d. andersoni populations are competent vectors of a u.s. strain.	anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle with a global distribution in both temperate and tropical regions. the pathogen is endemic in regions within the united states, whereas the canadian cattle population is considered to be free ofa. marginale. farmed bison, bison bison l., in central saskatchewan have been found to be infected with a. marginale; however, there is no evidence of transmission from bison to cattle. we tested a saskatchewan bison isolate of a. ...	2006	17017236
immune responses of elk to initial and booster vaccinations with brucella abortus strain rb51 or 19.	previous studies have suggested that currently available brucellosis vaccines induce poor or no protection in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). in this study, we characterized the immunologic responses of elk after initial or booster vaccination with brucella abortus strains rb51 (srb51) and 19 (s19). elk were vaccinated with saline or 10(10) cfu of srb51 or s19 (n=seven animals/treatment) and booster vaccinated with a similar dosage of the autologous vaccine at 65 weeks. compared to nonvaccinates, ...	2006	17028213
behavioral responses of bison and elk in yellowstone to snowmobiles and snow coaches.	managers of public lands are charged with protecting some of our most important natural resources and ecosystems, while providing for their use and enjoyment by visitors. almost one million visitors entered yellowstone national park by motorized means on snowmobiles (87%) or snow coaches (13%) during 1992-2003. most vehicles toured the central portion of the park where bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) concentrate in geothermal areas. we sampled >6500 interactions between groups of th ...	2006	17069382
normal vaginal micro flora of free-ranging european bison (bison bonasus).		2006	17071675
spinal intradural mycobacterium haemophilum granuloma in an american bison (bison bison).	mycobacterium haemophilum, a nontuberculous mycobacterium, is a pathogen in immunocompromised human patients. we report a case of m haemophilum-induced granuloma in the spinal cord of an american bison (bison bison). m haemophilum infection was diagnosed by sequencing a portion of the 16 s ribosomal dna and comparing the amplicon sequence with sequences in genbank.	2006	17099158
application of bovine microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of european bison (bison bonasus).	in this study, the cross-amplification of a commercial multiplex set of 11 cattle (bos taurus) microsatellites was tested on a panel of 35 european bison (bison bonasus) individuals. after polymerase chain reaction optimization, all loci cross-amplified successfully in investigated bisons. number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosity per locus are in the range of 2-4, 0.086-0.629 and 0.288-0.621 respectively. the availability of a heterologous set of multiplexed microsatellite mark ...	2006	17177698
holocene coccidioidomycosis: valley fever in early holocene bison (bison antiquus).	early holocene bison mandibles (bison antiquus) from nebraska, ca. 8500 y ago, were examined with a variety of modern histotechnological procedures and staining techniques. a pathological, anatomical diagnosis of moderately severe, locally extensive, mandibular osteomyelitis with intralesional spherules morphologically consistent with fungal pathogens in the genus coccidioides was made. the modern distribution of the organisms in north america is restricted to the arid southwest. this implies ei ...	2006	17256570
wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in canada: strategies for management and research.	in canada, there are two known regional foci where wildlife populations are infected with bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) and considered to be disease reservoirs. free-ranging populations of wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in and around wood buffalo national park (wbnp) and wapiti (cervus elaphus manitobensis) in and around riding mountain national park (rmnp) are infected with bovine tuberculosis. in this paper, we provide an overview of these diseased wild ungulate populations an ...	2006	16343817
seroprevalences of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals.	neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in zoo animals. sera from 556 animals, from 13 czech and slovak zoos were tested for antibodies to n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii by indirect fluorescent antibody test. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 31 of 556 zoo animals (5.6%), representing 18 of 114 species tested: eurasian wolf (canis lupus lupus), maned ...	2006	16387445
haemophilus somnus (histophilus somni) in bighorn sheep.	respiratory disease and poor lamb recruitment have been identified as limiting factors for bighorn-sheep populations. haemophilus somnus (recently reclassified as histophilus somni) is associated with respiratory disease in american bison, domestic sheep, and cattle. it is also harbored in their reproductive tracts and has been associated with reproductive failure in domestic sheep and cattle. therefore, reproductive tract and lung samples from bighorn sheep were evaluated for the presence of th ...	2006	16548330
arcanobacterium bialowiezense sp. nov. and arcanobacterium bonasi sp. nov., isolated from the prepuce of european bison bulls (bison bonasus) suffering from balanoposthitis, and emended description of the genus arcanobacterium collins et al. 1983.	a taxonomic study was performed on 13 bacterial strains isolated from preputial swabs of european bison (bison bonasus) bulls suffering from balanoposthitis. the isolates were gram-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, diphtheroid-shaped cells. based on biochemical profiles and box-pcr-generated genomic fingerprints, the isolates were grouped into two clusters represented by four and nine strains, respectively. strains 1(w3/01)t and 2(w106/04)t, selected as representatives of the two cl ...	2006	16585707
endocrine and behavioral observations during transition of non-breeding into breeding season in female american bison (bison bison).	this study provides endocrine data in relation to behavioral events during the transition of the non-breeding into the breeding season in american bison (bison bison). fecal progesterone metabolite patterns (20-oxo-p) were obtained in 13 adult female american bison and hormonal data were correlated with behavioral observations; i.e. copulation, male tending, female tail-up behavior and gestation length. based on fecal progesterone metabolite patterns, the breeding season started between the midd ...	2006	16620922
experimental aerosol infection of cattle (bos taurus) with ovine herpesvirus 2 using nasal secretions from infected sheep.	infection of clinically susceptible ruminants, including domesticated cattle and american bison, with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) can result in the fatal lymphoproliferative and vasculitis syndrome known as malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). a reliable experimental infection model is needed to study the pathogenesis of mcf and to develop effective vaccination strategies to control the disease. an experimental aerosol infection model using sheep, the natural carriers of ovhv-2, has been developed ...	2006	16621344
glucocorticoids of bison bulls in relation to social status.	a primary response to stress is an increase in circulating adrenal glucocorticoids (gc) such as cortisol. two hypotheses propose differential stress responses to agonistic and aggressive interactions in social groups. if subordinate animals are subjected to social and psychological stressors leading to chronic gc elevation, the 'stress of subordination' hypothesis predicts that gcs will be higher in subordinates than dominants. alternatively, if dominant animals are subject to physiological stre ...	2006	16257404
post-thaw viability of european bison (bison bonasus) semen frozen with extenders containing egg yolk or lipids of plant origin and examined with a heterologous in vitro fertilization assay.	basic characteristics of european bison (bison bonasus) semen were described and the efficacies of two extenders-triladyl, containing egg yolk, and a synthetic extender, containing soybean lipids-were tested for semen cryopreservation. seven ejaculates were collected by electroejaculation from a 10-yr-old, european bison bull. each ejaculate was diluted at 37 degrees c to a final concentration of 200 x 10(6) sperm/ml with triladyl or the synthetic extender. extended semen samples were frozen acc ...	2006	17312788
resistance to malignant catarrhal fever in american bison (bison bison) is associated with mhc class iia polymorphisms.	the rhadinovirus ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) is the most common causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in clinically susceptible ruminants including cattle and bison. american bison (bison bison) are highly susceptible to clinical mcf. nevertheless, approximately 20% of bison on ranches or in feedlots become infected with the virus without developing clinical disease. defining the genetic basis for differences in susceptibility between bison could facilitate development of improved ...	2007	17326800
detection of mitochondrial dna from domestic cattle in bison on santa catalina island.	in 1924, 14 american bison (bison bison) were introduced to santa catalina island, california and sporadically supplemented thereafter with additional animals. to reduce the herd and its impact on native vegetation, over 2000 animals have been exported during the past four decades. today, the herd is estimated to contain around 250 individuals. genetic analysis was performed on 98 animals removed from the island in 2004. forty-four samples (45%) had domestic cattle mitochondrial dna (mtdna), 12 ...	2007	17573784
carnivore repatriation and holarctic prey: narrowing the deficit in ecological effectiveness.	the continuing global decline of large carnivores has catalyzed great interest in reintroduction to restore populations and to reestablish ecologically functional relationships. i used variation in the distribution of four holarctic prey species and their behavior as proxies to investigate the pace and intensity by which responses are lost or reinvigorated by carnivore repatriation. by simulating the presence of wolves (canis lupus), tigers (panthera tigris), and brown bears (ursus arctos) at 19 ...	2007	17650259
covariates affecting spatial variability in bison travel behavior in yellowstone national park.	understanding mechanisms influencing the movement paths of animals is essential for comprehending behavior and accurately predicting use of travel corridors. in yellowstone national park (usa), the effects of roads and winter road grooming on bison (bison bison) travel routes and spatial dynamics have been debated for more than a decade. however, no rigorous studies have been conducted on bison spatial movement patterns. we collected 121 380 locations from 14 female bison with gps collars in cen ...	2007	17708218
toxocara vitulorum in american bison (bison bison) calves.		2007	17449713
preliminary assessment of reproductive technologies in wood bison (bison bison athabascae): implications for preserving genetic diversity.	since the high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in free-ranging wood bison in the canadian north poses a threat to nearby healthy bison populations, commercial bison and cattle ranches, and potentially to humans, there is considerable impetus to salvage the genetics of infected bison and maintain a disease-free herd. in that regard, there is a great need to develop appropriate reproductive technologies. therefore, the objective of this study was to develop protocols to produce a ...	2007	17498795
intra-nasal inoculation of american bison (bison bison) with ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) reliably reproduces malignant catarrhal fever.	sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) due to infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is common in commercial herds of american bison ( bison bison). inability to propagate ovhv-2 in vitro has been a constraint on experimental studies of the disease. we sought to establish whether nasal secretions from sheep that shed ovhv-2 might induce the disease in bison and to define a minimum challenge dose. fourteen bison were nebulized with sheep nasal sections containing 10(3)-10(7) ovhv-2 ...	2007	17846237
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bison (bison bison) from northern canada.	nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map)-specific region, locus 251, was used as a screening tool for the detection of map dna in fecal samples from northern canadian bison herds. further characterization of positive samples (26/835) was performed because map dna was found without signs of disease. strain typing, using pcr-restriction endonucleas assay (rea), was limited to two samples but revealed that the samples corresponded to a c ...	2007	17984279
prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 in the american bison (bison bison).	bison is becoming a popular meat source for consumers, but very little is known about the bison's status with respect to escherichia coli o157:h7. we conducted a study to determine the prevalence and identify virulence genes and pulsed-field genetic types of e. coli o157:h7 in bison. rectal contents and rectoanal mucosal swab (rams) samples were collected from a total of 342 bison at slaughter on seven different dates. isolation of e. coli o157:h7 was by enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, an ...	2007	18044434
historic distribution and challenges to bison recovery in the northern chihuahuan desert.	ecologists and conservationists have long assumed that large grazers, including bison (bison bison), did not occur in post-pleistocene southwestern north america. this perception has been influential in framing the debate over conservation and land use in the northern chihuahuan desert. the lack of an evolutionary history of large grazers is being used to challenge the validity of ranching as a conservation strategy and to limit the protection and reintroduction of bison as a significant compone ...	2007	18173472
mhc-drb3 variation in a free-living population of the european bison, bison bonasus.	mhc genes play a crucial role in pathogen recognition and are the most polymorphic genes in vertebrates. loss of variation in these genes in bottlenecked species is thought to put their survival at risk. we examined variation at the mhc ii drb3 locus in the european bison, bison bonasus, a species that has undergone an extreme bottleneck: the current population originated from only 12 founders. we also tested for the association of drb3 genes with the incidence of posthitis, a disease affecting ...	2007	17257111
complete genomes and phylogenetic positions of bovine papillomavirus type 8 and a variant type from a european bison.	the dna of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) type 8 was extracted from papillomas on cattle kept in japan, and dna of bovine papillomavirus bpv-8-eb was extracted from a european bison (bison bonasus) born in italy and released into the wild in slovakia. the dna genomes of these bpvs were amplified using multiply primed rolling circle amplification and polymerase chain reaction, then characterized by direct sequencing method. the bpv-8 and bpv-8-eb genomes consisted of 7,791 base pairs (bp) and 7,773 ...	2007	17265141
the onset of puberty in north american bison (bison bison) bulls.	prepubertal testicular development was evaluated in young north american bison (bison bison) bulls over a 12 months period, by following various parameters of semen quality intended to measure sexual maturity level. the study goals were to characterize bison male reproductive development and to define the age and onset of puberty. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from 12 bulls once a month for a period of 12 months, from 13 through 24 months of age. volume, density, gross motility, ind ...	2007	16487671
the seasonal fertility of north american bison (bison bison) bulls.	the objective of this study was to determine the presence and magnitude of seasonal fluctuations in semen quality and other reproductive indices in bison bulls. testicles from 288 commercially slaughtered bison bulls were collected monthly over a 1-year period. carcass and testicle weight were determined and measurements of seminiferous tubule lumen, diameter, and epithelial thickness were made. sperm cell morphology and defects were described and quantified using epididymal semen from each test ...	2007	16524676
shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species.	metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ...	2007	28903235
clinical parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in two captive american bison (bison bison).	2 juvenile (17 and 19 months of age) male american bison (bison bison) were examined because of acute bilateral hind limb weakness and ataxia; 1 animal also had urinary incontinence.	2008	18828725
malignant catarrhal fever in a captive american bison (bison bison) in italy.	malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal, systemic disease of cattle and other domestic and wild ruminants that, in europe, is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). american bison (bison bison) are highly susceptible to the disease. an adult american bison, housed in a zoo in southern italy in close cohabitation with a group of domestic sheep (ovis aries aries) displayed clinical signs that resembled the acute form of mcf. by real-time polymerase chain reaction, ovhv-2 dna was detected intra ...	2008	18987244
patterns of genetic variation in us federal bison herds.	like many wide-ranging mammals, american bison (bison bison) have experienced significant range contraction over the past two centuries and are maintained in artificially isolated populations. a basic understanding of the distribution of genetic variation among populations is necessary to facilitate long-term germplasm preservation and species conservation. the 11 herds maintained within the us federal system are a critically important source of germplasm for bison conservation, as they include ...	2008	19017265
isolation of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins from placenta of the american bison (bison bison) at first half of pregnancy.	this paper describes the successful purification and characterisation of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pag) extracted from placenta (3-4 months) of american bisons (amb). chorionic ambpag proteins were purified from foetal cotyledonary tissues (ct) and liquid cotyledonary-carrying proteins (lcp) leaking from damaged cells. our protocols successfully indicated the usefulness of ambpag protein identification, especially from lcp fraction. the ambpags were extracted, precipitated and eluted d ...	2008	17543308
human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late pleistocene eurasian megafauna.	late pleistocene extinctions are of interest to paleontological and anthropological research. in north america and australia, human occupation occurred during a short period of time and overexploitation may have led to the extinction of mammalian megafauna. in northern eurasia megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred over a relatively longer period of time, perhaps as a result of changing environmental conditions, but the picture is much less clear. to consider megafaunal extinction ...	2008	18199470
antibiotic resistance of enterococci in american bison (bison bison) from a nature preserve compared to that of enterococci in pastured cattle.	enterococci isolated from a bison population on a native tall-grass prairie preserve in kansas were characterized and compared to enterococci isolated from pastured cattle. the species diversity was dominated by enterococcus casseliflavus in bison (62.4%), while enterococcus hirae was the most common isolate from cattle (39.7%). enterococcus faecalis was the second most common species isolated from bison (16%). in cattle, e. faecalis and enterococcus faecium were isolated at lower percentages (3 ...	2008	18245252
molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of bovine growth hormone receptor, a quantitative trait locus.	quantitative trait loci (qtl) studies have indicated growth hormone receptor (ghr) as a candidate gene affecting cattle milk yield and composition. in order to characterize genetic variation at ghr in cattle, we studied european and east african breeds with different histories of selection, and bos grunniens, ovis aries, sus scrofa, bison bison and rangifer tarandus as references. we sequenced most of the cytoplasmic domain (900 bp of exon 10), 89 bp of exon 8, including the putative causative m ...	2008	18381258
the ecological future of the north american bison: conceiving long-term, large-scale conservation of wildlife.	many wide-ranging mammal species have experienced significant declines over the last 200 years; restoring these species will require long-term, large-scale recovery efforts. we highlight 5 attributes of a recent range-wide vision-setting exercise for ecological recovery of the north american bison (bison bison) that are broadly applicable to other species and restoration targets. the result of the exercise, the "vermejo statement" on bison restoration, is explicitly (1) large scale, (2) long ter ...	2008	18402580
foot-and-mouth disease in north american bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni): susceptibility, intra- and interspecies transmission, clinical signs, and lesions.	there is limited information about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in north american bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). in these two experimental infection studies, we compared the susceptibilities of bison and elk to fmd virus (fmdv), respectively, with that of cattle; determined whether intra- and interspecies transmission could occur in bison and cattle, and elk and cattle; determined suitability of conventional available laboratory tests to ...	2008	18436660
an outbreak of chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome caused by mycoplasma bovis in feedlot bison (bison bison).	mycoplasma bovis was identified by a specific lesion, conventional bacterial culture, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction in 2 feedlot bison found dead with severe, chronic, caseonecrotic pneumonia; polyarthritis; and laryngitis. on microscopic examination, pulmonary lesions were characterized by prominent, well-defined areas of caseous necrosis and bronchiectasis. immunohistochemical analysis of lung exhibited staining in bronchiolar epithelium and in random areas of caseous nec ...	2008	18460630
the effect of ancient dna damage on inferences of demographic histories.	the field of ancient dna (adna) is casting new light on many evolutionary questions. however, problems associated with the postmortem instability of dna may complicate the interpretation of adna data. for example, in population genetic studies, the inclusion of damaged dna may inflate estimates of diversity. in this paper, we examine the effect of dna damage on population genetic estimates of ancestral population size. we simulate data using standard coalescent simulations that include postmorte ...	2008	18653730
pyric herbivory: rewilding landscapes through the recoupling of fire and grazing.	our understanding of fire and grazing is largely based on small-scale experimental studies in which treatments are uniformly applied to experimental units that are considered homogenous. any discussion of an interaction between fire and grazing is usually based on a statistical approach that ignores the spatial and temporal interactions on complex landscapes. we propose a new focus on the ecological interaction of fire and grazing in which each disturbance is spatially and temporally dependent o ...	2008	19183203
evaluation of hematologic values in free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	as part of a large-scale disease screening program, blood samples were collected from 534 african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in south africa's hluhluwe-imfolozi park in october 2005 and may 2006 to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals for erythrogram and leukogram values. sixty-seven of the animals were positive for bovine tuberculosis (tb), allowing for comparisons between tb-positive and tb-negative groups. positive animals had basopenia and slight lymphopenia compared to tb-nega ...	2009	19204335
enhanced immune response of red deer (cervus elaphus) to live rb51 vaccine strain using composite microspheres.	brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of nearly worldwide distribution. the occurrence of the infection in humans is largely dependent on the prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs, including wildlife. the current vaccine used for cattle brucella abortus strain rb51, has proven ineffective in protecting bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus nelsoni) from infection and abortion. to test possible improvements in vaccine efficacy, a novel approach of immunization was examined from apri ...	2009	19204345
occurrence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium and giardia in captive wild ruminants in belgium.	both cryptosporidium and giardia are frequently found in the stool of domestic ruminants, especially young animals. wild ruminants are also host to these protozoa, but the prevalence of these parasites in both free-ranging and captive nondomesticated ruminants needs to be further investigated. moreover, the role of wild ruminants serving as reservoirs for these zoonotic parasites remains unclear. therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the occurrence of cryptosporidium and ...	2009	19368251
even-toed but uneven in length: the digits of artiodactyls.	in captive ruminants housed in small enclosures, hypertrophy of the outer hooves of the hindlimbs is often observed. we hypothesised that the underlying cause is overload attributable to an asymmetry of the digits, especially with respect to their length. to test this hypothesis, the bones of the digits of four species of artiodactyls, which included 11 wild chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 11 captive fallow deer (dama dama), 11 captive bison (bison bison) and 11 european moose (alces alces; 9 wil ...	2009	19386479
characterization and genetic analysis of bovine alpha s1-casein i variant.	the aim of this study was to identify the molecular genetic origin underlying the i variant of alpha(s1)-casein and to develop a dna-based test for this polymorphism as a tool for genetic analyses independent of milk sample testing. all coding exons and flanking regions of the alpha(s1)-casein gene were sequenced in dna samples from cattle of known alpha(s1)-casein genotypes (bi, ci, ii, cc), determined by isoelectric focusing of milk samples. a nucleotide substitution (a>t) in exon 11 (g.19836a ...	2009	19392822
conservation genetics and north american bison (bison bison).	the many millions of north american bison in the mid-19th century were reduced to near extinction by the middle 1880s. plains bison, the subspecies found in the united states, were saved from extinction primarily by 5 private ranchers and the survival of a small herd in what is now yellowstone national park. this bottleneck resulted in the present-day plains bison population being descended from less than 100 founders. in addition, many conservation herds have cattle ancestry because of hybridiz ...	2009	19414501
deletion/insertion polymorphism of the prion protein gene (prnp) in polish red cattle, polish white-backed cattle and european bison (bison bonasus l., 1758).	the aim of the present study was to identify deletion/insertion polymorphism of the bovine prion protein (prnp) gene within the promoter sequence (23 bp indel), intron 1 (12 bp indel) and the 3' end untranslated region (14 bp indel). the experiment was performed on three groups of animals protected under a genetic resources conservation program: 139 polish red (pr) cows, 79 polish white-backed cows and 50 european bison (bison bonasus l., 1758). white-backed cattle were characterized by a higher ...	2009	19507705
the need to rationalize and prioritize threatening processes used to determine threat status in the iucn red list.	thorough evaluation has made the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list the most widely used and accepted authority on the conservation status of biodiversity. although the system used to determine risk of extinction is rigorously and objectively applied, the list of threatening processes affecting a species is far more subjectively determined and has not had adequate review. i reviewed the threats listed in the iucn red list for randomly selected groups within the three ...	2009	19508675
rickettsia raoultii and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from bialowieza primeval forest european bison (bison bonasus bonasus), poland.		2009	19548992
[sarcocystis cruzi (protozoa: apicomplexa: sarcocystiidae) infection in european bison (bison bonasus) from białowieza forest, poland].	samples of oesophagus, diaphragm and heart muscles were taken from one european bison from białowieza forest during seasonal european bison elimination in 2008. five gram of each muscle was examined by staining small samples in 0.2% aqueous solution of methylene blue. after that they were placed between compressor glasses and examined under a dissecting microscope in order to detect sarcocystis sp. infection. all sarcocysts observed were counted. the 5-g sample of the heart muscle yielded a tota ...	2009	19579782
pathogenesis and epidemiology of brucellosis in yellowstone bison: serologic and culture results from adult females and their progeny.	our objective in this prospective study was to determine the natural course of brucella abortus infection in cohorts of seropositive and seronegative, female bison (bison bison) and their offspring in yellowstone national park (ynp) for 5 yr. we collected specimens from 53 adult females and 25 calves at least once and from 45 adults and 22 calves more than once. annual seroconversion rates (negative to positive) were relatively high (23% for calves and juvenile bison, 6% in the total sample of a ...	2009	19617483
divergent evolution in the cytoplasmic domains of prlr and ghr genes in artiodactyla.	prolactin receptor (prlr) and growth hormone receptor (ghr) belong to the large superfamily of class 1 cytokine receptors. both of them have been identified as candidate genes affecting key quantitative traits, like growth and reproduction in livestock. we have previously studied the molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of ghr in different cattle breeds and artiodactyl species. in this study we have analysed the corresponding cytoplasmic signalling region of prlr.	2009	19622175
effectiveness of microsatellite and snp markers for parentage and identity analysis in species with low genetic diversity: the case of european bison.	the european bison (bison bonasus) has recovered successfully after a severe bottleneck about 90 years ago but has been left with low genetic variability that may substantially hinder parentage and identity analysis. according to pedigree analysis, over 80% of the genes in the contemporary population descend from just two founder animals and inbreeding coefficients averaged almost 0.5, whereas microsatellite heterozygosity does not exceed 0.3. we present a comparison of the effectiveness of 17 m ...	2009	19623210
age-dependent pattern of connexin43 expression in testes of european bison (bison bonasus, l.).	morphology and the expression of connexin43 (cx43) was investigated in testes of immature, prepubertal, and adult european bison bulls by means of routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting, respectively. testes were collected from culled animals living in bialowieza and borecka forests, poland. histological examination of testicular tissue of immature and prepubertal males revealed normal structure, whereas of adult individuals either normal testicular structure with advanced ...	2009	19623571
group-size-mediated habitat selection and group fusion-fission dynamics of bison under predation risk.	for gregarious animals the cost-benefit trade-offs that drive habitat selection may vary dynamically with group size, which plays an important role in foraging and predator avoidance strategies. we examined how habitat selection by bison (bison bison) varied as a function of group size and interpreted these patterns by testing whether habitat selection was more strongly driven by the competing demands of forage intake vs. predator avoidance behavior. we developed an analytical framework that int ...	2009	19769126