Publications

multicentric lymphosarcoma in a llama.		1993	8466971
rectal and colonic injury in the llama. anatomic considerations and surgical management in four llamas.	transrectal palpation in llamas can result in iatrogenic rectal and colonic injury. the purpose of this report is to define the caudal extent of the peritoneal cavity in llamas and to describe the surgical management of rectal or colonic injuries in four llamas. measurements were made of six adult llamas during necropsy. the mean distance from the peritoneal reflection to the anus was 3.9 +/- 0.1 cm (3.4-4.3 cm). four llamas were examined for rectal or colonic perforations. one laceration was of ...	1993	8488678
ductus epididymidis compartments and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa in llamas.	in this work, an attempt was made to asses possible regional specializations in the llama ductus epididymidis. according to histological and histochemical criteria, six segments (i-vi) were identified. segment i was a short region where ductuli efferentes joined the ductus epididymidis. segments ii and iii showed maximal epithelial height and mitotic activity, respectively, and weak ldh activity. epithelial cells in segment iv contained pas-positive, amylase and neuraminidase-resistant secretory ...	1994	7864395
is the rapid and intense peripheral vasoconstriction occurring during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus an arterial chemoreflex?		1994	7872115
the postpartum llama: fertility after parturition.	fertility was evaluated at various times during the postpartum period in the llama. fifty-six parous female llamas chosen at random were bred at 10, 20, and 30 days postpartum with six intact males. half of the females copulated only once and the other half twice within an interval of 24 h. ovarian activity was monitored by ultrasonography and analysis of urinary estrone sulfate and pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg). at the time of copulation, all females had developed ovulatory-size follicles. ovu ...	1994	7888487
update. llama nutrition.	an understanding and appreciation of the new world camelids' unique gastric anatomy and physiology, including rapid motility, prolonged digesta retention, rapid liquid passage rate, low protein maintenance requirements, low metabolized energy requirements, and low basal metabolism are imperative. using this background, feeding recommendations for growing male llamas are proposed, and some suggestions are made concerning nutritional considerations of nwcs during the neonatal period, lactation, pr ...	1994	7953953
clinical pathology of llamas.	clinical evaluation of the llama patient incorporates procedures and measurements similar to those used in the diagnosis of disease in other animals. these commonly include clinical laboratory measurements. this article reports on the improvements in our knowledge of clinical laboratory variables in llamas.	1994	7953954
llama neonatology.	recognition of the risk factors that predispose the neonate to disease should prompt early diagnosis of potential disease problems and lead to a higher rate of neonatal survival. understanding the normal physiologic changes of this adaptive period provides insight into the problems that may develop and a basis for rational therapeutic treatment.	1994	7953955
llama dermatology.	the purpose of this article is to add information to the many dermatologic topics initially discussed in the 1989 issue on llama medicine (normal anatomy; bacterial, fungal, ectoparasitic, immune-mediated, and zinc-responsive disease) and make mention of newly recognized diseases. since 1989, it appears that one of the most common and perplexing groups of dermatoses seen at colorado state university are hyperkeratotic/inflammatory dermatoses. these remain poorly understood. idiopathic hyperkerat ...	1994	7953956
update on llama medicine. parasites.	lamoids in north america harbor a wide variety of parasites. treatment and control methods based on previous experience with parasites of cattle and sheep have been successful, but problems do exist. first, the pharmacokinetics for most anthelmintics have not been evaluated in llamas. second, even though llamas, sheep, and cattle share many parasites, the two most common nematodes found in llamas (c. mentulatus and t. tenuis) are not part of the parasitic fauna of livestock. this presents diffic ...	1994	7953957
llama herd health.	a herd health program that includes some firm recommendations based on research and medical and management observations made by the author is discussed. some theoretical options are discussed that have been shared with the author by professional colleagues and llama owners.	1994	7953958
medical problems of llamas.	numerous medical problems have been identified in the llama. many of these problems are unique to the llama, whereas others are observed in multiple species. this article will serve as a supplement to the previous llama edition of the veterinary clinics. topics covered include problems of recumbent llamas, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and renal systems.	1994	7953962
third compartment ulcers in the llama.	the diagnosis of third compartment ulcers in the llama and alpaca is largely one of exclusion. clinical signs may include mild to severe colic, inappetence, decreased fecal output, bruxism, and depression. abdominocentesis results are usually unremarkable if c3 perforation has not occurred but reflective of a generalized peritonitis if full thickness ulceration has occurred. the h-2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine do not suppress c3 acid production for a significant period of time ...	1994	7953964
ill thrift and juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome.	the problem of "ill thrift" or "failure to thrive" in juvenile llamas is widespread and relatively common in the continental united states. juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (jlids) is one of several causes of the problem and is the most common cause of ill thrift in juvenile llamas evaluated at colorado state university's veterinary teaching hospital. this article will review current knowledge of jlids and will briefly discuss other causes of ill thrift in juvenile llamas.	1994	7953965
update on llama medicine. viral diseases.	expanding interest in new world camelids presents a unique challenge to veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of these species. little basic research has been conducted in this area. much of our information is incomplete and based on serologic surveys and personal communication with virologists in diagnostic laboratories. this review is a summary of our current knowledge of the common viral diseases of llamas and alpacas. it is hoped that it will serve as a catalyst for a more ...	1994	7953966
llama cardiology.	auscultatory, ecg, and echocardiographic data have been presented for healthy llamas. the literature, however, contains little information on the incidence of congenital and acquired heart disease in the llama. data compiled from the medical records at csu-vth and the vmdb provide an indication of the types of cardiac disease to be found in llamas in north america. a wide variety of congenital cardiac defects are found in llamas, the most prevalent defect of which is vsd. llamas tend to do well ...	1994	7953967
update on llama medicine. ophthalmology.	review of the limited literature on camelid eyes suggests they are anatomically similar to those of domestic livestock species, except they lack meibomian glands and have iridial folds (rather than corpora nigra). the microbial flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac also appears to be similar to those of domestic livestock and pets, except that no mycoplasma have been isolated from camelids. ocular diseases for which camelids are presented to veterinarians are numerous and varied. the mos ...	1994	7953968
health care of the geriatric llama and alpaca.	older llamas and alpacas are likely to be retained in a herd, rather than being culled as would be done in other livestock operations. aging takes its toll on all organ systems, but dental and skeletal problems tend to be accentuated. preventative practices may slow the development of problems.	1994	7953970
congenital defects in the llama.	when faced with the question of what you should do as a veterinary practitioner, when presented with a congenital defect in a llama, one answer is to seek qualified help from your state veterinary diagnostic laboratory. but most importantly, encourage the owners of such animals to report the defect to their llama association, including pedigree information. the better we understand the pathogenesis of such defects, the better we will be able to control their incidence.	1994	7953971
llama handling and training.	this article offers insights into the relationship of llama owners to their animals and the role of veterinarians as part of the animal care team. the effect of human behavior and handling techniques on llama behavior and marketability are discussed. progressive ideas for nonforceful llama handling equipment, procedures, and training ideas are outlined in detail. included are specific training plans for routine herd management chores such as injections and toenail trimming. this article is usefu ...	1994	7953972
restriction site patterns in the ribosomal dna of camelidae.	the restriction map of rdna from south american camelids and the bactrian camel was analyzed by digestion of high-molecular-weight dna with endonucleases ecori,bamhi and the two combined followed by southern blot hybridization with probes for the 18s and 28s rdna sequences. we scored a total of 17 restriction sites, six of which were mapped conserved in all the species. the other eleven corresponded to spacer regions and revealed variations between these taxa. the study showed that the two group ...	1994	7958935
molecular evolution of the family camelidae: a mitochondrial dna study.	we report the first molecular evolutionary analysis of the family camelidae by analysing the full dna sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. estimates for the time of divergence of the old world (camelini) and new world (lamini) tribes obtained from sequence data are in agreement with those derived from the fossil record. the dna sequence data were also used to test current hypotheses concerning the ancestors of the domesticated llama and alpaca. the results show that hybridization has ...	1994	8008753
amino acid composition of human milk is not unique.	to determine whether the amino acid pattern of human milk is unique, we compared the amino acid pattern of human milk with the amino acid patterns of the milks of great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), lower primates (baboon and rhesus monkey) and nonprimates (cow, goat, sheep, llama, pig, horse, elephant, cat and rat). amino acid pattern was defined as the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) (in mg) to the total amino acids (in g). total amino acid concentration was l ...	1994	8027865
polycythemia in a llama.	the pcv of a llama increased from 50.8 to 74.0% during a 19-month period. the llama remained clinically normal unless stressed, when it would become dyspneic and tachypneic. thoracic auscultation revealed sounds consistent with pneumonia, but were probably attributable to pulmonary congestion resulting from polycythemia. a diagnosis of secondary absolute polycythemia was made on the basis of high serum erythropoietin concentrations and no evidence of hypoxia. necropsy revealed congestion of the ...	1994	8050979
hyperlipemia and ketonuria in an alpaca and a llama.	an alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dl, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dl, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. the alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepa ...	1994	8064656
xx sex reversal in a llama.	a 5-month-old llama was examined for evaluation of sexually ambiguous external genitalia. to determine the phenotypic, chromosomal, and gonadal sex of the llama, transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, contrast cystography, karyotype evaluation, laparoscopy, and necropsy were performed. a karyotype of 74,xx and finding of components of the müllerian duct system were suggestive of a female phenotype and chromosomal sex. on histologic evaluation, however, components of the wolffian duct system ...	1994	8125809
zygomycosis caused by conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (lama glama).		1994	8140718
septicemic listeriosis, thrombocytopenia, blood parasitism, and hepatopathy in a llama.		1994	8144379
evaluation of janeway gastrostomy in llamas.	to provide long-term gastric fistulas for collection of third-compartment gastric contents, janeway mucosal tube gastrostomy was performed, using a gastrointestinal stapling instrument, in 6 castrated adult male llamas. mean operative time (+/- sem) was 65 +/- 4.16 minutes. all llamas survived the 6-week study period. of the 6 llamas, 5 did not have signs of abdominal pain and returned to preoperative food consumption amounts within 36 hours. one llama had mild intermittent signs of abdominal pa ...	1994	8172424
orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in llamas.	orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation was performed in 304 llamas and 6 alpacas during general anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. the mouth not opening wide and the presence of a prominent torus linguae make orotracheal intubation difficult, but it can be accomplished with the aid of a laryngoscope, using a technique similar to that used in small domestic ruminants. the presence of a pharyngeal diverticulum necessitates modification of nasotracheal intubation techniques to make ...	1994	8175475
degenerative myeloencephalopathy in two llamas.	degenerative myeloencephalopathy of unknown cause was diagnosed in 2 mature llamas. one llama had ataxia and paresis of the left limbs; whereas, the other developed tetraplegia that was not preceded by obvious ataxia or paresis. results of cranial nerve examinations were unremarkable in both llamas. cerebrospinal fluid from both llamas was normal, and hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities were attributed to concurrent conditions and not to the myeloencephalopathy. results of cervical s ...	1994	8188517
physiological studies in the south american camelid llama (lama guanicoe f. d. glama). i. body water spaces and water turnover.	body water (bw) and extracellular water (ecw), were determined with tritiated water (tho) and 82br injected into the vein, to 8 mature animals of both sexes during the winter season. the biological half-time of tho (t1/2 tho) and the daily water turnover (wt) were measured and the intracellular water (icw) calculated. the studies with tho were repeated in the same animals and in 2 lactating females in spring and summer. two calves were also studied during spring. the values obtained in winter we ...	1994	7640403
in vitro fertilization and development of llama (lama glama ) oocytes using epididymal spermatozoa and oviductal cell co-culture.	a study was designed to determine the feasibility of developing in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture systems utilizing follicular oocytes and epididymal spermatozoa collected from llamas at slaughter. from a total of 1324 cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) recovered, 972 were cultured in 50-ul drops of tcm-199 medium with 10% heat inactivated steer serum (dbs) and hormones for 30 h. after maturation, the oocytes were randomly allocated into 4 groups in a 2x2 factorial design: cumulus-encl ...	1994	16727475
what is your diagnosis? cerebrospinal fluid from a llama.		1994	12666025
an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons.	tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ...	1994	7737889
septicemic salmonellosis in two llamas.	at necropsy, salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf was recovered from the lungs of a 6-year-old female llama that died within a few days of onset of illness. the llama had had fence-line contact with 40 sows at a farm. salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a blood sample of a 6-day-old male cria that also died after a short illness.	1995	7744668
megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study (1985-1993).	megaesophagus was diagnosed in 15 llamas on the basis of survey and contrast radiography. age of onset ranged from 13 months to 9.5 years. clinical signs varied, with salivation being the most common; regurgitation or dysphagia were noted in only 33% of the cases. duration of the disorder ranged from 1 week to 5 years. organophosphate toxicity was the cause of megaesophagus in 1 llama. while most cases were of unknown etiology, the 3 with histological abnormalities included 1 with vagal neuropat ...	1995	7760315
resumption of ovarian follicular activity and uterine involution in the postpartum llama.	resumption of ovarian follicle activity and uterine involution was studied in the post partum llama. thirty-nine adult multiparous llamas were monitored by ultrasonography and analysis of urinary estrone sulfate for 30 d post partum at the la raya research station in peru. uterine involution was measured in terms of reduction of length and diameter of both uterine horns. correlation analysis was used to relate follicle size and concentration of estrone sulfate. analysis of variance was used to d ...	1995	16727775
morphology and location of attached follicular cumulus-oocyte complexes in horses, cattle and llamas.	morphology and location of the attached cumulus-oocyte complex (coc) were studied in slaughter-house ovaries in horses (49 follicles, 9 to 44 mm), cattle (68 follicles, 6 to 18 mm), and llamas (38 follicles, 3 to 14 mm). the expected point of ovulation was marked, using the ovulation fossa in mares and the center of the projecting follicular surface in cattle and llamas. a follicle was dissected from an ovary, and tissue was removed from the follicle until the coc became visible by transillumina ...	1995	16727644
superovulatory responses to ecg in llamas (lama glama ).	llamas are copulation-induced single-ovulators, and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) methods have not yet been developed for this species. superovulatory responses to ecg given during an induced (group a) or simulated (group b) luteal phase were investigated using ultrasound to observe ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (cls) and plasma progesterone was used to assess luteal function. embryos were recovered nonsurgically. group a (n = 19): donors were given 8 microg, im gnrh analog ...	1995	16727725
laparoscopic anatomy of the llama abdomen.	paralumbar laparoscopy was performed, caudal to the last rib, in seven llamas. all animals were anesthetized, instrumented, and placed in sternal recumbency. systematic exploration was performed in six donated llamas dividing the abdomen into right and left, cranial and caudal quadrants. the main structures of diagnostic significance that could be observed from the right side were the parietal and visceral surface of the liver, diaphragm, first compartment of the stomach (c1), caudal aspect of t ...	1995	7653039
development and application of a dot-elisa test for the detection of serum antibodies to fasciola hepatica antigens in llamas.	a microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was developed to detect serum antibodies against fasciola hepatica antigens in llamas. sera from five f. hepatica-infected and 11 non-infected llamas were used in initial test development. nitrocellulose filter disks containing f. hepatica excretory-secretory product were placed in 96-well microtiter plates, washed, blocked with tween-20, then incubated with four-fold serial dilutions of llama sera. after incubation with rabbit anti-llama igg ...	1995	7676604
prospective characterization of the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of an immunodeficiency syndrome affecting juvenile llamas.	the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of 15 llamas affected with juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (jlids) are described. healthy adult (n = 10) and juvenile (n = 10) llamas served as controls. jlids llamas were characterized by wasting, and clinically apparent, repeated infections were frequently observed. the median age at which a health problem was first perceived was 11.6 months. all 15 affected llamas died or were killed, and jlids was confirmed at necropsy. the median durat ...	1995	8746696
silica urolithiasis in a male llama.		1995	8748446
jejunal microvasculature of the llama and alpaca.	the vasculature of the jejunum was studied in 6 llamas and 1 alpaca, using a combination of microangiography, standard light microscopy, and vascular cast imaging. the casts were examined by use of scanning electron microscopy and low-power dissecting microscopy. after administration of 40,000 iu of heparin, all animals were euthanatized by administration of an overdose of sodium pentobarbital. three sections of jejunum and their respective arcuate vessels were isolated from each animal. one sec ...	1995	7486388
rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a llama.	a case of rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a 2-year-old male llama is described. caseous necrosis, resembling macroscopically that seen in ovine caseous lymphadenitis, was observed diffusely in the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, and in an extensive lesion in the lungs. necrosis was present to a lesser extent in the spleen and hepatic and gastric lymph nodes. numerous bacteria-laden macrophages were present around the necrotic areas. the findings suggest tha ...	1995	7490342
heterologous radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca luteinizing hormone with a monoclonal antibody, an equine standard and a human tracer.	a radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca lh was developed using a human i125lh tracer from a commercial kit, equine lh diluted in human lh free serum as standard, and a monoclonal antibody (518b7) specific for lh but with low species specificity. a 60-min delay in the addition of the tracer and overnight incubation gave a sensitivity of 0.8 microgram l-1. the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 37% at 1 microgram l-1, declined to 15% at 4 micrograms l-1 and was below 6% for concentrations up ...	1995	7502953
regulation and function of the fetal adrenal gland in sheep.	it is now known that in some species (sheep, cow, pig, llama) the fetal adrenal cortex is capable of secreting cortisol both early and late in gestation, but not during some, variable, intermediate time period. in the sheep the fetal adrenal can secrete cortisol, and respond quickly to acth, both between 40-90 days of gestation, and from 120-150 days (term), but not between 90-120 days. the inability to secrete cortisol in this 'off' period is due to lack of adequate pituitary acth at this time ...	1995	7588421
tick paralysis in two llamas.	an 18-month-old sexually intact male llama and a 7-month-old female llama were examined because of weakness, lethargy, and recumbency. both had signs of ascending motor paralysis with minimal or no afferent sensory loss. tick paralysis was diagnosed on the basis of complete clinical recovery following removal of a single, attached and engorged female tick (dermacentor andersoni) from each llama. the male llama recovered within a few hours after removal of the tick, but recovery in the female lla ...	1995	7591950
blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of united states, reproductive stage, and health of offspring.	serum se and vitamin e concentrations were determined twice in each of 35 female llamas from a high-se region and 96 female llamas from a low-se region of the united states. the first determination was taken at a random time during gestation and the second shortly after parturition. at the time of postpartum sampling, a sample was also taken from the cria. dietary information was collected from each llama owner and a subjective estimate of strength and vigor was assigned by the owner to each cri ...	1995	7601762
composition of milk from llamas in the united states.	neonatal llamas must receive supplemental milk when the dam has inadequate milk yield or fails to accept the cria. data on llama milk composition are limited, and selection of suitable milk supplements has been difficult. milk from 83 llamas on eight farms in four states (illinois, kentucky, michigan, and colorado) was collected, and milk composition was analyzed. llamas had no history or signs of mastitis, and major mastitis pathogens were not isolated from the milk. total solids were determine ...	1995	8786255
lama glama (the south american camelid, llama): a unique model for evaluation of xenogenic islet transplants in a cerebral spinal fluid driven artificial organ.		1995	8539964
comparison of two commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kits for quantitation of llama immunoglobulin g.	immunoglobin g (igg) quantitation was performed by a commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit on 528 plasma samples obtained from llamas. fifty samples encompassing the range of values obtained were selected for further evaluation. the igg concentration of these samples was measured by a second commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit and a sodium sulfite precipitation kit. gamma-globulins also were measured. igg values predicted by the single radial immunodiffusi ...	1995	8580175
pulmonary histoplasmosis in a llama.		1995	8580189
[cause of diseases and death in new world camelids].	over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ...	1995	8585067
[intestinal perforation in a llama mare following rectal palpation (veterinary expert opinion)].	the object of the following study is a veterinary expert opinion about a llama mare. this animal was subjected to a rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis during which the rectum was perforated. general guide lines for rectal palpation as well as special characteristics in llamas described in the literature are discussed.	1995	8591766
application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ...	1995	8592352
susceptibility of llamas (lama glama) to infection with foot-and-mouth-disease virus.	an experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the ability of foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd) virus (serotypes a79, c3, o1) to infect susceptible llamas exposed either directly to affected livestock, or indirectly to llamas that had been directly exposed to affected livestock. in addition, susceptible livestock species (cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep) were exposed to those llamas that had been both directly and indirectly exposed to the fmd virus to further look at potential transmission possibili ...	1995	8594845
cardiovascular responses to graded degrees of hypoxaemia in the llama fetus.	the fetal llama exposed to an intense degree of hypoxaemia did not increase cerebral blood flow, but showed a marked peripheral vasoconstriction. the same cardiovascular response is observed in fetal sheep submitted to a extremely severe hypoxaemia, when the initial compensatory vasodilatory mechanisms in brain and heart fail. to investigate whether the fetal llama responses to acute hypoxaemia are adaptive, or whether they are the result of a breakdown of mechanisms of blood flow redistribution ...	1995	8606967
renal function in the chronically cannulated fetal llama: comparison with studies in the ovine fetus.	samples of maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine, and amniotic fluid were collected from 8 chronically cannulated pregnant llamas, in the last third of gestation. the samples were obtained for up to 18 days post-surgery. osmolality, sodium (na), potassium (k), chloride (cl), and urea were measured on 40 samples collected on days 1, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10-19. the osmolalities of maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine and amniotic fluid, averaged over these 7 time periods, were, respectively ...	1995	8848605
evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas.	to investigate intramammary infections in llamas, identify the pathogens responsible, and determine whether effects of intramammary infection could be detected by use of mastitis indicator tests commonly used for cows.	1996	8870746
fetal and maternal blood oxygen affinity: a comparative study in llamas and sheep.	we compared blood oxygen affinity (p50) and hemoglobin concentration among fetal and maternal llamas and sheep, as respective examples of species native to high and low altitudes. p50, hemoglobin concentration and blood oxygen content were determined at sea level in 16 pregnant llamas, 6 pregnant sheep and their respective fetuses. p50 was similar in fetal llamas and sheep, but maternal llamas had higher blood oxygen affinity than maternal sheep. as a consequence, the p50 difference between moth ...	1996	8916548
endocrine diagnosis of cryptorchidism in a llama.		1996	8937666
peritonitis associated with passage of the placenta into the abdominal cavity in a llama.	following parturition, a female llama was admitted to our hospital with a tear in the dorsal area of the vagina and peritonitis. the llama was clinically normal for 7 days after which its condition started to deteriorate, and the llama died 11 days after admission. on necropsy examination, the intact placenta was found in the abdominal cavity. therefore, we suggest that in llamas with vaginal tears after parturition, it may be useful to immediately secure the fetal membranes with umbilical tape ...	1996	8944808
the disposition of five therapeutically important antimicrobial agents in llamas.	the disposition of five therapeutic antimicrobial agents was studied in llamas (lama glama) following intravenous bolus administration. six llamas were each given ampicillin, tobramycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin and ceftiofur at a dose of 12 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 2.2 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, with a wash out period of at least 3 days between treatments. plasma concentrations of these antimicrobial agents over 12 h following i.v. bolus dosin ...	1996	8971671
forestomach acidosis in six new world camelids.	forestomach acidosis was diagnosed in 2 llamas and 4 alpacas. all were young, group-housed, sexually intact males. clinical signs included forestomach atony, lethargy, ataxia, diarrhea, and tachycardia. forestomach distention was observed in only 1 llama. clinicopathologic abnormalities included low forestomach fluid ph, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. although camelids differ from domestic ruminants in typical management practices and behavioral, anatomic, and physiologic c ...	1996	8617651
urinary and plasma purine derivatives in fed and fasted llamas (lama glama and l. guanacoe).	the changes in urinary and plasma purine derivatives in response to fasting and level of feeding in llamas were examines. in one experiment, four llamas were gradually deprived of feed within 3 days and then fasted for 6 days. daily urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased with feed intake and leveled on the last 3 days of fasting at 177 +/- 26 mumol/kg w0.75. allantoin and uric acid comprised 71% and 15% of total purine derivatives, respectively, in both fed and fasted states, but hypo ...	1996	8653589
concentrations of progesterone during storage of whole blood from llama (lama glama): effects of anticoagulants, storage time and temperature.		1996	8659341
laparoscopic surgical approach and anatomy of the abdomen in llamas.	to describe 3 laparoscopic approaches for, and the normal laparoscopic anatomy of, the abdomen in adult llamas and to evaluate the effects of laparoscopy in those llamas.	1996	8682698
clostridial myonecrosis, hepatitis, and nephritis in a llama with vegetative endocarditis.		1996	8683488
orthopedic conditions of small ruminants. llama, sheep, goat, and deer.	diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the foot, infectious arthritis, angular limb deformities, patellar luxation, tendon contracture and injuries, and fractures encountered in sheep, goats, llamas, and deer are reviewed. these species share similar orthopedic problems to cattle, but management conditions, particularly for pet animals, may place special demands on the veterinarian treating these disease conditions. the mild temperament and relatively small body size of these animals make them e ...	1996	8705803
comparison of methods for sodium and potassium determination in llama urine.	to compare results for sodium and potassium determination on llama urine, using flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas), indirect ion-selective electrode potentiometry (ise), and direct ise.	1996	8720233
in vitro biomechanical comparison of the strength of the linea alba of the llama, using two suture patterns.	to compare the strength of the sutured linea alba, in vitro, using 2 suture patterns.	1996	8725826
evaluation of vitamin d status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets.	to evaluate vitamin d concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets.	1996	8800263
anaplastic sarcoma of the mandible in a llama.		1996	8809396
prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition elisa.	a competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to mcfv in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the usa. we evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), 103 biston (b ...	1996	8827669
chemoreflex and endocrine components of cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus.	we tested the hypothesis that the llama fetus has a blunted cardiovascular chemoreflex response to hypoxemia by investigating the effects of acute hypoxemia on perfusion pressure, heart rate, and the distribution of the combined ventricular output in 10 chronically instrumented fetal llamas at 0.6-0.7 gestation. four llama fetuses had the carotid sinus nerves sectioned. in the intact fetuses, there was a marked bradycardia, an increase in perfusion pressure, and a pronounced peripheral vasoconst ...	1996	8760206
the crystal structure of a llama heavy chain variable domain.		1996	8784347
eperythrozoonisis in a one-day-old llama.		1996	12660969
termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report.	a 5-yr-old female llama was presented by its owner for an elective abortion. the llama was accidentally bred to an unknown, and possibly related, male about 2.5 mo prior to presentation. the pregnancy was first confirmed by ultrasonography then cloprostenol (150 microg im) was administered once. cloprostenol, an analogue of prostaglandin f2alpha, was chosen in preference to natural pgf2alpha due to reported adverse reactions in llamas to this abortifacient. blood serum progesterone levels decrea ...	1997	16728013
carotid blood flow changes with behavioral states in the late gestation llama fetus in utero.	this study tested the hypothesis that in the llama fetus changes in cerebral blood flow are closely associated with changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism such as occur during transitions between electrocortical states. for the first time reported in any species, instantaneous changes in common carotid blood flow, employed as a continuous index of cerebrovascular perfusion, were related to instantaneous changes in electrocortical activity. three late gestation fetal llamas were surgically prep ...	1997	9466716
comparison of llama vh sequences from conventional and heavy chain antibodies.	forty different pcr clones encoding a llama variable heavy chain domain were analysed. the majority of these clones are derived from heavy-chain antibody cdna in which the entire ch1 exon is absent. it appears from the amino acid within the vhh framework 1 and 3 that all the llama clones belong to the vh iii family. however, the individual llama vhh sequences differ more substantially from each other than expected for members of the same family. several remarkable amino acid substitutions in the ...	1997	9566760
the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain l2: growthand production of (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes on a range of carbohydratesubstrates	the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain l2,isolated from the feces of a llama, was tested for growth on a range ofsoluble and insoluble carbohydrate substrates. the fungus was able to fermentglucose, cellobiose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, soluble starch,inulin, filter paper cellulose, and avicel. no growth was observed onarabinose, galactose, mannose, ribose, xylose, sorbitol, pectin, xylan,glycerol, citrate, soya, and wheat bran. the fermentation products aftergrowth were hydro ...	1997	9003585
suspected nutritional deficiency causing anaemia in llamas (lama glama).	a case of poor condition and recumbency in a 14-month-old female llama and a case of poor condition and ataxia in a 23-month-old male llama are described. both animals were anaemic and had low plasma copper levels. an increased intake of feed with a higher copper level and treatment with copper injections and an oral mineral solution resulted in a successful recovery. two other young llamas also had low plasma copper levels. the problem was probably due to a nutritional, particularly copper, def ...	1997	9050178
additional cause of mastitis in a llama.		1997	9074670
multifocal polyostotic aneurysmal bone cysts in a llama.	a 3.3-year-old 125-kg castrated male llama was evaluated because of acute non-weight-bearing lameness on the left hind limb. physical examination revealed crepitus in the midportion of the femur. on radiographs, a comminuted middiaphyseal fracture was seen. there was also a region of bone lysis with cortical thinning and expansion in the distal metaphysis and epiphysis of the left femur. multiple small circular lesions were observed in the proximal metaphysis of the left femur, and the proximal ...	1997	9074685
fascia lata autograft for treatment of congenital cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in a llama.	an 11.4-kg female llama that had been born without assistance while its dam was under observation at the veterinary teaching hospital was observed to ambulate abnormally on its right hind limb. a cranial drawer sign could be elicited in the right stifle. cranial displacement of the tibia relative to the femur and dysplasia of the proximal end of the tibia were seen on radiographs. when the cria was 10 days old, the joint was stabilized with a fascia lata autograft. at the time of surgery, a segm ...	1997	9074686
[pregnancy in new world camelids].	there is a growing number of llama- and alpacabreeders in europe. therefore veterinarians are often asked to intervene in clinical management of different problems, especially reproductive problems. in this review the authors attempt to summarize the different possibilities of pregnancy diagnosis and to give an short overview of reproduction in female llamas and alpacas. south american camelids are induced ovulators and ovulation will occur within 12 to 24 hours following a single breeding. llam ...	1997	9091279
tick paralysis and hepatic lipidosis in a llama.		1997	9140648
x-chromosome monosomy in an infertile female llama.	a 3-year-old female llama was examined because of a history of infertility and apparent anovulation. the llama had indifferent behavior when penned with a male, but eventually would assume sternal recumbency for breeding. on examination, the llama was underweight and small in stature. the uterine horns and ovaries could not be identified during palpation or ultrasonography per rectum, and the cervix was dilated when examined with a speculum. chromosomal preparations of lymphocytes and skin fibro ...	1997	9154206
an ehrlichia strain from a llama (lama glama) and llama-associated ticks (ixodes pacificus).	an ehrlichia was identified in the blood of a diseased llama (lama glama). sequencing of its 16s rrna gene showed the ehrlichia to be closely related to members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup. the agent was also found in a pool of ticks (ixodes pacificus) collected at the llama site.	1997	9157118
intraosseous hemangiosarcoma with metastasis in a three-month-old llama.		1997	9211247
[seroprevalence of viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in the republic of argentina].	this study reports the seroprevalence of bovine viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in argentina. this is the first study made in the country including 390 llamas and testing antibodies against eight viruses. samples were collected from nine farms distributed in three different provinces: buenos aires, córdoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against eight viruses known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus ...	1997	9229724
ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from california collected in 1995 and 1996.	a total of 1,246 ixodid ticks collected in 1995 and 1996 from seven california counties were examined for the presence of ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae by using a nested pcr technique. of 1,112 adult ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls ticks tested, nine pools, each containing five ticks, were positive (minimum percentage of ticks harboring detectable ehrlichiae, 0.8%). positive ticks were limited to four of the seven counties (sonoma, el dorado, santa cruz, and orange). in santa ...	1997	9230373
superovulation in llamas (lama glama) with pfsh and equine chorionic gonadotrophin used individually or in combination.	the purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of pfsh and/or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) for inducing superovulation in llamas. sixteen adult llamas weighing on average 130 kg (range 110-140) and which had been showing signs of oestrus for 5 days were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and one control group (n = 4). llamas in group a received ecg (500 iu, i.m.) once daily for 3 days, those in group b received pfsh i.m., in decreasing doses every 12 h for 5 days f ...	1997	9231267
early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (lama pacos) and llama (lama glama) by ultrasound.	an ultrasonography study of early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 19 alpacas and 12 llamas, after controlled matings. the aim was to determine the earliest gestational age at which pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography could be achieved, and to generate an empirical formula for gestational sac diameter (gsd) growth as a function of gestational age (ga), allowing an estimate of ga during the first month of pregnancy. we found that pregnancy diagnosis may be carried out as earl ...	1997	9233511
chronic weight loss in an immunodeficient adult llama.		1997	9262665
surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in new world camelids: 20 cases (1990-1996).	to report clinical findings for new world comelids with uterine torsion and to compare results of 3 methods of correction.	1997	9290829
facilitated ankylosis for treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a llama.		1997	9325537
squamous cell carcinoma originating from a cutaneous scar in a llama.	a nonhealing wound associated with a laceration in a 12-year-old llama was evaluated. initial attempts at closure were unsuccessful and biopsy revealed scar tissue. subsequent biopsies, 18 mo later, revealed squamous cell carcinoma with regional metastasis. this report describes squamous cell carcinoma, secondary to a traumatic wound in a llama.	1997	9332750