Publications

synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes in hybrids of silver fox and blue fox.	investigations of male meiosis in silver fox x blue fox hybrids have revealed meiotic arrest at the first prophase stage. synaptonemal complex analysis using light and electron microscopy demonstrated the occurrence of multivalents, bivalentlike structures, and unpaired axes. we conclude that the sterility of male hybrid foxes probably is due to pairing problems of chromosomes caused by extensive karyotypical differences of the two species, resulting in unpaired chromosomes, chromosome segments, ...	1988	31581762
hepatozoonosis in foxes from portugal.	hepatozoon, sp. is described for the first time in foxes (vulpes vulpes silacea) in portugal. of 301 foxes examined, 143 (48%) were infected. the gametocyte was the predominant stage of the life cycle and was found in every organ except the bone marrow, where schizonts were the most abundant stage. the morphological similarity of this parasite's gametocytes to hepatozoon canis is emphasized.	1988	3373641
the amino-acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from fox (vulpes vulpes) submandibular glands.	fox submandibular glands contain a double-headed secretory proteinase inhibitor. its amino acid sequence was determined. extensive homologies were found between this inhibitor and the corresponding inhibitors of cat, lion and dog in both domains. as in dog inhibitor the trypsin-inhibiting domain of fox inhibitor contains an arg residue in the reactive site in contrast to a lys residue in the inhibitors of cat and lion. domains i and ii of fox inhibitor are structurally related both to the sequen ...	1988	3393515
postoncospheral development and cycle of taenia polyacantha leuckart, 1856 (cestoda: taeniidae). first part.	the postoncospheral development and cycle of taenia polyacantha leuckart, 1856, an holarctic species of cestode, were investigated in the laboratory as well as in the tundra of northern alaska. foxes, alopex lapogus (l.) and vulpes vulpes (l.), serve as final host of t. polyacantha; the northern vole, microtus oeconomus (pallas), and the brown lemming, lemmus sibiricus (kerr), are important as the intermediate host. as determined in experimentally infected voles and lemmings, the oncosphere of t ...	1988	3059953
[genome mapping of the silver fox. i. determination of the chromosomal location of 8 fox genes and the search for homologous regions on fox and human chromosomes].	twenty-three silver fox-chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids were analysed for the expression of fox enzyme loci and the segregation of fox chromosomes. this analysis made it possible to assign the gene pgd to chromosome 2, mdh2 to chromosome 3. np to chromosome 10. aprt, eno1, pgm1 to chromosome 12, mdh1 and idh1 to chromosome 16. possible use of the above-mentioned clone panel for fox gene mapping is analysed. an attempt to reveal homologous regions on fox and human chromosomes was made by com ...	1988	3162722
sylvatic trichinosis in canada.	pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western arctic and extended down into the rocky mountain and foothills regions of western canada. infections were demonstrated in arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog.	1988	3196978
silver fox gene mapping: conserved chromosome regions in the order carnivora.	twenty-three silver fox x hamster somatic cell hybrid clones were used to assign 15 fox genes: gpi to chromosome 1; pgd to chromosome 2; mdh2 to chromosome 3; esd to chromosome 6; ldhb to chromosome 8; np to chromosome 10; ldha to chromosome 11; aprt, eno1, and pgm1 to chromosome 12; idh1 and mdh1 to chromosome 16; and gla, g6pd, and hprt to the x chromosome. high-resolution g-banding of human, cat, mink, and fox chromosomes containing homologous regions (according to genetic maps) revealed regi ...	1988	3197455
genetic polymorphism of plasma alpha 1 b-glycoprotein and transferrin in arctic and silver foxes.	plasma samples of 235 foxes from 38 complete families (14 of arctic foxes, 21 of silver foxes and 3 with arctic x silver fox hybrid offspring) were analysed by one-dimensional horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) ph 9.0 followed by general-protein staining of gels. a major postalbumin of fox plasma was identified as alpha 1b-glycoprotein (alpha 1b) by using immunoblotting with antiser m specific to human or pig plasma alpha 1b. four codominant, autosomal alleles of alpha 1b were ...	1988	3207218
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (vulpes vulpes, l) against rabies.	thirteen fox cubs were orally administered 10(7.2) plaque-forming units of live vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. on day 28 post-vaccination, all but 1 cub had produced rabies virus antibodies. twelve animals were intramuscularly inoculated with 10(3.2) mouse intracerebral ld50 of rabies virus suspension on days 33 (5 foxes), 180 (4 foxes) or 360 (3 foxes) after vaccination. eleven of them resisted rabies challenge. unvaccinated foxes, either put in contact with 1 vaccinated animal ...	1988	3218072
rabies epidemiology, natural barriers and fox vaccination.	rabies in central europe is maintained and spread by red foxes (vulpes vulpes). the epidemiology is explained by a variety of parameters of the main host. certain natural and artificial topographic features may function as barriers to the spread of the virus within fox populations. taking into account epidemiological barriers greatly facilitated the strategic application of oral immunization of foxes for freeing switzerland from rabies.	1988	3268773
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : iv. northern pocket gophers (thomomys talpoides).	this study investigated the influence of the major anal-gland compounds from the stoat (mustela erminea) and ferret (m. putorius) in generating an avoidance response by northern pocket gophers (thomomys talpoides) in tree fruit orchards in the okanagan valley of british columbia, canada. a secondary objective assessed the impact of additional predator odors on gopher avoidance behavior in laboratory bioassays. in field bioassays, a 1: 1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane, as ...	1988	24277016
use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : iii. montane and meadow voles (microtus montanus andmicrotus pennsylvanicus).	this study investigated the influence of the major anal-gland compounds from the stoat (mustela erminea) and fecal and urine compounds from the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in generating an avoidance response by montane voles (microtus montanus), as well as suppressing feeding by montane and meadow (m. pennsylvanicus) voles on apple trees in orchards. in trap bioassays, a 1∶1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane significantly reduced vole captures. other mixtures of stoat compounds ...	1988	24277015
mountain hare populations on islands: effects of predation by red fox.	on islands off the west coast of sweden the density of mountain hares (lepus timidus l.) is very high. one of the main predators on hares, the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.), is only present during short periods. data on hare density and predation by red fox and eagle owl (bubo bubo (l.)) has been analyzed from five islands over several years. winter mortality in years with low predation pressure was independent of hare density. but when red fox or eagle owl were present on islands (i.e., high preda ...	1989	28311185
prolonged prey suppression by carnivores - predator-removal experiments.	the hypothesis that carnivores can significantly suppress prey populations after they collapse during drought was tested by predator-removal experiments. low populations of rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) responded with significantly accelerated growth where foxes (vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (felis catus) were continually shot. experiments in years of good pasture and poor were confirmatory. after only 14 months, the rabbits were well on their way to another eruption whereas untreated populat ...	1989	28312173
epidemiological analyses on animal parasitoses: recent activity of the i.m.i.p.p.v.	the paper presents a selected review of the epidemiological analyses performed in recent years (1984-1988) in the institute of malattie infettive, profilassi e polizia veterinaria of the university of bologna on animal parasitoses, with special reference to the evaluation of some risk factors of bovine, swine and canine helminthoses, and to the validity of the coprological test for some parasites of the red fox.	1989	2487000
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
antibodies to borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from wisconsin and minnesota.	serum samples from 93 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) trapped in wisconsin and 23 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped in wisconsin and minnesota were tested for antibodies to borrelia sp. with an indirect fluorescent antibody test which used borrelia burgdorferi as the whole-cell antigen. seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:64. all the positive samples were from areas known to be endemic for human lyme dise ...	1989	2644451
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus for oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: innocuity to several non-target bait consuming species.	the pathogenicity of a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was tested in several wild animal species which could compete with the natural rabies host, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in consuming vaccine baits in europe. the following species were included in this study: wild boar (sus scrofa), eurasian badger (meles meles), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), common vole (microtus arv ...	1989	2681844
interaction between rabies infection and oral administration of vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus to foxes (vulpes vulpes).	we have investigated the influence of anti-rabies vaccination on the onset of the disease as well as the delay of death in foxes previously infected with rabies virus. a live vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was used as vaccine. foxes were divided into six experimental groups of four animals. on day 0, each fox was experimentally infected with a rabies virus suspension. vvtggrab was administered by the oral route to each animal of three groups on day ...	1989	2732723
[safety and efficacy of an antirabies vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus administered orally to the fox, dog and cat].	one of the most promising ways to control rabies in wildlife seems to be the distribution of bait containing an anti-rabies vaccine. so far, the most widely used vaccines were modified live viruses (sad strain or derivatives). nevertheless, these strains retain some pathogenicity for non-target species. a novel vaccine was proposed consisting of genetically modified vaccinia virus (strain copenhagen, thermosensitive ts 26) expressing the foreign glycoprotein g for the rabies virus (strain era). ...	1989	2751231
oral vaccination of raccoons (procyon lotor) with an attenuated (sad-b19) rabies virus vaccine.	unlike previous reports to the contrary, raccoons (procyon lotor) were successfully vaccinated against rabies with a liquid sad-b19 attenuated virus vaccine administered per os and given in vaccine-laden baits. there was neither evidence of vaccine-induced rabies in raccoons nor in a limited safety trial with opossums (didelphis virginiana) given sad-b19. protection from lethal street rabies virus infection was not absolute: only three of nine raccoons given 1 x 10(6.0) tcid/ml were protected ve ...	1989	2810555
[echinococcus multilocularis in a swamp beaver (myocaster coypus)].	larval echinococcus multilocularis was found in a nutria (myocastor coypus) on a fur farm situated south of the thuringian forest near the border the federal republic of germany. this finding is of epidemiological importance. investigations of 67 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) originating from this area and the whole erfurt region (thuringia) did not reveal the presence of adult e. multilocularis.	1989	2817506
three new plasma protein polymorphisms in domestic foxes, detected by a simple method of 2d horizontal electrophoresis.	plasma samples of 270 foxes from 45 complete families (14 of arctic foxes, 28 of silver foxes and 3 with arctic x silver fox hybrid offspring) were analysed by a method of two-dimensional agarose gel (ph 5.4)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (ph 9.0) electrophoresis followed by general-protein staining of gels. genetic polymorphism of three plasma proteins, tentatively designated prealbumin (pr), postalbumin 1 (pa1), and pretransferin 1 (prt1), was observed. in silver foxes, pa1 and prt1 showed a h ...	1989	2745152
[genome mapping in silver fox. syntenic genes in carnivora].	hamster x fox somatic cell hybrids segregating individual fox chromosomes in different combinations were used to assign seven structural loci to fox chromosomes. the gene for me1 was mapped on the vfu1 chromosome, the genes for adk and pp being located on the vfu4 chromosome. the gene for gsr was assigned to the vfu7 chromosome and the genes for mpi and cot1 were assigned to the vfu15 chromosome. localization of these genes enhances the established fox genetic map and extends the known syntenic ...	1989	2634576
photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in the male silver fox (vulpes vulpes).	six silver fox males were exposed to short days (6l:18d) from february, when the testes were fully developed, until june 1986 (group 6l). eight males maintained in natural daylight served as controls (group n). histological sections from the testes of 2 males in group 6l killed in june indicated full spermatogenic activity. three blue fox vixens inseminated the following year with semen collected and frozen in june from 3 males in group 6l failed to produce litters. one possible explanation for ...	1989	2695628
[the use of the method of principal components for phenogenetic analysis of the integral domestication trait].	in the course of long-term experiment on domestication of silver fox, it was necessary to determine the most important behavioral features, selection for which would give domestication effect. the mathematical method of principal components was used for the analysis of 20 fox behavior traits. the combination of the initial traits which reflected the structure of the integral trait, i.e. domesticated type of behavior, was determined. the practical use of this combination seems to more adequately ...	1990	2354785
chemical immobilization of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were immobilized with one of the following drug combinations: ketamine/xylazine (n = 22), ketamine/promazine (n = 35), ketamine/midazolam (n = 13), or tiletamine/zolazepam (n = 22). foxes given ketamine/xylazine had the shortest induction and longest recovery times relative to other drug combinations, whereas foxes given ketamine/midazolam had the longest induction times. recommended doses for the various combinations are given. foxes given ketamine/xylazine were given ...	1990	2304206
effect of melatonin implants on reproduction in the male silver fox (vulpes vulpes).	in june 1987, when the testes were fully regressed, 5 males were given s.c. implants of 40 mg melatonin. the same treatment was repeated in august and october 1987. five males served as controls. plasma concentrations of melatonin increased significantly in treated males and were still elevated at the end of the study in april 1988. the changes in testicular volume and blood plasma concentrations of testosterone in response to gnrh indicated that melatonin administration promoted testicular deve ...	1990	2179546
ultrastructural findings in spongy degeneration of white matter in silver foxes (vulpes vulpes). a naturally occurring demyelinating disease with oligodendrocyte vacuolation.	spongy degeneration of white matter in silver foxes is a naturally occurring, hereditary disorder. we report ultrastructural findings in the upper cervical cord of five perfusion-fixed foxes that were examined between 5 weeks and 2 1/4 years after the onset of clinical signs. large cytoplasmic vacuoles in oligodendrocytes were present in the foxes examined 5, 12 and 20 weeks after the onset. other early features of the disease were severe vacuolation of myelin sheaths, demyelination, expansion o ...	1990	1703382
some histological studies on the oesophagus of the nile fox (vulpes vulpes aegyptiaca).	this work was carried out on eight foxes. the results showed that, the lining epithelium is of stratified squamous non-keratinized type which abruptly changed into glandular simple columnar epithelium. the lamina muscularis mucosa is in the form of small scattered strands of smooth muscle fibers in the cranial and middle parts and formed a continuous layer in the caudal part near the cardia. the submucosal glands are well developed and extend along the whole length of the oesophagus till reached ...	1990	2332659
[pathologico-morphologic changes in the digestive system in rabid foxes].	pathologico-morphological changes in the digestive tract were investigated in fifty naturally infected common foxes (vulpes vulpes crucigera). nineteen animals were found to suffer from mild cachexia, 31 animals suffered from complete cachexia. erosions were observed in the mucosa of oral cavities of 21 foxes. traumatic injuries appeared in the teeth of 11 animals. one case of swollen and hyperaemic tongue was described; in three cases there occurred sialo-adenitis. a mild degree of inflammation ...	1990	2238383
effects of melatonin implants on plasma concentrations of testosterone, thyroxine and prolactin in the male silver fox (vulpes vulpes).	melatonin administration in the form of slow-release implants advanced breeding activity in silver fox males when treatment began in june. plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in treated animals than in controls from september to november, whereas in february and march they were significantly lower. plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly reduced immediately following melatonin treatment in june but increased to greater levels than control values and 'peaked' a ...	1990	2374129
spongy degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system of silver foxes (vulpes vulpes).	a disorder of central nervous white matter in norwegian-bred silver foxes is described from the case histories of 21 clinically affected foxes. the main presenting sign of this disorder was caudal limb ataxia, which appeared between 2 1/2 and 4 months of age and progressed over the next 4-8 weeks. only four affected foxes were allowed to live beyond this period, but they showed moderate to marked improvement. light microscopic examination of specimens from 16 affected foxes necropsied between 3 ...	1990	2191490
[hormones, reproductive behavior and fertility in male silver foxes].	the relationships between gonadal and glucocorticoid hormones and reproductive behaviour were estimated in two groups of silver fox males classified as either low or high sex activity. levels of testosterone and cortisol in peripheral plasma measured by radioimmunoassay did not differ between the groups. however, when receptive females were introduced to experimental males, levels of testosterone in plasma increased significantly only in the males with high sex activity within 1 hr after a test ...	1990	2170171
physiological responses of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to surgery.	radio transmitters were surgically implanted into the abdomens of red foxes (vulpes vulpes). blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 8 hr after surgery and analyzed for hormonal, biochemical, electrolyte and hematologic changes. samples were taken at the same times from control foxes. adrenocorticotropin increased after surgery (p less than 0.05), but returned to pre-surgery values after 8 hr. cortisol increased and remained elevated in the surgery group relative to pre-surgery v ...	1990	2160021
[mapping of the silver fox genome. iii. determination of the chromosomal localization of the got2, ak1, aldoc, acp1, itpa, pgp and blvr genes].	evidence is presented for the chromosome localization of seven silver fox genes obtained with the help of panel of fox x chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. thus, the ak1, got2 and aldoc are assigned to chromosome vfu2, pgp to chromosome vfu3, blvr to chromosome vfu5, acp1 to chromosome vfu8 and itpa to chromosome vfu14. the genetic map of 29 fox genes is compared with those reported for man and other animals. the results obtained support and extend our previous suggestion that formation of th ...	1990	2074010
[importance of the wild boar in the epidemiology of wild trichinellosis in piedmont and liguria].	muscle samples from 1,508 wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested in piedmont and liguria between 1987 and 1990 were examined for larvae of trichinella sp. by trichinelloscopy and peptic digestion. no wild boar was infected, though trichinellosis was present in foxes (vulpes vulpes) from the same areas (14 positives out of 608) with the highest prevalence in the mountain range (25.0%). infection was also not found in 40 stone martens, 5 badgers and 3 stoats. five vulpine isolates were identified as be ...	1990	2132444
[visceral leishmaniasis in central asia and kazakhstan].	at present sporadic foci of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are encountered mainly in the natural foci. the natural foci of vl are situated mainly in valleys and foothills. in southern areas of the turkmen ssr the majority of cases were registered in small settlements situated near wells in interbarkhan lowerings. the reservoir of pathogen here may be vulpes vulpes and dogs and the most likely vector is phlebotomus turanicus. in kazakhstan cases of vl are encountered in the thickets of the syr-darya ...	1990	2146471
a comparison of cardiac glutathione s-transferases from wild and domestic animals.	1. cardiac glutathione s-transferases from wild animals; hyena, red fox, porcupine, coypu and mountain gazelle were purified and compared with the enzymes from domestic animals; cow, camel, goat and sheep. 2. by using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate, domestic hearts expressed higher glutathione conjugating activity than wild animals hearts. 3. in all the studied hearts, the bulk of the activity was associated with near neutral and acidic glutathione s-transferase isozymes with pi valu ...	1990	2328567
acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes).	a red fox (vulpes vulpes) with signs of neurological disease was captured in fairmount park, philadelphia, pennsylvania (usa). the animal died in captivity and was examined because of suspected rabies. the liver had pale foci up to 4 mm in diameter. foci of necrosis were associated with toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in several organs including liver, lungs and adrenal glands. rabies antigen and distemper virus inclusions were not detected. the diagnosis of acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was co ...	1990	2338735
[epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in france. 1. intestinal helminths in the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.) from haute-savoie].	in the course of an epidemiological survey concerning the alveolar echinococcosis and its causative agent, echinococcus multilocularis, the autopsies of 150 wild red foxes captured in the department of the haute-savoie between december 1983 and august 1988 disclosed 139 cases of intestinal helminthiasis with cestodes and nematodes; no trematode was found. multiple infections were frequent. the cestoda recorded consist of the following species: taenia crassiceps: 44 cases (29%); echinococcus mult ...	1990	2344133
wild carnivore acceptance of baits for delivery of liquid rabies vaccine.	a series of experiments are described on the acceptance, by red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and other species, of two types of vaccine-baits intended to deliver liquid rabies vaccine. the baits consisted of a cube of sponge coated in a mixture of tallow and wax, or a plastic blister-pack embedded in tallow. all baits contained tetracycline as a biological marking agent: examination of thin sections of carnivore canines under an ultraviolet microscope revealed a fluorescent line of tetracycline if an i ...	1990	2250325
mapping of the silver fox genes: assignments of the genes for me1, adk, pp, pepa, gsr, mpi, and got1.	evidence is presented for the assignment of seven fox genes on the basis of the segregation data for chromosomes and enzymes of fox x chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. the chromosomal loci of the following enzyme genes were determined: me1, vfu1; adk and pp, vfu4; pepa, vfu5; gsr, vfu7; and mpi and got1, vfu15. the localization of these genes now extends the fox genetic map to 22 mapped genes. based on comparative analysis of mammalian genetic maps, karyotype evolution in carnivora is discus ...	1991	2013231
early experience with the farm environment and effects on later behaviour in silver vulpes vulpes and blue foxes alopex lagopus.	seventy-one silver fox and 141 blue fox cubs were exposed to constant visual contact with the farm environment from the age of 2 to 8 weeks. the exposure consisted in opening a door in the nest box facing the feed gang-way. control cubs (33 silver and 77 blue foxes) were reared in similar but closed nest boxes. all cubs were tested at the age of 12-16 weeks and again at the age of 23-28 weeks; during these tests the behavioural responses of the foxes towards a human being were recorded. both tes ...	1991	24923975
[morphological characteristics of adrenal cortex structure in domesticated silver fox females].		1991	1204449
mapping of silver fox genes: chromosomal localization of the genes for got2, ak1, aldoc, acp1, itpa, pgp, and blvr.	evidence is presented for the chromosome localization of seven silver fox genes by the use of a panel of fox x chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. ak1, got2, and aldoc are assigned to chromosome vfu2, pgp to chromosome vfu38, blvr to chromosome vfu5, acp1 to chromosome vfu8, and itpa to chromosome vfu14. the genetic map of 29 fox genes is compared with those reported for man and other mammals. the results we obtained support and extend our previous suggestion that the formation of the canidae ...	1991	1647290
polyglucosan bodies in the central nervous system of a fox.	polyglucosan bodies (pgb) in the central nervous system of an old male fox, vulpes vulpes japonica, without neurological signs were examined by light and electron microscopy, lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. fox pgb were round, slightly-basophilic and pas-positive structures. most of the bodies were situated free in the neuropil. electron microscopically, fox pgb were composed mainly of branching filaments and electron-dense material. lectin histochemistry revealed that fox pgb co ...	1991	1663141
rabies in urban foxes (vulpes vulpes) in britain: the use of a spatial stochastic simulation model to examine the pattern of spread and evaluate the efficacy of different control régimes.	the threat of rabies being reintroduced into britain is probably greater now than at any time over the last 60 years. this threat is reviewed with particular regard to the problems that would be posed should rabies be introduced to the high-density fox populations found in many cities in southern england. computer models can provide a valuable means of understanding the pattern of rabies spread in fox populations and the likely problems of control, so the construction of previous rabies models w ...	1991	1686115
large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine.	rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. the major disease vector in europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. although some european countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not bee ...	1991	1758494
identification of sylvatic trichinella (t3) in foxes from france.	thirty-three foxes (vulpes vulpes) from a sample of 1912 collected in france were found to be infected with trichinella spp. four isolates were obtained for genetic identification. isoenzymatic and biological analysis of these isolates revealed the presence of two distinct genetic types of trichinella, trichinella spiralis s.str. (t1) and trichinella sp. (t3) (trichinella nelsoni according to soviet authors) in the fox population. the reproductive capacity index of these isolates in wistar rats ...	1991	1763479
lung and hearth nematodes in some spanish mammals.	thirteen host species belonging to the orders rodentia, insectivora and carnivora from various localities in galicia (nw spain) were examined for heart and lung parasites. the following species were found: parastrongylus dujardini (5.5%) in apodemus sylvaticus, crenosoma striatum in erinaceus europaeus (83%), angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus in vulpes vulpes (3, 3.46 and 0.50%, respectively), crenosoma taiga in putorius putorius (100%) and crenosoma sp. in meles ...	1991	1844789
serological (em2-elisa) and parasitological examinations of fox populations for echinococcus multilocularis infections.	serum or body fluid samples of 1,006 foxes were investigated in an elisa for antibodies against a highly sensitive and specific antigen (em2-antigen) of echinococcus multilocularis. parasitological examinations of the intestines and simultaneous serological examinations were carried out in 505 foxes: a group of 98 blue foxes (alopex lagopus) from norwegian fox farms did not contain intestinal stages of e. multilocularis and was clearly sero-negative in em2-elisa. on the other hand in red foxes ( ...	1991	1858455
[parasite fauna of red foxes in berlin (west)].	the infestation with ecto- and endoparasites of red foxes in berlin (west) was investigated. as shown by post mortems of 100 animals (47 males and 53 females), none of them was found to be free of parasites. with regard to ectoparasites, 3 species of ixodes ticks, 7 flea species, one species of biting lice and mite species were demonstrated. the sarcoptic mange is often inducing the death of the foxes and is considered to be a limiting factor of the population increment. concerning endoparasites ...	1991	1872791
[behavioral ecology of the transmission of rabies].	red fox behavioural ecology was studied in a rabies-enzootic area in order to determine how population size is balanced despite rabies-induced mortality. the results suggest that the red fox rabies virus equilibrium evolves, and is due to the solitary behaviour pattern of the fox which reduces the risk of virus transmission from on territory to another; and to the subsequent autumn dispersal, which allows the local fox population to recover in the space of under a year. the hypothesis is put for ...	1991	1897867
[methodological approach to genetic-selection analysis of social behavior of animals (using as an example domestic behavior of the silver fox].	social behaviour of animals, i.e. interspecies contacts, were studied in a population of silver foxes in the longitudinal model domestication experiment. three social behaviour traits were analysed: contactibility, critical distance and domestication index. the latter trait is a linear function of elementary behaviour reactions, postures induced by man which is determined by the principal components method. the most valiable selection phenotype for further modelling of domestication, as shown by ...	1991	1916254
vitamin a in the urine of carnivores.	vitamin a levels (retinol equivalents) in the urine of canines were between 423 ng/ml (dog) and 6304 ng/ml (silver fox). neither vitamin a nor vitamin e was found in the urine of herbivores, omnivorous and rodents. no vitamin a but low levels of vitamin e were detected in cats. vitamin a in the urine was present as retinol and retinyl esters (basically retinyl palmitate/oleate). the total excretion of vitamin a represented 15 to 63% of the daily uptake in dogs, while less than 4% of vitamin e wa ...	1991	1917346
pathology of naturally acquired angiostrongylus vasorum infection in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).	199 out of 509 foxes culled in a rabies control scheme, were shown to be infected with the metastrongylid parasite angiostrongylus vasorum. pathological lesions associated with angiostrongylosis in the fox are described and compared to reported lesions of a. vasorum infection in the dog. the lesions observed in the foxes seemed to be less severe and mainly confined to the ventral parts of the lung lobes which showed granulomatous pneumonia. right ventricular hypertrophy of the heart was present ...	1991	1928794
reference data on the anatomy and serum biochemistry of the silver fox.	clinically healthy silver foxes obtained from a closed colony were investigated for the purpose of establishing base-line data for this species. the anthropometry (body weight; body length; length and width of the head; width, depth, and circumference of the chest; length of the tail), anatomical measurements (weight; longitudinal and transverse length; thickness of the main organs) and serum biochemical assays (ast, alt, alp, ldh, ck, lipase, ggt, t-cho, beta-lipo, tg, phos-lip, tp, t-bil, ua, ...	1991	1956149
life cycles of echinococcus multilocularis in relation to human infection.	the cycle of echinococcus multilocularus in natural and synanthropic hosts was investigated during 10 yr in an endemic focus of alveolar hydatid disease in the massif central of france. the natural cycle, involving red foxes, vulpes vulpes, and voles, arvicola terrestris, existed immediately surrounding a village in which human cases of alveolar hydatid disease occurred. both foxes and free-ranging dogs could serve as the source of infection for the human population.	1991	1992084
prevalence and geographical distribution of the ear canker mite (otodectes cynotis) among arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) in iceland.	three hundred forty five adult arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) from all counties in iceland were examined for excess cerumen and ear canker mites (otodectes cynotis). only 13 foxes (4%) from a single county in northwestern iceland were infested, where the prevalence of otodectiasis was 38%. whether or not this parasite is new to the arctic fox in iceland is unknown. if it is recently introduced, possible sources of infestation are farmed silver foxes (vulpes vulpes), domestic dogs, domestic or fer ...	1991	2023307
dirofilaria immitis in coyotes and foxes in missouri.	wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 trapping seasons in missouri. hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (canis latrans), 85 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for dirofilaria immitis. age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 d. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 d. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. this study indicates that heartwo ...	1991	2023319
carnivora: the primary structure of the hemoglobin from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae).	the primary structure determination of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae) is described. the separation of the chains could be achieved directly from the hemoglobin by rp-hplc as well as by column chromatography of the globin using carboxymethyl-cellulose. following tryptic digestion of the chains, the peptides were isolated by rp-hplc. amino-acid sequences were determined by edman degradation in liquid and gas phase sequencers. the peptides co ...	1991	2039604
[transmissibility and pathogenicity in the red fox of two rabies viruses isolated at a 10 year interval].	two rabies virus strains collected from naturally infected foxes in france in 1976 and 1986 were inoculated in 2 groups each consisting of 10 foxes (approximately 50 lethal doses50 mouse intracerebral per fox). another 20 healthy foxes were kept in the same cages as the inoculated animals in order to study the transmission of both strains. all the inoculated foxes became rabid and transmitted rabies to their cage companion. the intervals between death of the inoculated foxes and death of the cag ...	1991	2042909
caesium concentration factors in wild herbivores and the fox (vulpes vulpes l).	a selection of wild animals was sampled in the winter of 1986/87. the sites chosen for sampling were based on information obtained from survey carried out by the institute of terrestrial ecology in the spring and autumn of 1986. animals included deer, grouse, hares and rabbits, and foxes which were collected as a top carnivore in the food chain. variation in concentration of caesium between species from the same area was unpredictable; rabbits, for instance, never exceeded 200 bq kg(-1) (fresh w ...	1991	15092137
effects of whole-year nest boxes on cortisol, circulating leucocytes, exploration and agonistic behaviour in silver foxes.	an experiment was carried out for a period of 2 years, using 50 silver fox vixens kept in cages with nest boxes, and 50 vixens kept in barren wire cages without any sort of equipment. at the end of the experiment, the animals living with access to nest boxes had lower base levels of cortisol and eosinophils, and higher base levels of lymphocytes. they also were less fearful towards humans and more active/ explorative in an open field test. it was concluded that these animals were less stressed t ...	1991	24923976
[effect of a major gene in inheritance of the cortisol level in the peripheral blood of a domesticable population of foxes (vulpes vulpes)].	domestication of animals is known to be associated with hereditary changes in the pituitary-adrenal system which regulates most important stages of ontogenesis. cortisol is one of the basic indices of activity of this system. a segregation analysis of inheritance of cortisol content in blood of domestic silver fox population was undertaken. the results of the analysis point to an effect of a major gene controlling this quantitative trait, and indicate that breeding for domestic behaviour is acco ...	1991	1802790
a new type of lesion associated with severe fur damage in canadian ranch foxes and an investigation of possible causes.	in the silver fox, as in its wild ancestor, the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.), the annual growing phase (anagen) of guard hair follicles occupies at least four months. severe damage to the hair coat near the end of this growing period was reported in 1985 on many ranches in new brunswick and nova scotia. a histological analysis of serial sections of skin biopsies showed a marked increase in nuclear aberrations in the hair matrix of anagen guard hair follicles. these nuclear aberrations indicated th ...	1991	1884287
development of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes against rabies.	to improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the immunizing g protein of rabies virus (vvtgg rab-26d3 187 x p strain) has been developed. the c-dna corresponding to the glycoprotein of the era strain of rabies virus has been inserted into the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of the vaccinia virus (copenhagen strain). the efficacy of this recombinant strain was tested by the oral rout ...	1992	1286744
epidemiology of sylvatic trichinellosis in north-western italy.	muscle samples from 7,142 wild boars (sus scrofa), 80 free-ranging hogs, 1,462 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) 90 mustelids, 15 alpine marmots (marmota marmota), 873 rodents and 92 insectivores were examined for trichinella railliet, 1895. a wild boar, a badger (meles meles) and 30 foxes (2.1%) were found to be infected. eleven vulpine isolates and the wild boar isolate were identified as trichinella britovi. these results show that the wild boar has little significance as a reservoir of t. britovi in ...	1992	1305850
[detection of the eggs of echinococcus multilocularis leuckart, 1863, in the feces of the fox (vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) by the polymerase chain reaction].	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to the identification of eggs of echinococcus multilocularis in faeces from foxes. the test was positive in three of six faeces samples from foxes which were harbouring adult worms, and in one of four samples from foxes in which no adult e. multilocularis was found in the intestines. these initial results show that it is possible to use pcr to identify e. multilocularis eggs in faeces. pcr can be used to complement examination of intestinal content ...	1992	1305852
parasitological and serological studies on the prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis leuckart, 1863 in red foxes (vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) in switzerland.	in the canton of zurich in switzerland, 1,252 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were examined during 1990-1991 for intestinal stages of echinococcus multilocularis using the mucosal smear technique. special safety precautions were employed during examination. an average of 35% (432 foxes) were infected, mostly with low to medium numbers of gravid worms producing thick-shelled eggs. in the eleven districts of the canton, prevalence rates varied between 13% and 57%. an average of 29% of the foxes had anti ...	1992	1305853
sarcoptic mange in swedish wildlife.	mange caused by sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes appeared among red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in scandinavia (south-west finland) for the first time in this century in 1967. the disease was most probably introduced by foxes crossing the gulf of finland from estonia. the mange epizootic spread northwards through finland and reached sweden in late 1975, when mangy foxes appeared in the northern part of the country. in 1984, mange was observed in most parts of sweden. the disease was observed to spread ra ...	1992	1305857
[the helminth fauna of red foxes (vulpes vulpes linnaeus 1758) in north hesse and east westphalia. 1. cestodes].	between november 1989 and june 1990 a total number of 397 foxes were examined for the presence of cestodes. the animals came from the districts of arnsberg, detmold and kassel. in 16.4% of the foxes infections with echinococcus multilocularis were found, in 28.5% taenia crassiceps, in 14.4% taenia polyacantha, in 4.3% mesocestoides spp., in 3.3% multiceps multiceps, in 2.5% hydatigera taeniaeformis, in 0.8% taenia hydatigena and in 0.3% taenia martis. infections with echinococcus multilocularis ...	1992	1396164
the role of foxes vulpes vulpes in the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in urban environments.	to survey the prevalence of intestinal worms, particularly echinococcus granulosus, in foxes in canberra.	1992	1454000
[the testosterone level in the testes of silver foxes during prenatal development].	the level of testosterone in serum and testes of the silver fox fetuses on days 31, 35, 40, 45, and 50 of gestation was determined using radioimmunoassay. in testes, testosterone was first detected at day 31; then its level gradually increased. serum testosterone was detected only at day 40. subsequent increase in its concentration was insignificant. human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated testicular testosterone production in vitro beginning from day 40. we suggest that in the silver fox, teste ...	1992	1454293
[the occurrence of echinococcus granulosis and e. multilocularis in thuringia].	the occurrence of e. granulosus and e. multilocularis in the region of thuringia is reported. parasitological investigations showed 1421 e. granulosus metacestodes, 91.7% of them in lungs and 1.3% in livers of cattle, 6% in lungs and 1% in livers of pigs; that means an infestation rate at slaughter of 0.1%-0.3% in cattle and 0.001-0.004% or less in pigs resp. 90.1% of the hydatid cysts proved to be fertile even in a size of 1.5 cm diameter. adult e. granulosus was found post mortem in 2 of 324 d ...	1992	1456463
[the helminth fauna of the red fox (vulpes vulpes linne, 1758) in nordhessen and ostwestfalen. 2. nematodes].	between november 1989 and june 1990 a total number of 397 foxes were examined for the presence of nematodes in the stomach and the small intestine and 403 foxes for the presence of trichinella spiralis larvae. the animals came from the districts of kassel, arnsberg and detmold. in 32.7% of the foxes infections with toxocara canis were found, in 11.1% toxascaris leonina, in 3.8% ancylostoma caninum, in 3.5% uncinaria stenocephala and in 2.3% capillaria species. in most cases the number of nematod ...	1992	1459030
diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.	fifty-six red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained by the south carolina wildlife and marine resources department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in ohio (usa), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in indiana (usa). emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representi ...	1992	1474656
consideration of inactivated rabies vaccines as oral immunogens of wild carnivores.	an experimental beta-propiolactone (bpl)-inactivated rabies virus vaccine was evaluated for the oral immunization of captive raccoons (procyon lotor) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). none of 10 red foxes administered a single 1.0 ml dose of bpl-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (pm strain; 100 or 500 micrograms protein) per os developed detectable anti-rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (vna) at any time over 8 wk of observation. foxes were excluded from further study. in two different groups of ...	1992	1474662
the fox (vulpes vulpes) as a reservoir for canine angiostrongylosis in denmark. field survey and experimental infections.	until recently, angiostrongylus vasorum was not considered to be an endogenous danish parasite, since demonstration of this worm had been confined to necropsy findings in 2 dogs, both of which had visited france. during the last 2 years, however, clinical cases have been diagnosed among a considerable number of danish dogs, none of which had ever been outside denmark. all these cases have occurred north of copenhagen, where an endemic focus seems to exist. in this field survey a. vasorum was fou ...	1992	1488951
xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilization of free-living red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in spain.	a combination of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride was used to immobilize 83 wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) (15 pups and 68 adults) at doñana national park (spain). mean ketamine hydrochloride doses were 17.1 mg/kg (se = 1.53) and 12.3 mg/kg (se = 0.4) for pups and adults, respectively, and mean xylazine hydrochloride doses for the same groups were 6.2 mg/kg (se = 0.63) and 4.7 mg/kg (se = 0.14), respectively. mean induction times and first reaction times were 1.6 minutes and 22.5 mi ...	1992	1512894
[environmental hygienic aspects of echinococcosis].	a literature review on the current situation of echinococcosis in central europe is given. the only final host for echinococcus granulosus in this region ist the dog. the infection rate of dogs with e. granulosus in central europe is less than 1%. according to meat inspection statistics in germany less than 0.008% of sheep, pigs and horses carry larval stages of e. granulosus. parasitologically confirmed is the occurrence of a cattle-dog strain, the cysts of which were found in 0.26% of slaughte ...	1992	1516550
oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine.	a new recombinant rabies vaccine (human adenovirus 5 containing the rabies glycoprotein gene) was given to striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). groups of skunks received the vaccine in baits, by direct instillation into the mouth, or intramuscularly. foxes were given vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity (dioc). selected groups of vaccinated skunks and foxes were challenged with street rabies virus. there were high rates of seroconversion (generally wit ...	1992	1550495
the optimum time for single artificial insemination of blue fox vixens (alopex lagopus) with frozen-thawed semen from silver foxes (vulpes vulpes).	during the breeding season of 1991 a total of 608 blue fox vixens aged 1 to 6 years (2.3 +/- 0.1 years, mean +/- sem) from 2 farms were artificially inseminated intrauterine once with frozen-thawed silver fox semen (1 ml dose containing a total of 150 million spermatozoa). the vixens were allocated to 3 different groups according to the time of insemination. vixens in group 1 (n = 203), group 2 (n = 198), and group 3 (n = 207) were inseminated on the first, second or third day after the peak val ...	1992	16727185
metabolic rate and evaporative water loss at different ambient temperatures in two species of fox: the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (alopex lagopus).	1. resting metabolic rate (rmr) and evaporative water loss (ewl) of adult red and arctic foxes were determined over ambient temperature (ta) ranges of -13-37 degrees c and -5-30 degrees c as oxygen consumption and amount of water in expired air using an open flow system. 2. the average rmr was 2.60 +/- 0.14 w/kg for the winter red fox, 2.59 +/- 0.14 w/kg for the summer red fox, and 2.35 +/- 0.11 w/kg for the winter arctic fox. 3. the rate of increase of rmr was significant (p less than 0.05) onl ...	1992	1351445
the effect of sperm number on fertility in blue fox vixens (alopex lagopus ) artificially inseminated with frozen silver fox (vulpes vulpes ) semen.	during the breeding seasons of 1989 and 1990, a total of 617 blue fox vixens aged 1 to 6 years (mean +/- sem, 2.6 +/- 0.1) were inseminated with frozen silver fox semen with either 150 million (n = 213, 1989 + 1990), 100 million (n=172, 1990), 75 million (n = 119, 1989) or 37.5 million (n = 113, 1989) spermatozoa per insemination. two intrauterine inseminations, each with an insemination volume of 1.0 ml, were performed at 24-hour intervals on the first and second days after maximum vaginal elec ...	1992	16727071
species- and tissue-specific transcription of complex, highly repeated satellite-like bsp elements in the fox genome.	we have studied the transcription of highly repeated satellite-like bsp elements containing the potential promoter boxes for rna polymerase iii in the genomes of adult silver and arctic foxes. the bsp repeat transcripts were abundant enough to be detected by northern blot and semiquantitative dot blot hybridizations, and the majority were found in the nuclear rna fraction from arctic fox kidneys. weak hybridization signals were revealed with the cytoplasmic rna preparation from silver fox kidney ...	1992	1377064
limits to predator regulation of rabbits in australia: evidence from predator-removal experiments.	predator-prey studies in semi-arid eastern australia demonstrated that populations of rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) could be regulated by predators. the functional, numerical and total responses of foxes (vulpes vulpes) to rabbits and the numerical response of feral cats (felis catus) to rabbits, are described. measurement of the rabbit component of foxes' stomach contents indicates a type iii functional response. the size of the fox population in summer was dependent on the availability of ra ...	1992	28313401
trap-vaccinate-release and oral vaccination for rabies control in urban skunks, raccoons and foxes.	two rabies control tactics, trap-vaccinate-release (t-v-r) and oral vaccination were used for the control of rabies in skunks (mephitis mephitis), raccoons (procyon lotor), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) in metropolitan toronto, canada. using t-v-r, a mean of 45% to 72% (95% confidence limits of 40% to 81%) of the skunks and a mean of 17% to 68% (95% confidence limits of 14% to 76%) of the raccoons in a 60 km2 area of toronto were vaccinated against rabies between 1987 and 1991. the area has been fre ...	1992	1474654
fertilization in vitro of oocytes matured in vivo in the blue fox (alopex lagopus).	six unmated blue fox vixens were killed 2-3 days after peak vaginal electrical resistance. measurements of luteinizing hormone (lh) showed that this corresponded to a time period of 6-10 days after the preovulatory lh peak in these vixens. a total of 63 ova were collected from the oviducts of the vixens, and 45 of the ova were used for study of fertilization in vitro. the ova were placed in 50 microliter droplets of fertilization medium and inseminated with 15,000-45,000 frozen-thawed silver fox ...	1993	8229929
species-specific features of oestrous development and blastogenesis in domestic canine species.	the reproductive physiology of taxonomically closely related species is usually very similar. the main difference in the reproduction of the dog and fox is the length of the different phases of the oestrous cycle. pro-oestrus and oestrus are longest in the dog: oestrus lasts 3-5 days in the blue fox and 1-3 days in the silver fox, compared with about 1 week in the dog. the profiles of sex steroid concentrations in plasma during oestrus and pregnancy are similar and the luteal phase in non-pregna ...	1993	8229920
induction of follicular development in silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) and antibodies against ecg.	experiments were conducted that demonstrated that 1000 iu equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) was effective in induction of follicular development and ovulation in silver foxes during anoestrus. this treatment resulted in large, unovulated follicles; thus, trials in which the effects of ecg were reduced or abrogated by antibodies against ecg were carried out. passive immunization against ecg on days 3 and 4 after ecg treatment interfered with subsequent follicular development and prevented ovul ...	1993	8229953
[modular evolution of bsp-repeats: formation of subrepeats and monomers preceded the divergence of four species of canidae].	determination of two nucleotide sequences of satellite-like dna (bsp-repeats) segments from the raccoon-like dog genome and analysis of these and three other homologous sequences from distantly related genomes of canidae (silver fox, domestic dog, and gray fox) show that all these dna fragments consist of five types of subrepeats (a, b, c, d, and e) and two types of monomers-acb and aced. raccoon-like dog repeated segment of 1620 bp is composed of both type of monomers: acbaced. different monome ...	1993	8246941
deliberate release of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for vaccination of wild animals against rabies.	since 1978, several european countries have conducted, at different times, large-scale field trials of oral vaccination of foxes (vulpes vulpes) against rabies, using the sad, standard or b19-modified attenuated strains of rabies virus. the use of attenuated strains of rabies virus remains controversial as far as safety and stability are concerned, since these virus strains retain pathogenicity for rodents or other wildlife species and are heat-sensitive. to improve both safety and stability of ...	1993	8281357
evaluation of fox-chasing enclosures as sites of potential introduction and establishment of echinococcus multilocularis.	following detection of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) illegally imported into south carolina (usa) for release in fox-chasing enclosures, a survey for e. multilocularis was conducted in four enclosures in georgia (usa) and six enclosures in south carolina. survey methods included examination of potential small mammal intermediate hosts (n = 390) for e. multilocularis larvae, examination of fox and coyote (canis latrans) scats (n = 59) for taeniid eggs, and examination o ...	1993	8355358
epidemiology of toxocara canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from urban areas of bristol.	a descriptive epidemiological survey was undertaken of the ascarid nematode toxocara canis in 521 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) during the period january 1986 to july 1990. age-prevalence and age-intensity profiles show that worm burdens are significantly higher in cubs than in subadult or adult foxes and higher in subadult than in adult foxes. seasonal variations in worm burdens occur, with the highest prevalences and intensities being found during the spring, when cubs are born, and in the summer ...	1993	8414671
photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision.	electroretinogram (erg) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of canid: domestic dog (canis familiaris), island gray fox (urocyon littoralis), red fox (vulpes vulpes), and arctic fox (alopex lagopus). these four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. these pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of ...	1993	8424924
[testing of a new bait for the oral immunization of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) against rabies].	a field trial is described for testing the acceptance of a new machine made bait (altrofox/91) for oral immunization of red foxes. the investigations were undertaken in direct comparison with a bait with known attractiveness for foxes. after the choice of suitable field trial areas the baits were distributed at a density of 18/km2 by fixed-wing aircraft. each bait version contained a different derivate of tetracycline as a biomarker. the evaluation of the attractiveness and acceptance by red fox ...	1993	8457184
pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter msh receptor function.	coat colors in the chestnut horse, the yellow labrador retriever, the red fox, and one type of yellow mouse are due to recessive alleles at the extension locus. similarly, dominant alleles at this locus are often responsible for dark coat colors in mammals, such as the melanic form of the leopard, panthera pardus. we show here that the murine extension locus encodes the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) receptor. in mice, the recessive yellow allele (e) results from a frameshift that produces ...	1993	8458079