Publications

[electrophoretic polymorphism of post-albumin and transferrin in different subspecies of anthropoid apes].	the electrophoretic polymorphism of post-albumin and transferin was investigated in 46 apes of the pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus subspecies. this type of study enables the different subspecies to be distinguished and the ancestral form to be identified. the pattern of individual variability is found to be different between the various ape species and homo sapiens.	1981	10819021
the development of infant play in a captive group of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	three infant gorillas born at the yerkes regional primate research center of emory university were studied during their first year and one-half of life for various aspects of behavior, including solitary and social play, using both focal animal and one-zero sampling. the appearance of play in these infants followed a developmental trend, beginning with mother-infant play, and followed by solitary play, and then social play among peers. mothers were initially very vigilant, repeatedly interruptin ...	1981	31995947
fertility in the male gorilla (gorilla gorilla): relationship to semen parameters and serum hormones.	circulating levels of steroid and protein hormones were measured in 17 adult male lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla). the population included both fertile and infertile males as identified by previous siring of offspring and presence or absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation. correlations were sought between levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, 170h-progesterone, dihydroepiandrosterone, lutein ...	1982	32192241
urinary immunoreactive estrogen and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide during the normal menstrual cycle of the female lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla).	urine samples were taken daily during 22 menstrual cycles of six normal adult female gorillas. urine was analyzed for total immunoreactive estrogens (et) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg) and indexed by creatinine (cr). an average cycle length of 32 ± 1 days (mean ± se) with a range of 25-42 days is reported. estrogen values range from 4 to 128 ng/mg cr and show a midcycle peak and a midluteal rise. pdg values range from 0.01 to 2.4 μg/mg cr and display a low, flat follicular phase followed b ...	1982	31995900
the gorilla.		1982	17736246
amylase levels in the tissues and body fluids of several primate species.	1. serum amylase levels in the gorilla, orang-utan, chimpanzee and squirrel monkey are similar to man. serum amylase in the rhesus macaque is almost a whole order of magnitude higher than man. 2. of the several species tested, all have appreciable amylase in saliva or the parotid gland except the squirrel monkey. 3. high levels of amylase were found in the pancreas of all species tested. amylase was found in the livers of all species tested. 4. in in vivo experiments with squirrel monkeys, injec ...	1982	6178549
a new intestinal parasitic entodiniomorph ciliate from wild lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon?		1982	6820805
mitochondrial dna sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution.	we cloned and sequenced a segment of mitochondrial dna from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. this segment is 896 bp in length, contains the genes for three transfer rnas and parts of two proteins, and is homologous in all 5 primates. the 5 sequences differ from one another by base substitutions at 283 positions and by a deletion of one base pair. the sequence differences range from 9 to 19% among species, in agreement with estimates from cleavage map comparisons, thus confirmin ...	1982	6284948
molecular cloning of a family of retroviral sequences found in chimpanzee but not human dna.	a number of retrovirus-like sequences have been cloned from chimpanzee dna which constitute the chimpanzee homologs of the endogenous colobus type c virus cpc-1. one of the clones contains a nearly complete viral genome, but others have sustained deletions of 1 to 2 kilobases in the polymerase gene. the pattern of related sequences detected in other primate species is consistent with the genetic transmission of these sequences for millions of years. however, the appropriately related sequences h ...	1982	6292470
brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance.	observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. while all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominoids and modern homo sapiens showing an identical pattern of left-occipital, right-frontal petalias, which contrasts with those found normally in pongids. of the pongids, gorilla shows the greater degree of asymmetry in left- ...	1982	6812430
characterisation of a human y chromosome repeated sequence and related sequences in higher primates.	the human y chromosome carries 2000 copies of a tandemly repeated sequence, 2.47 kb long, which constitutes about 20% of the dna of this chromosome. these sequences are localised on the tip of the long arm of the y chromosome. related sequences are present in dna of females with a related but distinguishable restriction pattern. these autosomal sequences are distributed in tandem arrays on a number of autosomes. related sequences are also present in gorilla and chimpanzee. in gorilla they resemb ...	1982	7182127
[the trigeminal nerve-innervated jaw muscles in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, blumenbach 1799) and the gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla, savage and wyman 1847)].		1982	7160604
control role of an adult male in a captive group of lowland gorillas.	an adult male gorilla was removed from the social group in which it had resided for 27 months. there was an immediate increase in aggressive behaviors among the remaining adult females, as well as an intensification of mother-infant social behaviors. the return of the male resulted in an immediate rise in male aggression and a decline in female aggression, with a gradual return to baseline levels in most behaviors. the control role of the male in the group through aggressive behaviors is suggest ...	1982	7201445
production of a monoclonal antibody to human liver alkaline phosphatase.	a monoclonal antibody to human liver alkaline phosphatase (alp) has been produced by the mouse-hybridoma method using a partially purified enzyme preparation as antigen. the particular hybridoma secreting the antibody was detected by a screening procedure based on the retention of enzyme activity by the enzyme/antibody complex. the antibody cross-reacts strongly with human kidney and bone alps but not with human placental or intestinal alps. it also cross-reacts with liver and kidney alps from g ...	1982	7151274
[electrophoretic variation and specification in different species of anthropoïd apes].	the techniques involved in the measurement of the electrophoretic mobilities of human proteins have been applied for similar protein electrophoretic mobility measurements in various species of anthropoïd apes. a study of the electrophoretic polymorphism in the chimpanzee shows that this species has a similar variability to that of man, although the average individual heterozygosity level is lower. for a certain number of erythrocyte protein loci, the electrophoretic mobilities in man, chimpanzee ...	1982	7152516
epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas.	acute enteritis characterized by watery diarrhea and lethargy occurred in 4 lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) during a 5-week period at the los angeles zoo. numerous trophozoites of balantidium coli were seen in fresh feces from each gorilla. potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 1 fecal sample. results of fecal flotation examinations were negative for eggs of metazoan parasites. the gorillas were treated with antibiotics and metronidazole or paromomycin, or both. the most ...	1982	7174457
the origin of man: a chromosomal pictorial legacy.	man, gorilla, and chimpanzee likely shared an ancestor in whom the fine genetic organization of chromosomes was similar to that of present man. a comparative analysis of high-resolution chromosomes from orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and man suggests that 18 or 23 pairs of chromosomes of modern man are virtually identical to those of our "common hominoid ancestor", with the remaining pairs slightly different. from this lineage, gorilla separated fist, and three major chromosomal rearrangements ...	1982	7063861
ultrasonic evaluation of echinococcosis in four lowland gorillas.	four captive lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) were subjected to abdominal ultrasonic scanning. evidence of progressive infection by the enzootic parasite echinococcus vogeli was observed in all 4 of them. ultrasonic scanning revealed abdominal disease, with evidence of both hepatic and bowel involvement. three gorillas subsequently died. necropsy results validated the ultrasonic diagnoses.	1982	7174458
size and diet in the evolution of african ape craniodental form.	interspecific differences in craniodental morphology among pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla are analyzed. these apes differ in both diet and body size, and thus present an excellent example in which to apply an allometric criterion of subtraction in order to determine morphological differences which might be related to divergent dietary specialization. the use of ontogenetic allometry in particular as a criterion of subtraction is discussed. bivariate and multivariate results i ...	1983	6862324
premaxillary-maxillary suture asymmetry in a juvenile gorilla. implications for understanding dentofacial growth and development.	a specimen of juvenile gorilla was found that had the premaxillary-maxillary suture coursing between the lateral deciduous incisor and deciduous canine on one side of the jaw, but between the central and lateral deciduous incisors on the other; in the latter, the suture also separates the alveolus of the lateral deciduous incisor from the crypt of the growing successional lateral incisor. rather than dismiss this exception to the traditional dictum of tooth identification--which is based on the ...	1983	6862325
the evolutionary basis of some clinical disorders of the human foot: a comparative survey of the living primates.	the living primates are a highly diverse group of essentially arboreal animals whose feet are variously adapted for grasping, climbing, and leaping in trees. one of the most remarkable aspects of the anatomical variation in the feet of the extant primates is that this diversity can be arranged in a graduated sequence ranging from the primitive transtarsal-opposition type of grasping foot found in the lemurs, through the specialized transmetarsal-adduction type that characterizes the higher prima ...	1983	6873777
structure and evolution of human y chromosome dna.	two repeated sequences account for 70% of the dna of the human y chromosome. they are located in the heterochromatin of the long arm. these sequences are related to others found on human chimpanzee and gorilla autosomes, and on the human x chromosome but have diverged in a characteristic way from the non y copies. they have no detectable phenotypic effect when translocated to autosomes. we have cloned dna from the human y chromosome using fluorescence activated cell sorting. at least one single ...	1983	6444175
structure and evolution of human and african ape rdna pseudogenes.	we discuss the evolutionary significance of four aberrant 18s rdna clones that were obtained from human, chimpanzee, and gorilla dna libraries. we show that these clones carry representatives of a small 18s rdna pseudogene family that arose in a common ancestor of these species. aspects of their structure and phylogenetic distribution suggest that the 18s pseudogenes no longer interact genetically with normal ribosomal genes and therefore may not be linked to nucleolus organizer regions.	1983	6599961
urinary estrogen excretion during pregnancy in the gorilla (gorilla gorilla), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and the human (homo sapiens).	urinary estrogen components were separated, identified and quantified throughout the pregnancy of the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and compared to estrogen levels in normal human pregnancies. fetal and neonatal adrenals from each species were also compared in terms of weight and relative amounts of fetal zone. the results demonstrate that gorillas and chimpanzees excrete 4- to 5-fold less estrogen during pregnancy than the human and orangutan which are similar to each ...	1983	6404315
evidence on human origins from haemoglobins of african apes.	molecular data have influenced views concerning human origins, first, by supporting the genealogical classification of pan (chimpanzee) and gorilla with homo rather than with pongo (orangutan) and, second, by suggesting that only a few million years separate humans and chimpanzees from their last common ancestor. indeed, the cladistic distances in phylogenetic trees constructed from amino acid sequence data, on detecting many superimposed mutations, yielded a 'molecular-clock' divergence date be ...	1983	6406908
the allometry of relative cusp size in hominoid mandibular molars.	the crown area (mcba) and cusp areas of mandibular molars of homo sapiens (m-1 = 131; m-2 = 71), gorilla (m-1 = 25) and pongo (m-1 = 24) were studied to determine whether the relative size of the mesial and distal cusps are related to overall crown size. allometric trends were assessed by examining the correlation between relative cusp areas and mcba and by calculating the slope of the regression line of log cusp area and log mcba. with the exception of the metaconid in the homo sapiens m-2s, th ...	1983	6419619
the external relief of the naso-labial integument of pan troglodytes, pan paniscus and gorilla gorilla (primates, hominoidea).		1983	6837092
monoclonal antibody defined-human melanoma-associated antigens: molecular and phylogenetic studies in normal serum.	normal human sera were analyzed for the presence and molecular form of two human melanoma-associated antigens (maas), the 250 "melanoma-specific" glycoprotein and the 100 k "common tumor antigen". the 250 k maa was not synthesized by any cultures other than human melanoma and was not detectable in normal human serum. in contrast, the 100 k maa, which is present in spent medium of cultured human melanoma, carcinoma and fetal melanocytes but not of adult normal cells, was found in normal human ser ...	1983	6656776
the intestinal entodiniomorph ciliates of wild lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon, west africa.	examination of 109 fecal samples from wild lowland gorillas revealed the presence of five species of entodiniomorph ciliates: troglodytella abrassarti, troglodytella gorillae, and three unclassified species. these latter three species were also found in the feces of a captive gorilla in gabon and are considered to be intestinal parasites or commensals.	1983	6438333
discovery of nursing gestalt in critical care nursing: the importance of the gray gorilla syndrome.		1983	6551318
arginine 45 is a major part of the antigenic determinant of human beta 2-microglobulin recognized by mouse monoclonal antibody bbm.1.	monoclonal antibody bbm.1 (brodsky, f.m., bodmer, w. f., and parham, p. (1979) eur. j. immunol. 9, 536-545) identifies an antigenic determinant of human beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m). the antibody binds free and hla-a,b-associated beta 2-m with similar affinity, showing that the bbm.1 antigenic determinant does not involve residues of beta 2-m that interact with hla-a,b heavy chains. peptides (swh.1-5) synthesized from residues 35-50 of the beta 2-m sequence specifically inhibit the binding of ...	1983	6189821
familial clustering of hepatitis b infections in gorillas.	two families of gorillas, comprising 13 animals, were studied in 1980-1982 for hepatitis virus infections. it was found that 27% of them had evidence of hepatitis b infection, and 23% evidence of hepatitis a infection. the four parents had been born in the wild and all of them had been infected with hepatitis b. the two patriarchs were positive for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and one had hepatitis be antigen (hbeag). the two matriarchs had antibody to hepatitis b surface antigen. three o ...	1984	6322580
the evolutionary relationships of man and orang-utans.	man shares uniquely few morphological features with either the chimpanzee or the gorilla, whereas there are many features that suggest affinities between man and the orang-utan, to whom the fossil sivapithecus appears to be closely related. if these are unique features, inclusion of sivapithecus, man and the orang-utan in a single clade, distinct from that containing the african apes, is justified but contrary to current opinion.	1984	6424028
x-linked, polymorphic genetic variation of thyroxin-binding globulin (tbg) in baboons and screening of additional primates.	x-linked polymorphic variation of thyroxin-binding globulin (tbg) is observed in several human groups. isoelectric focusing of plasma samples labeled in vitro with [125i]thyroxin, followed by autoradiography, also reveals genetically determined polymorphic electrophoretic variation in baboon tbg. the protein detected by this method in baboon plasma is immunologically similar to human tbg and is distinct from the other thyroxin-binding proteins, albumin and prealbumin. the isoelectric patterns of ...	1984	6424646
the phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by dna-dna hybridization.	the living hominoid primates are man, the chimpanzees, the gorilla, the orangutan, and the gibbons. the cercopithecoids (old world monkeys) are the sister group of the hominoids. the composition of the hominoidea is not in dispute, but a consensus has not yet been reached concerning the phylogenetic branching pattern and the dating of divergence nodes. we have compared the single-copy nuclear dna sequences of the hominoid genera using dna-dna hybridization to produce a complete matrix of delta t ...	1984	6429338
activation of mammalian skeletal-muscle carbonic anhydrase iii by arginine modification.	purified carbonic anhydrase isozymes i, ii, and iii (ca i, ca ii, ca iii) from various sources were treated with 2,3-butanedione and their bicarbonate dehydration reactions followed. the specific activities of human and bovine ca i and ca ii and chicken ca iii were not affected by the butanedione treatment, whereas the activities of human, gorilla, and bovine ca iii were rapidly activated. these findings suggest that one, or both, of the two arginyl residues which appear to be unique to the acti ...	1984	6433999
the distribution of serum high density lipoprotein subfractions in non-human primates.	the ultracentrifugal flotation patterns in 1.2 g/ml solvent and ultracentrifugal gradient distribution of high density lipoproteins (hdl) from the primates--human, apes and monkeys--were determined, with emphasis on the gorilla species of apes and rhesus monkeys. diets for non-human primates were commercial chow, which is low in cholesterol. molecular weights and protein, cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride compositions of various density fractions were determined on human, gorilla and rh ...	1984	6438429
phylogeny, neoteny and growth of the cranial base in hominoids.	this study tests the hypothesis that there is a general pattern in the growth of the cranial base of homo sapiens that is 'essentially neotenous' [gould, 1977]. juvenile and adult crania of homo sapiens, gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes and pongo pygmaeus were studied and the cross-sectional growth curves for 10 measurements made on the cranial base (as viewed in norma basilaris) were compared. the results of this study suggest that relatively simple modifications to the timing or pattern of gro ...	1984	6440838
comparative myology of the hominoid cranial base. i. the muscular relationships and bony attachments of the digastric muscle.	this paper aims to document accurately the soft tissue anatomy and bony attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and other closely related muscles in the mastoid region of extant hominoids and fossil hominids. five wet specimens including individuals of pan, gorilla and pongo were dissected and described. eight casts of fossil hominid cranial bases were also studied along with measurements and notes made from the same original fossil hominid specimens to assess their soft tissu ...	1984	6442914
individual and evolutionary variation of primate ribosomal dna transcription initiation regions.	a 16-kilobase region surrounding the transcription initiation site for ribosomal dna and including the entire ribosomal dna transcription unit has been characterized in man and compared in higher primates. restriction analysis of ribosomal dna from the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla), the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), the gibbon (hylobates lar), and the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) allows a primate phylogeny to be constructe ...	1984	6599965
evolution of butyrylcholinesterase in higher primates: an immunochemical study.	serum butyrylcholinesterase (buche; ec 3.1.1.8) of man and the higher primates was tested enzymatically and immunochemically, with the aid of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) developed against the enzyme isolated from human blood. enzyme activities showed great differences across species and among individuals, but all samples tested were dibucaine-sensitive. one mcab showed similar affinities for buche of each species, but another showed marked differences in affinity, preferring species in the orde ...	1984	6149875
phylogenetic distribution of a 24,000 dalton human leukemia-associated antigen on platelets and kidney cells.	the distribution of a 24,000-dalton human leukemia-associated antigen, p24, was examined using the ba-2 and du-all-1 monoclonal antibodies. ba-2 and du-all-1 bound to human, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, and rabbit platelets but did not bind to mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, horse, sheep, or goat platelets. orangutan platelets demonstrated a decreased level of binding with ba-2 and du-all-1. in addition, ba-2, but not du-all-1, bound to chimpanzee platelets suggesting that the chimpanzee has lost t ...	1984	6233191
isolation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the beta-type globin pseudogene from human, gorilla and chimpanzee.	the beta-globin gene cluster of human, gorilla and chimpanzee contain the same number and organization of beta-type globin genes: 5'-epsilon (embryonic)-g gamma and a gamma (fetal)-psi beta (inactive)-delta and beta (adult)-3'. we have isolated the psi beta-globin gene regions from the three species and determined their nucleotide sequences. these three pseudogenes each share the same substitutions in the initiator codon (atg----gta), a substitution in codon 15 which generates a termination sign ...	1984	6098690
[analytical description and comparison of profiles and sections of the skull by polynomial equations. illustration of the procedure].	skull profiles and related sections may be worked in order to obtain the equation of the curve for best fitting. polynomials of 6-7 nth degree give very high values of coefficient of determination. the technique is fully automatized and requires a tv-camera interfaced with a computer with specific hardware devices and software packages. main routine gives coefficients of the equation, their standard deviation, standard errors, variance and covariance matrix. accessory routines provide standardiz ...	1984	6422961
characterization of a monoclonal antibody to human sex hormone binding globulin.	we have produced a monoclonal hybridoma cell line ( s1b5 ) that secretes an igg2 alpha immunoglobulin with a high affinity (kd 0.38 x 10(-11) m) for 125i-labelled sex hormone binding globulin (shbg), and which will specifically immunoprecipitate shbg from serum. the antibody is produced in high titre in culture medium and ascites fluid, and can be purified to apparent homogeneity by protein a affinity chromatography. when examined by isoelectrofocusing , a characteristic series of bands, which b ...	1984	6373367
the sequence of the gorilla fetal globin genes: evidence for multiple gene conversions in human evolution.	two fetal globin genes (g gamma and a gamma) from one chromosome of a lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) have been sequenced and compared to three human loci (a g gamma-gene and two a gamma-alleles). a comparison of regions of local homology among these five sequences indicates that long after the duplication that produced the two nonallelic gamma-globin loci of catarrhine primates, about 35 million years (myr) ago, at least one gene conversion event occurred between these loci. this conv ...	1984	6599972
comparison of brain structure volumes in insectivora and primates. iv. non-cortical visual structures.	the relative size of the eyes, optic nerves, chiasms and tracts, and of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body is distinctly larger in primates than in (theoretically) isoponderous insectivora. within insectivora, the relative size is lowest in moles, medium in shrews and hedgehog-like tenrecs, and largest in hedgehogs. within primates, all relative sizes are on the average larger in simians than in prosimians: the eyes to a small degree, the lateral geniculate bodies moderately and t ...	1984	6481154
cardiac startle and orienting responses in the great apes.	cardiac patterns of startle and orienting in response to auditory and vibrotactile stimuli were investigated in the infant chimpanzee and gorilla. results revealed a notable cardiac acceleration in response to the initial presentations of stimuli of either modality. this acceleratory response appeared to reflect the cardiac correlate of startle and was closely associated with the elicitation of somatic startle responses. this initial cardiac acceleration was subject to rapid habituation and was ...	1984	6487420
the prostate of the gorilla.	the prostate gland from a 32-year-old gorilla was examined. the prostate weighed 15 g and was composed primarily of dilated cystic acinar areas with only modest stromal thickening. the acini were lined by a low cuboidal epithelium. a second minor population of smaller glands with extensive papillary projections was also present. the epithelial cells stained densely for acid phosphatase and prostatic-specific antigen. human prostatic acid phosphatase content of the gland as determined by radioimm ...	1984	6494058
nationwide census of gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (pan t. troglodytes) populations in gabon.	a census was made of gorilla and chimpanzee populations throughout gabon between december 1980 and february 1983. the aim of the census was to estimate the total numbers of both species and describe their distributions. the method was based on nest counts from line transects which allowed the calculation of population densities of all individuals except suckling infants. fifteen types of habitat were recognized and defined in terms of their structural features. in the initial phase of the study ...	1984	32160718
movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability.	relationships between the movement patterns of free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) and the abundance and distribution of foods in their home range were examined. during an 18-month field study, the ranging of one group of g. gorilla beringei was recorded on a 250 × 250 m grid system, from which measurements of frequency and duration of use, travel rate, and rate of revisitation of each quadrangle by the group were derived. food items were sampled in selected quadrangles thr ...	1984	32131568
composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central virungas.	data are presented here on the feeding ecology of wild mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) which were observed for approximately 2,400 hours over a 17-month period in the parc national des volcans, rwanda. aspects of the relationship between the composition, diversity, and temporal consistency of the gorillas' diet and spatial and temporal variability in food distribution patterns are described. mountain gorillas are folivores that show considerable specialization on plant parts, specie ...	1984	32106635
observations on the ontogeny of feeding behavior in mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei).	this report describes observations on the ontogeny of food choice in mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei), made during a 17-month field study of mountain gorilla feeding ecology in the parc national des volcans, rwanda. data are presented on the feeding behavior of two infants observed from birth to the age of 8 months and on older infants and juveniles. this information is compared with data on the composition and diversity of the diets of young adults and adults in the same social grou ...	1985	31986827
improved method for artificial insemination in the great apes.	artificial insemination in the great apes has not achieved its potential as a tool in maintenance of the endangered captive population. three factors can influence the success rate of artificial insemination: sperm preparation, site of insemination, and timing of insemination. we have tried to optimize methods regarding these three steps. a modified method for insemination is described which has resulted in a 21% success rate (six term pregnancies from 29 inseminations) in the chimpanzee and whi ...	1985	31986826
food selection by western gorillas (g.g. gorilla) in relation to food chemistry.	samples of stems, leaves, shoots and fruit (n=36) from lowland, african rain forest are analyzed for nutrients, digestibility and digestion-inhibiting substances. plants from which the samples are drawn are all important in the diet of western gorillas, large generalist herbivores in coastal cameroon. many of the plants are common in the early succession following disturbance to the forest. analysis of food chemistry in relation to food preference indicates that lignin, digestibility and crude p ...	1985	28310671
cell proliferation-associated expression of a recently evolved isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase.	an electrophoretically unique, thermolabile isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi; ec 5.3.1.1) accounts for 10-30% of the enzymatic activity in a range of mitotically active human cells and tissues. this type 2 form (subunit) of human tpi appears in two isozymes, an anodally migrating, relative to the constitutive tpi-1/1 homodimer, tpi-2/2 homodimer and the tpi-1/2 heterodimer with an intermediate mobility. human cell types expressing the induced isozyme, which is the product of the same st ...	1985	4015618
isolation and characterization of an alphoid centromeric repeat family from the human y chromosome.	a collection of human y-derived cosmid clones was screened with a plasmid insert containing a member of the human x chromosome alphoid repeat family, dxz1. two positive cosmids were isolated and the repeats they contained were investigated by southern blotting, in situ hybridization and sequence analysis. on hybridization to human genomic dnas, the expected cross-hybridization characteristic of all alphoid sequences was seen and, in addition, a 5500 base ecori fragment was found to be characteri ...	1985	4040175
three-dimensional cranial surface reconstructions using high-resolution computed tomography.	until recently, there has been no satisfactory way for anthropologists to visualize intracranial morphology in more than two dimensions without actually "invading" the skull in some manner. images provided by conventional x-ray and computed tomography (ct) scans are often abstract, flat, two-dimensional representations that fail to reveal three-dimensional relationships. we describe new computer-imaging techniques that reconstruct three-dimensional images from sequential series of narrowly colli ...	1985	4061585
intensive care management of an infant lowland gorilla: complications.		1985	4077670
evolutionary conservation of fragile sites induced by 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine in man, gorilla, and chimpanzee.	lymphocyte cultures from man, gorilla, and chimpanzee were treated with 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. these cytidine analogues induce common fragile sites in the chromosome bands 1q42 and 19q13 of man. a rare fragile site is induced by 5-azadeoxycytidine in the band 1q24. the optimum conditions required for inducing these new fragile sites were determined by a series of experiments. the common fragile site in human chromosome 1q42 also exists in the gorilla and chimpanzee in the homologo ...	1985	4077049
characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human y chromosome.	to study the evolution and organization of dna from the human y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human y dna by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the y. one recombinant (4b2) contained a 3.3-kilobase ecori single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the y long arm. sequences homologous to this human dna are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan dnas but not in female ape dnas. under s ...	1985	3990685
on the loss of uricolytic activity during primate evolution--i. silencing of urate oxidase in a hominoid ancestor.	urate oxidase activity is not detectable in liver homogenates from the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human. liver homogenates from five genera of old world and two genera of new world monkeys have easily detectable levels of urate oxidase activity. there is no evidence for extant detectable intermediate steps in the loss of urate oxidase activity in the hominoids. urate oxidase activity from old world and new world monkeys is stable, a simple observation which debunks a long-standin ...	1985	3928241
dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna.	a new statistical method for estimating divergence dates of species from dna sequence data by a molecular clock approach is developed. this method takes into account effectively the information contained in a set of dna sequence data. the molecular clock of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between primates and ungulates at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary (65 million years ago), when the extinction of dinosaurs occurred. a generalized least-squares metho ...	1985	3934395
chimpanzee fetal g gamma and a gamma globin gene nucleotide sequences provide further evidence of gene conversions in hominine evolution.	the fetal globin genes g gamma and a gamma from one chromosome of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) were sequenced and found to be closely similar to the corresponding genes of man and the gorilla. these genes contain identical promoter and termination signals and have exons 1 and 2 separated by the conserved short intron 1 (122 bp) and exons 2 and 3 separated by the more rapidly evolving, larger intron 2 (893 bp and 887 bp in chimpanzee g gamma and a gamma, respectively). each intron 2 has a stret ...	1985	3870867
a phylogenetic study of the structural and functional characteristics of corticosteroid binding globulin in primates.	a monospecific antiserum against human corticosteroid binding globulin (hcbg) has been used to identify structural similarities between hcbg and cbg in the blood of other primates and representative species of different vertebrate classes. double immunodiffusion analysis indicated that only cbg in old world monkeys and apes cross-react with the hcbg antiserum. this was confirmed by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hcbg which also demonstrated that cbg in apes is immunologically identical to hc ...	1985	3918139
the organization of two related subfamilies of a human tandemly repeated dna is chromosome specific.	several clones containing clusters of repetitive elements were isolated from a human chromosome 22 specific library. an ecori-xhoi fragment of 860bp was subcloned and was shown to belong to a family of tandemly repeated dna linked to the y-specific 3.4 kb haeiii band. this probe hybridizes to several sets of sequences or subfamilies. the most abundant subfamily is a 1.8kb long sequence containing one ecorv site, and in most repeats, one avaii and one kpni site. using human-rodent somatic cell hy ...	1985	4018797
the federal presence in medicine. an 800-lb. gorilla.		1985	4073389
biometrical studies upon hominoid teeth: the coefficient of variation, sexual dimorphism and questions of phylogenetic relationship.	sexual dimorphism as a function of variation in hominoid tooth metrics has been investigated for four groups of taxa: recent great apes (two subfamilies), dryopiths (one subfamily), ramapiths (one subfamily) and hominids (one family). gorilla, and to a lesser extent pan, appear characterized by very high levels of sexual dimorphism and meet several criteria for statistical outliers. recent great apes are the only group exhibiting consistently high levels of sexual dimorphism. ramapiths are the o ...	1985	3935186
casual observations on the philtrum of the lowland gorilla.		1985	3976266
non-hodgkin's lymphoma and htlv-1 antibodies in a gorilla.		1985	2981109
a human y-linked dna polymorphism and its potential for estimating genetic and evolutionary distance.	a human dna sequence (p12f2), derived from a partial y-chromosome genomic library and showing homology with the x and y chromosomes and with an undetermined number of autosomes, detected two y-specific restriction fragment length variants on male dna that had been digested with taq i and eco ri. these variants may have been generated through a deletion-insertion mechanism and their pattern of holoandric transmission indicates that they represent a two-allele y-linked polymorphism (rflp). by mean ...	1985	2999986
t-cell lymphoma associated with immunologic evidence of retrovirus infection in a lowland gorilla.		1985	3001008
visual evoked potentials in the great apes.	visual evoked potentials (veps) in response to flash stimuli were recorded from occipital and central-scalp electrodes in the chimpanzee and gorilla. the most notable occipital component of the vep was a surface-positive wave (p90), the latency of which decreased with development. central scalp responses, apparent only in older animals, included a characteristic long-latency 'vertex wave' (n125-p225). observed responses are similar to those reported for humans and monkeys, but appear to share mo ...	1985	2578945
the capacity of animals to acquire language: do species differences have anything to say to us?	following the gardners' discovery that an ape named washoe could learn to produce and combine a number of hand movements similar to those used by deaf human beings, a variety of 'ape-language projects' sprang up. some projects used different symbol systems, others used different training techniques, and others used different species of apes. while debate still rages regarding the appropriate way to interpret the symbolic productions of apes, three species of great apes (gorilla, orangutan, and c ...	1985	2858874
afa-i, a cloned afimbrial x-type adhesin from a human pyelonephritic escherichia coli strain. purification and chemical, functional and serologic characterization.	afa-i, a mannose-resistant, p-independent, x-binding afimbrial escherichia coli adhesin was purified from a recombinant strain and chemically, functionally and serologically characterized. afa-i exists on the bacterial surface and free as a macromolecular aggregate in the supernatant of spent culture medium. it is composed of a single, repeating 16-kda polypeptide subunit. the afa-i protein amino acid composition is remarkable for the presence of 22% non-polar hydrophobic residues and 2.5-3.0 cy ...	1985	2865133
methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes.	statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching points of an evolutionary tree are developed. these methods are for the unweighted pair-group method-determined (upgma) trees reconstructed from molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. they were applied to data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species. among the four different sets of data used, dna sequences for an 895- ...	1985	2897060
a truncated immunoglobulin epsilon pseudogene is found in gorilla and man but not in chimpanzee.	molecular genetic analyses of the young pseudogenes of the immunoglobulin c epsilon genes were carried out to obtain qualitative evidence for the phylogenetic branching pattern of hominoid primates. we found that old world monkeys had two c epsilon genes, one of which was processed. among the hominoids examined only the gorilla and human genomes contained three c epsilon genes: an active, a truncated, and a processed gene. other hominoids so far examined, including chimpanzee, contained two c ep ...	1985	2987940
calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: an incidental finding.	calicivirus isolations were made from 3 species of subhuman primates. viruses were recovered from gingival lesions associated with periodontal disease in a spider monkey, from the oropharynx of a healthy silver leaf langur, and from the spleen of a lowland gorilla that had died of systemic coccidioidomycosis. based on the results of cross-neutralization tests, all 3 isolates were serologically indistinguishable from a primate calicivirus pan paniscus type 1. these isolations appeared to be incid ...	1985	2998241
the pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance.	the pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. the g banding pattern induced by hae iii was the only feature common to the four species. although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme c banding pattern differed among the species studied. hinf i did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and rsa i did not elicit banding in ...	1985	3003371
immunogenic and antigenic epitopes of immunoglobulins. x: monoclonal antibodies specific for human iga, the iga1 and iga2 subclasses and an na2m(2) iso-allotypic epitope.	monoclonal antibodies (mcab) specific for human iga, the iga1 and iga2 subclasses and the iso-allotypic epitope na2m(2) have been produced. three distinct mcab recognize an iga1-specific epitope expressed in the c alpha 2 domain or the hinge region whilst a further mcab is directed possibly to an iga1 hinge region epitope. the mcab having na2m(2) specificity recognizes an iso-allotypic epitope expressed within the fab region. iga1 and iga2 epitopes were detected in gorilla but not rhesus or babo ...	1985	2416121
spontaneous external endometriosis in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla).	the present report describes a case of external endometriosis in a 28 year old female gorilla (gorilla gorilla). microscopical examination of a pelvic mass observed at necropsy revealed ovarian tissue together with uterine glands and stroma, fibrous tissue and many siderophages. theories of pathogenesis of external endometriosis are briefly reviewed.	1985	17422589
characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification.	a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ...	1986	2431723
species differences in the detection of high molecular weight urinary plasminogen activators.	urine samples from 10 species of mammals were analyzed by sds-page followed by zymography for the presence of both plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator binding proteins. in contrast to results obtained with urine from humans (homo sapiens), and to a lesser extent urine from baboons (papio cynocephalous), urine from gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) did not exhibit either very high molecular weight plasminogen activators or the presence of plasminogen activato ...	1986	3743021
a long interspersed (line) dna exhibiting polymorphic patterns in human genomes.	several human dnas digested with kpn i restriction endonuclease released a 0.6-kilobase (kb) segment that varied in its intensity among human samples. a recombinant dna clone (n6.4) of these 0.6-kb kpn i segments was isolated and used to probe the genomic content and restriction cleavage pattern of homologous sequences. the hybridization patterns revealed a previously undescribed, moderately repetitive long interspersed (line) sequence family, which we have termed l2hs (second line family in hom ...	1986	3014514
human t-cell leukemia virus i provirus and antibodies in a captive gorilla with non-hodgkin's lymphoma.	antibodies reactive against human t-cell leukemia virus i (htlv-i) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay using mt-2 as target cells, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay screen and competition assay, and western blot analysis in three sera (one collected in 1979) from a captive gorilla which developed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in 1983. the sera from four other healthy gorillas housed separately were htlv-i antibody negative. all sera were negative for htlv-iii antibodies by enzyme l ...	1986	3015396
transition and transversion rate in the evolution of animal mitochondrial dna.	we present a further application of the stochastic model previously described (lanave et al., 1984, 1985) for measuring the nucleotide substitution rate in the mammalian evolution of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the applicability of this method depends on the validity of "stationarity conditions" (equal nucleotide frequencies at first, second and third silent codon positions in homologous protein coding genes). in the comparison of homologous sequences satisfying the stationarity condition at ...	1986	3801602
lingual abscess in a lowland gorilla.		1986	3505998
an evolutionary conserved early replicating segment on the sex chromosomes of man and the great apes.	replication studies on prometaphase chromosomes of man, the chimpanzee, the pygmy chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orangutan reveal great interspecific homologies between the autosomes. the early replicating x chromosomes clearly show a high degree of conservation of both the pattern and the time course of replication. an early replicating segment on the short arm of the x chromosomes of man (xp22.3) which escapes inactivation can be found on the x chromosomes of the great apes as well. furtherm ...	1986	3096642
leukocyte migration inhibition detects cross-reacting antigens between cells transformed by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and ebv-like simian viruses.	the leukocyte migration inhibition (lmi) technique was used to measure the t cell-mediated immune response of epstein-barr-virus (ebv)-seropositive human donors to antigens associated with b cell lines of simian origin, transformed by simian ebv-like viruses, herpesvirus papio (hvp), h. pan, h. gorilla and h. pongo. extracts of cell lines carrying three of the four simian viruses (from gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan) induced a positive lmi response, whereas lines carrying baboon-derived hvp w ...	1986	3034820
varicella-like herpesvirus infections of nonhuman primates.	at least three distinct herpesviruses cause varicella like exanthematous diseases among nonhuman primates. spontaneous epizootics have resulted in high morbidity and mortality rates among cercopithecus aethiops, erythrocebus patas and macaca species in research colonies. mild infections have been observed in infant chimpanzees and a gorilla. this group of diseases is of interest not only because they are a threat to primate colonies, but also because their pathologic similarity to progressive hu ...	1986	3007865
insertion and/or deletion of many repeated dna sequences in human and higher ape evolution.	the total numbers of copies of two repeat families, l1 (kpn i) and alu, have been measured in the dna of four higher apes by an accurate titration method. the number of members of the alu family repeats in the four genomes are as follows: human, 910,000; chimpanzee, 330,000; gorilla, 410,000; orangutan, 580,000. for the kpn i family (3'-ward higher frequency region) the number of copies in these genomes are as follows: human, 107,000; chimpanzee, 51,000; gorilla, 64,000; orangutan, 84,000. therm ...	1986	3012536
heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine.	the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ...	1986	2420535
primate eta-globin dna sequences and man's place among the great apes.	molecular studies indicate that chimpanzee and gorilla are the closest relatives of man (refs 1-7 and refs therein). the small molecular distances found point to late ancestral separations, with the most recent being between chimpanzee and man, as judged by dna hybridization. kluge and schwartz contest these conclusions: morphological characters group a chimpanzee-gorilla clade with the asian ape orang-utan in kluge's cladistic study and with an orang-utan-human clade in schwartz's study. clearl ...	1986	3945312
an allometric study of the frontal sinus in gorilla, pan and pongo.	there is considerable speculation about the role and significance of the paranasal sinuses in the hominoidea, and this study aims to present new data about an old problem from cephalograms of dried crania. measurements of frontal sinus volumes were determined for gorilla gorilla gorilla; g. gorilla beringei and pan troglodytes. by adopting an allometric approach it was determined that the frontal sinus volume of gorilla is relatively smaller than that of pan, and that the frontal sinus of g. g. ...	1986	3583154
bile salt-stimulated lipase in non-primate milk: longitudinal variation and lipase characteristics in cat and dog milk.	we report the presence of bile salt-stimulated lipase in milk collected from dog and cat. this enzyme has previously been found only in the milk of human and gorilla. bile salt-stimulated lipase activity in individual dog milk specimens (range: 4.8-107.4 u/ml; 1 u = 1 mumol [3h]oleic acid released/min) was similar, while that in cat milk specimens (range: 2.2-16.9 u/ml) was lower than in human milk (range: 10-80 u/ml). longitudinal patterns for bile salt-stimulated lipase activity differed depen ...	1986	3756192
tubulin pseudogenes as markers for hominoid divergence.	processed pseudogenes arise via unimolecular events that result in the integration of nonfunctional (and therefore non-selected) regions of dna into the germ line. the sequence of such pseudogenes can be used as a novel form of evolutionary clock: the older a particular pseudogene, the more mutations it has acquired relative to the selectively constrained functional gene from which it was originally derived. we have used specific beta-tubulin gene probes to assay for the presence of fully sequen ...	1986	3712438
aortic dissection in a gorilla.	autopsy findings in a 39-year-old male gorilla included aortic dissection, internal rupture of the aortic arch with axial direction of the tear, external rupture of the ascending aorta, cardiac tamponade, myocardial hypertrophy, cystic and basophilic degeneration of the aortic media, marked obesity, severe degenerative joint disease, focal glomerulonephritis, and widespread hemosiderosis.	1986	3746887
a volumetric comparison of the vestibular nuclei in primates.	the volumes of each of the four vestibular nuclei, superior, lateral, medial and descending, were measured in 80 brains from 2 species of scandentia, 18 species of prosimians, and 26 species of anthropoids. size indices were calculated by comparing species-specific points to the nucleus volume-body weight allometry in prosimians, where the average prosimian was set at 1.00. the indices range from 1.78 in saimiri to 0.48 in gorilla, and the distributions by families overlap partially or completel ...	1986	3609971
a comparison of the small ribosomal rna genes from the mitochondrial dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications.	restriction endonuclease fragments produced by ecori/avai or kpni digestion and containing the small (12s) ribosomal rna (rrna) genes from the mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) of the common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan were inserted into the plasmids pbr322 or padd1. after species verification the inserted fragments were digested with sauiiia, subcloned into m13mp7 vectors, and sequenced. the small rrna gene sequences were compared with each other and with the published human ...	1986	3444394
evolution of glycophorin a in the hominoid primates studied with monoclonal antibodies, and description of a sialoglycoprotein analogous to human glycophorin b in chimpanzee.	comparison of human and primate erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins showed that common chimpanzee, dwarf chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon have major periodic acid schiff-positive proteins resembling human glycophorin a (gpa) monomer and dimer in electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoperoxidase staining of western blots with monoclonal antibodies to human gpa showed that these primate bands express some gpa antigenic determinants. a new sialog ...	1986	3950419