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group size of a permanent large group of agile mangabeys (cercocebus agilis) at bai hokou, central african republic.white-eyelid mangabeys (genus cercocebus) live in groups of highly variable size. because of their semi-terrestrial behaviour and preference for dense forest habitats, re-liable data on group size are scarce. during a 5-month study, we collected 17 group counts on a habituated group of agile mangabeys (c. agilis) at bai hokou in the central african republic. we found a stable group size of approximately 135 individuals. this permanent large grouping pattern is known to occur among several popula ...201323548681
testing for post-copulatory selection for major histocompatibility complex genotype in a semi-free-ranging primate population.a large body of evidence suggests that major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genotype influences mate choice. however, few studies have investigated mhc-mediated post-copulatory mate choice under natural, or even semi-natural, conditions. we set out to explore this question in a large semi-free-ranging population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) using mhc-drb genotypes for 127 parent-offspring triads. first, we showed that offspring mhc heterozygosity correlates positively with parental mhc dis ...201323677678
image inpainting on the basis of spectral structure from 2-d nonharmonic analysis.the restoration of images by digital inpainting is an active field of research and such algorithms are, in fact, now widely used. conventional methods generally apply textures that are most similar to the areas around the missing region or use a large image database. however, this produces discontinuous textures and thus unsatisfactory results. here, we propose a new technique to overcome this limitation by using signal prediction based on the nonharmonic analysis (nha) technique proposed by the ...201323549889
prevalence of antibodies to alphaviruses and flaviviruses in free-ranging game animals and nonhuman primates in the greater congo basin.vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens have comprised a significant proportion of the emerging infectious diseases in humans in recent decades. the role of many wildlife species as reservoirs for arthropod-borne viral pathogens is poorly understood. we investigated the exposure history of various african wildlife species from the congo basin to mosquito-borne flaviviruses and alphaviruses by testing archived serum samples. sera from 24 african forest buffalo (syncerus caffer nanus), 34 african elep ...201323778608
immunological alterations and associated diseases in mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) naturally co-infected with siv and stlv.mandrills are naturally infected with simian t-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (stlv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mnd. in humans, dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) may worsen their clinical outcome. we evaluated the effect of co-infection in mandrills on viral burden, changes in t-cell subsets and clinical outcome. the siv viral load was higher in siv-infected mandrills than in co-infected animals, whereas the stlv ...201424725945
loss of memory cd4+ t-cells in semi-wild mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with species-specific simian immunodeficiency virus sivmnd-1.simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection is found in a number of african primate species and is thought to be generally non-pathogenic. however, studies of wild primates are limited to two species, with siv infection appearing to have a considerably different outcome in each. further examination of siv-infected primates exposed to their natural environment is therefore warranted. we performed a large cross-sectional study of a cohort of semi-wild mandrills with naturally occurring siv infec ...201424214347
the oxidative cost of unstable social dominance.high social rank is expected to incur fitness costs under unstable social conditions. a disruption of the oxidative balance may underlie such effects, but how markers of oxidative stress vary in relation to social rank and stability is unknown. we examined in mandrills whether the mating season characterized by social instability between males (but not between females) affected their oxidative balance differently according to their social rank. outside the mating season, high-ranking males showe ...201424902748
age-related tooth wear differs between forest and savanna primates.tooth wear in primates is caused by aging and ecological factors. however, comparative data that would allow us to delineate the contribution of each of these factors are lacking. here, we contrast age-dependent molar tooth wear by scoring percent of dentine exposure (pde) in two wild african primate populations from gabonese forest and kenyan savanna habitats. we found that forest-dwelling mandrills exhibited significantly higher pde with age than savanna yellow baboons. mandrills mainly feed o ...201424732967
new evidence from observations of progressions of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx): a multilevel or non-nested society?african papionins are well known for the diversity of their social systems, ranging from multilevel societies based on one-male-multifemale units (omus) to non-nested societies. however, the characteristics of mandrillus societies are still unclear due to difficult observational conditions in the dense forests of central africa. to elucidate the characteristics of mandrill societies and their social systems, i analysed the age-sex compositions, behaviours, and progression patterns of their horde ...201425091875
reduced representation genome sequencing suggests low diversity on the sex chromosomes of tonkean macaque monkeys.in species with separate sexes, social systems can differ in the relative variances of male versus female reproductive success. papionin monkeys (macaques, mangabeys, mandrills, drills, baboons, and geladas) exhibit hallmarks of a high variance in male reproductive success, including a female-biased adult sex ratio and prominent sexual dimorphism. to explore the potential genomic consequences of such sex differences, we used a reduced representation genome sequencing approach to quantifying poly ...201424987106
high rates of infection with novel enterovirus variants in wild populations of mandrills and other old world monkey species.enteroviruses (evs) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses infecting humans. a mostly distinct set of ev variants have additionally been documented to infect wild apes and several, primarily captive, old world monkey (owm) species. to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of evs infecting owms in the wild, fecal samples from mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) and other species collected in remote regions of southern cameroon were screened for ev rna. remarkably ...201424623420
cellular hiv-1 inhibition by truncated old world primate apobec3a proteins lacking a complete deaminase domain.the apobec3 (a3) deaminases are retrovirus restriction factors that were proposed as inhibitory components of hiv-1 gene therapy vectors. however, a3 mutational activity may induce undesired genomic damage and enable hiv-1 to evade drugs and immune responses. here, we show that a3a protein from colobus guereza (cola3a) can restrict hiv-1 replication in producer cells in a deaminase-independent manner without inducing dna damage. neither hiv-1 reverse transcription nor integration were significan ...201425262471
molecular determinants for recognition of divergent samhd1 proteins by the lentiviral accessory protein vpx.the samhd1 triphosphohydrolase inhibits hiv-1 infection of myeloid and resting t cells by depleting dntps. to overcome samhd1, hiv-2 and some sivs encode either of two lineages of the accessory protein vpx that bind the samhd1 n or c terminus and redirect the host cullin-4 ubiquitin ligase to target samhd1 for proteasomal degradation. we present the ternary complex of vpx from siv that infects mandrills (sivmnd-2) with the cullin-4 substrate receptor, dcaf1, and n-terminal and sam domains from m ...201525856754
facial coloration tracks changes in women's estradiol.red facial coloration is an important social cue in many primate species, including humans. in such species, the vasodilatory effects of estradiol may cause red facial coloration to change systematically during females' ovarian cycle. although increased red facial coloration during estrus has been observed in female mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), evidence linking primate facial color changes directly to changes in measured estradiol is lacking. addressing thi ...201525796069
phylogenetic relationships within the cercocebus-mandrillus clade as indicated by craniodental morphology: implications for evolutionary biogeography.the african papionin primates commonly known as mangabeys form a diphyletic group with white-eyelid mangabeys (cercocebus) being most closely related to drills and mandrills (mandrillus). however, the phylogenetic relationships among members of the cercocebus-mandrillus clade have not been investigated in detail, particularly from a morphological perspective. early studies of white-eyelid mangabeys considered c. agilis to best represent the ancestral lineage and c. torquatus as the most derived ...201526119591
androgens in a female primate: relationships with reproductive status, age, dominance rank, fetal sex and secondary sexual color.a comprehensive understanding of the role of androgens in reproduction, behavior and morphology requires the examination of female, as well as male, hormone profiles. however, we know far less about the biological significance of androgens in females than in males. we investigated the relationships between fecal androgen (immunoreactive testosterone) levels and reproductive status, age, dominance rank, fetal sex and a secondary sexual trait (facial color) in semi-free-ranging female mandrills (m ...201525936819
social organization and space use of a wild mandrill (mandrillus sphinx) group.mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) are enigmatic old world primates whose social organization and ecology remain poorly known. previous studies indicated, for example, that groups are composed of only adult females and their young or that several units composed of one adult male and several females make up larger permanent social units. here, we present the first data on group composition and male ranging patterns from the only habituated wild mandrill group and examine how home range size and daily ...201526235675
social shaping of voices does not impair phenotype matching of kinship in mandrills.kin selection theory provides a strong theoretical framework to explain the evolution of altruism and cooperative behaviour among genetically related individuals. however, the proximate mechanisms underlying kin discrimination, a necessary process to express kin-related behaviour, remain poorly known. in particular, no study has yet unambiguously disentangled mechanisms based on learned familiarity from true phenotype matching in kin discrimination based on vocal signals. here we show that in ad ...201526139329
from frugivore to folivore: altitudinal variations in the diet and feeding ecology of the bioko island drill (mandrillus leucophaeus poensis).variation in the quality and availability of food resources can greatly influence the ecology, behavior, and conservation of wild primates. we studied the influence of altitudinal differences in resource availability on diet in wild drill monkeys (mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) on bioko island, equatorial guinea. we compared fecal samples (n = 234) collected across three consecutive dry seasons for drills living in lowland (0-300 m asl) forest with nearby (18 km distance) drills living in monta ...201526375479
modes of transmission of simian t-lymphotropic virus type 1 in semi-captive mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).non-human primates (nhps) often live in inaccessible areas, have cryptic behaviors, and are difficult to follow in the wild. here, we present a study on the spread of the simian t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (stlv-1), the simian counterpart of the human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) in a semi-captive mandrill colony. this study combines 28 years of longitudinal monitoring, including behavioral data, with a dynamic mathematical model and bayesian inference. three transmission modes were susp ...201526143560
wild chimpanzees are infected by trypanosoma brucei.although wild chimpanzees and other african great apes live in regions endemic for african sleeping sickness, very little is known about their trypanosome infections, mainly due to major difficulties in obtaining their blood samples. in present work, we established a diagnostic its1-based pcr assay that allows detection of the dna of all four trypanosoma brucei subspecies (trypanosoma brucei brucei, trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and trypanosoma brucei evansi) in f ...201526110113
structural basis of clade-specific engagement of samhd1 (sterile α motif and histidine/aspartate-containing protein 1) restriction factors by lentiviral viral protein x (vpx) virulence factors.sterile α motif (sam) and histidine/aspartate (hd)-containing protein 1 (samhd1) restricts human/simian immunodeficiency virus infection in certain cell types and is counteracted by the virulence factor vpx. current evidence indicates that vpx recruits samhd1 to the cullin4-ring finger e3 ubiquitin ligase (crl4) by facilitating an interaction between samhd1 and the substrate receptor ddb1- and cullin4-associated factor 1 (dcaf1), thereby targeting samhd1 for proteasome-dependent down-regulation. ...201526045556
quantifying transmission by stage of infection in the field: the example of siv-1 and stlv-1 infecting mandrills.the early stage of viral infection is often followed by an important increase of viral load and is generally considered to be the most at risk for pathogen transmission. most methods quantifying the relative importance of the different stages of infection were developed for studies aimed at measuring hiv transmission in humans. however, they cannot be transposed to animal populations in which less information is available. here we propose a general method to quantify the importance of the early ...201525296992
first draft genome sequence of balamuthia mandrillaris, the causative agent of amoebic encephalitis.the free-living amoeba balamuthia mandrillaris is a rare but highly lethal agent of amoebic encephalitis in humans and many other mammalian species. here, we announce the first draft genome sequence of the original 1990 isolate cultured from the brain of a deceased mandrill baboon.201526404594
occurrence of giardia and cryptosporidium in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) and wild zanzibar red colobus monkeys (procolobus kirkii).the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. in primates and determine their zoonotic or anthropozoonotic potential.201525612000
a chimeric human apobec3a protein with a three amino acid insertion confers differential hiv-1 and adeno-associated virus restriction.old world monkey (owm) and hominid apobec3aproteins exhibit differential restriction activities against lentiviruses and dna viruses. human apobec3a(ha3a)has weak restriction activity against hiv-1δvifbut is efficiently restricted by an artificially generated chimeric from mandrills (mnda3a/g). we show that a chimeric ha3acontaining the "wvs" insertion (ha3a[(27)wvs(29)]) conferred potent hiv-1restriction activity. analysis of each amino acid of the "wvs" motif show that the length and not neces ...201627584592
environmental and individual determinants of parasite richness across seasons in a free-ranging population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).parasites are ubiquitous and evolve fast. therefore, they represent major selective forces acting on their hosts by influencing many aspects of their biology. humans are no exception, as they share many parasites with animals and some of the most important outbreaks come from primates. while it appears important to understand the factors involved in parasite dynamics, we still lack a clear understanding of the determinants underlying parasitism. in this 2-year study, we identified several factor ...201626515669
the host specificity of ape malaria parasites can be broken in confined environments.recent studies have revealed a large diversity of plasmodium spp. among african great apes. some of these species are related to plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria (subgenus laverania), and others to plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium vivax (subgenus plasmodium), three other human malaria agents. laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity in their natural environment. plasmodium reichenowi, plasmodium billcollinsi, plasmodium billbrayi and ...201627486075
management of endometriosis in two captive mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).endometriosis has been reported in humans, great apes, and old world monkeys. although cases are noted anecdotally in mandrillus spp., and a previously reported case was noted on postmortem examination, to the authors' knowledge, no previous reports of case management have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. this paper describes the medical and surgical management of endometriosis in two mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).201627468036
ranging behavior drives parasite richness: a more parsimonious hypothesis.parasitism is a ubiquitous interspecific interaction that may play an important role in the evolution of hosts and parasites, molding many aspects of their behavior and ecology. detecting behavioral changes of hosts infected with parasites is not a straightforward task. extrapolating from individual-level responses to group-level decision-making is still a much more complex challenge. the ranging behavior of hosts that live in social groups is a good example. many hypotheses of the cause-effect ...201627145909
sexual selection and the differences between the sexes in mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).sexual selection has become a major focus in evolutionary and behavioral ecology. it is also a popular research topic in primatology. i use studies of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), a classic example of extravagant armaments and ornaments in animals, to exemplify how a long-term, multidisciplinary approach that integrates field observations with laboratory methods can contribute to on-going theoretical debates in the field of sexual selection. i begin with a brief summary of the main concepts of ...201626808101
sternal gland scent-marking signals sex, age, rank, and group identity in captive mandrills.mandrills are one of the few old world primates to show scent-marking. we combined ethological and chemical approaches to improve our understanding of this behavior in 3 zoo-managed groups. we observed the olfactory behavior performed by adults and adolescents (n = 39) for 775h. we investigated the volatile components of sternal scent-marks using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared volatile profiles with traits of the signaler. males marked more than females and within each sex the ...201626708734
new species of torque teno miniviruses infecting gorillas and chimpanzees.anelloviridae family is comprised of small, non-enveloped viruses of various genome lengths, high sequence diversity, sharing the same genome organization. infections and co-infections by different genotypes in humans are ubiquitous. related viruses were described in number of mammalian hosts, but very limited data are available from the closest human relatives - great apes and non-human primates. here we report the 100% prevalence determined by semi-nested pcr from fecal samples of 16 captive p ...201626547037
relations between spatial distribution, social affiliations and dominance hierarchy in a semi-free mandrill population.although there exist advantages to group-living in comparison to a solitary lifestyle, costs and gains of group-living may be unequally distributed among group members. predation risk, vigilance levels and food intake may be unevenly distributed across group spatial geometry and certain within-group spatial positions may be more or less advantageous depending on the spatial distribution of these factors. in species characterized with dominance hierarchy, high-ranking individuals are commonly obs ...201627199845
presentation of a needle for direct or percutaneous myocardium stem cells injection.the instrument has a locking mechanism and is composed of an external needle with blunt tip, with multiple 0.5 mm diameter holes. internally it is fitted with a mandrill needle, which can be mobilized inside occluding or releasing the lateral holes. the procedure for producing micro lesions is done by exchanging the blunt mandrill for a brush-mandrill, provided with micro bristles that are structurally designed to fill the holes with small exteriorization of bristles. as an option to brush mandr ...201624343692
cranial vault thickness in primates: homo erectus does not have uniquely thick vault bones.extremely thick cranial vaults have been noted as a diagnostic characteristic of homo erectus since the first fossil of the species was identified, but relatively little work has been done on elucidating its etiology or variation across fossils, living humans, or extant non-human primates. cranial vault thickness (cvt) is not a monolithic trait, and the responsiveness of its layers to environmental stimuli is unknown. we obtained measurements of cranial vault thickness in fossil hominins from th ...201626767964
integrating occurrence and detectability patterns based on interview data: a case study for threatened mammals in equatorial guinea.occurrence models that account for imperfect detection of species are increasingly used for estimating geographical range, for determining species-landscape relations and to prioritize conservation actions worldwide. in 2010, we conducted a large-scale survey in río muni, the mainland territory of equatorial guinea, which aimed to estimate the probabilities of occurrence and detection of threatened mammals based on environmental covariates, and to identify priority areas for conservation. interv ...201627666671
mind the cell: seasonal variation in telomere length mirrors changes in leucocyte profile.leucocytes are typically considered as a whole in studies examining telomere dynamics in mammals. such an approach may be precarious, as leucocytes represent the only nucleated blood cells in mammals, their composition varies temporally, and telomere length differs between leucocyte types. to highlight this limitation, we examined here whether seasonal variation in leucocyte composition was related to variation in telomere length in free-ranging mandrills (mandrilllus sphinx). we found that the ...201728817217
mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics.the evolutionary transition from a solitary to a social lifestyle entails an elevated parasite cost because the social proximity associated with group living favors parasite transmission. despite this cost, sociality is widespread in a large range of taxonomic groups. in this context, hosts would be expected to have evolved behavioral mechanisms to reduce the risk of parasite infection. few empirical studies have focused on the influence of pathogen-mediated selection on the evolution of antipar ...201728435875
african non-human primates host diverse enteroviruses.enteroviruses (evs) belong to the family picornaviridae and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in mammals including humans and non-human primates (nhp). simian evs were first discovered in the 1950s in the old world monkeys and recently in wild chimpanzee, gorilla and mandrill in cameroon. in the present study, we screened by pcr evs in 600 fecal samples of wild apes and monkeys that were collected at four sites in gabon. a total of 32 samples were positive for evs (25 from mandrills, 7 ...201728081564
testing for links between face color and age, dominance status, parity, weight, and intestinal nematode infection in a sample of female japanese macaques.studies of the role of secondary sexual ornaments in mate choice tend to focus on colorful traits in males, but females of many animal species express colorful ornamentation too. among non-human primates, investigations into the role of female secondary sexual traits as indicators of life history characteristics, reproductive success, and health status have mostly focused on sexual swellings, whereas only few studies have been conducted on the role of facial color. recent studies on rhesus macaq ...201727645147
vpx overcomes a samhd1-independent block to hiv reverse transcription that is specific to resting cd4 t cells.early after entry into monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and resting cd4 t cells, hiv encounters a block, limiting reverse transcription (rt) of the incoming viral rna genome. in this context, dntp triphosphohydrolase sam domain and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) has been identified as a restriction factor, lowering the concentration of dntp substrates to limit rt. the accessory lentiviral protein x (vpx) proteins from the major simian immunodeficiency virus of rhesus macaque, so ...201728228523
a comparative study of four methods for the detection of nematode eggs and large protozoan cysts in mandrill faecal material.coproscopical methods like sedimentation and flotation techniques are widely used in the field for studying simian gastrointestinal parasites. four parasites of known zoonotic potential were studied in a free-ranging, non-provisioned population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx): 2 nematodes (necatoramericanus/oesophagostomum sp. complex and strongyloides sp.) and 2 protozoan species (balantidium coli and entamoeba coli). different coproscopical techniques are available but they are rarely compare ...201729041010
buccal dental-microwear and dietary ecology in a free-ranging population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) from southern gabon.analyses of dental micro- and macro-wear offer valuable information about dietary adaptations. the buccal surface of the teeth does not undergo attrition, indicating that dental microwear may directly inform about food properties. only a few studies have, however, investigated the environmental and individual factors involved in the formation of such microwear in wild animals. here, we examine variation of buccal microwear patterns of mandibular molars in a large free-ranging population of mandr ...201729073184
dental microwear textural analysis as an analytical tool to depict individual traits and reconstruct the diet of a primate.dental microwear is a promising tool to reconstruct animals' diet because it reflects the interplay between the enamel surface and the food items recently consumed. this study examines the sources of inter-individual variations in dietary habits in a free-ranging population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) using a combination of feeding monitoring and in vivo dental microwear textural analysis (dmta).201828991380
first report of the isolation of balamuthia mandrillaris in the northern region of japan.balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that lives in soil and water near human settlements. b. mandrillaris was first isolated from a mandrill baboon that died at the san diego zoo wildlife park in california in 1986, and the first human infection was reported in 1990. although reported b. mandrillaris infections are often not properly characterized, it appears that b. mandrillaris invades the living body from the soil and water, either via a wound or the nasal cavity. most confirmed in ...201829961176
seasonal glucocorticoid production correlates with a suite of small-magnitude environmental, demographic, and physiological effects in mandrills.the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a neuroendocrine response to external and internal changes that animals face on a predictable or unpredictable basis. across species, variation in glucocorticoid production has been related to such changes. in this study, we investigated the predictable, seasonal sources of variation in the levels of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fgcm) in a large natural population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) in southern gabon.201829076128
molecular cytogenetic analysis of one african and five asian macaque species reveals identical karyotypes as in mandrill.the question how evolution and speciation work is one of the major interests of biology. especially, genetic including karyotypic evolution within primates is of special interest due to the close phylogenetic position of macaca and homo sapiens and the role as in vivo models in medical research, neuroscience, behavior, pharmacology, reproduction and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).201829606908
seroprevalence for norovirus genogroups gii and giv in captive non-human primates.noroviruses (novs) are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in children and adults. several pieces of evidence suggest that viruses genetically and antigenically closely related to human novs might infect animals, raising public health concerns about potential cross-species transmission. the natural susceptibility of non-human primates (nphs) to human nov infections has already been reported, but a limited amount of data is currently available. in order to start filling this gap, we screene ...201930737897
detection of hepatitis e virus antibodies among cercopithecidae and hominidae monkeys in cameroon.we screened hepatitis e from 15 species of non-human primates. anti-hev igg was detected in 11.1% (1/9) mandrillus sphinx, 14.3% (2/14) gorilla gorilla, 5.9% (4/67) pan troglodytes and 8.7% (2/23) mandrillus leucophaeus, whereas anti-hev igm was detected in 1.5% (1/18) papio anubis, 28.6% (2/7) cercocebus agilis and 1.5% (1/67) pan troglodyte.201931179536
a longitudinal molecular study of the ecology of malaria infections in free-ranging mandrills.unravelling the determinants of host variation in susceptibility and exposure to parasite infections, infection dynamics and the consequences of parasitism on host health is of paramount interest to understand the evolution of complex host-parasite interactions. in this study, we evaluated the determinants, temporal changes and physiological correlates of plasmodium infections in a large natural population of mandrills (mandrillus sphinx). over six consecutive years, we obtained detailed parasit ...201931667087
modular nature of simian foamy virus genomes and their evolutionary history.among all known retroviruses, foamy viruses (fvs) have the most stable virus-host co-speciation history, co-diverging in concert with their vertebrate hosts for hundreds of millions of years. however, detailed molecular analyses indicate that different parts of their genome might have different evolutionary histories. while their polymerase gene displays a robust and straightforward virus-host co-speciation pattern, the evolutionary history of their envelope (env) gene, is much more complicated. ...201931636999
mandrills represent their own dominance hierarchy on a cardinal, not ordinal, scale.attempts to measure dominance relationships using cardinal, rather than ordinal ranks have a long history. nevertheless, it is still unclear if cardinal dominance ranks have an impact on the life of animals. in particular, no information is available on how individual group living animals represent their own dominance hierarchy. this can be investigated testing whether cardinal rank differences affect how animals interact with different group mates. in this study, we evaluated how mandrills (man ...201931531747
biochemical and biological validations of a faecal glucocorticoid metabolite assay in mandrills (mandrillus sphinx).stress is a major factor in determining success when releasing endangered species into the wild but is often overlooked. mandrills (mandrills sphinx) are vulnerable to extinction due to habitat loss and demand for bush meat and the pet trade. to help bolster in situ populations, rehabilitated rescued mandrills recently were released into a protected area in the republic of congo. the goal of this study was to validate the use of faecal glucocorticoid metabolite enzyme immunoassays (eias) in mand ...201931528347
monitoring the social behavior of a bachelor mandrill (mandrillus sphinx) dyad participating in touchscreen-mediated cognitive testing.cognitive testing of primates in zoos is becoming increasingly common. cognition experiments are generally thought to be beneficial as they provide participants with an opportunity to engage in species-specific cognitive functioning, perhaps more so than with traditional forms of environmental enrichment. however, testing may increase competition and aggression between conspecifics if it has monopolizable features or creates social tension within groups. the purpose of this study was to monitor ...201931106897
the dynamics of grooming interactions: maintenance of partner choice and the consequences of demographic variation for female mandrills.a large body of evidence suggests that female old world monkeys maintain selective long-term grooming interactions with fitness benefits. the last two decades have produced evidence that the regulation of social interactions among primates can be, in part, explained by the biological markets theory, with grooming behaviour as the focus of these studies. grooming facilitates bonding between individuals, constituting an essential part of the regulation of social relationships among female cercopit ...201930701140
unconditional care from close maternal kin in the face of parasites.several species mitigate relationships according to their conspecifics' parasite status. yet, this defence strategy comes with the costs of depriving individuals from valuable social bonds. animals therefore face a trade-off between the costs of pathogen exposure and the benefits of social relationships. according to the models of social evolution, social bonds are highly kin-biased. however, whether kinship mitigates social avoidance of contagious individuals has never been tested so far. here, ...202032097598
the draft genome of mandrill (mandrillus sphinx): an old world monkey.mandrill (mandrillus sphinx) is a primate species, which belongs to the old world monkey (cercopithecidae) family. it is closely related to human, serving as a model for human health related research. however, the genetic studies on and genomic resources of mandrill are limited, especially in comparison to other primate species. here we produced 284 gb data, providing 96-fold coverage (considering the estimated genome size of 2.9 gb), to construct a reference genome for the mandrill. the assembl ...202032051450
divergent strategies in faeces avoidance between two cercopithecoid primates.parasites constitute a major selective pressure which has shaped animal behaviour through evolutionary time. one adaption to parasites consists of recognizing and avoiding substrates or cues that indicate their presence. among substrates harbouring infectious agents, faeces are known to elicit avoidance behaviour in numerous animal species. however, the function and mechanisms of faeces avoidance in non-human primates has been largely overlooked by scientists. in this study, we used an experimen ...202032269806
natural infection of free-ranging mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) by enteroviruses and astroviruses in southern gabon.enteroviruses (picornaviridae) and astroviruses (astroviridae) cause various diseases in humans and animals, including in non-human primates (nhps). some enteroviruses and astroviruses detected in nhps are genetically related to those infecting humans, indicating the occurrence of interspecies transmissions. in this study, we screened 200 fecal samples of 56 free-ranging mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) by nested reverse transcription-pcr with primers targeting the vp1 and rdrp genes, to evaluate t ...202033249166
seasonality and interindividual variation in mandrill feeding ecology revealed by stable isotope analyses of hair and blood.mandrills are large-bodied terrestrial forest primates living in particularly large social groups of several hundred individuals. following these groups in the wild to assess differences in diet over time as well as among individuals is demanding. we here use isotope analyses in blood and hair obtained during repeated captures of 43 identified free-ranging mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) from southern gabon, to test how dietary variation relates to the season as well as an individual's age and sex ...202033075182
diagnostic evaluation of fatal balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in a captive bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) with identification of potential environmental source and evidence of chronic exposure.a female bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) aged 11 years and 6 months was examined by veterinarians after caretakers observed lethargy and facial grimacing. within 72 h the primate had left-sided hemiparesis that worsened over the next week. an mri revealed a focal right-sided cerebral mass suspected to be a neoplasm. ten days after onset of clinical signs, the orangutan died. on postmortem exam, the medial right parietal lobe was replaced by a 7 × 4 × 3.5 cm focus of neuromalacia and hemorrhag ...202032920664
conflict over grooming topography between mandrill groomers and groomees.grooming directed to different body areas is likely to imply different costs and benefits for groomers and groomees. in this study, we investigated social influences on grooming topography in captive female mandrills (mandrillus sphinx). subordinate groomers preferred to direct grooming to "safe" areas (the back and rump) compared to dominant groomers, while subordinate groomees did not solicit preferentially grooming to safe areas. groomers tended to initiate grooming episodes from safe areas, ...202032905823
same father, same face: deep learning reveals selection for signaling kinship in a wild primate.many animals rely on facial traits to recognize their kin; however, whether these traits have been selected specifically for this function remains unknown. using deep learning for face recognition, we present the first evidence that interindividual facial resemblance has been selected to signal paternal kinship. mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) live in matrilineal societies, in which females spend their entire lives not only with maternal half-sisters (mhs) but also with paternal half-sisters (phs) ...202032537486
odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) and the development of dental sexual dimorphism.we examine how dental sexual dimorphism develops in mandrills, an extremely sexually dimorphic primate. we aimed to (a) establish the chronology of dental development (odontochronology) in male and female mandrills, (b) understand interindividual and intersex variation in odontochronologies, and (c) determine how dental sexual dimorphism is achieved.202032510604
buccal dental-microwear and feeding ecology of early pleistocene theropithecus oswaldi from cueva victoria (spain).despite the scarcity of fossil specimens of theropithecus oswaldi in eurasia, its presence out of africa attests to the great dispersal of this papionini genus during the early pleistocene. in the present study, we analyze the buccal dental microwear of t. oswaldi (t. o. leakeyi) fossil specimens from cueva victoria (southeastern spain). this analysis is the first characterization of the feeding ecology of t. oswaldi in europe. the buccal microwear pattern of the molar and premolar teeth of t. o ...202032193025
a new species of sucking louse from the mandrill from gabon with a review of host associations and geographical distributions, and identification keys to members of the genus pedicinus (phthiraptera: anoplura: pedicinidae).members of the sucking louse genus pedicinus are ectoparasites of cercopithecid primates in africa, asia, and gibraltar. pedicinus gabonensis n. sp. is described on the basis of adult male and female specimens collected from the mandrill (mandrillus sphinx) in gabon. the new species is compared morphologically with other members of the genus pedicinus, and a nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequence is provided. host associations and geographical distributions of the 18 previously recogniz ...202032164028
ecological, parasitological and individual determinants of plasma neopterin levels in a natural mandrill population.investigating how individuals adjust their investment into distinct components of the immune system under natural conditions necessitates to develop immune phenotyping tools that reflect the activation of specific immune components that can be measured directly in the field. here, we examined individual variation of plasma neopterin, a biomarker of th1 immunity in wild mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), who are naturally exposed to a suite of parasites, including simian retroviruses and malaria agen ...202032140406
the multidimensionality of female mandrill sociality-a dynamic multiplex network approach.the structure and dynamics of primate social groups are shaped by the social relationships of its members. these relationships are based on different types of interactions and vary in relation to the identity of the interactants and over time. social network analysis tools represent a powerful and comprehensive method to characterise social interactions and recent methodological advances now allow the study of the multidimensionality of sociality via multilayer networks that incorporate multiple ...202032282851
monitoring of group mates in relation to their behavior in mandrills.primates are known to have considerable knowledge about the social relationships that link their group mates and are likely to derive this information from observing the social interactions that occur in their social group. they may, therefore, be hypothesized to pay particular attention to the social interactions involving group mates. in this study, we evaluated how the attention captive mandrills (mandrillus sphinx) devote to their group mates was modulated by the behavior of the latter. mand ...202032239768
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