Publications

cytotoxicity of crotoxin on murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro.	the cytotoxic effect of crotoxin, a heterodimeric phospholipase a2 from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus, was examined on murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro. crotoxin cytocidal effect on cell growth had an ec50 of approximately 0.1-0.2 microm (3.0-5.0 micrograms/ml) in serum-free medium. cytotoxicity was independent of cell growth since both quiescent and proliferating cells had similar sensitivities to the toxin. dissociation of the crotoxin complex and phospholipase a2 activity of ...	1993	8349431
direct cytotoxic effects of hemorrhagic toxins from crotalus ruber ruber and crotalus atrox on human vascular endothelial cells, in vitro.		1993	8121324
comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms.	the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ...	1993	8212043
experimental transmission of caryospora bigenetica wacha et christiansen, 1982 (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from a rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, to rodents and pigs.	caryosporan oocysts were found in the feces of a diamond rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, kept in zoo ustí nad labem, czech republic. comparison of oocyst structure with hitherto described caryospora species from snakes revealed that they were caryospora bigenetica wacha et christiansen, 1982. the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, represents a new host for c. bigenetica. the common vole (microtus arvalis) and gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) were successfully infected with a mixture of c. bigenetica oocyst ...	1993	8244210
three-dimensional structures of human phospholipase a2 from pancreas and synovial fluid by model building.	three-dimensional structures of the enzyme phospholipase a2 (pla2) from human pancreas and from human synovial fluid were constructed by model building based on high-resolution x-ray crystallographic structures and homology considerations. the structure of the human pancreatic pla2 was based on the x-ray structure of the highly homologous bovine pancreatic pla2 (type i) by amino acid substitution and modification of the c-terminal part followed by geometry relaxation. the structure of the pla2 f ...	1993	8399996
otoconin-22, the major protein of aragonitic frog otoconia, is a homolog of phospholipase a2.	otoconia are composites of proteins and inorganic crystals formed in the peripheral portion of the vestibular system of vertebrates. they add mass to the extracellular otoconial membrane, thereby increasing its deflection during linear acceleration. this added mass increases the sensitivity of the underlying sensory maculae. otoconia provide a promising system to decipher the interaction of protein and mineral during the growth and maintenance of biominerals. we have purified the major protein o ...	1993	8494877
recombinant human type ii phospholipase a2 lacks edema producing activity in rat.	the rat paw edema-inducing, acute inflammatory activity of four snake venom phospholipase a2s (pla2) (naja naja, naja mocambique mocambique, crotalus atrox and recombinant naja naja naja) and of recombinant human type ii pla2 (rh-pla2) found in rheumatoid synovial fluid, were compared after a bolus subplantar injection. the snake venom-derived pla2s, including the recombinant naja naja naja, were potent inducers of paw edema. on the other hand, when given in similar amounts (protein and/or enzym ...	1993	8519280
c-type galactoside-binding lectin from bothrops jararaca venom: comparison of its structure and function with those of botrocetin.	a ca(2+)-dependent type (c-type) galactoside-binding lectin was purified from venom of the snake bothrops jararaca by thiodigalactoside-sepharose affinity column chromatography. b. jararaca lectin is a disulfide-linked homodimer composed of 14-kda subunits. the n-terminal 55-residue amino acid sequence was determined and appeared to belong to the animal c-type lectin family. this 55-residue sequence showed 37% identity with botrocetin, an exogenous von willebrand factor modulator purified from t ...	1994	8311467
inhibition of trimeresurus flavoviridis phospholipase a2 by lung surfactant protein a (sp-a).	a marked sequence homology has been noted between lung surfactant protein a (sp-a) and an inhibitor of phospholipase a2 (pla2) isolated from the serum of trimeresurus flavoviridis (habu snake). this study evaluated the effect of sp-a on pla2 activity from several sources. sp-a was isolated from bovine or rat lung surfactant by extraction with 1-butanol and octyl beta-d-glucopyranoside. the addition of sp-a produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of t. flavoviridis pla2 that indicated non-c ...	1994	8130257
rattlesnake bite complications in 19 children.	the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, is responsible for the majority of snakebites in sonora, mexico. we report 19 cases of children who were attacked by these snakes. most of the rattlesnake attacks occurred in rural areas during the summer. the children's ages ranged from one to 15 years. the lower extremities, especially the legs, were most often bitten. the signs and symptoms presented by these patients included: pain, edema, limitation of motion, ecchymosis, bleeding and nec ...	1994	8177804
a study on the functional subunits of phospholipases a2 by enzyme immobilization.	pancreatic and venom phospholipases a2 have complex and distinct oligomerization behaviour. pancreatic enzymes are monomeric in solution, but their quaternary structure at interfaces is unknown. on the other hand, certain crotalid venom phospholipases a2 are dimeric in solution, and different reports have proposed either the monomer or the dimer as the catalytically functional subunit. in this study, enzyme immobilization was used as a tool for determining the functional subunits of these enzyme ...	1994	7980413
screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks.	eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ...	1994	8016848
inhibition of hemorrhagic activities of various snake venoms by purified antihemorrhagic factor obtained from japanese habu snake.	the ability of purified antihemorrhagic factor isolated from the serum of japanese habu (trimeresurus flavoviridis) was tested on 17 snake venoms to inhibit their hemorrhagic activity. the factor strongly inhibited that of the venoms of crotalus horridus horridus and vipera latastei gaditana in addition to that of the homologous (t. flavoviridis) venom. hemorrhagic activity of agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, bothrops atrox asper and crotalus atrox venoms was also ...	1994	8016857
a comparison of ovine and equine antivenoms.	commercial antivenoms produced in horses were compared with monospecific antivenoms raised in sheep against crotalus durissus terrificus, crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, micrurus fulvius fulvius, naja naja, naja kaouthia, echis ocellatus, vipera lebetina deserti, vipera berus berus and vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. antibodies raised by immunizing sheep with c. d. terrificus venom were more effective than their equine counterparts in preventing lethal toxicity in mice (ed50), in inhibiti ...	1994	8052997
effect of crotalus atrox venom on sodium transport across the frog skin (39885).		1994	302948
purification and characterization of a coagulant enzyme, okinaxobin ii, from trimeresurus okinavensis (himehabu snake) venom which release fibrinopeptides a and b.	a coagulant enzyme, okinaxobin i, which was purified from trimeresurus okinavenis (himehabu snake) venom, released specifically fibrinopeptide b from fibrinogen to form fibrin clots. in the present study, its isozyme denoted as okinaxobin ii has been purified to homogeneity from the same venom by chromatographies on sephadex g-100, cm-toyopearl 650m, and fplc mono-q columns. differently from okinaxobin i, okinaxobin ii specifically cleaved fibrinopeptides a and b from fibrinogen similarly as fou ...	1994	7725319
isolation of multiple isoforms of alpha-fibrinogenase from the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox: n-terminal sequence homology with ancrod, an antithrombotic agent from malayan viper.	three fibrinogenolytic proteases from the rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom were isolated and purified from multiple-step chromatographies including ion-exchange chromatography, gel permeation and reversed-phase hplc. the fractions were shown to be homogeneous as judged by sds-gel electrophoresis. in vitro, they also showed a high and specific proteolytic activity against alpha-chains of fibrinogen molecules. further characterization of these purified fractions with fibrinogenase activity indic ...	1994	8024586
the (dd)e complex is maintained by a composite fibrin polymerization site.	the (dd)e complex is the major cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment. structural components required for maintenance of the (dd)e complex were examined in order to better understand clot structure and the contribution of specific polypeptide chain segments in the process of polymerization. first, the (dd)e complex was reversibly dissociated by peptides derived from the alpha-chain nh2-terminus of fibrin having a minimal sequence of gpr (alpha 17-19). in addition, the complex was partially dis ...	1994	7524657
structural interaction of natural and synthetic inhibitors with the venom metalloproteinase, atrolysin c (form d).	the structure of the metalloproteinase and hemorrhagic toxin atrolysin c form d (ec 3.4.24.42), from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake crotalus atrox, has been determined to atomic resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. this study illuminates the nature of inhibitor binding with natural (< glu-asn-trp, where < glu is pyroglutamic acid) and synthetic (sch 47890) ligands. the primary specificity pocket is exceptionally deep; the nature of inhibitor and productive substrate bi ...	1994	8078901
organization and chromosomal location of repetitive dna sequences in three species of squamate reptiles.	repetitive dna sequences were isolated from the genomes of species representing three major clades of squamate reptiles. a repetitive sequence (cn4c7) was isolated from the new mexican whiptail lizard, cnemidophorus neomexicanus. this sequence is distributed throughout the chromosomes, but is more concentrated in the telomeric region. cn4c7 also hybridizes to the chromosomes of other cnemidophorus. some evidence was found for concerted evolution of this repeat in hybrid unisexual lineages. in th ...	1994	7921642
interactions of n-terminal fragments of groups i and ii phospholipases a2 with phospholipid bilayers and their surface recognition properties.	in order to elucidate the roles of the n-terminal segments of groups i and ii phospholipases a2 (pla2s) which have been known to have alpha-helical structure and have been assumed to be involved in the water/lipid interface recognition site, the peptides corresponding to the n-terminal moieties of group i pla2 (naja naja atra) and group ii pla2s (trimeresurus flavoviridis and crotalus atrox) were synthesized and their interactions with model membranes were studied. circular dichroism spectra sho ...	1994	8117749
cdna sequences for four snake venom metalloproteinases: structure, classification, and their relationship to mammalian reproductive proteins.	presented here are four new cdna sequences for hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from crotalus atrox venom, hemorrhagic toxins a, b, c, and d. comparison of the translated open reading frames to the mature protein sequences gives evidence for post-translational processing at both the amino and carboxyl termini. this comparison is also the basis for a new classification system for these precursors, based on their different sizes. protein sequences in the zymogen region support the hypothesis of a cy ...	1994	8311451
hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from snake venoms.	one of the more significant consequences of crotalid envenomation is hemorrhage. over the past 50 years of investigation, it is clear that the primary factors responsible for hemorrhage are metalloproteinases present in the venom of these snakes. the biochemical basis for their activity is the proteolytic destruction of basement membrane and extracellular matrix surrounding capillaries and small vessels. these proteinase toxins may also interfere with coagulation, thus complementing loss of bloo ...	1994	7972338
kinetic and pharmacologic characterization of phospholipases a2 from bothrops neuwiedii venom.	two phospholipases a2 (pla2) (ec 3.1.1.4) were purified from bothrops neuwiedii venom (isoenzymes p-1 and p-2). the molecular weights of p-1 and p-2 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 15,000 and 16,200 and the isoelectric points were 4.8 and 4.6, respectively. the n-terminal 14-amino-acid sequences determined were asn-leu-val-gln-phe-glu-thr-leu-ile-met-met-ile-ala-gly and ser-leu-val-gln-phe-glu-thr-leu-ile-met-met-ile-ala-gly for p-1 and p-2, respect ...	1995	7726575
nucleotide sequence encoding the snake venom fibrinolytic enzyme atroxase obtained from a crotalus atrox venom gland cdna library.	atroxase, isolated from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake), is a nonhemorrhagic protease which has fibrinolytic activity in vivo. the primary structure of atroxase was deduced from the cdna encoding the atroxase protein. the venom glands of crotalus atrox were used to prepare a cdna library. degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized based on the partial amino acid sequence of atroxase and were used as primers in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify overlapping c ...	1995	7893150
atrolysins: metalloproteinases from crotalus atrox venom.		1995	7674933
structure of a calcium-independent phospholipase-like myotoxic protein from bothrops asper venom.	myotoxin ii, a myotoxic calcium-independent phospholipase-like protein isolated from the venom of bothrops asper, possesses no detectable phospholipase activity. the crystal structure has been determined and refined at 2.8 a to an r-factor of 16.5% (f > 3sigma) with excellent stereochemistry. amino-acid differences between catalytically active phospholipases and myotoxin ii in the ca(2+)-binding region, specifically the substitutions tyr28-->asn, gly32-->leu and asp49-->lys, result in an altered ...	1995	15299297
immunological studies on bah1 and bap1, two hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from the venom of the snake bothrops asper.	no immunological cross-reactivity was observed between bah1 and bap1, two hemorrhagic metalloproteinases isolated from b. asper venom, by gel immunodiffusion, western blotting and neutralization studies. cross-reactivity was detected with antisera against these toxins in several crotaline and viperine snake venoms by elisa, whereas no reactivity was observed with either antiserum against the venoms of bothrops nummifer, crotalus durissus terrificus, vipera russelli and several elapid venoms. ant ...	1995	8533144
molecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin, a snake-venom protein from crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen.	a 50 kda protein that inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen has been isolated from snake venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) and has been named 'catrocollastatin'. the cdna cloning of catrocollastatin has been accomplished. a full-length cdna of 2310 bp with an open reading frame between nucleotides 51 and 1880 was obtained. the deduced amino acid sequence consists of 609 amino acids. the cdna-predicted amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of haemorrhagic metallop ...	1995	7733877
the effect of cleavage by a crotalus atrox alpha-proteinase fraction on the properties of c1-inhibitor.	the effect of cleavage of c1-inhibitor at pro36 by a crotalus atrox alpha-proteinase fraction on the properties of this serpin was studied. this truncated c1-inhibitor (des 1-36) was fully active as an inhibitor of kallikrein, beta-factor xiia, and c1s, and modulated the functions of c1 in a normal manner. also, the half-life of the truncated protein in the circulation of rabbits, both alone and in complex with c1, was not altered. these results show that shock-like symptoms caused by c. atrox e ...	1995	7778129
coccidian parasites (apicomplexa) from snakes in the southcentral and southwestern united states: new host and geographic records.	four hundred thirty-five leptotyphlopid, colubrid, elapid, and viperid snakes were collected from various localities in arkansas, new mexico, oklahoma, and texas, and their feces were examined for coccidian parasites. of these, 131 (30%) were passing oocysts or sporocysts of at least 1 coccidian; 88 (67%) of the infected snakes had only 1 species of coccidian when they were examined. aquatic and semiaquatic snakes accounted for 48% of the infections, whereas strictly terrestrial snakes comprised ...	1995	7876980
crystal structure of an acidic phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon halys pallas at 2.0 a resolution.	the crystal structure of acidic phospholipase a2 from the venom of agkistrodon halys pallas has been determined by molecular replacement at 2.0 a resolution to a crystallographic r-factor of 0.157. the overall structure of the molecule is very similar to those of other phospholipase a2 species of known structure. the catalytic site, the hydrophobic channel and the n-terminal region show greatest structural conservation. the ca(2+)-binding region has a conformation that resembles closely that of ...	1996	8636969
levels of therapeutic antivenin and venom in a human snakebite victim.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of therapeutic antivenin (antivenin [crotalidae] polyvalent, wyeth-ayerst) in serum and the levels of venom in the urine of a patient bitten by a western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). serum and urine samples were taken on admission, during hospitalization, and during follow-up until 5 months after the bite. photographs were taken of the bite site on admission to the hospital and during follow-up. serum levels of ther ...	1996	8701381
native peptide inhibition. specific inhibition of type ii phospholipases a2 by synthetic peptides derived from the primary sequence.	the binding of low molecular weight type ii phospholipase a2 (ec) to membrane surfaces and hydrolysis of phospholipid are thought to involve the formation of a hydrophobic channel into which a single substrate molecule diffuses before cleavage. the floor and right side of the channel are provided by hydrophobic residues 2, 5, and 9 of an amphipathic amino-terminal helix. the channel is postulated to form via a conformational change in this helix and inward movement of a hydrophobic flap (residue ...	1996	8798633
amino acid sequence of a lectin-like protein from lachesis muta stenophyrs venom.	the primary structure of the lectin-like protein from lachesis muta stenophyrs venom was deduced from analysis of the n-terminus and the sequence of peptides obtained after digestion with trypsin, arg-c enzyme, staphylococcus aureus v8 protease and endoproteinase asp-n. peptides generated by cleavage of the lectin with cyanogen bromide and o-iodosobenzoic acid were also sequenced. comparison of the complete 135 amino acid residues sequence with those of the lectin from the venom of crotalus atro ...	1996	8843577
purification and partial characterization of (6-4) photoproduct dna photolyase from xenopus laevis.	the (6-4) photoproduct dna photolyase was detected in two vertebrate animals crotalus atrox (rattlesnake) and xenopus laevis (south african clawed toad). the enzyme was extensively purified from x. laevis and characterized. the highly purified enzyme is fluorescent with an excitation maximum at 420-440 nm and emission maximum at 460-480 nm. the photorepair action spectrum matches the fluorescence excitation spectrum with a 430 nm maximum.	1996	8881333
expression, activation, and processing of the recombinant snake venom metalloproteinase, pro-atrolysin e.	the expression in human embryonic kidney (hek 293) cells of the recombinant zymogen form (pro-) of the crotalus atrox hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, atrolysin e, is presented. the nascent protein is comprised of pre-, pro-, proteinase-, spacer-, and disintegrin domains. the biochemical characterization of the recombinant zymogen is described along with its activation by c. atrox crude venom and other hemorrhagic toxins. unlike the zymogen forms of the matrix metalloproteinases, pro-atrolysin e i ...	1996	8914925
interaction of plant lipids with 14 kda phospholipase a2 enzymes.	several structurally related plant lipids were isolated and their effect was assessed on the enzyme activity of group i (pancreatic and naja mocambique venom) and group ii (crotalus atrox venom) phospholipase a2 (pla2) enzymes, with labelled escherichia coli as an enzyme substrate. the neutral monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) and negatively charged diacylglyceryl alpha-d-glucuronide (dgga) did not influence the enzyme activity of either group. digalactosyldiacylglycerol (dgdg), another unchar ...	1996	8947472
zinc (zn2+) binds to and stimulates the activity of group i but not group ii phospholipase a2.	phospholipase a2 plays an important part in the generation of inflammatory lipid mediators and so it is of major interest to understand functional distinctions between structurally similar forms of phospholipase a2. in the present study, the influence of zinc (zn2+) on the activity of group i and group ii phospholipase a2 was examined in vitro. it appeared that zn2+ (0.04-1 x 10(-3)m) increased group i phospholipase a2 activity from porcine pancreas and rat lung whereas the activity of group ii ...	1996	8979149
the hemorrhagin catrocollastatin inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation by binding to collagen via its disintegrin-like domain.	catrocollastatin, a 50 kda snake venom protein purified from crotalus atrox, specifically inhibits platelet-collagen adhesion and collagen-induced aggregation. catrocollastatin is composed of an n-terminal domain, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain and a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain. the present studies show that catrocollastatin exerts its effect by binding to collagen. based on the amino acid sequence and homology analysis, a cyclic oligopeptide corresponding to a conserv ...	1996	8645248
structural correlates of speed and endurance in skeletal muscle: the rattlesnake tailshaker muscle	the western diamondback rattlesnake crotalus atrox can rattle its tail continuously for hours at frequencies approaching 90 hz. we examined the basis of these fast sustainable contractions using electromyography, data on oxygen uptake and the quantitative ultrastructure of the tailshaker muscle complex. the tailshaker muscle has no apparent unique structures; rather, the relative proportions of the structures common to all skeletal muscles appear to be present (1) to minimize activation, contrac ...	1996	9317944
atroxase--a fibrinolytic enzyme isolated from the venom of western diamondback rattlesnake. isolation, characterization and cloning.		1996	8726058
sequence and biological activity of catrocollastatin-c: a disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich two-domain protein from crotalus atrox venom.	in this study we report on the isolation and biological characterization of a 23.6-kda protein from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox. primary structural analysis shows the protein to be composed of a spacer/disintegrin-like domain and a cysteine-rich domain. the sequence is identical to the same carboxy-terminal domains found in the c. atrox metalloproteinase, catrocollastatin, and hence we termed the protein catrocollastatin-c. we estimate that catrocollastatin-c ...	1997	9210644
relationship of venom effects to venom antigen and antivenom serum concentrations in a patient with crotalus atrox envenomation treated with a fab antivenom.	to describe the association among venom antigenemia, serum antivenom concentrations, and venom effects in a 53-year-old woman who was bitten by a western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox).	1997	9209225
purification of a vascular apoptosis-inducing factor from hemorrhagic snake venom.	hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells specifically. we report here the purification of an apoptosis-inducing factor from the venom of the rattlesnake crotalus atrox. the purified factor was a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 110 kd and an isoelectric point of 8.5. when exposed to the factor, vascular endothelial cells in culture died, with the characteristic features of apoptosis, such as fragmentation of cells and cleavage of dna into fragments that ...	1997	9196035
function of disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of atrolysin a. inhibition of platelet aggregation by recombinant protein and peptide antagonists.	snake venom hemorrhagic metalloproteinase toxins that have metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains are significantly more potent than toxins with only a metalloproteinase domain. the disintegrin-like domains of these toxins differ from the disintegrin peptides found in crotalid and viperid venoms by the nature of their different disulfide bond structure and, in lieu of the disintegrins' signature arg-gly-asp (rgd) integrin binding sequence, there is an xxcd disulfide-bonded ...	1997	9148922
on the mechanism of lysophospholipase activity of secretory phospholipase a2 (ec 3.1.1.4): deacylation of monoacylphosphoglycerides by intrinsic sn-1 specificity and ph-dependent acyl migration in combination with sn-2 specificity.	we show for the first time that secreted low-molecular weight phospholipase a2 (ec 3.1.1.4) catalyzes the deacylation of monoacylphosphoglycerides directly from the sn-1 position, although at a very low rate: purified phospholipase a2 enzymes from bee venom, crotalus atrox venom, and porcine pancreas hydrolyze the sn-1 ester bond in 1-palmitoyl-2-o-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. hydrolytic rates with the corresponding isomer, 1-o-methyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, are abo ...	1997	9187306
[genetic origin of venom variability: impact on the preparation of antivenin serums].	one of the main possible origin of the biochemical variations of venoms could be genetic. we studied the venom of members of litters born in a snake farm (12 crotalus atrox and 21 naja haje). we first used the electrophoresis in cellulose acetate (ae). then, variations were confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis (aie) using an antivenom (ipser africa, pasteur mérieux sérums & vaccines) and immunsera prepared on rabbit from i) venom presenting the maximum of bands in electrophoresis (complete venom) ...	1997	9479469
crovidisin, a collagen-binding protein isolated from snake venom of crotalus viridis, prevents platelet-collagen interaction.	by means of liquid chromatography consisting of gel filtration, anionic exchange, and c8 reverse-phase hplc, a selective inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, named crovidisin, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of crotalus viridis snake. crovidisin is a single-chain, 53-kda protein with a selective inhibitory activity on collagen-induced aggregation of human washed platelets without affecting those elicited by thrombin, sodium arachidonate, and adp. partial sequencing ...	1997	9016825
apoxin i, a novel apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase activity purified from western diamondback rattlesnake venom.	venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) induces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which could result in hemorrhage in tissues bitten by the snake. to identify the hemorrhagic factor, we purified a novel protein, apoxin i, from rattlesnake venom. apoxin i induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial, human promyelocytic leukemia hl-60, human ovarian carcinoma a2780, and mouse endothelial kn-3 cells. amino acid sequence analysis of the apoxin i sho ...	1997	9083096
successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid fab antivenom.	to report the effectiveness of a new polyvalent crotalid antivenom on neurotoxicity associated with north american rattlesnake envenomation. two syndromes of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity have been reported. in severe envenomation by crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mojave rattlesnake), weakness and fasciculations of various muscle groups, including those innervated by cranial nerves, may develop. occasionally respiratory insufficiency develops. the second neurotoxic effects is myokymia, a type ...	1997	9209226
flavonoids as phospholipase a2 inhibitors: importance of their structure for selective inhibition of group ii phospholipase a2.	the inhibitory effect of the plant flavonoid, rutin, on group i phospholipase a2 (pla2-i) from porcine pancreas and naja naja, and on group ii phospholipase a2 (pla2-ii) from vipera russelli and crotalus atrox was investigated. rutin efficiently inhibited pla2-ii from both vipera russelli and crotalus atrox but was only a weak inhibitor of pla2-i from porcine pancreas and naja naja. the lack of strong inhibition of pancreatic pla2-i was not due to contaminating proteins in the enzyme preparation ...	1997	9246576
first record of pachysentis canicola (acanthocephala:oligacanthorhynchida) and the occurrence of mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia (cestoidea:cyclophyllidea) in the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox (serpentes:viperidae).	this paper represents the first documentation and description of pachysentis canicola cystacanths and the first report of a pachysentis sp. in a paratenic reptile from the americas. the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) is also listed as a new host for tetrathyridia of the cyclophyllidean cestode (mesocestoides sp.) and for the cystacanths of the oligacanthoryhynchid acanthocephalan (p. canicola). six rattlesnake specimens were examined from nolan county (32.30 degrees n, 100.39 d ...	1997	9267421
convulxin, a potent platelet-aggregating protein from crotalus durissus terrificus venom, specifically binds to platelets.	convulxin, a very potent aggregating protein from rattlesnake venom, was purified by a new procedure and its heterodimeric structure alpha 3 beta 3 was confirmed. the polypeptide n-terminal sequences of convulxin subunits were determined by edman degradation. they are very similar and appear homologous to botrocetin from bothrops jararaca venom and to rattlesnake lectin from crotalus atrox venom, both being classified among the c-type lectin family. the binding of 125i-labelled convulxin to bloo ...	1997	9278971
mechanisms of echinocytosis induced by crotalus atrox venom.	transient echinocytosis has been reported in association with snake envenomation in humans and dogs. an in vitro model of echinocytosis induced by venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) was established to characterize erythrocyte morphologic changes and to investigate potential mechanisms of echinocytic transformation. erythrocyte morphologic changes produced after the addition of venom to canine, feline, equine, and human blood were characterized by dose-dependent echinocytos ...	1997	9381655
photorepair mutants of arabidopsis.	uv radiation induces two major dna damage products, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (cpd) and, at a lower frequency, the pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidinone dimer (6-4 product). although escherichia coli and saccharomyes cerevisiae produce a cpd-specific photolyase that eliminates only this class of dimer, arabidopsis thaliana, drosphila melanogaster, crotalus atrox, and xenopus laevis have recently been shown to photoreactivate both cpds and 6-4 products. we describe the isolation and characterizati ...	1997	9750104
characterization of an apoptosis-inducing factor in habu snake venom as a glycyrrhizin (gl)-binding protein potently inhibited by gl in vitro.	by means of successive heparin-affinity and glycyrrhizin (gl)-affinity column chromatographies (hplc), a 55 kda gl-binding protein (gp55) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the superdex p-i fraction of habu snake venom. this gp55 was identified as an apoxin i-like protein, because (i) its 20 n-terminal amino acid residues (ahdrnpleeyfretdyeefl) are 95% identical with the corresponding sequence of apoxin i (apoptosis-inducing factor, approx. 55 kda) in the venom of the western diamondback ...	1998	9781840
antithrombotic effect of crotalin, a platelet membrane glycoprotein ib antagonist from venom of crotalus atrox.	a potent platelet glycoprotein ib (gpib) antagonist, crotalin, with a molecular weight of 30 kd was purified from the snake venom of crotalus atrox. crotalin specifically and dose dependently inhibited aggregation of human washed platelets induced by ristocetin with ic50 of 2.4 microg/ml (83 nmol/l). it was also active in inhibiting ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation of platelet-rich plasma (ic50, 6.3 microg/ml). 125i-crotalin bound to human platelets in a saturable and dose-dependent manne ...	1998	9473223
the detection of hemorrhagic proteins in snake venoms using monoclonal antibodies against virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) serum.	most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals have a resistance to snake venoms because of naturally occurring antihemorrhagins found in their sera. the antihemorrhagins in serum of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) neutralize hemorrhagic activity by binding to hemorrhagins in snake venoms. the binding characteristic of antihemorrhagins in d. virginiana serum was used to develop a five-step western blot. the detection of hemorrhagic proteins were measured indirectly with antihemorrhagins in v ...	1998	9723843
crystal structure of piratoxin-i: a calcium-independent, myotoxic phospholipase a2-homologue from bothrops pirajai venom.	the crystal structure of piratoxin-i (prtx-i) a lys49 homologue isolated from the venom of bothrops pirajai has been determined and refined at 2.8 a to a crystallographic residual of 19.7% (rfree = 29.7%). amino-acid sequence differences between catalytically active phospholipases and prtx-i in the putative ca2+-binding loop, specifically the substitutions tyr28 --> asn, gly32 --> leu and asp49 --> lys, result in an altered conformation of this loop. the analysis of the position of the epsilon-a ...	1998	9723838
isolation, sequence analysis, and biological activity of atrolysin e/d, the non-rgd disintegrin domain from crotalus atrox venom.	crotalid snake venom metalloproteinases often have associated with them nonproteinase domains that may be processed from the mature proteinases. nascent atrolysin e, from the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, has a metalloproteinasedomain and a non-rgd disintegrin domain that is lacking in the mature metalloproteinase. in this studywe report on the isolation, sequence analysis, andbiological activity of the 7.4-kda atrolysin e disintegrin domain (atrolysin e/d). atrolysin e/d repr ...	1998	9637732
two vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins from snake venom are members of the metalloprotease/disintegrin family.	hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. in a previous report, we described the purification of a vascular apoptosis-inducing protein (vap) from crotalus atrox [masuda, s., araki, s., kaji, k. & hayashi, h. (1997) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 235, 59-63]. we report here the identification of a second vascular apoptosis-inducing protein, vap2, in venom from c. atrox. when we fractionated crude venom from c. atrox by isoelectric focusing, we found two proteins wit ...	1998	9578458
citrate inhibition of snake venom proteases.	thirty snake venoms had a citrate content of 2.3 to 12.9%, dry basis, by an aconitase isocitric dehydrogenase coupled enzyme assay. this is a venom concentration range of approximately 30 to 150 mm citrate assuming 25% venom solids content. inhibition of snake venom protease activity by the addition of exogenous citrate was obtained using azure blue hide powder and azocasein as substrates. protease inhibitions of 7.5% for crotalus atrox venom to 78% for bothrops picadoi venom were observed with ...	1998	9839664
efficacy of wyeth polyvalent antivenin used in the pretreatment of copperhead envenomation in mice.	wyeth polyvalent crotalid antivenin is the only commercial antivenin available in the united states to treat north american crotalid envenomations. wyeth antivenin is made from the serum of horses hyperimmunized with four crotalid venoms (crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox, crotalus durrisus terrificus, and bothrops atrox). although wyeth antivenin is believed to be effective against all north american crotalids, its efficacy against agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead) has never been tested. th ...	1999	10560306
mojave rattlesnake (crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) identification.	mojave rattlesnake (crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) identification has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. envenomation by certain populations of mojave rattlesnakes may cause a different clinical presentation than that caused by other rattlesnakes. specifically, mojave rattlesnake envenomation may cause fewer local effects and more neurologic effects (including respiratory difficulty) than are typically seen after bites from other types of rattlesnake. thus, it is useful for clin ...	1999	10347672
quantitative determination of cardiolipin in mitochondrial electron transferring complexes by silicic acid high-performance liquid chromatography.	quantitative determination of cardiolipin from two mitochondrial electron-transferring complexes was achieved using a rapid and sensitive silicic acid hplc method combined with digital analysis of the elution profile. phospholipid samples containing as little as 0. 01 nmol of cardiolipin were accurately analyzed. phospholipids from detergent-solubilized cytochrome bc1 (ec 1.10.2.2) and cytochrome c oxidase (ec 1.9.3.1) were extracted by an organic two-phase system and analyzed by isocratic norma ...	1999	9918673
the antihemorrhagic factor of the mexican ground squirrel, (spermophilus mexicanus).	the mexican ground squirrel (spermophilus mexicanus) has a natural resistance to western diamondback rattlesnake venom (crotalus atrox). the ld50 for the mexican ground squirrel is 53 mg/kg body weight, which is 13 times higher than that of balb/c mice. an antihemorrhagic factor from serum of the mexican ground squirrel was isolated using sephadex g-200 gel filtration, ion exchange a-50, g-75 gel filtration and hplc deae 5pw ion exchange chromatography. the purified factor neutralized proteolyti ...	1999	10340834
phospholipase digestion of bound cardiolipin reversibly inactivates bovine cytochrome bc1.	phospholipids and tightly bound cardiolipin (cl) can be removed from tween 20 solubilized bovine cytochrome bc(1) (ec 1.10.2.2) by digestion with crotalus atrox phospholipase a(2). the resulting cl-free enzyme exhibits all the spectral properties of native cytochrome bc(1), but is completely inactive. full electron transfer activity is restored by exogenous cardiolipin added in the presence of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (dopc) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (dope), but not by cardiolipin ...	1999	10413476
phospholipase a(2) digestion of cardiolipin bound to bovine cytochrome c oxidase alters both activity and quaternary structure.	phospholipase a(2) from crotalus atrox hydrolyzes all of the phospholipids that are associated with purified, detergent-solubilized cytochrome c oxidase; less than 0.05 mol cardiolipin (cl)(1) remains bound per mol enzyme. coincident with the hydrolysis of cardiolipin is a reversible decrease of 45-50% in the electron transport activity of the dodecylmaltoside-solubilized enzyme. full activity is recoverable (90-98%) by addition of exogenous cardiolipin, but not by either phosphatidylcholine or ...	1999	10555978
molecular cloning and functional analysis of apoxin i, a snake venom-derived apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase activity.	we previously purified apoxin i, an apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase (lao) activity, from western diamondback rattlesnake venom. to determine the primary structure of apoxin i, we cloned its cdna. the amino acid sequence showed that apoxin i has an fad binding domain and shares homology with l-amino acid oxidase (lao) from neurospora crassa, human monoamine oxidase b, and mouse interleukin 4-induced f1g1 protein. the full-length apoxin i has an n-terminal signal sequence that ...	2000	10727211
a snake venom inhibitor to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr): isolation and interaction with cloned human machr.	an inhibitor to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr) was purified from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake). the inhibitor was found to be a 30-kda homodimer protein with phospholipase a2 activity. in order to determine the subtype selectivity of the purified inhibitor, the inhibitory effect on the binding of two orthosteric antagonists, [3h]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3h]qnb) and [3h]n-methylscopolamine methyl chloride ([3h]nms), to five subtypes of cloned human ...	2000	10845706
effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model.	to determine if a commercially available negative-pressure venom extraction device (extractor) reduces local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model.	2000	11055564
cdna cloning and characterization of vascular apoptosis-inducing protein 1.	hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (vec). in previous reports, we described the purification from crude venom of crotalus atrox of two vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins (vap1 and vap2) that specifically induce apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. we report here the cdna cloning and characterization of vap1. vap1 cdna encoded a protein with 610 amino acid residues. the amino acid sequence predicted from the cdna indicated that vap1 belongs to the metall ...	2000	11071872
the disulfide bond pattern of catrocollastatin c, a disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich protein isolated from crotalus atrox venom.	the disulfide bond pattern of catrocollastatin-c was determined by n-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. the n-terminal disintegrin-like domain is a compact structure including eight disulfide bonds, seven of them in the same pattern as the disintegrin bitistatin. the protein has two extra cysteine residues (xiii and xvi) that form an additional disulfide bond that is characteristically found in the disintegrin-like domains of cellular metalloproteinases (adams) and piii snake venom zn-me ...	2000	10933502
three-dimensional structure of a presynaptic neurotoxic phospholipase a2 from daboia russelli pulchella at 2.4 a resolution.	the phospholipase a(2 )from daboia russelli pulchella (dpla(2)) is the only known member of subclass ii of group iia. the three-dimensional structure of this presynaptic neurotoxic dpla(2) enzyme has been determined at 2.4 a resolution. the structure was determined by the molecular replacement method using the model crotalus atrox, and refined using x-plor to a final r-factor of 18.8 % for all data in the resolution range 20.0 a-2.4 a. the final refined model comprises 1888 atoms from two crysta ...	2000	10686108
fang tip spread, puncture distance, and suction for snake bite.	we measured the distance between fang tip punctures in defensive bites by western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) and the distance between their retracted fangs. because the fang tips at penetration average 112% further apart than their bases at rest, the extractor, a device widely marketed in the united states for snake bite first aid, will not simultaneously cover both punctures of most adult new world pitvipers.	2000	10673163
delayed antivenom treatment for a patient after envenomation by crotalus atrox.	bites by the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) are the most common cause of envenomation in texas. we describe a patient who had delayed administration of antivenom after envenomation by c atrox. because of an initial adverse response to a test dose, the patient had been unwilling to receive antivenom therapy. when compartment syndrome developed 52 hours after envenomation, however, the patient consented to antivenom therapy as an alternative to fasciotomy. we documented a decreas ...	2000	10613947
venom flow in rattlesnakes: mechanics and metering.	the functional morphology of venom injection in crotalus atrox was explored using high-speed digital videography combined with direct recording of venom flow using perivascular flow probes. although venom flow was variable, in most strikes the onset of venom flow was coincidental with fang penetration, and retrograde flow (venom suction) was observed prior to fang withdrawal. the duration of venom flow was consistently less than the duration of fang penetration. the occurrence of retrograde flow ...	2001	11815658
crotalin, a vwf and gp ib cleaving metalloproteinase from venom of crotalus atrox.	binding of von willebrand factor (vwf) to a variety of extracellular matrix (ecm) components and to platelet glycoprotein (gp) ib-ix-v complex is important in mediating platelet adhesion and aggregation in the early stage of hemostasis. we previously purified a potent antithrombotic protein, named crotalin, functionally acting as a gp lb antagonist (1). in this study, we further characterized crotalin as a p-i metalloproteinase with a molecular mass of 25 kda as determined by gel filtration and ...	2001	11776320
purification, cdna cloning and characterization of the vascular apoptosis-inducing protein, hv1, from trimeresurus flavoviridis.	hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (vec). in previous reports, we described the purification and cdna cloning from crotalus atrox of a vascular apoptosis-inducing protein (vap1) that specifically induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. we report here the purification and cdna cloning of another vascular apoptosis-inducing protein, hv1, from crude venom of trimeresurus flavoviridis. the protein, namely hv1, was purified as an inducer of apoptosis in c ...	2001	11389737
solution and interface aggregation states of crotalus atrox venom phospholipase a2 by two-photon excitation fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.	the dimeric crotalus atrox venom pla2 is part of the secreted phospholipase a2 (pla2) enzyme family that interacts at the lipid-solution interface to hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl ester bond of phospholipids. we have employed fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (fcs) to study the monomer-dimer equilibrium of the c. atrox venom pla2 in solution, in the presence of urea, and in the presence of monomeric and micellar n-dodecylphosphocholine (c12-pn), a phosphatidylcholine analogue. dilution experiments ...	2001	11389605
structure and characterization of the glycan moiety of l-amino-acid oxidase from the malayan pit viper calloselasma rhodostoma.	ophidian l-amino-acid oxidase (l-amino-acid oxygen:oxidoreductase, deaminating, ec 1.4.3.2) is found in the venom of many poisonous snakes (crotalids, elapids and viperids). this fad-dependent glycoprotein has been studied from several snake species (e.g. crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox and calloselasma rhodostoma) in detail with regard to the biochemical and enzymatic properties. the nature of glycosylation, however, as well as the chemical structure(s) of the attached oligosaccharide(s) ar ...	2001	11453999
l-amino-acid oxidase from the malayan pit viper calloselasma rhodostoma. comparative sequence analysis and characterization of active and inactive forms of the enzyme.	here we report the cdna-deduced amino-acid sequence of l-amino-acid oxidase (laao) from the malayan pit viper calloselasma rhodostoma, which shows 83% identity to laaos from the eastern and western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus and crotalus atrox, respectively). phylogenetic comparison of the fad-dependent ophidian laaos to fad-dependent oxidases such as monoamine oxidases, d-amino-acid oxidases and tryptophan 2-monooxygenases reveals only distant relationships. nevertheless, all ...	2001	11248687
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of a phospholipase a2 from the venom of the brazilian snake bothrops moojeni.	a phospholipase a(2) purified from the venom of the snake bothrops moojeni has been crystallized by vapour-diffusion techniques in hanging drops at 291 k. the crystals, which were grown in the absence of ca(2+), belong to the cubic system, space group p432, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 91.86 a, and contain one molecule in the asymmetric unit (v(m) = 2.71 a(3) da(-1)). x-ray diffraction experiments provide data to 2.35 a resolution collected on a rotating-anode home source at cryogenic t ...	2001	11264594
high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)-containing phospholipids in high-frequency contraction muscles of hummingbirds and rattlesnakes.	phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) have been proposed to be required as conformational cofactors for the functional assembly of membrane proteins such as rhodopsin, ion pumps and the various complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (infante, 1987, mol. cell. biochem. 74, 111-116; infante and huszagh, 2000, febs lett. 468, 1-5). this hypothesis predicts that high-frequency contraction muscles, which are endowed with a high content of sarcoplasmic reticulum ca(2 ...	2001	11567891
cloning of cdnas encoding c-type lectins from elapidae snakes bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus.	a number of c-type lectins with various biological activities have been purified and characterized from viperidae snake venoms. in contrast, only a few reports could be found in literature concerning the c-type lectins in elapidae snake venoms. based on the published cdna sequences of c-type lectins from viperidae snake venoms, oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to screen the cdna libraries made from the venom glands of bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. this allowed the c ...	2001	11600152
activity of mammalian secreted phospholipase a(2) from inflammatory peritoneal fluid towards peg-liposomes. early indications.	due to an increase in the activity of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) in various inflammatory diseases, this enzyme may play a key role in the degradation of liposomes and the subsequent release of drug when peg-liposomes passively target inflammatory tissue. the activity of mammalian secreted phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) in casein stimulated peritoneal fluid was tested toward liposomes of different compositions. early results indicate only a slight degradation of conventional dipalmitoylphosphatidy ...	2001	11282244
analysis of antibody-antigen interactions in mixtures containing reactive and nonreactive components using size-exclusion high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography.	analysis of antibody-antigen interactions using size-exclusion high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography was applied to a polyvalent system composed of both reactive and nonreactive components. mixtures containing varying concentrations of antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) and either crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom (cv) or isolated c. atrox phospholipase a2 (pla2) were separated using a bio-sil sec 250-5 size-exclusion column (300 x 7.8 mm). major r ...	2001	11476545
purification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of novel lys-49 phospholipases a(2) from the venoms of rattlesnakes and other pit vipers.	basic phospholipase a(2) homologs with lys49 substitution at the essential ca(2+)-binding site are present in the venom of pit vipers under many genera. however, they have not been found in rattlesnake venoms before. we have now screened for this protein in the venom of rattlesnakes and other less studied pit vipers. by gel filtration chromatography and rp-hplc, lys49-phospholipase-like proteins were purified from the venoms of two rattlers, crotalus atrox and crotalus m. molossus, and five nonr ...	2001	11594738
carboranyl oligonucleotides: 4. synthesis and physicochemical studies of oligonucleotides containing 2'-o-(o-carboran-1-yl)methyl group.	boronated oligonucleotides are potential candidates for antisense oligonucleotide technology (aot), boron neutron capture therapy (bnct), and as tools in molecular biology. a method was developed for the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 2'-o-(o-carboran-1-yl-methyl) (2'-cbm) group. synthesis was performed using a standard beta-cyanoethyl cycle and automated dna synthesizer. manual steps were performed for the insertion of a modified monomer bearing the 2'-cbm group. several t ...	2002	12074368
n-terminal amino acid sequences and some characteristics of fibrinolytic/hemorrhagic metalloproteinases purified from bothrops jararaca venom.	we determined the n-terminal amino acid sequences of the fibrinolytic/hemorrhagic metalloproteinases (jararafibrases i, iii and iv) purified from bothrops jararaca venom. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of jararafibrase i and its degradation products were identical to those of jararhagin, another hemorrhagic metalloproteinase purified from the same snake venom. together with enzymatic and immunological properties, we concluded that those two enzymes are identical. the n-terminal amino acid s ...	2002	12165326
rattlesnake bites in children: antivenin treatment and surgical indications.	orthopaedic surgeons working in the americas may be consulted in the care of patients bitten by venomous rattlesnakes (genus crotalus ), particularly with regard to the possibilities of compartment syndrome and soft-tissue destruction. despite considerable evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of antivenin in the treatment of rattlesnake bites in adults, controversy persists regarding the roles of antivenin and surgery in the treatment of rattlesnake envenomations in children. our hypothesi ...	2002	12208920
the effects of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom on the production of antihemorrhagins and/or antibodies in the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).	opossums are animals that are naturally resistant to the proteolytic effects of crotalid venoms. opossums possess proteinase inhibitors in their sera that bind to and neutralize hemorrhagic and other proteolytic activity in many snake venoms. the proteinase inhibitors are not antibodies since they have different molecular weights (60kda) and pi (4.2). the purpose of this study was to determine if opossums were capable of producing antibodies against venom and/or increasing the production of prot ...	2002	11738236
effect of snake venom procoagulants on snake plasma: implications for the coagulation cascade of snakes.	several snake venoms contain proteinases that activate zymogens in the coagulation cascade and thus exhibit their procoagulant effects. while most procoagulant proteinases from snake venoms are dissimilar to coagulation factors, group d (trocarin, notecarin) and c (pseutarin) prothrombin activators are structural and functional homologues of factor xa and the prothrombinase complex, respectively. we examined the effect of these and other procoagulants from snake venoms as well as mammalian and s ...	2002	11689239
response of western diamondback rattlesnakes crotalus atrox to airborne sounds.	in order to test the hypothesis that snakes can not only perceive airborne sounds, but also respond to them, an acoustic isolation chamber was designed and constructed to perform best within the 150-450 hz range in which snakes perceive sound. suspended within this acoustic chamber was a steel mesh basket designed to minimize the potential for groundborne vibrations. a synthesized tone was created out of 20 different 150 ms sounds, each separated by a 50 ms period of silence; the acoustic energy ...	2002	12200411
a two-photon view of an enzyme at work: crotalus atrox venom pla2 interaction with single-lipid and mixed-lipid giant unilamellar vesicles.	we describe the interaction of crotalus atrox-secreted phospholipase a2 (spla2) with giant unilamellar vesicles (guvs) composed of single and binary phospholipid mixtures visualized through two-photon excitation fluorescent microscopy. the guv lipid compositions that we examined included 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dppc), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dmpc) (above their gel-liquid crystal transition temperatures) and t ...	2002	11916878
mechanical trade-offs explain how performance increases without increasing cost in rattlesnake tailshaker muscle.	rattling by rattlesnakes is one of the fastest vertebrate movements and involves some of the highest contraction frequencies sustained by vertebrate muscle. rattling requires higher accelerations at higher twitch frequencies, yet a previous study showed that the cost per twitch of rattling is independent of twitch frequency. we used force and video recordings over a range of temperatures to examine how western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) achieve faster movements without increases i ...	2002	11907056
[local and systemic symptoms after snake bite by a diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox)].	the incidence of snake bites grows more and more. the effects of the snake poison depend on the snake species. they can be cardio-, neuro-, myo-, tissue-, and/or cytotoxic, as well as hemorrhagically. in most cases a symptomatically therapy together with close controls of the labor parameters and a good monitoring is enough. antivenom-therapy should be reserved for cases with strong indication.	2002	11851037
involvement of specific integrins in apoptosis induced by vascular apoptosis-inducing protein 1.	hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (vec). in previous reports, we described the purification and cdna cloning from crotalus atrox of vascular apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (vap1) that specifically induces apoptosis in vec. vap1 belongs to the metalloprotease/disintegrin family. yet the mechanism of inducing apoptosis by vap1 is still not known. since other various metalloproteases and disintegrins in snake venoms are known to influence extracellular matrix and ...	2002	11821125
regional vs systemic antivenom administration in the treatment of snake venom poisoning in a rabbit model: a pilot study.	to develop a model that compares 2 different routes of antivenom administration (standard intravenous [iv] administration vs regional administration below a tourniquet) to assess their ability to limit muscle necrosis in a rabbit model of rattlesnake venom poisoning.	2003	14719857