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parasite infections in danish trout farms.samples from 5 danish freshwater trout farms rearing rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for parasite infections from october 1993 until november 1994 and recorded parasites are listed. in addition, results from an examination of a mariculture net cage system are presented as well. a total of 10 metazoan and 10 protozoan parasites were recorded. the metazoans included gyrodactylus derjavini, gyrodactylus salaris, eubothrium crassum, triaenophorus nodulosus, proteocephalus sp., dipl ...19957502946
[a study of the cause of massive mortality among marine-cultured rainbow trout (oncorrhynchus mykiss, walbaum) in a fish farm in the southwestern netherlands].the present study investigated the mass mortality of marine cultured young rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) in the netherlands. the course of the disease, the clinical symptoms, and bacteriological and virological investigations lead to the diagnosis: 'primary infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) infection followed by secondary vibriosis'. treatment with flumequine seemed to be effective. the trout were possible infected with ipnv at the trout hatchery and nursery from which t ...19957482471
recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus glycoprotein epitopes expressed in aeromonas salmonicida induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).fragments of the glycoprotein genes of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) were cloned into a bacterial broad-host-range expression vector under the control of the plac promoter. western blot (immunoblot) analysis with monoclonal antibodies specific to the glycoproteins demonstrated the inducible expression of the fusion proteins in escherichia coli. aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish. it was conf ...19957486994
evolution of specific antigen recognition: size reduction and restricted length distribution of the cdrh3 regions in the rainbow trout.the immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire in fish was investigated by cloning a total of 88 rearranged vdj junctions from the head kidney b cell mrna of a salmonid, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). trout dh segments are short and cannot be classified into independent dh families. several of the ten identified putative dh segments had stretches of nucleotide sequence identity with mouse (dq52, dfl 16.2 and dsp 2.1), human (dm1) and chicken (dh4) dh. there was a clear preference for one or ...19957843242
trout and chicken proglucagon: alternative splicing generates mrna transcripts encoding glucagon-like peptide 2.in mammals, the proglucagon gene is transcribed into a single identical mrna in pancreas, intestine, and brain. the proglucagon mrna encodes glucagon and two glucagon-like peptides (glp 1 and glp 2), whose production is regulated by tissue-specific proteolytic processing. previously characterized pancreatic proglucagon cdnas from birds and fish encode glucagon and only one glucagon-like peptide, glp 1. the isolation of intestinal proglucagon cdnas from the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and ...19957776976
purification and structural characterization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the trout and bowfin.vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) was purified from extracts of the stomachs of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and the bowfin, amia calva. the primary structure of vip from both species was the same: his-ser-asp-ala-ile-phe-thr-asp-asn-tyr10- ser-arg-phe-arg-lys-gln-met-ala-val-lys20-lys-tyr-leu-asn-ser-val- leu-thr. this amino acid sequence shows only one amino acid substitution (val5-->ile) compared with the common sequence of vip from the chicken, alligator, and european green ...19957781967
molecular characterization of an aeromonas salmonicida mutant with altered surface morphology and increased systemic virulence.the asoa gene of aeromonas salmonicida is located approximately 7 kb downstream of the a-layer structural gene, vapa. a 6 kb bamhi fragment containing asoa was cloned and marker-exchange mutagenesis using a kanamycin-resistance cassette was performed to generate an asoa mutation in the low-virulence strain a449l. when analysed by electron microscopy, the mutant a449l-mb exhibited an altered surface morphology. strands and blebs of membranous material were observed protruding from the disorganize ...19957752897
[antibody response, cortisolemia and prolactinemia in rainbow trouts].we have studied the humoral immune response (production of anti-yersinia ruckeri antibodies), and measured the levels of plasmatic hormones (cortisol and prolactin) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to hyperosmotic stress (nacl, 22 / 1000). under acute stressful conditions (saline stress during 7 days), high blood cortisol and prolactin (prl) levels were correlated with a weak anti-yersinia ruckeri antibody response, as evidenced by late and low antibody titres as compared to norm ...19957671011
experimental streptococcal meningo-encephalitis in cultured fish.in 1984 a disease of fish appeared in israel which spread rapidly in cultured fishponds. the disease affected tilapia (oreochromis aura x oreochromis nilotica hybrids) and trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). common carp (cyprinus carpus), although reared in community with tilapia were not susceptible to the disease. various species of ornamental cyprinids and cichlids were also affected. morbidity was high and mortality ranged between 50% (in trout) and 30% (in tilapia). clinical and pathological findi ...19957716882
[effect of a supplemental aspergillus niger phytase on the utilization of plant phosphorus by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss)].effects of a supplemental aspergillus niger-phytase on digestibility and utilization of dietary phosphorus (p) were studied in three experiments with rainbow trout. p concentration in the diets was 4.8 and 5.8 g/kg dm, respectively. the p contained in the diet originated solely from plants, mainly soy-products. digestibility of p was studied using the stripping method and hydrochloride insoluble ash as marker. utilization was studied in growth trials by use of the comparative body analysis. at a ...19958526727
characterization of a rainbow trout mx gene.a full-length cdna clone of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mx gene was obtained using race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of rna extracted from poly (i).(c)-induced rainbow trout gonad cells (rtg-2). mx was previously identified in rainbow trout by staeheli et al. by hybridization with a partial perch genomic mx probe to induced rainbow trout mrna. the 2.5 kb rainbow trout cdna clone contains an open reading frame of 1863 nt (nucleotides) ...19958528941
use of aquatic organisms as models to determine the in vivo contribution of flavin-containing monooxygenases in xenobiotic biotransformation.in an attempt to understand the evolution and role of flavin-containing monooxygenases (fmos) in xenobiotic biotransformation by aquatic organisms, a survey of hepatic fmo activity (n,n-dimethylaniline n-oxidase and thiourea oxidase) was performed in one brackish water fish and 17 species of freshwater fish, one of which was anadromous. only hepatic microsomes from the brackish water medaka (oryzia latipes), the freshwater centrarid lepomis macrochirus, and the anadromous rainbow trout (oncorhyn ...19958541983
the ecology of endoparasitic helminth infections of brown trout (salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in scotland.two hundred and forty brown trout (salmo trutta) and 49 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), obtained from 21 locations in central scotland between october 1990 and august 1993, were examined for endoparasitic helminth infections. crepidostomum farionis (digenea) was the most widely distributed helminth species, followed by eubothrium crassum (cestoda), diphyllobothrium dendriticum and d. ditremum (cestoda), neoechinorhynchus rutili (acanthocephala), echinorhynchus truttae (acanthocephala), eust ...19959599425
experiments on second intermediate fish host related cercarial transmission of the eyefluke diplostomum spathaceum into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the effect of host variables such as size and density, on the transmission of cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) into a second intermediate fish host, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), was studied quantitatively in laboratory experiments under varying exposure conditions. differences in the number of established metacercariae were noted in differently sized fish exposed singly to the same number of cercariae and in water volumes related to the body surface area of t ...19959599427
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) vitellogenin.1. a specific and simple enzyme-linked immunoassay for rainbow trout (onchorynchus mykiss) vitellogenin (vtg) is described. this assay is performed using a rabbit antiserum for vtg purified from trout plasma. 2. this assay is based upon the competition between soluble vtg and vtg adsorbed on microtiter plates, for the rabbit anti-vtg antibody binding sites. 3. the adsorbed vtg-antibody complexes are revealed through the peroxidase-antiperoxidase antibody, which is colored by o-phenylendiamin. th ...19958567984
some functional properties of teleost antithrombin.antithrombin from bony fish (teleostei), represented by an ancient salmonid, atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), and a more evolved species from the same family, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum), functions in vitro as does its human counterpart: it inactivates thrombin almost instantaneously in the presence of heparin and only slowly when heparin is absent. the inhibitory activity of salmonid antithrombin towards the homologous thrombin did not differ noticeably from its inactivating ca ...19958578545
comparison of diagnostic tests for bacterial kidney disease in juvenile steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).in order to accurately diagnose bacterial kidney disease caused by renibacterium salmoninarum in steelhead trout, kidney tissue from experimentally infected fish was evaluated using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit, fluorescent antibody (fa) testing, bacteriologic culture, and histopathology. seventy-five steelhead trout were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.15 ml saline (n = 20), 1 x 10(10) organisms/ml (n = 18 ...19958580171
properties of iridoviruses from ornamental fish.an iridovirus from 2 species of freshwater tropical imported fish was examined for its antigenic and biochemical properties and virulence for 3 species of food fish. the virus was found in both guppy (poecilia reticulata) and doctor fish (labroides dimidatus). the virus replicated in numerous fish cell lines including bf-2, cco and epc. virus titers reached 10(8) tcid50/ml in each cell line. the virions had similar size and morphology to those previously reported to cause systemic infections amo ...19958581016
dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (posilac) on growth performance and body composition of two-year-old rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).two hundred rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, mean weight 301.5 g) were allotted to four treatments with five replicates in a randomized block design to determine the dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst; posilac) on growth performance and carcass composition. treatments were sham-injected controls (s), 10 micrograms/g bw of rbst (l), 20 micrograms/g bw of rbst (m), and 30 micrograms/g bw of rbst (h). the tanks held 135 l; water flow = 15.1 l/min; temperature = 15 deg ...19958586575
the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial dna genome of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial dna of the rainbow trout, onchorynchus mykiss, has been determined. the total length of the molecule is 16,660 bp. the rainbow trout mitochondrial dna has the same organization described in eutherian mammals, the clawed frog (xenopus laevis), and the two fish species, oriental stream loach (crossotoma lacustre) and carp (cyprinus carpio). alignment and comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the 13 proteins encoded by rainbow trout ...19958587139
study of a viral-dual infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by seroneutralization, western blot and polymerase chain reaction assays.viral-dual infections in fish are of interest to aquaculture practices but they are rarely described and studied. several methods were applied in this work to demonstrate a case of coinfection in a reared rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) population. inoculation in cell cultures and cross-neutralization tests were the standard procedures that made it possible to isolate and identify a birnavirus, the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), and suspect of a second virus. western blotting w ...19958588842
arlee line of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibits a low level of nonspecific cytotoxic cell activity.nonspecific cytotoxic cell (ncc) activity was assessed in the peripheral blood of four isogenic lines of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) which were derived by the chromosome set manipulation technique of androgenesis. in these fish, whose isogenicity was previously confirmed by multilocus dna fingerprint analysis, ncc activity was studied by the release of 51cr from yac-1 targets. two groups of trout (the homozygous arlee 12 line and the heterozygous hybrid of the arlee 63 and arlee 12 lines ...19958773199
influence of environmental temperature on experimental infection of redfin perch (perca fluviatilis) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus, an australian iridovirus.experimental transmission of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv) to adult redfin perch perca fluviatilis and juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was undertaken at different water temperatures using intraperitoneal (ip) and bath inoculation. redfin perch were highly susceptible to ehnv by both routes of infection. bath inoculation with as few as 0.08 tcid50.ml-1 was lethal. the incubation period in redfin perch was about 11 days at a water temperature of 19-21 degrees c but was ...19958929189
immunolocalization of proton pumps (h+-atpase) in pavement cells of rainbow trout gillthe expression of the v-type proton atpase (h+-atpase) was examined in the gill of the freshwater rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using immunocytochemistry in concert with laser scanning confocal or electron microscopy. a synthetic peptide consisting of the carboxy-terminal region of the 31 kda subunit of the bovine renal h+-atpase was used to generate an antiserum in rabbits, and its suitability for use in trout gill was confirmed by western blotting. gill epithelial cells demonstrated spec ...19959320557
refined crystal structure of lysozyme from the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).lysozymes (e.c. 3.2.1.17) are well characterized ubiquitous enzymes that have an antibacterial effect. the lysozymes from rainbow trout (rbtl) (oncorhynchus mykiss) could be particularly interesting in aquaculture since they show higher activity than egg-white lysozyme and lysozymes from other fish species against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. two lysozymes, i and ii, differing only in a single amino acid, were purified from the kidney of rainbow trout and shown to belong to the c-type class ...199515299303
effects of waterborne copper, cyanide, ammonia, and nitrite on stress parameters and changes in susceptibility to saprolegniosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the effects of toxic exposures on the susceptibility of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to saprolegniosis were evaluated. fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper (0.25 mg/liter), cyanide (0.07 mg/liter), ammonia (0.5 mg/liter), and nitrite (0.24 mg/liter) for 24 h. after exposure, the fish were challenged by saprolegnia parasitica (3.6 x 10(sup6) zoospores per liter) for 10 min. cortisol and cholesterol were used to indicate stress response. similar increases of cortisol were ...199516535039
production of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-ii in the development of a radioimmunoassay in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) insulin-like growth factor-ii (igf-ii) cdna was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cloned into an expression vector (parhs3) for production by escherichia coli. recombinant rainbow trout igf-ii (rtigf-ii) was recovered from bacterial inclusion bodies, solubilized, and purified by gel filtration chromatography under reducing conditions. after refolding of the peptide by dialysis at basic ph, we obtained a final yield of 820 microgr ...19968930606
isolation and expression of cdnas from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that encode two novel basic helix-loop-helix/per-arnt-sim (bhlh/pas) proteins with distinct functions in the presence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. evidence for alternative mrna splicing and dominant negative activity in the bhlh/pas family.cdnas encoding two distinct basic helix-loop-helix/per-arnt-sim (bhlh/pas) proteins with similarity to the mammalian aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (arnt) protein were isolated from rtg-2 rainbow trout gonad cells. the deduced proteins, termed rtarnta and rtarntb, are identical over the first 533 amino acids and contain a basic helix-loop-helix domain that is 100% identical to human arnt. rtarnta and rtarntb differ in their cooh-terminal domains due to the presence of an additional 373 ba ...19968940073
antigenic characterization of the salmonid pathogen piscirickettsia salmonis.piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia, was purified from infected immortal chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryo cells by a combination of differential and percoll density gradient centrifugation. immune sera from rabbits immunized with purified whole cells of p. salmonis reacted with four protein antigens and two carbohydrate antigens with relative molecular sizes of 65, 60, 54, 51, 16, and approximately 11 kda, respectively. the carbohydr ...19968945567
in vitro studies on the regulation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage respiratory burst activity.modulation of the respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was observed following treatment with several biologically active substances. macrophage-activating factor (maf) induced the highest increment if respiratory burst activity relative to treatment with lipopolysaccharide (lps), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) or beta-glucans from saccharomyces cerevisiae. increased responses were more evident when these molecules were c ...19968955595
in the trout, crh and avt synergize to stimulate acth release.anterior pituitaries of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were incubated with graded concentrations of arginine vasotocin (avt) or synthetic rat corticotrophin-releasing hormone (rcrh-41), alone or in combination, and the acth secreted into the medium was measured by a sensitive cytochemical bioassay. the aim was to determine the relative potencies of the two secretogogues and whether, in this fish species, they act synergistically. rat crf-41 and avt both produced concentration-dependent ...19968988522
transmission experiments to determine the relationship between sphaerospora sp. from atlantic salmon, salmo salar, and sphaerospora truttae: a revised species description for s. truttae.extrasporogonic stages of sphaerospora sp. from the kidneys of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) were successfully transmitted via intra-peritoneal injection to naive atlantic salmon and brown trout (salmo trutta l.). rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) could not be infected in this way. transmitted extrasporogonic stages continued their development to form sporogonic stages and mature spores in the kidney tubules. extrasporogonic stages, sporogonic stages and mature spores of the parasit ...19968991868
[new details of the life cycle of myxobolus cerebralis according to the literature].the article comprises new details of the life cycle of myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite of the skeleton of salmonids. although this species has been known since 1903, its complete life cycle has remained unknown till now or it has comprised mistaken details. recently el matbouli et al. (1995) have described the life cycle of this parasite with numerous new data. m. cerebralis provokes in salmonids (especially in rainbow trouts) the whirling disease and heavy economical losses. therefore the ar ...19969012131
immunisation of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with a multiple antigen peptide system (maps).to test the effectiveness of a multiple antigen peptide system (maps) as a method of vaccinating fish against peptides, rainbow trout were immunised with two maps containing the decapeptide gnrh. the first (maps 1) was homologous for gnrh, whereas the second (maps 2) was heterologous and contained alternating sequences of gnrh and a measles virus t cell epitope. following vaccination with varying concentrations of the maps, serum antibody titres were monitored for 10 weeks. only maps administere ...19969014321
effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss leucocyte responses.infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) did not replicate in rainbow trout macrophages cultured in vitro, but a limited increase in viral titer was observed when total leucocytes were infected with the virus. macrophages did not respond directly to ipnv, in that ipnv did not trigger the respiratory burst of these cells, even when the macrophages were previously stimulated. supernatants were generated from leucocytes and macrophages exposed to the virus, using a variety of incubation periods ...19968792573
cloning and expression of salmon cardiac troponin c: titration of the low-affinity ca(2+)-binding site using a tryptophan mutant.activation of cardiac actomyosin atpase requires the occupation of the single low-affinity ca(2+)-binding site of troponin c (ctnc). previously, we demonstrated pronounced differences between mammals and cold-water salmonid fish in the ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac preparations, particularly in relation to temperature [churcotte, c., moyes, c. d., baldwin, k., bressler, b., & tibbits, g. f. (1994) am. j. physiol. 267, r62-r70]. in this study, we examine the extent to which ctnc structure could acc ...19968794756
kinetic analysis of thyroid hormone secretion and interconversion in the 5-day-fasted rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.estimating the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (t3) thyroidal secretion rate and the rate of extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine (t4) to t3 are two difficult and important quantitative endocrine system problems in vertebrates. to address these questions in fish, two thyroid hormone tracer studies were modeled and analyzed, based on data from two groups of rainbow trout maintained at 12 degrees and fasted for 5 days. the data consisted of three time series: plasma concentrations of radioactive 125i-la ...19968812348
identification of thyroid hormone conjugates produced by isolated hepatocytes and excreted in bile of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.we studied thyroid hormone (th) conjugation in fasted trout by incubating isolated hepatocytes with either [125i]t4 or [125i]t3, and by analyzing bile from trout injected with either [125i]t4 or [125i]t3. glucuronide conjugates were identified by hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfate conjugates by acid solvolysis with ethyl acetate/trifluoroacetic acid (1%). we used sephadex lh-20 chromatography to concentrate the conjugate fractions from hepatocyte incubates prior to hplc analysis. glu ...19968812356
characteristics of the uptake of 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine and l-thyroxine into red blood cells of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the mechanisms of uptake of thyroid hormones (th) 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (t3) and l-thyroxine (t4) by trout red blood cells (rbc) were characterized by coincubating washed rbc with [125i]t3 or [125i]t4 and a variety of inhibitors and potentially competing amino acids and th analogues. nonsaturable uptake of both th was unaffected by almost all agents tested, consistent with a diffusion process. saturable t3 uptake was unaffected by a major (80%) cyanide- and iodoacetate-induced reduction in ...19968812373
11-ketotestosterone suppresses interrenal activity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).interrenal activity in relation to sexual maturity in male rainbow trout, and the effects of in vivo treatment with 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt) were investigated. silastic pellets containing either 11-kt or no steroid were implanted in maturing male and immature male and female rainbow trout for a total of 11 weeks. two weeks before termination of the experiment, animals were subjected to crowding, and blood samples were taken 15-90 min after initial disturbance. at the termination of the experi ...19968812400
a highly repetitive sequence isolated from genomic dna of the medaka (oryzias latipes).a highly repetitive interspersed dna sequence (mre) was isolated from the genome of medaka, oryzias latipes, and characterized. three distinct sequences of mre were cloned and compared. the conserved sequences of mre were approximately 220 bp in length. on average, one copy of mre was present in every 153 kb, and the number of copies of mre in the genome was calculated to be approximately 9800. mre constituted approximately 0.14% of the genome. mre-related sequences were not detected in carp (cy ...19968817927
dioxinlike properties of a trichloroethylene combustion-generated aerosol.conventional chemical analyses of incineration by-products identify compounds of known toxicity but often fail to indicate the presence of other chemicals that may pose health risks. in a previous report, extracts from soot aerosols formed during incomplete combustion of trichloroethylene (tce) and pyrolysis of plastics exhibited a dioxinlike response when subjected to a keratinocyte assay. to verify this dioxinlike effect, the complete extract, its polar and nonpolar fractions, some containing ...19968841759
3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine and l-thyroxine uptake into red blood cells of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.uptake of the thyroid hormones (th) 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (t3) and l-thyroxine (t4) by trout red blood cells (rbc) was studied by incubating washed rbc in a balanced salts medium containing glucose and [125i]th at the fish acclimation temperature of 12 degrees. rbc were separated from the medium by centrifugation through silicone oil and glycine buffer (ph 10.5). maximal [125i]t3 uptake occurred by 10-15 min, but not by 60 min for [125i]t4. first-order uptake was measured at 30 sec for t3 a ...19968860308
evidence of a protein c-like anticoagulant system in bony fish.evidence is presented, confirming the presence of an anticoagulant system in the plasma of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) (order: teleostei, family: salmonidae) that bears striking similarities with the protein c anticoagulant system in mammals; its vitamin k-dependence was documented through a warfarin feeding trial. a potent activator of this system is the protein c activator from the venom of the central american moccasin, agkistrodon bilineatu ...19968873347
cloning and expression of the proteolipid protein dm20 cdna from the brain of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the myelin sheath in higher vertebrates consists predominantly of proteolipid protein (plp) and its smaller isoform dm20. mutations in the plp gene produces several neurological disorders such as pelizaeus-merzbacher disease and the rumpshaker phenotype in mice. this paper describes the cloning and expression of dm20 from the brain of rainbow trout. we have isolated a nearly full-length cdna clone containing 1835 bp that codes for a protein of 258 amino acids. trout dm20 shows extensive homology ...19968883944
characteristics of current international trade of live salmonid eggs.world trade in live salmonid embryos (eyed eggs) has grown in response to increased global salmon production, particularly in south america, and parallels international trade in farmed salmonid products. rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and coho salmon (o. kisutch) are the most commercially important species. in 1992, the food and agriculture organization of the united nations estimated world production of rainbow trout at 300,000 tonnes, while the production of ...19968890373
disease problems of salmonid fish in japan caused by international trade.the author details the connection between disease outbreaks in salmonid fish and imports of salmonid eggs into japan since the 1950s. the following diseases and species are involved: -infectious pancreatic necrosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) -infectious haematopoietic necrosis in sockeye ( of 'kokanee') salmon (o. nerka) and masu salmon (o. masu) -cold water disease, erythrocyte inclusion body syndrome, and bacterial kidney disease (caused by renibacterium salmoninarum) in coho salmo ...19968890379
a simplified pcr-based method for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum utilizing preparations of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) lymphocytes.a method for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum by pcr is described. a rapid, reliable procedure was developed for the extraction of dna, which could be applied to infected kidney homogenates and head kidney lymphocyte preparations. the target for dna amplification was a 376-bp region of the gene encoding the 57-kda major surface antigen (msa). the pcr was specific for r. salmoninarum and allowed the detection of 10 to 100 cells of the pathogen. use of the pcr for the examination of exp ...19968899978
vimentin in a cold-water fish, the rainbow trout: highly conserved primary structure but unique assembly properties.we have isolated from a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen cdna library a clone coding for vimentin. the deduced amino acid sequence reveals a high degree of identity with vimentin from carp (81%), frog (71%), chick and human (73% each). large stretches in the central alpha-helical rod are identical within all four classes of vertebrates, but in 17 residues spread over the entire rod, the two fish differ distinctly from the tetrapod species. in addition, in the more diverged non-helical ...19968907703
pathology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv) infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) and redfin perch (perca fluviatilis l).the gross and histopathological lesions of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv) infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) and redfin perch (perca fluviatilis l) were examined during epidemiological studies on an endemically infected trout farm and in experimentally infected fish of the same two species maintained in the laboratory. intercurrent infections were common in rainbow trout in field outbreaks, producing a variety of lesions and clinical signs, but the following ...19968910739
humoral immunoglobulins of the white sturgeon, acipenser transmontanus: partial characterization of and recognition with monoclonal antibodies.white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) immunoglobulin (ig) was purified from serum by two methods, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration and precipitation of the euglobulin fraction. the purity of these immunoglobulin preparations was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. sequence analysis of the n-terminal amino acids confirmed that the purified protein was immunoglobulin. the major portion of the immunoglobulin preparation consisted of two proteins with estimated molecular weights (m.w. ...19968915630
an aeromonas salmonicida gene required for the establishment of infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the asob gene of aeromonas salmonicida is located approximately 9 kb downstream of the structural gene (vapa) for the surface layer (a-layer). the nucleotide sequence of asob was determined and found to encode a putative polytopic cytoplasmic membrane protein which exhibited homology to a number of bacterial transport proteins. allele exchange mutagenesis of asob resulted in a mutant (a449-d) which was avirulent when administered by bath immersion. however, when administered by intraperitoneal i ...19968917088
immunolocalization of na+, k+-atpase in the gill epithelium of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the na+,k+-atpase (the sodium pump) plays a crucial role in ion transport in the fish gill. an immunocytochemical method has been optimized, using the mouse monoclonal antibody igg alpha5, raised against the alpha subunit of the avian sodium pump, to localize na+,k+-atpase in fish gill cells. the method appears to be successful for the immunolocalization of na+,k+-atpase in both paraffin-embedded gill tissue sections and primary cultures of fish gill epithelial cells. the immunostaining has demo ...19968593675
identification of four ovarian receptor proteins that bind vitellogenin but not other homologous plasma lipoproteins in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.membrane proteins from ovarian follicles, testis and somatic tissues of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, were extracted by ultracentrifugation, separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels and isolated on polyvinyl difluoride membranes. vitellogenin receptor proteins were visualized using protein staining and hybridisation with 125i-vitellogenin. four follicle-membrane proteins, with molecular masses of 220, 210, 110 and 100 kda, showed a strong affinity for vitellogenin and were specific to the ...19968621837
assignment of the tp53 orthologue to a new linkage group (lg xiv) in fish of the genus xiphophorus (teleostei: poeciliidae).using a p53 encoding cdna fragment of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) as probe, a lambda clone from a platyfish (xiphophorus maculatus) genomic library was isolated. dna sequencing of the insert from this clone revealed that it contained the highly conserved domains iv and v of the p53 polypeptide. to map the xiphophorus p53 gene, joint segregation analysis of the inheritance of a psti-generated dna restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and the inheritance of 36 polymorphic protein ...19968640724
effects of flavonoids on aromatase activity, an in vitro study.in the study, the inhibitory effect of flavonoids, including isoflavonic phytoestrogens, on the ovarian aromatase enzyme complex from the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, was assessed in vitro. some of the compounds tested on fish were also tested on human placental aromatase activity as a comparison between the two sources of enzyme. it was found that flavone, dl-aminoglutethimide, apigenin, quercetin, 7,4'- dihydroxyflavone, alpha-naphthoflavone and equol were potent inhibitors of the ovari ...19968645631
prevalence of listeria monocytogenes and other listeria spp.in smoked and 'gravad' fish.altogether 150 samples of vacuum-packed fish were examined for the presence of listeria species. listeria monocytogenes were isolated from 12 of 58 'gravad' fish samples, 3 of 26 cold-smoked and one of 66 hot-smoked fish samples. ten of these 16 positive samples harboured more than 100 l. monocytogenes cfu/g. the highest level (132,000) was found in a sample of hot-smoked rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). serogroup 1/2 was most frequently found, followed by 4 and 3. one sample of gravad rainb ...19968659342
edwardsiella tarda septicaemia in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). 19968660188
human lipoprotein lipase last exon is not translated, in contrast to lower vertebrates.we have sequenced the first fish (zebrafish, brachydanio rerio) lipoprotein lipase (lpl) cdna clone. similarities were found in mammalian lpl cdna, but the codon spanning the last two exons (which is thus split by the last intron) is aga (arg) as opposed to tga in mammals. exon 10 is thus partially translated. these results were confirmed with rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). we also investigated whether mammal tga coded for selenocystein (secys), the 21st amino acid, but found that this was ...19968660435
the recombination activating gene 2 (rag2) of the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.we have previously described the isolation and expression of rag1 in trout to provide an initial understanding regarding the tissues involved in v(d)j recombination of antigen receptors in this teleost. here we report that the recombination activating gene 2 (rag2) of rainbow trout has now been cloned and characterized. the rainbow trout genomic rag2 gene (1602 base pairs) displays an average of 60% and 75% similarity at the nucleotide and amino acid level when compared with clones from other sp ...19968662087
gene expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) following intramuscular injection of dna.expression of the firefly luciferase gene under the control of viral or fish promoters was observed in fish tissue after direct dna injection of plasmid dna. plasmid dna containing the firefly luciferase gene was injected into the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and levels of luciferase activity were found to be dependent on the controlling promoter and the amount of injected dna. plasmids using the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (cmv-iep) consistently produced ...19968680523
genetic immunization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.plasmid vectors encoding the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) nucleoprotein or glycoprotein gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter were used to immunize rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against ihnv. the plasmid dna was injected into the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout fry, and immunization was determined by the detection of virus-neutralizing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody activity, and by protection against live virus challenge. fish injected wit ...19968680524
structure and diversity of the tcr alpha-chain in a teleost fish.t cell receptor beta-chain genes are well characterized in representatives of most vertebrate phyla, from sharks to mammals, but the molecular structure of complete tcr alpha-chains has not yet been established in cold-blooded vertebrates. we used a pcr approach to isolate cdnas encoding putative teleost fish (oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow trout) tcr alpha-chains. eight v alpha segments were identified, belonging to six different families, and the best amino acid sequence identity scores for thes ...19968683116
regulation of cartilage glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, by 3,3',5-tri-iodo-l-thyronine and igf-i.the actions of 3,3',5-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (t3) and recombinant human igf-i (rhigf-i) as well as their interaction on cartilage growth in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. uptake of 3h-methyl thymidine and 35s-sulfate by isolated branchial cartilage was measured as a marker for chondrocyte proliferation and sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis respectively. when t3 (1.0 microgram/g) was injected intraperitoneally, plasma t3 levels reached a transient peak after 1 day and decreas ...19968708549
fate and biological effects of polymeric mdi (4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and homologs) in small artificial ponds.the effects from a simulated accidental pollution event in a pond with polymeric mdi (4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and homologs) on different trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem were investigated in small artificial ponds. three 4.5-m3 volume ponds, interconnected with closable locks, were provided with natural lake sediment and ground water. caged fish (rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss) were added to each pond, and the interconnecting locks were kept open to establish nearly identica ...19968723751
thyroid hormone deiodination pathways in brain and liver of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.outer-ring (5') deiodination (ord) and inner-ring (5) deiodination (ird) of l-thyroxine (t4) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (t3) were studied in whole-brain microsomes of rainbow trout and compared with liver deiodination. brain t4ord activity (apparent km = 1.2-2.5 nm; v(max) = 0.10-0.14 pmol/hr/mg microsomal protein) was less than t4ird activity (apparent km = 4.9; v(max) = 0.32) and t3ird activity (apparent km = 5.2-5.4; v(max) = 1.1-2.0); t3ord activity was negligible. all three brain deiodi ...19968729942
tissue distribution and structure of barrier cells in the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs of salmonids.barrier cells have been recognized as a discrete group of fibroblastic- or myofibroblastic-like cells located in the lymphoid and hematopoietic organs of mammals. this paper reports the results of a morphological study of the main lymphoid organs of three salmonid species, in which cells structurally similar to the mammalian barrier cells were observed in healthy animals.19968731035
effect of feeding time on hepatic nucleic acid, plasma t3, t4, and gh concentrations in rainbow trout.the effect of feeding time (dawn, midnight) on the growth performance and daily pattern of liver nucleic acid concentrations, plasma thyroid hormone, and growth hormone concentrations was studied in immature rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, mean individual weight: 55 g). fish were held in groups of 20 individuals (12 groups per treatment) and maintained in flow-through tanks supplied with river water under natural photoperiod. food pellets (aqualim, 49% crude protein) were delivered daily ove ...19968737893
a live (delta aroa) aeromonas salmonicida vaccine for furunculosis preferentially stimulates t-cell responses relative to b-cell responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).we have previously described (l. m. vaughan, p. r. smith, and t. j. foster, infect. immun. 61:2172-2181, 1993) the construction of a kanamycin-resistant aromatic-dependent mutant of aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, and its use as a live vaccine. here we describe the construction of an unmarked aroa deletion mutant and examine the nature and magnitude of immune responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to this vaccine strain. good proliferative and antibody respo ...19968751940
isolation and characterization of a vitellogenin cdna from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the complete sequence of a phosvitin coding segment.phosvitins are extensively phosphorylated serine-rich proteins that are derived from a large hepatic phosphoglycolipoprotein, vitellogenin, and are deposited, after suitable processing, in the eggs of oviparous vertebrates. despite their widespread occurrence and apparent importance for early embryonic development, very few phosvitins have been sequenced thus far, including no teleost protein. we used a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-assisted approach to isolate a vitellogenin cdna clone, compl ...19968756342
the thromboxane mimetic, u-46619, induces the aggregation of fish thrombocytes.fish blood contains nucleated cells termed thrombocytes which are thought to be functionally analogous to mammalian platelets. the present study was undertaken to assess the aggregatory response of peripheral blood thrombocytes from the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. incubation of percoll density gradient purified thrombocytes with the thromboxane a2 mimetic, u-46619 (0.03-10 microm), alone or in the presence of human or trout fibrinogen, elicited a dose-dependent aggregatory response. a gr ...19968562396
endogenous antioxidant systems of two teleost fish, the rainbow trout and the black bullhead, and the effect of age.antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione status were determined in different tissues of two teleost species, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the black bullhead (ameiurus melas) to establish whether age-related changes exist between mature and immature individuals. glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly lower in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of 3+ year than 1+ year trout and bullheads. activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glu ...199624194254
the erythrocyte na+/h+ exchangers of eel (anguilla anguilla) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): a comparative studytrout and eel red blood cell na+/h+ exchangers show widely different regulatory properties. catecholamines, cyclic amp and phorbol esters, which activate the trout red cell antiporter, do not affect the eel exchanger. unlike the trout red cell exchanger, the eel red cell exchanger is strongly activated by cell shrinkage, allowing a remarkable cell volume recovery. these different regulatory properties probably indicate the existence of different isoforms of the exchangers in nucleated erythrocyt ...19969318046
effect of chemical anoxia on protein kinase c and na+, k+-atpase in hepatocytes of goldfish (carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss)protein kinase c (pkc) and na+/k+-atpase in hepatocytes from the anoxia-tolerant goldfish (carassius auratus) and the anoxia-intolerant rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied to determine their role in the anoxic response of these cells. pkc and na+/k+-atpase activities were measured for up to 90 min in the absence (normoxia) and presence (chemical anoxia) of 2 mmol l-1 sodium cyanide. pkc activity of normoxic cells from both species remained constant for the entire experimental period ...19969319415
cardiovascular actions of trout urotensin ii in the conscious trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the central and peripheral cardiovascular effects of synthetic trout urotensin ii (uii) were investigated in the conscious rainbow trout. intracerebroventricular injection of 50 pmol uii produced a slight (3%) but significant (p < 0.05) increase in heart rate but had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure. injection of 500 pmol uii icv produced a significant (p < 0.05) rise (8%) in blood pressure with no change in heart rate. in contrast to the weak pressor effect of centrally administered ui ...19968945972
modulation of catecholamine storage and release by the pituitary-interrenal axis in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.this study examined the effects of pituitary-interrenal hormones on catecholamine storage and release in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. an extract of trout pituitary elicited the release of adrenaline, but not noradrenaline, using an in situ perfusion preparation. a variety of doses of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2-2000 mu) caused the release of both catecholamines in situ which was unaffected by pre-treatment with the ganglion blocker, hexamethonium, or the serotonergic receptor antago ...19968882512
isolation and cardiovascular activity of a second bradykinin-related peptide ([arg0, trp5, leu8]bradykinin) from trout.previous work has shown that incubation of heat-denatured plasma from the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with porcine pancreatic kallikrein generates [lys0, trp5, leu8]bradykinin (trout [lys0]bk). we have now isolated a second bk-related peptide from kallikrein-treated trout plasma with the primary structure: arg-arg-pro-gly-trp-ser-pro-leu-arg (trout [arg0]bk). bolus injections of both trout [arg0]bk and [lys0]bk (> 100 pmol/kg) into the dorsal aorta of conscious trout produced multiphasic e ...19968735984
effect of growth hormone on muscle protein synthesis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar).this paper reports on the effect of administration of mammalian growth hormone (gh) on muscle protein synthesis as measured in white muscle using the phenylalanine flooding technique. the effect of exogenous gh was compared with that of insulin and prolactin, and with endogenous gh.the rate of protein synthesis in white muscle of rainbow trout 6 h after the injection of bovine gh or bovine insulin was twice (2.6 and 2.9% d(-1)) that of the control saline-injected fish (1.2% d(-1)). a metabolic e ...199624193988
immunochemical relationships of cytochrome p4503a-like proteins in teleost fish.multiple p450 proteins have been purified from several teleost species, including rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), scup (stenotomus chrysops) and atlantic cod (gadus morhua). identity, relationships and/or functions have been established in these fish species for the cytochrome p4501 as. information about the structure, function, regulation and relationships of other piscine cytochrome p450 (cyp) proteins is sparse. in the present study we have focused on constitutively expressed cyp forms, ...199624194251
vasoconstrictive effects of native tachykinins in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the role of trout substance p (tsp) and neurokinin a (tnka) in cardiovascular regulation was investigated in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, in vivo and in vitro. in vivo, the coeliac arterial and ventral aortic relative blood flows were measured with doppler flow probes, and blood pressure was measured via a cannula inserted into the dorsal aorta. tsp (0.1 and 1 nmol kg-1) and tnka (1 nmol kg-1) increased both systemic and coeliac vascular resistances, leading to hypertension and bradyc ...19968822508
cloning and characterization of transferrin cdna and rapid detection of transferrin gene polymorphism in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).a cdna clone of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) transferrin was obtained from a liver cdna library. the 2537-bp cdna sequence contained an open reading frame encoding 691 amino acids and the 5' and 3' noncoding regions. the amino acid sequences at the iron-binding sites and the two n-linked glycosylation sites, and the cysteine residues were consistent with known, conserved vertebrate transferrin cdna sequences. single n-linked glycosylation sites existed on the n- and c-lobe. the deduced am ...19979418291
rodlet cells in the epidermis of fish exposed to stressors.rodlet cells (rc) were detected in the epidermis of carp (cyprinus carpio) and trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to stressors (e.g. acid water, heavy metals, thermal elevation, polluted water of the rhine river, water loaded with organic manure, and distilled water), as well as after wounding. these cells were not found in the epidermis of fish kept under control conditions, thus suggesting that the appearance of rc in the epidermis is stressor-related. immature rc, resembling mucous cells, we ...199718627825
cardiovascular effects of arginine vasotocin in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.the physiological functions of the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasotocin (avt) in teleosts are not clear. in the present studies, the sites and mechanisms of action of avt on the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss cardiovascular system were examined in unanesthetized instrumented fish, perfused organs and isolated vessels. injection of avt (1, 10 or 100 pmol kg-1 body mass) into trout with dorsal aortic cannulas produced a modest, but dose-dependent, increase in dorsal aortic pressure (pda) ...19979344967
purification and partial characterization of 76 kda transglutaminase in the egg envelope (chorion) of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.transglutaminase (tgase), responsible for crosslinking between proteins, is known to be localized exclusively in the egg envelope (chorion) of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and probably participates in the post-fertilization chorion hardening. we purified the tgase from unfertilized egg chorions by sequential chromatography using sp-sepharose, q-sepharose, and tsk-gel g3000swxl columns. the purified enzyme was a monomeric protein having the molecular mass of 76 kda. it promoted incorporati ...19979443809
calcium oscillations in a subpopulation of s-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).by means of the fura-2 technique and image analysis the intracellular concentration of free calcium ions [ca2+]i was examined in isolated rainbow trout pinealocytes identified by s-antigen immunocytochemistry. approximately 30% of the pinealocytes exhibited spontaneous [ca2+]i oscillations whose frequency differed from cell to cell. neither illumination with bright light nor dark adaptation of the cells had an apparent effect on the oscillations. removal of extracellular ca2+ or application of 1 ...19979030414
effect of gonadal steroid hormones on plasma growth hormone concentrations in sexually immature rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.in the present study we investigated the effects of gonadal steroid hormones on plasma growth hormone (gh), triiodothyronine (t3), and thyroxine (t4) levels in steroid-primed sexually immature rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, in order to determine whether changes in plasma gh and thyroid hormone levels during sexual maturation are a result of elevated gonadal steroid levels or are an altered condition associated with reproduction (as proposed by sumpter et al., 1991b). we found no significant ...19979038257
effects of extracellular calcium concentrations and calcium antagonists on vitellogenin induction by estradiol-17 beta in primary hepatocyte culture in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.the involvement of calcium in vitellogenin (vg) synthesis in response to estradiol-17 beta (e2, 2 x 10(-6) m) was electrophoretically examined in primary hepatocyte culture in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. the relative rate of vg synthesis was evaluated by measuring the integrated optical density of the vg band after sds-page and expressed as a percentage of vg to total proteins. the induction of vg by e2 did not occur at 0 meq ca/liter, while some proteins other than vg (main subunit) ...19979073491
the toxic and accumulative effects of short-term exposure to cadmium in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).groups of 20 trout (oncorynchus mykiss) were exposed for 3-w periods to different subacute oral doses of cl2cd (0.01, 0.025 or 0.05 microgram cd/ml). cadmium toxicity and accumulation were studied in kidney, liver, gills, muscle and brain weekly. cadmium determination was carried out using atomic absorption spectrocopy (aas) with graphite furnace. after 21 d exposure, cadmium concentrations increased significantly. in all tissues studied except muscle and brain. cadmium storage presented the fol ...19979080631
organochlorine pesticide residues in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, taken from four fish farms in león, spain. 19979115143
biochemical characterization of microcystin toxicity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the kinetics and biochemical effects of microcystins in rainbow trout were studied with freeze-dried toxic cells of microcystis aeruginosa, strain pcc 7806. following in vivo exposure the changes in liver histology were observed over a 72 hr period and the absorption of microcystins from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and liver, as well as the inhibition of hepatic protein phosphatase 1 and 2a activities, were recorded using the protein phosphatase inhibition assay. the interaction be ...19979133713
the neuronal system of the saccus vasculosus of trout (salmo trutta fario and oncorhynchus mykiss): an immunocytochemical and nerve tracing study.the neuronal system of the saccus vasculosus of two species of trout was studied with immunocytochemical methods and carboindocyanine-dye (dii) tract-tracing. the cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons of the saccus were immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad), and neuropeptide y (npy). immunostaining of alternate sections of the saccus vasculosus of fry with anti-gad and anti-npy indicated that these substances were colocalized. the tractus sacci vas ...19979134862
cloning of the p53 tumor suppressor gene from the japanese medaka (oryzias latipes) and evaluation of mutational hotspots in mnng-exposed fish.a full-length cdna clone of the medaka (oryzias latipes) p53 tumor suppressor gene was isolated from a cdna library from adult liver tissue, sequenced and characterized. sequence analysis revealed a high degree of homology between putative functional domains of medaka p53 and p53 genes from other vertebrate taxa including rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), frog (xenopus laevis), chicken (gallus gallus), rat (rattus norvegicus), mouse (mus musculus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus), green monkey ...19979161419
immunohistochemical detection of vhs virus in paraffin-embedded specimens of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): the influence of primary antibody, fixative, and antigen unmasking on method sensitivity.the influence of the primary antibody, the fixative, and the antigen unmasking technique on the method sensitivity of immunohistochemistry as a method for the identification of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) virus in paraffin-embedded specimens of naturally infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was examined. fish (200-300 g) were collected during an outbreak of vhs. parallel specimens from liver, spleen, kidney, and brain were fixed by immersion in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, per ...19979163887
development of a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) for testosterone: measurement of serum testosterone concentrations after testosterone treatment in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).a sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) for testosterone was developed, and the assay system was used for measuring serum testosterone concentrations in rainbow trout. testosterone-3-(o-carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin (t-3-cmo-bsa) was immobilized by physical adsorption to the wells of microtiter plates. a competitive assay using two antibodies was performed among t-3-cmo-bsa in the solid-phase, unknown amounts of testosterone, testosterone antibodies, and europium labeled ...19979169114
cloning of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mx2 and mx3 cdnas and characterization of trout mx protein expression in salmon cells.two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mx cdnas were cloned by using race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) pcr and were designated rbtmx2 and rbtmx3. the deduced rbtmx2 and rbtmx3 proteins were 636 and 623 amino acids in length with molecular masses of 72 and 70.8 kda, respectively. these proteins, along with the previously described rbtmx1 protein (g. d. trobridge and j. a. leong, j. interferon cytokine res. 15:691-702, 1995), have between 88.7 and 96.6% identity at the amino acid level. all ...19979188599
individual diurnal plasma profiles of thyroid hormones in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to cortisol, growth hormone, and growth rate.in order to characterize the individual diurnal plasma profiles of triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), blood samples from 41 fish were taken every hour during a 24-hr period, through a catheter inserted into the dorsal aorta. the possible influences of day-night alternation, sex, and diet (feed intake, time of meals) on thyroid hormone (th) profiles were analyzed. the existence of relations between diurnal plasma profiles of t3, t4, t3/t4 ratio, and t ...19979208307
glucuronidation of thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine by hepatic microsomes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.we studied the glucuronidation of thyroxine (t4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (t3) in the hepatic microsomal fraction of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (udpgt) activity toward t4 depended on both protein concentration (linear up to about 0.75 mg/ml) and time (linear up to 60 min). the optimal ph for glucuronidation was 6.8-7.8 units for t4 and > or = 8.5 units for t3. at a common ph of 7.8, the apparent km and vmax values were, respectively, 6.0 mum ...19979214721
cyp4t1--a cytochrome p450 expressed in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver.total rna isolated from a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver was subjected to rt/pcr using degenerate primers designed from homologous regions amongst cytochrome p450 cyp4 proteins. pcr amplification resulted in a single electrophoretic band which was excised, purified and sequenced directly, using cycle sequencing. the deduced protein sequence demonstrated the closest amino acid identity to rabbit cyp4b1 (54.6%) and rat cyp4b2 (55.4%). phylogenic analysis of this sequence was found to be ...19979240430
effects of 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one on cortisol production by rainbow trout interrenal tissue in vitro.physiological levels of 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17, 20-p) stimulated time- and dose-dependent increases in cortisol production by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interrenal tissue cultured in vitro. significant stimulation occurred in response to 100, 300, and 1000 ng/ml of 17,20-p. lower doses were ineffective. elevated cortisol levels were observed 1 hr after addition of 300 ng/ml 17,20-p. no additive or synergistic interaction was evident between human adrenocorticotropi ...19979245525
oral immunization of rainbow trout with antigen microencapsulated in poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.the model protein antigen, human gamma globulin (hgg) was microencapsulated in poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles and administered orally to rainbow trout. oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792). using a western blotting technique it was demonstrated that the dynamics of passage through the gut were different for the microencapsulated and soluble antigen. the association of hgg with microparticles increased the retention time of the antigen in the stomach and delayed its entry into the in ...19979269049
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