Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| enhancement of development of larval anopheles arabiensis by proximity to flowering maize (zea mays) in turbid water and when crowded. | to determine whether proximity to flowering maize enhances the development of larval anopheline mosquitoes breeding in turbid water and when crowded, we evaluated the development of larval anopheles arabiensis under various conditions of turbidity, larval density, and proximity to pollen-shedding maize in simulated breeding puddles in a malaria-endemic site. in naturally formed puddles, water turbidity, as well as larval density, increased as the rainy season progressed. in sites remote from flo ... | 2003 | 12887038 |
| egg hatching, larval movement and larval survival of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in desiccating habitats. | although the effects of rainfall on the population dynamics of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae have been studied in great detail, the effects of dry periods on its survival remain less clear. | 2003 | 12919636 |
| pyrethroid resistance/susceptibility and differential urban/rural distribution of anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae s.s. malaria vectors in nigeria and ghana. | resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and ddt caused by the kdr gene in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) has been reported in several west african countries. to test for pyrethroid resistance in two more countries, we sampled populations of the an. gambiae complex from south-western ghana and from urban and rural localities in ogun state, south-west nigeria. adult mosquitoes, reared from field-collected larvae, were exposed to the who-recommended discriminatin ... | 2003 | 12941018 |
| semipermeable species boundaries between anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus dna sequence variation. | attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. in particular, an. gambiae, the primary african malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either anopheles arabiensis or anopheles merus. the recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as t ... | 2003 | 12947038 |
| efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing anopheles larvae in eritrea. | we evaluated the larvicidal activity of the granular formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) serotype h-14 (vectobac g, 200 itu/mg) and bacillus sphaericus (bsph) serotype h5a5b (vectolex cg, 670 bs itu/mg) against anopheles arabiensis and other mosquitoes in breeding habitats in 3 sites, gash-barka, anseba, and debub zones, in eritrea. the primary objective was to determine the optimal application rate and duration of effect for bti and bsph in representative larval habitats as ... | 2003 | 14524547 |
| insecticide susceptibility level of anopheles arabiensis in two agrodevelopment localities in eastern ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis strains reared from larvae and pupae collected from two different localities, metehara and melka-worer, eastern ethiopia, were evaluated against three insecticides. resistance states of adult females were determined using the who test kits under field condition. the insecticides used were who discriminating doses of 4% ddt, 0.75% permethrin and 0.1% propoxur. the study revealed that 42.5% of the an. arabiensis population was resistant to ddt in melka-worer while only 30% of ... | 2003 | 15270536 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| high seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in africa. | entomologic studies were conducted in eight villages to investigate the patterns of malaria transmission in different ecologic zones in eritrea. mosquito collections were conducted for 24 months between september 1999 and january 2002. the biting rates of anopheles arabiensis were highly seasonal, with activity concentrated in the wet season between june and october in the highlands and western lowlands, and between december and march in the coastal region. the biting rates in the western lowlan ... | 2003 | 14740876 |
| infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to anopheles arabiensis after treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine induces increased gametocytaemia when used for treating plasmodium falciparum malaria. laboratory-reared anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were fed with blood from patients with post-therapeutic gametocytaemia using a membrane feeder. fourteen days later the heads and thoraxes of 613 mosquitoes were negative for p. falciparum sporozoites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2003 | 16117968 |
| measurement of antibody levels against region ii of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western kenya. | region ii of the 175-kda erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175rii) of plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-eba-175rii antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of eba-175rii to erythrocytes, and (iii) ... | 2004 | 14742515 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| could insecticide-treated cattle reduce afrotropical malaria transmission? effects of deltamethrin-treated zebu on anopheles arabiensis behaviour and survival in ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) is the most widespread vector of malaria in the afrotropical region. because an. arabiensis feeds readily on cattle as well as humans, the insecticide-treatment of cattle--as employed to control tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) and ticks (acari: ixodidae)--might simultaneously affect the malaria vectorial capacity of this mosquito. therefore, we conducted field experiments in southern ethiopia to establish whether zebu cattle (bos indicus l.) treated ... | 2004 | 15642008 |
| anopheles arabiensis: abundance and insecticide resistance in an irrigated area of eastern sudan. | the abundance of anopheles arabiensis and its susceptibility to insecticides was studied in new halfa, eastern sudan, from march 1999 to june 2000. of 4854 females anophelines collected, 4847 (99.9%) were an. arabiensis and 7 (0.1%) an. pharoensis. female an. arabiensis were breeding throughout the year, with 2 peak densities, during the rainy (158.4 females/room/day and 84.7 larvae/10 dips) and irrigated seasons (136.8 females/room/day and 44.8 larvae/10 dips). the mean biting activity was 28.8 ... | 2004 | 16201723 |
| attractiveness of pregnant women to the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, in sudan. | the attractiveness of pregnant women for mosquitoes was investigated in a peri-urban site in new halfa, eastern sudan, in september-october 2003. for 20 nights, the mosquitoes feeding on nine pregnant and nine non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets were collected. the women slept outdoors, in the yards of nine houses, each yard holding one pregnant and one non-pregnant woman. in general, each pregnant woman attracted significantly more anopheles arabiensis (the main vector of plasmo ... | 2004 | 15324469 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| ethnobotanical survey and testing of plants traditionally used against hematophagous insects in eritrea. | an ethnobotanical study was conducted to find plants traditionally used against nuisance insects in three regions of eritrea: highland, eastern escarpment and wet lowland. six plants were collected, two of them were reported to be used against mosquitoes (ocimum forskolei, lamiaceae and nicotiana glauca, solanaceae), two others against fleas (salvia shimperi, lamiaceae and otostegia integrifolia, lamiaceae) and neorautanenia mitis (fabaceae) and calpurnea aurea (fabaceae) against animal lice. th ... | 2004 | 15374613 |
| responses of adult mosquitoes of two sibling species, anopheles arabiensis and a. gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), to high temperatures. | it is well known that amongst the sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex, a. arabiensis patton predominates over a. gambiae sensu stricto giles in hotter, drier parts of africa. here it was investigated whether a. arabiensis is better adapted to higher temperatures than a. gambiae s.s. at the microclimatic level. bioassays were used to assess behavioural avoidance activity of adult mosquitoes in the presence of increasing temperature. female mosquitoes were introduced into a holding tu ... | 2004 | 15385063 |
| the residual life of bendiocarb: a field-based evaluation from mozambique. | the residual life of bendiocarb was evaluated under field conditions in southern mozambique. bioassays conducted at monthly intervals using susceptible anopheles arabiensis demonstrated that bendiocarb had an effective residual life of 6 mo. the different types of surfaces sprayed did not affect the residual life of bendiocarb. therefore, to achieve effective control in a malaria-endemic area such as southern mozambique, two spray rounds per annum are necessary. | 2004 | 14989356 |
| characterization of potential larval habitats for anopheles mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in malindi, kenya. | background: this study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. malindi, a city on the coast of kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (gps) technology, and a geographic information system (gis) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a s ... | 2004 | 15125778 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| the effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in a kenyan village. | the population dynamics of the larval and adult life stages of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles were studied in miwani, western kenya, in relation to meteorological conditions. larval density within a habitat, the number of larval habitats and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of larval population dynamics. female vector densities inside local houses and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of adult population dynamics. larval densit ... | 2004 | 15177140 |
| short report: a new polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to identify anopheles arabiensis from an. gambiae and its two molecular forms from degraded dna templates or museum samples. | we present a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to simultaneously distinguish the two anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms and anopheles arabiensis. this method uses different diagnostic sites than previously published methods, and it is based on the amplification of a smaller ribosomal dna fragment. we have tested this protocol in a variety of samples from different geographic regions and various ages of preservation to ascertain the robustness of thi ... | 2004 | 15210999 |
| unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. | malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ... | 2004 | 15225985 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| seasonal abundance, vector behavior, and malaria parasite transmission in eritrea. | entomological studies were conducted over a 24-month period in 8 villages to establish the behavior patterns, seasonal densities, and variation in entomological inoculation rates (eirs) of anopheles arabiensis, the main vector of malaria in eritrea. a total of 5,683 anopheline mosquitoes were collected through indoor sampling (1,613), human-landing catches (2,711), and outdoor pit shelters (1,359). overall, an. arabiensis was the predominant species at all of the study sites, with its population ... | 2004 | 15264625 |
| first report of a kdr mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso, west africa. | the leu-phe kdr mutation was detected in a specimen of anopheles arabiensis during an extensive survey of pyrethroid resistance in an. gambiae s.l. in burkina faso. the detection of this mutation in an. arabiensis, which had so far been observed only in an. gambiae s.s., is important at both epidemiologic and fundamental levels. it can be useful to understand the history of this gene throughout the range of an. gambiae complex. | 2004 | 15264630 |
| global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. | global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ... | 2004 | 14726459 |
| a transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in kenya. | an ecosystem approach was applied to study the links between malaria and agriculture in mwea division, kenya. the study was organized into five phases. phase i had two components including a stakeholder workshop conducted with community representatives and other key stakeholders, and the collation of data on common diseases from outpatient service records at the local hospital. phase i aimed at an a priori needs-assessment in order to focus the research agenda. workshop participants directly con ... | 2004 | 14732239 |
| ammonium sulphate fertiliser increases larval populations of anopheles arabiensis and culicine mosquitoes in rice fields. | field experiments were conducted in central kenya, to study the effect of ammonium sulphate fertiliser ((nh(4))(2)so(4)) on mosquito larval populations in rice fields. the experiments used a complete randomised block design having four blocks with two experimental ponds per block, and the fertiliser and control treatments allocated randomly among the ponds. student's two-sample unpaired t-test was used to test for the significance of differences between the relative counts of larvae in fertilise ... | 2004 | 14732240 |
| malaria transmission in southern madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. part 1. entomological investigations. | a 4-year entomological study was carried out in southern madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. three villages were involved in this entomological survey: androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). mosquitoes were collected inside and ... | 2004 | 14732241 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| a simulation model of african anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. | malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. however, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to insecticides and drugs. | 2004 | 15285781 |
| assessing the origin of species in the genomic era. | advances in genomics have rapidly accelerated research into the genetics of species differences, reproductive isolating barriers, and hybrid incompatibility. recent genomic analyses in drosophila species suggest that modified olfactory cues are involved in discrimination that is reinforced by natural selection. | 2005 | 15833132 |
| rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) in sub-saharan africa. | the rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) methodology aims to provide a cost-effective tool to conduct rapid assessments of the malaria situation in urban sub-saharan africa and to improve the understanding of urban malaria epidemiology. | 2005 | 16153298 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| an active transposable element, herves, from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | transposable elements have proven to be invaluable tools for genetically manipulating a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes. some have suggested that they could be used to spread desirable genes, such as refractoriness to plasmodium infection, through target populations of anopheles gambiae, thereby disabling the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria. to achieve this, a transposon must remain mobile and intact after the initial introduction into the genome. endogenous, active class ii ... | 2005 | 15545643 |
| epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in niamey, niger. | malaria takes a heavy toll in niger, one of the world's poorest countries. previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the integrated management of childhood illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. the aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the national hospital of niamey, niger's main referral hos ... | 2005 | 15703076 |
| identification and expression of odorant-binding proteins of the malaria-carrying mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis. | host preference and blood feeding are restricted to female mosquitoes. olfaction plays a major role in host-seeking behaviour, which is likely to be associated with a subset of mosquito olfactory genes. proteins involved in olfaction include the odorant receptors (ors) and the odorant-binding proteins (obps). obps are thought to function as a carrier within insect antennae for transporting odours to the olfactory receptors. here we report the annotation of 32 genes encoding putative obps in the ... | 2005 | 15717318 |
| malaria epidemic and drug resistance, djibouti. | analysis of plasmodium falciparum isolates collected before, during, and after a 1999 malaria epidemic in djibouti shows that, despite a high prevalence of resistance to chloroquine, the epidemic cannot be attributed to a sudden increase in drug resistance of local parasite populations. | 2005 | 15752455 |
| entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in manhiça, a rural area in southern mozambique. | from october 1997 to september 1998, an entomological survey was carried out in manhiça, mozambique, to describe the anopheline population and intensity of malaria transmission. ten different huts were randomly selected for entomological surveillance throughout the year. cdc light trap collections were conducted during three nights each month. additional knockdown spraying catches were carried out in the morning, after the last catch. a total of 17,245 culicinae and 1,251 anophelinae were collec ... | 2005 | 15799528 |
| chromosome speciation: humans, drosophila, and mosquitoes. | chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. according to the "hybrid-dysfunction" model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing ... | 2005 | 15851677 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in mali. | anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. in large irrigation projects, such as that around niono, mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. one hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. we analyzed serial collections from 18 vil ... | 2005 | 15964957 |
| transmission of malaria in the tesseney area of eritrea: parasite prevalence in children, and vector density, host preferences, and sporozoite rate. | malaria transmission was studied from july to september, 2002 in three villages of the tesseney sub-zone, in the western lowlands of eritrea. the three methods used for mosquito collection were light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit shelter collections. all anopheline mosquitoes that were collected belonged to the anopheles gambiae complex and they were identified by pcr as the sibling species anopheles arabiensis (patton). apart from an. arabiensis, the only other mosquitoes caught were ... | 2005 | 16007952 |
| plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of manhiça district, mozambique. | we compared the distribution patterns of individual plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. comparisons concerned circulating plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. plasmodium falciparum was the predomin ... | 2005 | 16094461 |
| identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. | to date, no polymerase chain reaction diagnostic technique exists to directly identify mammalian blood meals from mosquitoes by sized dna fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. we have developed a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on mitochondrial cytochrome b to identify the mammalian blood hosts of field-collected mosquitoes. although designed for the study of african malaria vectors, the application of this tool is not restricted to this disease system. validation of ... | 2005 | 16103600 |
| impact of insecticide-treated bed nets implementation on the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis in an area of irrigated rice fields in the sahelian region of cameroon. | variation at 12 microsatellite loci was investigated to assess the impact of the implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) on the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis in simatou, a village surrounded by irrigated rice fields in the sahelian area of cameroon. the an. arabiensis population of simatou was sampled twice before itn implementation, and twice after. effective population size estimates (n(e)) were similar across each time point, except for the period closely following i ... | 2005 | 16202089 |
| microsatellite and mitochondrial genetic differentiation of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from western kenya, the great rift valley, and coastal kenya. | the population genetic structure of the african malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from western kenya, the great rift valley, and coastal kenya was investigated using 12 microsatellite loci and a partial sequence of mtdna dehydrogenase gene subunit 5 (nd5). the mean number of alleles and the observed heterozygosity were similar for the mosquito populations from the three regions as revealed by the microsatellite data. a total of 30 polymorphic sites in the nd5 gene defined 39 haplotypes. six ha ... | 2005 | 16222017 |
| centromere-proximal differentiation and speciation in anopheles gambiae. | the m and s molecular forms of anopheles gambiae are undergoing speciation as they adapt to heterogeneities in the environment, spreading malaria in the process. we hypothesized that their divergence despite gene flow is facilitated by reduced recombination at the centromeric (proximal) end of the x chromosome. we sequenced introns from 22 x chromosome genes in m and s from two locations of west africa where the forms are sympatric. generally, in both forms nucleotide diversity was high distally ... | 2005 | 16247019 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern lake victoria, uganda. | alternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. the study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four lake victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow. | 2005 | 16336684 |
| population structure of anopheles arabiensis on la réunion island, indian ocean. | anopheles arabiensis, together with anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, are the most important vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. the malaria situation keeps worsening, with 1 to 3 million deaths a year, and alternative strategies are needed to decrease malaria transmission intensity. in this paper, we studied the population structure of an. arabiensis from three sample sites on the remote indian ocean island of la réunion. our results showed strong genetic structuring between an. arab ... | 2005 | 16354815 |
| can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in tigray, ethiopia? | the development of irrigation schemes by dam construction has led to an increased risk of malaria in tigray, ethiopia. we carried out a pilot study near a microdam to assess whether environmental management could reduce malaria transmission by anopheles arabiensis, the main vector in ethiopia. the study took place in deba village, close to a dam; maisheru village, situated 3-4 km away from the dam, acted as a control. baseline entomological and clinical data were collected in both villages durin ... | 2005 | 16359409 |
| evaluation of environmental data for identification of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in kisumu and malindi, kenya. | this research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (mti) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for kisumu and malindi, kenya, during february and march 2001. all entomological parameters were collected from january to may 2001, june to august 2002, and june to august 2003. in a poisson ... | 2005 | 16365996 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| comparative performance of the mbita trap, cdc light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of anopheles arabiensis, an. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western kenya. | mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. however, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. the mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in kenya. however, the mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemi ... | 2005 | 15667666 |
| species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | we studied the geographical distribution of species, chromosomal, and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) complex in 23 sites in cameroon, central africa. almost all the specimens collected in the four northern-most arid sites were anopheles arabiensis. anopheles melas was found in a rural locality surrounded by mangrove swamps, on the atlantic coast. in total, 1,525 an. gambiae s.s. females were identified down to their molecular form, and inversion polymorphisms ... | 2005 | 16465741 |
| physiology of desiccation resistance in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis. | desiccation resistance and water balance were studied in the adult female mosquitoes anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. when the two species were reared from egg to adult under identical conditions, an. arabiensis had significantly higher desiccation resistance than did an. gambiae. data are presented that indicate that this difference in desiccation resistance is associated with a higher body water content prior to desiccation in an. arabiensis. no differences in rate of ... | 2005 | 16172480 |
| effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | between 1995 and 2000, kwazulu-natal province, south africa, experienced a marked increase in plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. in response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (al) was deployed in the first ministry of health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in africa. in south africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. malaria is dia ... | 2005 | 16187798 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing. | the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ... | 2005 | 17148162 |
| molecular polymorphism, differentiation and introgression in the period gene between lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia whitmani. | lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia whitmani (diptera: psychodidae) are important and very closely related vector species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil, which are distinguishable by a few morphological differences. there is evidence of mitochondrial introgression between the two species but it is not clear whether gene flow also occurs in nuclear genes. | 2006 | 17069656 |
| spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern tanzania. | spatial and longitudinal monitoring of transmission intensity will allow better targeting of malaria interventions. in this study, data on meteorological, demographic, entomological and parasitological data over the course of a year was collected to describe malaria epidemiology in a single village of low transmission intensity. | 2006 | 17081311 |
| topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. | recent resurgence of malaria in the highlands of western kenya has called for a more comprehensive understanding of the previously neglected complex highland vector ecology. besides other drivers of malaria epidemiology, topography is likely to have a major effect on spatial vector and parasite distribution. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of topography on malaria spatial vector distribution and parasite prevalence. | 2006 | 17096835 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| effective population size of anopheles funestus chromosomal forms in burkina faso. | as anopheles funestus is one of the principal afro-tropical malaria vectors, a more complete understanding of its population structure is desirable. in west and central africa, an. funestus population structure is complicated by the coexistence of two assortatively mating chromosomal forms. effective population size (ne) is a key parameter in understanding patterns and levels of intraspecific variation, as it reflects the role of genetic drift. here, ne was estimated from both chromosomal forms, ... | 2006 | 17125511 |
| personal protection of long lasting insecticide-treated nets in areas of anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids. | the development of mosquito nets pre-treated with insecticide, long lasting impregnated nets (llins) that last the life span of the net, is a solution to the difficulty of the re-impregnation of conventional nets. even if they showed a good efficacy in control conditions, their efficacy in the field, particularly in areas with resistance of anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, is not well documented. this study compares wide (olyset) and small (permanet) mesh llins in field conditions, using entomo ... | 2006 | 16472385 |
| landscape determinants and remote sensing of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in the western kenya highlands. | in the past two decades the east african highlands have experienced several major malaria epidemics. currently there is a renewed interest in exploring the possibility of anopheline larval control through environmental management or larvicide as an additional means of reducing malaria transmission in africa. this study examined the landscape determinants of anopheline mosquito larval habitats and usefulness of remote sensing in identifying these habitats in western kenya highlands. | 2006 | 16480523 |
| detection of the east and west african kdr mutation in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis from uganda using a new assay based on fret/melt curve analysis. | appropriate monitoring of vector resistance to insecticides is an integral component of planning and evaluation of insecticide use in malaria control programmes. the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides as a result of a mechanism conferring reduced nervous system sensitivity, better known as knockdown resistance (kdr). in an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis, two different substitutions in the para-type sodium channel ... | 2006 | 16504072 |
| new records of anopheles arabiensis breeding on the mount kenya highlands indicate indigenous malaria transmission. | malaria cases on the highlands west of mount kenya have been noticed since 10-20 years ago. it was not clear whether these cases were introduced from the nearby lowland or resulted from local transmission because of no record of vector mosquitoes on the highlands. determination of presence and abundance of malaria vector is vital for effective control and epidemic risk assessment of malaria among both local residents and tourists. | 2006 | 16522206 |
| the distribution of hatching time in anopheles gambiae. | knowledge of the ecological differences between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae and their sibling species, an. arabiensis might lead to understanding their unique contribution to disease transmission and to better vector control as well as to understanding the evolutionary forces that have separated them. | 2006 | 16553960 |
| spatial variability in the density, distribution and vectorial capacity of anopheline species in a high transmission village (equatorial guinea). | malaria transmission varies from one country to another and there are also local differences in time and space. an important variable when explaining the variability in transmission is the breeding behaviour of the different vector species and the availability of breeding sites. the aim of this study was to determine the geographical variability of certain entomological parameters: human biting rate (hbr), sporozoitic index (si) for plasmodium falciparum and entomological inoculation rate (eir). | 2006 | 16556321 |
| low autochtonous urban malaria in antananarivo (madagascar). | the study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. the problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. the primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of antananarivo. the second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution o ... | 2006 | 16573843 |
| breakpoint structure reveals the unique origin of an interspecific chromosomal inversion (2la) in the anopheles gambiae complex. | paracentric chromosomal inversions are major architects of organismal evolution and have been associated with adaptations relevant to malaria transmission in anopheline mosquitoes. the processes responsible for their origin and maintenance, still poorly understood, can be illuminated by analysis of inversion breakpoint sequences. here, we report the breakpoint structure of chromosomal inversion 2la from the principal malaria vector anopheles gambiae and its relatives in the a. gambiae complex. t ... | 2006 | 16606844 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae from mozambique. | malaria control in the southern part of mozambique is currently by indoor residual spraying with a carbamate insecticide and by pyrethroid-treated bed-nets distributed to pregnant women and children under five in northern mozambique. the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis patton to pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphorus insecticides was determined by world health organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests at 17 localities in mozambique, f ... | 2006 | 16619611 |
| impact of sustained use of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. | insecticide-treated bednets (itns) significantly reduce malaria vector populations. susceptibility to itns differs by vector species, and culicine mosquitoes have not been shown to be significantly affected by the use of itns. we examined the impact of 2-4 yr of itn use on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. routine entomological surveillance was conducted in adjacent areas with and without itns from november 1999 to january 2002. use of itns reduced the proportion of an ... | 2006 | 16619629 |
| epidemiological characterization of plasmodium falciparum in the republic of cabo verde: implications for potential large-scale re-emergence of malaria. | malaria has come near eradication at archipelago of cabo verde in 1970. infections are now only observed in santiago, where outbreaks occur. in these islands, malaria is considered by the international community as being of limited risk and, therefore, no prophylaxis is recommended. since the understanding of factors that determine malaria outbreaks are crucial for controlling the disease, the present study aimed to investigate if the malaria infections observed in santiago island are maintained ... | 2006 | 16630349 |
| water quality and immatures of the m and s forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis in a malian village. | the associations between the immatures of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), its m and s forms, and anopheles arabiensis among and within larval breeding habitats in banambani, mali were investigated under varying conditions of water quality and rainfall. the intent was to elucidate on niche partitioning of these taxa. | 2006 | 16646991 |
| spatially targeting culex quinquefasciatus aquatic habitats on modified land cover for implementing an integrated vector management (ivm) program in three villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya. | continuous land cover modification is an important part of spatial epidemiology because it can help identify environmental factors and culex mosquitoes associated with arbovirus transmission and thus guide control intervention. the aim of this study was to determine whether remotely sensed data could be used to identify rice-related culex quinquefasciatus breeding habitats in three rice-villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya. we examined whether a land use land cover (lulc) classification b ... | 2006 | 16684354 |
| trapping of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae with odour-baited mm-x traps in semi-field conditions in western kenya. | the successful development of odour-baited trapping systems for mosquitoes depends on the identification of behaviourally active semiochemicals, besides the design and operating principles of such devices. a large variety of 'attractants' has been identified in laboratory investigations, yet few of these increase trap catches in the field. a contained system, intermediate between the laboratory and open field, is presented and previous reports that human foot odour induces behavioural responses ... | 2006 | 16700902 |
| radiation-induced sterility for pupal and adult stages of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis. | in the context of the sterile insect technique (sit), radiation-induced sterility in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was studied. male mosquitoes were exposed to gamma rays in the pupal or adult stage and dose-sterility curves were determined. | 2006 | 16700906 |
| identification of a bacillus thuringiensis cry11ba toxin-binding aminopeptidase from the mosquito, anopheles quadrimaculatus. | aminopeptidase n (apn) type proteins isolated from several species of lepidopteran insects have been implicated as bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin-binding proteins (receptors) for cry toxins. we examined brush border membrane vesicle (bbmv) proteins from the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus to determine if apns from this organism would bind mosquitocidal cry toxins that are active to it. | 2006 | 16716213 |
| entomological evaluation of malaria vectors at different altitudes in hai district, northeastern tanzania. | entomological monitoring in four villages situated along an altitude transect in the hai district of northeastern tanzania identified anopheles arabiensis patton as the principal vector of malaria and detected seasonal changes in vector behavior. over a 13-mo sampling period, 10,557 mosquitoes were collected with cdc light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit traps of which 5,969 (56.5%) werean. arabiensis, 762 (7.2%) wereanopheles funestus giles s.l., 3,578 (33.9%) were culicines, and 248 (2 ... | 2006 | 16739419 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles arabiensis from mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | control of the anopheline mosquito vectors of malaria by use of insecticides has been shown to impact on both morbidity and mortality due to this disease. evidence of insecticide resistance in different settings necessitates surveillance studies to allow prompt detection of resistance should it arise and thus enable its management. possible resistance by anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes from mwea rice irrigation scheme in central kenya to insecticides in the four classes of insecticides approved ... | 2006 | 16756645 |
| evolutionary history of a mosquito endosymbiont revealed through mitochondrial hitchhiking. | due to cytoplasmic inheritance, spread of maternally inherited wolbachia symbionts can result in reduction of mitochondrial variation in populations. we examined sequence diversity of the mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nd4) gene in wolbachia-infected (south africa (sa), california and thailand) and uninfected (sa) culex pipiens complex populations. in total, we identified 12 haplotypes (a-l). in infected populations, 99% of individuals had haplotype k. in the uninfected sa populatio ... | 2006 | 16769630 |
| occurrence of the leucine-to-phenylalanine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in anopheles arabiensis populations in tanzania, detected by a simplified high-throughput ssop-elisa method. | molecular markers of insecticide resistance can provide sensitive indicators of resistance development in malaria vector populations. monitoring of insecticide resistance in vector populations is an important component of current malaria control programmes. knockdown resistance (kdr) confers resistance to the pyrethroid class of insecticides with cross-resistance to ddt through single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. | 2006 | 16820067 |
| moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in madagascar. | malaria transmission remains poorly documented in areas of low transmission. a study has been carried out over two consecutive years in analamiranga, a village located at an altitude of 885m on the western edge of the malagasy highlands, with the aim of generating and updating malariometric indexes for both mosquitoes and schoolchildren. in this village, no vector control measures were performed during the study period nor during previous decades. mosquitoes were collected monthly when landing o ... | 2006 | 16842796 |
| hat element population genetics in anopheles gambiae s.l. in mozambique. | herves is a functional class ii transposable element in anopheles gambiae belonging to the hat superfamily of elements. class ii transposable elements are used as gene vectors in this species and are also being considered as genetic drive agents for spreading desirable genes through natural populations as part of an effort to control malaria transmission. in this study, herves was investigated in populations of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis and anopheles merus in mozambique over a ... | 2006 | 16850223 |
| mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in mwea, kenya. | we conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in the mwea rice scheme, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses and outdoors by cdc light traps in three villages representing planned (mbuinjeru) and unplanned (kiamachiri) rice agroecosystems and a non-irrigated agroecosystem (murinduko). during the 12-month sampling period, a total of 98,708 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 25 species were ... | 2006 | 16859101 |
| a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae. | release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles. | 2006 | 16872516 |
| re-introducing bacteria in mosquitoes--a method for determination of mosquito feeding preferences based on coloured sugar solutions. | in this study, sugar-feeding was investigated as a possible means of re-introducing bacteria into mosquito midguts with the aim of identifying bacteria that are suitable for creating paratransgenic mosquitoes. in a paratransgenic approach, bacteria are utilised to deliver effector molecules capable of inhibiting pathogen development in the midgut of the vector. to determine if mosquitoes discriminate between sterile sugar solutions and sugar solutions with bacteria, a method for screening mosqui ... | 2006 | 16999928 |
| is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of niono, mali? | malaria vectors can reach very high densities in villages near irrigated rice fields in africa, leading to the expectation that malaria should be especially prevalent there. surprisingly, this is not always the case. in niono, mali, villages from nonirrigated areas have higher malaria prevalence than those within the irrigated regions, which suffer from higher mosquito numbers. one hypothesis explaining this observation is that mosquitoes from irrigated fields with high densities are inefficient ... | 2006 | 17017214 |
| reproductive output of female anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): comparison of molecular forms. | knowledge of ecological differences between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) might lead to understanding of their unique contribution to disease transmission, to better vector control, and to identification of the forces that have separated them. we compared female fecundity measured as egg batch size in relation to body size between the molecular forms in mali and contrasted them with their sibling species, anopheles arabiensis patton. to determine whether egg ... | 2006 | 17017216 |
| daily temperature profiles in and around western kenyan larval habitats of anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality. | anopheles gambiae eggs are more frequently found on soil around puddle habitats of the larvae, than on the water surface itself in western kenya. thus, eggs can experience temperatures more wide-ranging and lethal than those experienced by larvae or pupae confined within puddles. | 2006 | 17038186 |
| a grid-based infrastructure for ecological forecasting of rice land anopheles arabiensis aquatic larval habitats. | for remote identification of mosquito habitats the first step is often to construct a discrete tessellation of the region. in applications where complex geometries do not need to be represented such as urban habitats, regular orthogonal grids are constructed in gis and overlaid on satellite images. however, rice land vector mosquito aquatic habitats are rarely uniform in space or character. an orthogonal grid overlaid on satellite data of rice-land areas may fail to capture physical or man-made ... | 2006 | 17062142 |
| dynamics of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in kenya. | we determined changes in species composition and densities of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in relation to rice growth cycle in order to generate data for developing larval control strategies in rice ecosystems. experimental rice paddies (6.3m x 3.15m) exposed to natural colonization of mosquitoes were sampled weekly for two rice growing cycles between february 2004 and march 2005. overall, 21,325 anopheles larvae were collected, of which 91.9% were 1st and 2nd instars and 8 ... | 2006 | 17249341 |
| biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheles arabiensis from sille, ethiopia. | the man-biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheline mosquitoes were investigated in sille, a hyperendemic malarious area in southern ethiopia. seven anopheles species were identified from all night landing collections, conducted from 18:00 to 06:00h between october 2001 and august 2002. the predominant species was anopheles arabiensis (55.8%), followed by anopheles coustani (31.5%), anopheles pharoensis (9.5%), anopheles funestus (2.2%), anopheles nili (0.5%), anopheles marshall ... | 2006 | 16171769 |
| pupal habitat productivity of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a rural village in western kenya. | the productivity of larval habitats of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae for pupae (the stage preceding adult metamorphosis) is poorly known, yet adult emergence from habitats is the primary determinant of vector density. to assess it, we used absolute sampling methods in four studies involving daily sampling for 25 days in 6 habitat types in a village in western kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. comprised 82.5% of emergent adults and anopheles arabiensis the remainder. pupal production occurred ... | 2006 | 16407346 |
| malaria vectors in angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. | malaria is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in angola, being responsible for 50% of all outpatient attendance and around 22% of all hospital deaths, yet by 2003 only 2% of under-5s used insecticide-treated nets. entomological studies are an essential foundation for rational malaria control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but there have been no published studies of malaria vectors in angola over the 27 years of the civil war, to its end in 2002. th ... | 2006 | 16420701 |