Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| use of the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle. | isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies were successfully used in a dot elisa for rapid detection of antibodies to anaplasma organisms. the enzyme immunoassay used only 25 ng of antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose disks. antigen-antibody complexes were detected by use of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated protein a, and reactions were read visually after addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate. the test allowed the processing of multiple sera, either for screening or for titer determin ... | 1990 | 2240769 |
| routine screening for potential babesicides using cultures of babesia bovis. | a procedure for screening of potential anti-malarial agents, based on the incorporation of [3h]hypoxanthine by the parasite, was adapted for the testing of anti-metabolites against babesia bovis (lismore and samford isolates) cultured in vitro. a close correlation was found between [3h]hypoxanthine incorporation in a standard assay and percentage of parasitized cells as determined by microscopic examination. the concentrations of compounds causing 50% inhibition of [3h]hypoxanthine incorporation ... | 1990 | 2242963 |
| an improved elisa for the detection of antibodies against babesia bovis using either a native or a recombinant b. bovis antigen. | two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for the diagnosis of babesia bovis in cattle are described. the elisa using a native antigen is more sensitive and less laborious than the assays described previously, because it does not require adsorption of sera with bovine erythrocytes. the second elisa, using a recombinant b. bovis antigen expressed in escherichia coli, was both sensitive and specific. it is suitable to replace the native antigen, thus avoiding large batch-to-batch variatio ... | 1990 | 2251239 |
| dna probes distinguish geographical isolates and identify a novel dna molecule of babesia bovis. | a genomic dna library of babesia bovis was screened to identify dna probe candidates for direct detection of the parasite. two sequences, bo6 and bo25, had the highest sensitivity and further analysis revealed unique characteristics of each of these. neither sequence hybridized detectably to bovine dna. bo6 detected 100 pg of both a mexican and an australian isolate of b. bovis, but bo6 also detected 1.0 ng of babesia bigemina dna under identical conditions. a unique characteristic of bo6 is tha ... | 1990 | 2254817 |
| concurrent infection with theileria buffeli caused depression of parasitaemia in babesia bovis and anaplasma centrale infections in splenectomised calves but not in b bigemina infections. | in five experiments undertaken in splenectomised calves it was found that theileria buffeli infections depressed the parasitaemias of superimposed babesia bovis and anaplasma centrale infections, but not b bigemina infections. the course of a centrale infections did not appear to be affected by a concurrent eperythrozoon teganodes infection. | 1990 | 2267426 |
| post-thawing viability of vaccines for bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis cryopreserved with glycerol. | live frozen vaccines containing babesia bovis, babesia bigemina or anaplasma centrale were prepared using glycerol as cryoprotectant and stored in liquid nitrogen. the viability of the vaccines was tested inoculating calves 1 h (n = 12), 2 h (n = 12), 12 h (n = 6) and 24 h (n = 6) after thawing. babesia bovis and a. centrale were detected in thin and/or thick blood smears in all vaccinated calves; however, 1 of 12 calves inoculated 1 h after thawing and 3 of 6 calves inoculated 24 h after thawin ... | 1990 | 2267730 |
| cloning and characterization of the rrna genes and flanking regions from babesia bovis: use of the genes as strain discriminating probes. | three sets of rrna genes (units 1s-3s) have been identified in babesia bovis (samford isolate). all three units are present in the same, probably single, copy number. the rrna genes and flanking regions have been analysed by cloning, restriction mapping and dna hybridization. the units are approximately 7 kb in length and have essentially identical restriction maps. in contrast the flanking regions exhibit significant restriction site differences. however, the regions upstream of all three units ... | 1990 | 2290441 |
| increased glucose permeability in babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | glucose influx into bovine erythrocytes was found to be significantly increased upon infection with the parasite, babesia bovis. the influx of glucose into the infected cells over 4 min was not saturable at high concentrations of glucose (240 mm), nor was it affected by established inhibitors of mammalian glucose transport, such as cytochalasin b and phloretin (0.1-100 microm). glucose uptake into the parasitized cells was, however, inhibited by phloridzin (phloretin-2-beta-glucoside) at concent ... | 1990 | 2312229 |
| babesia bovis: evidence for selection of subpopulations during attenuation. | dna probes were used to detect variation in subpopulations of virulent and serially passaged babesia bovis. two distinct patterns were evident after hybridization to genomic dna; the first was a basic profile typical of virulent b. bovis and the second, a more variable array, was characteristic of b. bovis after various stages of attenuation. tick transmission of avirulent b. bovis causes reversion to the virulent genomic pattern, suggesting that selective enrichment of a small residual subpopul ... | 1990 | 2323394 |
| babesia bovis--effects of phospholipid translocation and adenosine tri-phosphate consumption. | the adenosine tri-phosphate concentration of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes was significantly (p less than 0.001) less than that of pre-infection erythrocytes. in addition, phosphatidyl serine was detected on the plasmatic surface of the infected erythrocyte. these two related findings could play important roles in the microvascular stasis characteristic of acute b. bovis infection. | 1990 | 2358324 |
| isolation and characterization of a gene associated with a virulent strain of babesia microti. | babesia microti genomic dna was purified from parasitized murine erythrocytes, digested with mung bean nuclease and used to construct an expression library in lambda gt11. polyspecific antisera from mice infected with virulent b. microti organisms (atcc30221) were used to screen the genomic library for genes encoding major immunogens. high titer antisera selected a recombinant phage, bm13, containing 3.3 kb of b. microti dna. hybridization analysis confirmed the parasite origin of the clone; aff ... | 1990 | 2362602 |
| characterization of a repetitive dna probe for babesia bigemina. | a plasmid (p16) containing a babesia bigemina dna insert was selected and labeled with 32p. this probe was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity by dot blot hybridization. the probe was specific and hybridized with only babesia bigemina dna, and not dna from babesia bovis, bovine leukocyte, trypanosoma brucei or anaplasma marginale. the dna probe detected as little as 10 pg of babesia bigemina dna. the probe hybridized with babesia bigemina isolates from mexico, the caribbean region and keny ... | 1990 | 2382379 |
| development of a recombinant anaplasma marginale dna probe. | an anaplasma marginale dna probe has been developed by using an improved method for the isolation of genomic dna. purified genomic a. marginale dna from the st. croix isolate was partially digested with sau 3a1 into fragments (greater than or equal to 5.0 kb). the restriction fragments were cloned using standard techniques in the pbr322 vector and used to transform e. coli (dh5) host cells. the recombinant a. marginale dna library was screened by the colony lifting procedure. colonies containing ... | 1990 | 2260276 |
| calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation in babesia bovis and its role in growth regulation. | intracellular growth of protozoan parasite babesia bovis has been followed to study the effect of some chemical agents on growth regulation. using an in vitro parasite culture system we present evidence that the normal growth of the parasite is dependent upon available calcium and a ca2(+)-binding protein, calmodulin, because sequestration of either of these 2 components from the culture medium causes inhibition of parasitic growth. further studies demonstrate that the parasite contains a protei ... | 1990 | 2108234 |
| immunodiagnosis of and immunoprophylaxis against the haemoparasites babesia sp. and anaplasma sp. in domestic animals. | the haemoparasites babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale are extremely important pathogens of cattle, affecting more than 300 million animals worldwide. species of less importance affect cattle, dogs, horses and sheep. no vaccine is available for widespread usage. this review summarises existing immunodiagnostic and immunoprophylactic methods currently available for these diseases and reports on future immunoprophylactic methods. | 1990 | 2132684 |
| a slide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (selisa) for the diagnosis of babesia bovis infections and for the screening of babesia-specific monoclonal antibodies. | a slide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (selisa), a modification of the standard elisa technique, was developed for detection of babesia bovis antibodies in bovine sera. smears of b. bovis-infected blood were used as the source of antigen in the test which was read using a light microscope. monoclonal antibodies to defined b. bovis antigens were used to demonstrate the cellular specificity of the test. the selisa was shown to be as sensitive as existing non-enzyme based serological tests for b ... | 1990 | 2192988 |
| new nucleoside transport pathways induced in the host erythrocyte membrane of malaria and babesia infected cells. | 1991 | 1789200 | |
| distribution of boophilus species ticks in swaziland. | recent outbreaks of bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis in swaziland had indicated the presence of the vector tick boophilus microplus in the country although it had never before been directly identified. engorged female boophilus ticks were collected from cattle at diptanks in the course of a tick resistance survey and used to map the distribution of the two different species of boophilus. b. decoloratus was found to be widespread throughout the country. b. microplus was identified for th ... | 1991 | 1763439 |
| sequence conservation among merozoite apical complex proteins of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and other apicomplexa. | 1991 | 1775174 | |
| igm rheumatoid factor in cattle immunized against babesiosis. | polyclonal bovine igm-rheumatoid factors (igm-rfs) were examined in sera of cattle immunized against babesiosis. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used enabling rapid screening of serum samples. results obtained indicate a rise of serum igm-rf levels with age in healthy bovines. however when animals of similar age and pertaining to the same herd were examined, levels of serum igm-rf exhibited a wide distribution range. mean values in 60 sera of 2 yrs old clinically healthy heifers ... | 1991 | 1776376 |
| cell-mediated immune responses to babesia bovis merozoite antigens in cattle following infection with tick-derived or cultured parasites. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle experimentally infected with babesia bovis were examined for parasite-specific cell-mediated immune responses. unfractionated merozoites and soluble and membrane fractions derived from merozoites were all antigenic for immune cattle, although the membrane fraction was the most stimulatory. cattle responded to different antigenic fractions in a differential manner, and only that animal immunized with autologous cultured parasites responded to parasit ... | 1991 | 2050406 |
| effect of diamide on nucleoside and glucose transport in plasmodium falciparum and babesia bovis infected erythrocytes. | normal human erythrocytes, preincubated with the oxidizing agent diamide, did not demonstrate any increased permeability, but showed a significant decrease in their ability to transport the nucleoside adenosine. diamide appeared to have little effect on glucose permeation in uninfected and plasmodium falciparum infected cells. the inhibition of adenosine transport in human erythrocytes by diamide pretreatment appeared to be unrelated to the inhibition by the established nucleoside transport inhi ... | 1991 | 2052021 |
| a putative rna virus in babesia bovis. | babesia bovis is an intraerythrocytic protozoan that causes bovine babesiosis. agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids extracted from two isolates of b. bovis reveals, besides bulk dna, an ethidium bromide-stainable band at about 5.5 kb. further characterization of the latter with dnase i, rnase and mung bean nuclease suggested it to be a double-stranded rna. sonicated parasites were fractionated in a cscl buoyant density gradient. a sample containing the 5.5-kb rna was analysed under an el ... | 1991 | 2052034 |
| a flow cytometric method for assessing viability of intraerythrocytic hemoparasites. | we have developed a rapid, reliable method of evaluating growth and viability of intraerythrocytic protozoan hemoparasites. the assay involves the selective uptake and metabolic conversion of hydroethidine to ethidium by live parasites present in intact erythrocytes. the red fluorescence imparted by ethidium intercalated into the dna of the parasite permits the use of flow cytometry to distinguish infected erythrocytes with viable parasites from uninfected erythrocytes and erythrocytes containin ... | 1991 | 2061611 |
| development of an in vitro microtest to assess drug susceptibility of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. | continuous cultivation of the bovine hemoparasites babesia bovis and babesia bigemina was developed as an in vitro microtest to assess parasite susceptibility to babesicidal compounds. reproducibility of parasite multiplication rates was independent of culture size, making it possible to use a microscale of 100 microliters for each test sample. inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) of a commonly used babesicide, quinuronium sulfate, evaluated by this in vitro method were found to be 5 x 10(-8) g/ml ... | 1991 | 1779305 |
| preliminary observations on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north west province of cameroon. i. babesiosis and anaplasmosis. | during a survey on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north-western cameroon at the bamenda cattle market, the ticks identified were boophilus annulatus (20%) and b. decoloratus (80%). more than 50% of the ticks were collected during the dry season. of 524 blood smears 47.3% were positive for babesia bovis, 31.1% for b. bigemina and 2.2% for anaplasma marginale. 19.4% were negative. | 1991 | 1824132 |
| dna probes for the detection of babesia caballi. | a genomic library of babesia caballi dna was constructed in the plasmid vector puc13. the specificity of the clones for b. caballi was established by the lack of hybridization to babesia equi, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and equine dna. two probes, pbc11 and pbc191, were isolated that could detect 0.25 ng and 0.125 ng of b. caballi dna, corresponding to a parasitaemia of 0.12% and 0.06% respectively. pbc191 could detect b. caballi parasites in the blood of an experimentally infected horse as ... | 1991 | 1866181 |
| an elisa for the diagnosis of babesia ovis infection utilizing a synthetic, babesia bovis-derived antigen. | the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of babesia ovis antibodies is described. in an initial study, a crude babesia bovis antigen and a synthetic b. bovis-derived antigen (designated 11c5) were used to screen 46 b. ovis-positive and 55 negative sheep sera. a 95% correlation between the two antigenic preparations was found with the positive sera; no negative sera gave positive reactions. the synthetic antigen was then used in the screening of 1466 sera ... | 1991 | 1957483 |
| characterization of the gene encoding a 60-kilodalton babesia bovis merozoite protein with conserved and surface exposed epitopes. | a clone expressing a surface exposed, conserved epitope of a 60-kda merozoite polypeptide was identified in a cdna library constructed from a cloned mexico strain of babesia bovis. sequencing of the 1.9-kb insert (pbv60) revealed an open reading frame encoding a 65-kda polypeptide with a signal peptide and a tandemly repeated region. monoclonal antibody 23/56.156, which binds a surface exposed epitope on the native polypeptide, specifically immunoprecipitated [35s]methionine-labeled polypeptides ... | 1991 | 1712911 |
| strain variation of babesia bovis merozoite surface-exposed epitopes. | babesia bovis merozoites are exposed to antibodies during the extraerythrocytic phase, and surface polypeptides bearing exposed epitopes are possible immunogens. monoclonal antibodies reactive with the merozoite surface bind either immunodominant epitopes expressed diffusely on the merozoite surface or, alternatively, epitopes expressed in a polar pattern. epitopes expressed diffusely on the immunodominant 42- and 44-kda merozoite polypeptides were not conserved among strains from geographically ... | 1991 | 1715329 |
| babesia bovis host cell recognition proteins. | babesia bovis enters host erythrocytes by invagination but nothing is known of the proteins involved. by means of metabolic labelling, differential centrifugation in oil and salt elution, a number of babesial proteins have been shown to bind to bovine erythrocytes. strong binding is evidenced only by a 38/19 kda pair. preliminary experiments indicate that these two proteins also bind to human erythrocytes, although apparently to a lesser extent. | 1991 | 1743859 |
| the toxicity of adenosine analogues against babesia bovis in vitro. | the toxicities of 20 analogues of deoxyadenosine or adenosine were tested in vitro against the intraerythrocytic parasite babesia bovis. ic37 values (the concentration of compound required to reduce cell survival to 37%) were determined for each compound. tubercidin (7-deaza-adenosine), 2-bromo-adenosine, 8-bromo-3-ribosyl adenine and 6-phenylamino-deoxyadenosine were shown to be the most toxic towards b. bovis. comparison of the toxicity results for these compounds in b. bovis with those in hum ... | 1991 | 1757207 |
| goat serum, a substitute of bovine serum in cultivation of babesia bovis. | babesia bovis (a mexican isolate) was cultivated in masp culture system using goat serum in various concentrations as substitute of bovine serum. it was observed that 20% goat serum + 20% bovine serum + 60% parker's medium 199 supported the growth of the parasite, which was maintained in this medium through 8 subcultures. the soluble exoantigen (vaccine) present in the culture supernatant is to be quantified and tested in vitro. goat serum from slaughterhouses may be utilized for in vitro cultiv ... | 1991 | 1750362 |
| mitochondrial function in babesia bovis. | a variety of anti-mitochondrial drugs that had previously been found to inhibit the growth of the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum were tested on babesia bovis in vitro. several of these drugs were found to be non-toxic towards b. bovis. however, those drugs that were found to inhibit babesial growth included compounds (shown in parentheses) that have the following putative mitochondrial targets in the parasite: atp synthetase complex (rhodamine 123, oligomycin, janus green); atp-adp tran ... | 1992 | 1587679 |
| identification of l10e/l12e ribosomal protein genes in babesia bovis. | 1992 | 1594456 | |
| detection of babesia bovis carrier cattle by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of parasite dna. | carrier cattle infected with babesia bovis are difficult to detect because of the low numbers of parasites that occur in peripheral blood. however, diagnosis of low-level infections with the parasite is important for evaluating the efficacies of vaccines and in transmission and epidemiological studies. we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify a portion of the apocytochrome b gene from the parasite and tested the ability of this method to detect carrier cattle. the target sequence i ... | 1992 | 1624551 |
| chromosomes of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. | 1992 | 1625699 | |
| immunization of cattle with an inactivated polyvalent vaccine against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. | 1992 | 1626861 | |
| rrna-based method for sensitive detection of babesia bigemina in bovine blood. | three synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to unique regions of babesia bigemina small-subunit rrna were developed for detecting the parasite in bovine blood. these probes specifically detected a parasitemia of 2 x 10(-5)% by autoradiography in less than 24 h by using a 200-microliters sample of bovine blood. these probes did not bind to total rna or genomic dna isolated from another closely related species, babesia bovis, or to bovine leukocyte rna. this method detected b. bigemina in ... | 1992 | 1629339 |
| babesia bovis: dextran sulphate as an adjuvant for and precipitant of protective immunogens. | dextran sulphate, a chemical with some specificity for lipoproteins, was used to precipitate a fraction from a soluble extract of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. the precipitate, in combination with dextran sulphate as an adjuvant, was used to vaccinate naive calves. the vaccinates and a group of control calves were challenged with virulent homologous b. bovis. the vaccinates showed delayed and decreased parasitaemias comparative to the controls. the antibody response to vaccination was pri ... | 1992 | 1644521 |
| non-immunologic methods of diagnosis of babesiosis. | the diagnosis of tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis still depends on observing the parasite in the infected erythrocyte. microscopic observation is tedious and often problematic in both early and carrier infections. better diagnostic methods are needed to prevent clinical disease, especially when susceptible cattle are being moved into disease enzootic areas. this study evaluates two techniques for early diagnosis of babesia bovis infections in cattle, dna probes specific for the organism an ... | 1992 | 1343690 |
| ribosomal dna sequence comparison of babesia and theileria. | previous studies on the taxonomy of babesia spp. (phylum apicomplexa) using morphological and life cycle characteristics have resulted in their classification into 3 subgenera, with the genus theileria being most closely related to them. using a strategy based on the direct sequence analysis of products derived by asymmetric pcr to determine the nucleotide sequences, we have tested the validity of this classification by sequencing the small subunit ribosomal rna genes amplified from 2 babesia sp ... | 1992 | 1518535 |
| computer simulation of babesia bovis (babes) and b. bigemina (smith & kilborne) transmission by boophilus cattle ticks (acari: ixodidae). | a computer model was developed to simulate the processes involved in transmission of the cattle fever parasites babesia bovis (babes) and babesia bigemina (smith & kilborne) between cattle and boophilus ticks. the model of babesia transmission was combined with a dynamic life history model for population dynamics of the tick vectors, boophilus microplus (canestrini) and b. annulatus (say). epidemiological parameters and relationships in the model include the reduction in fecundity of infected ti ... | 1992 | 1495038 |
| investigations of breakdowns in protection provided by living babesia bovis vaccine. | field investigations of protection afforded by live babesia bovis vaccine in australia revealed that a ninefold increase in vaccine failures occurred in the period from 1985 to 1990. laboratory trials using 189 experimental cattle were conducted to evaluate the protection afforded by the babesia bovis strain used in the commercial vaccine during this time. four isolates from clinical cases of babesiosis in vaccinated cattle were assessed. the results showed that the strain used in the vaccine du ... | 1992 | 1496802 |
| bovine babesiosis: failure to induce interferon gamma production in response to babesia bovis antigens in cattle. | the immune response to babesia bovis infection or vaccination was evaluated by measuring antibody and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) production to protective recombinant and crude native b. bovis antigens. cells from vaccinated or infected cattle failed to produce detectable ifn-gamma when stimulated with b. bovis antigens in vitro. in contrast, antibody was induced by protective recombinant b. bovis antigens. these findings are consistent with the argument that immunity to b. bovis infection is c ... | 1992 | 1639576 |
| babesia bovis: analysis of and preliminary vaccination studies with a defined infected erythrocyte membrane binding antigen. | murine monoclonal antibodies (mab) were produced against the 'beta' fraction of babesia bovis. a mab, w11c5, selected on the criterion of its staining of erythrocytes infected with b. bovis, was purified. the antigen identified by mab w11c5 was extracted from b. bovis infected erythrocytes by affinity chromatography and used in a vaccination trial to test its vaccine efficacy against homologous b. bovis infection in splenectomized calves. the vaccinated group showed significantly different paras ... | 1992 | 1644530 |
| analysis of the composition of samples of babesia bovis and the influence of different environmental conditions on genetically distinct subpopulations. | a recombinant dna probe specific for a tandemly repeated sequence located within the bova1 gene of babesia bovis was used to analyse 10 independent samples of b. bovis. twelve different alleles of the bova1 gene and flanking regions were identified in the 18 different subpopulations analysed. most samples of b. bovis originally derived from single animals contained more than one genetically distinct subpopulation. however, only one population of parasites was identified in samples of the ka line ... | 1992 | 1428506 |
| serological and immunological studies with a hexane extract of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | antigenic and immunogenic activities of a hexane extract from babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes were investigated. positive elisa and ifat reactions were obtained with bovine antisera to b. bovis and b. bigemina produced by natural infection and rabbit antisera to the hexane extract, respectively. in contrast, negative elisa reactions were obtained with anaplasma marginale antisera indicating that the antigen(s) is specific for the genus babesia. the ifat clearly demonstrated that the antigen ... | 1992 | 1383165 |
| a study on the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria and cerebral babesiosis. | cerebral complications are important, but poorly understood pathological features of infections caused by some species of plasmodium and babesia. patients dying from p. falciparum were classified as cerebral or non-cerebral cases according to the cerebral malaria coma scale. light microscopy revealed that cerebral microvessels of cerebral malaria patients were filled with a mixture of parasitized and unparasitized erythrocytes, with 94% of the vessels showing parasitized red blood cell (prbc) se ... | 1992 | 1343706 |
| successful vaccination against boophilus microplus and babesia bovis using recombinant antigens. | current methods for the control of the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the agent of bovine babesiosis, babesia bovis are unsatisfactory. effective immunological control of both parasites would have great advantages. however, naturally acquired immunity to the tick is generally unable to prevent serious production losses. a vaccine against the tick, based on a novel form of immunization, is being developed. a protective antigen has been isolated from the tick, characterized and produced as an ... | 1992 | 1343705 |
| field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing babesia vaccine in venezuela. | bovine babesiosis is endemic in venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. current immunoprophylactic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro babesia bovis and b. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final eval ... | 1992 | 1343704 |
| impact of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina on the production of beef cattle in uruguay. | uruguay is situated in a marginal area for the development of boophilus microplus (30 degrees 35 degrees south lat.) with important areas of enzootic instability for babesia bovis and b. bigemina. the livestock products represent 70% of our exports, for which reason it is fundamental to evaluate the losses in the production that these haemoparasites cause as basic information to take future decisions. in the period 1988-1990, several works were carried out by our laboratory to know the incidence ... | 1992 | 1343684 |
| a rapid, reliable method of evaluating growth and viability of intraerythrocytic protozoan hemoparasites using fluorescence flow cytometry. | fluorescence flow cytometry was employed to assess the potential of a vital dye, hydroethidine, for use in the detection and monitoring of the viability of hemoparasites in infected erythrocytes, using babesia bovis as a model parasite. the studies demonstrated that hydroethidine is taken up by b. bovis and metabolically converted to the dna binding fluorochrome, ethidium. following uptake of the dye, erythrocytes containing viable parasites were readily distinguished and quantitated. timed stud ... | 1992 | 1343696 |
| the development of a recombinant babesia vaccine. | crude extracts of babesia bovis parasites were shown to induce levels of protection in susceptible cattle equivalent to that resulting from natural infection. the crude material was systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. antigens in protective fractions were then purified by affinity chromatography with monoclonal antibodies. three highly protective (more than 95% reduction in parasitaemias) antigens were thus identified. ... | 1992 | 1441189 |
| characterisation of genes encoding two novel members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. | the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a cdna clone isolated from the protozoan haemoparasite babesia bovis has approximately 22% amino acid identity with the pichia stipitis xylose reductase. there are similar levels of amino acid identity with other members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. the identities include many residues highly conserved in the superfamily. however, the amino acid sequence of the b. bovis protein (akr1) clearly lies outside the cluster of the p ... | 1992 | 1482401 |
| a specific dna probe which identifies babesia bovis in whole blood. | a genomic library of babesia bovis dna from the mexican strain m was constructed in plasmid pun121 and cloned in escherichia coli. several recombinants which hybridized strongly to radioactively labeled b. bovis genomic dna in an in situ screening were selected and further analyzed for those which specifically hybridized to b. bovis dna. it was found that pmu-b1 had the highest sensitivity, detecting 25 pg of purified b. bovis dna, and 300 parasites in 10 microliters of whole infected blood, or ... | 1992 | 1496779 |
| polypeptides reactive with antibodies eluted from the surface of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | a technique was sought that would enable identification of surface-exposed parasite antigens on babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes (bbie) that are not detectable by surface-specific immunoprecipitations. antibodies which bind to the surface of bbie were recovered from intact cells using a low ph wash procedure. the eluted antibodies were then used in conventional immunoprecipitation assays to identify parasite-synthesized polypeptides carrying epitopes that are exposed on the surface or are cro ... | 1992 | 1343693 |
| characterization of a cdna clone from the haemoparasite babesia bovis encoding a protein containing an "hmg-box". | the complete nucleotide sequence of a babesia bovis cdna clone encoding a protein containing an hmg-box has been determined. the predicted protein of 97 amino acids has a molecular weight of 11,116. it exhibits approximately 45% overall amino acid identity with the saccharomyces cerevisiae non-histone protein 6a (nhp6a) and approximately 57% identity in the hmg-box. the b. bovis protein has been designated nhp1. like hnp6a, and unlike most other hmg1 homologues, nhp1 does not have a basic or an ... | 1992 | 1567437 |
| human serum for in vitro cultivation of babesia bovis. | various combinations of human serum (from blood of groups a and rhesus positive) with bovine serum, i.e. 20% + 20% (medium i), 30% + 10% (ii), 40% + 0% (iii) and 0% + 40% (iv) and medium-199 (60%) were used in the propagation of babesia bovis. babesia bovis stabilate revived by inoculation in a bovine calf was used at a level of 6% parasitized erythrocytes (ppe). the medium was replenished every 24 h. the medium changed from bright red to dark-coffee color every 24 h. the increase in ppe was max ... | 1992 | 1485417 |
| [determination of the protease activity in a cuban strain of babesia bovis]. | the attenuation of a babesia bovis strain depends on its protease content. the present work evaluates this parameter on a virulent strain, before and after attenuation by quick passages on splenectomized calves. the protease activity at different ph values was determined in protein fractions from the blood of calves. the enzymatic test showed marked differences between the protease content of both substrains. | 1992 | 1298023 |
| babesia bovis: bovine helper t cell lines reactive with soluble and membrane antigens of merozoites. | babesia bovis-specific t cell lines were established from cattle infected with either tick-derived or cultured parasites by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a crude parasite membrane fraction. induction and enrichment of cd4+ t cells occurred over time. all cell lines responded vigorously and in a dose-dependent, mhc-restricted manner to intact merozoites, and to soluble and membrane fractions derived from merozoites by homogenization and high-speed centrifugation. solubili ... | 1992 | 1371257 |
| babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia canis, babesia microti and babesia rodhaini: comparison of ribosomal rna gene organization. | the three ribosomal dna (rdna) units have been cloned from an australian isolate of babesia bigemina. the organization of the units is very similar to that reported for a mexican isolate of b. bigemina. in babesia canis four rdna units have been identified. both babesia rodhaini and babesia microti contain two different rdna units. a small number of different rdna units appears to be a common feature of this group of protozoa. restriction enzyme analysis of the rdna units form these species and ... | 1992 | 1428519 |
| the effect of neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte macrophage/colony stimulating factor on babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in culture. | bovine neutrophils, human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf), and bovine recombinant granulocyte macrophage/colony stimulating factor (gm/csf) were added to microaerophilic cultures of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina to determine if those substances could inhibit growth. incorporation of [3h]hypoxanthine by the babesia spp. was utilized as an indirect measure of parasite growth. when neutrophils were added to cultures of b. bovis and b. bigemina, the highest percentage inhibition o ... | 1992 | 1413450 |
| detection of babesia bigemina-infected carriers by polymerase chain reaction amplification. | a spei-avai fragment (0.3 kbp) from pbbi16 (a pbr322 derivative containing a 6.3-kbp babesia bigemina dna insert) was subcloned into the pbluescript phagemid vector and was sequenced by the dideoxy-mediated chain termination method. two sets of primers were designed for the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. primer set ia-ib was used to amplify a 278-bp dna fragment, and primer set ian-ibn was used to prepare a probe directed to a site within the pcr-amplified target dna. digoxigenin-dutp wa ... | 1992 | 1400956 |
| bovine helper t cell clones recognize five distinct epitopes on babesia bovis merozoite antigens. | helper t cell clones from two babesia bovis-immune cattle were characterized for use in identification of potentially protective immunogens of b. bovis merozoites. proliferation assays with 11 cd4+ clones revealed a differential pattern of response to soluble cytosolic antigen, membrane-enriched antigen, detergent extracts of the membrane-enriched antigen, soluble culture supernatant exoantigen, and different geographical isolates of b. bovis as well as babesia bigemina parasites. when the data ... | 1992 | 1383149 |
| a babesia bovis 225-kilodalton protein located on the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte membrane has sequence similarity with a region of glycogen phosphorylase. | a babesia bovis gene sequence is described which encodes a geographically conserved epitope (recognized by monoclonal antibody (mab) 23.8.34) of a 225-kda protein located on the surface of merozoites and associated with the infected erythrocyte membrane. the gene sequence, derived from both genomic and cdna copies, is 2044 bp long and has one long open reading frame encoding about one third of the 225-kda protein. the open reading frame is expressed in an approximately 6,400 nucleotide rna trans ... | 1992 | 1377786 |
| molecular approaches to malaria and babesiosis diagnosis. | the development of additional methods for detecting and identifying babesia and plasmodium infections may be useful in disease monitoring, management and control efforts. the preliminary evaluate synthetic peptide-based serodiagnosis, a hydrophilic sequence (ddesefdkek) was selected from the published babr gene of b. bovis. immunization of rabbits and cattle with the hemocyanin-conjugated peptide elicited antibody responses that specifically detected both p. falciparum and b. bovis antigens by i ... | 1992 | 1343727 |
| prevalence and control of babesiosis in the americas. | this review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in latin america. bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis and b. bigemia will be emphasized. the disease is endemic in most countries and poses a serious economic burden on livestock production in the region (u.s. $1365 million/year, fao, 1989). of the estimated 250 million cattle in central and south america, approximately 175 million (70%) are in tick-infested regions. humid, tropical and subtr ... | 1992 | 1343700 |
| extrachromosomal nucleic acids in bovine babesia. | two kinds of small extrachromosomal nucleic acid elements were found in the bovine babesias, babesia bovis and b. bigemina. one element with an apparent size of 5.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) is a double stranded rna related to virus like particles. another molecule is a double stranded dna with a molecular size of about 6.2 kbp. southern blot comparison of restriction dna fragments of the latter molecule, which is present in both b. bovis and b. bigemina is described. | 1992 | 1343677 |
| lyophilised bovine serum as a substitute for frozen serum in the cultivation of babesia bigemina and b bovis. | lyophilised serum offers significant advantages over frozen serum when it comes to shipping such material over long distances. babesia bigemina and b bovis were cultured in medium supplemented by either frozen-thawed or lyophilised-rehydrated serum. there were no significant differences between the two types of medium in the growth of parasites and percentage of infected cells during subcultivation for 18 days. | 1992 | 1553430 |
| prevalence of babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale at selected localities in sri lanka. | sera were collected from a minimum of 20 cattle aged nine to 36 months at each of 14 localities in five climatic zones of sri lanka. sera were tested for antibodies to babesia bovis and anaplasma by an indirect fluorescent antibody test and a card agglutination test, respectively. antibodies to b. bovis and anaplasma were detected in all samples tested from each of 14 and 12 localities respectively. in general, prevalences were consistently high among localities below 1,200 m and lower and more ... | 1992 | 1306921 |
| [current status of bovine haemoparasitic diseases in martinique (french west indies)]. | a serological survey using indirect immunofluorescence (ifat) for bovine babesiosis (babesia bovis and b. bigemina) and card test for anaplasmosis, indicates that these haemoparasites are widespread in martinique. the high prevalences (62% for b. bovis, 52% for b. bigemina and 43% for anaplasma marginale) lead to the hypothesis of an unstable epizootic situation for these three haemoparasitic diseases. however, the number of smears examined was too low to evaluate their clinical incidence. both ... | 1992 | 1298026 |
| neutralization-sensitive merozoite surface antigens of babesia bovis encoded by members of a polymorphic gene family. | monospecific antibodies against native and recombinant versions of the major merozoite surface antigen (msa-1) of babesia bovis neutralize the infectivity of merozoites from texas and mexico strains in vitro. sequence analysis shows that msa-1 and a related, co-expressed 44 kda merozoite surface protein (msa-2) are encoded by members of a multigene family previously designated babr. babr genes, originally described in australia strains of b. bovis, are notable because their marked polymorphism i ... | 1992 | 1279421 |
| surface epitope localization and gene structure of a babesia bovis 44-kilodalton variable merozoite surface antigen. | variation of babesia bovis merozoite surface antigens occurs among geographic strains of the parasite. in this and a concurrent report, we investigate this variation at the gene and protein level. using a monoclonal antibody (mab 23/70.174), b. bovis gene sequences were identified that encoded a surface epitope of a 44-kda merozoite surface antigen (msa-2). this epitope is variably expressed among geographic isolates of b. bovis. here, we describe the msa-2 protein gene sequence, localize this s ... | 1992 | 1279420 |
| induction of proliferative responses of t cells from babesia bovis-immune cattle with a recombinant 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (bb-1). | a major portion of a babesia bovis-specific gene encoding a 77-kda merozoite protein (bb-1) produced during natural infection in cattle and in microaerophilous culture was subcloned into the pgex1n expression vector. recombinant bb-1 protein fused to glutathione s-transferase (bb-1-gst) was used to examine cellular immune responses in b. bovis-immune cattle. sera from rabbits immunized with bb-1-gst reacted with fusion protein and with the native antigen present in crude b. bovis but not with b. ... | 1992 | 1730498 |
| diversity and selection in babesia bovis and their impact on vaccine use. | in the past few years the prospect of a recombinant vaccine effective against the cattle hoemoparosite babesia bovis has almost become a reality. however, in australia, vaccination with live parasites has been practised since before the turn of the century and it has recently been proposed that selection of parasites resistant to immunity induced by the b. bovis line ka (since 1979 the only component of the live attenuated vaccine) may have occurred. brian dalrymple examines the evidence for and ... | 1992 | 15463521 |
| evaluation of the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic babesia bovis strain from argentina to boophilus microplus. | three trials were performed to test the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic strain of babesia bovis for the tick boophilus microplus. the progeny of engorged female ticks fed on calves inoculated with the pathogenic strain were able to transmit the infection to splenectomised calves (measured by the presence of the parasite in their blood and seroconversion), whereas the progeny of engorged females fed on calves inoculated with the vaccinal strain did not transmit the organisms. these res ... | 1993 | 8128578 |
| a nonsubjective assay for antigenic modifications of the babesia bovis-parasitized erythrocyte surface. | intracellular protozoan parasites induce numerous alterations in the invaded host cell, including antigenic modifications of the host cell plasma membrane. we have developed a quantifiable, non-subjective assay for the detection of novel antigenic reactivities on the host cell surface using as a model system bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis. infected erythrocytes, metabolically labeled with l-[35s]methionine, were sensitized by incubation with bovine immune serum, then were captur ... | 1993 | 8459338 |
| the toxicity of antifolates in babesia bovis. | a variety of anti-folate compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of babesia bovis as measured by the incorporation of [3h]hypoxanthine into the parasite's nucleic acids. inhibitors of folate synthesis (including 7-methylguanosine and several sulpha drugs) were without effect but several structural analogues of folate were toxic. the most potent folate analogues were the lipophilic compounds piritrexim and trimetrexate, each causing 50% inhibition of [3h]hypoxanthine in ... | 1993 | 8359989 |
| immunogenic b-cell epitopes of babesia bovis rhoptry-associated protein 1 are distinct from sequences conserved between species. | babesia bovis merozoite apical membrane polypeptide bv60 was found to be rhoptry associated by immuno-electron microscopy and was redesignated rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1). the n-terminal 300 amino acids of rap-1 have a high level of sequence similarity to the same n-terminal region of p58, its homolog from babesia bigemina. however, the interspecies conserved sequences did not include rap-1 surface-exposed b-cell epitopes as defined by monoclonal antibodies. furthermore, neither heterol ... | 1993 | 7687587 |
| babesia bovis-specific cd4+ t cell clones from immune cattle express either the th0 or th1 profile of cytokines. | the central role of t cells in the immune response against hemoprotozoan parasites, both as helper cells for t-dependent antibody production, and as effector cells acting directly or indirectly on intracellular parasites through the elaboration of cytokines, has prompted us to investigate the bovine cellular immune response against b. bovis antigens. t cell clones generated from four b. bovis-immune cattle by in vitro stimulation with soluble or membrane associated merozoite antigen were charact ... | 1993 | 7907805 |
| isolation, initial characterization and serological studies of glycolipid antigens from babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | serological analysis of babesia bovis-derived glycolipids by elisa and the indirect fluorescent antibody technique demonstrated the existence of their antigenic and immunogenic activities not only in b. bovis but also in b. bigemina infections. this indicates that serological cross-reactivity of b. bovis and b. bigemina relates to glycolipids. the negative elisa reaction obtained with anaplasma marginale antisera suggested the specificity of the reaction to the genus babesia. fractionation of th ... | 1993 | 8300296 |
| identification of two th1 cell epitopes on the babesia bovis-encoded 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (bb-1) by use of truncated recombinant fusion proteins. | previous studies have demonstrated the serologic and t-cell immunogenicity for cattle of a recombinant form of the apical complex-associated 77-kda merozite protein of babesia bovis, designated bb-1. the present study characterizes the immunogenic epitopes of the bb-1 protein. a series of recombinant truncated fusion proteins spanning the majority of the bb-1 protein were expressed in escherichia coli, and their reactivities with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and t-cell clones derive ... | 1993 | 7678098 |
| isolate-specific parasite antigens of the babesia bovis-infected erythrocyte surface. | bovine erythrocytes taken from in vitro cultures of babesia bovis parasites from mexico and the united states were assayed for the presence of new epitopes on the erythrocyte surface. new surface-exposed epitopes were detected by means of a whole-cell antigen capture assay. these epitopes were subsequently demonstrated only on infected erythrocytes by immunofluorescence staining of intact, living cells. parasite-synthesized antigens were identified on each isolate using a surface-specific immuno ... | 1993 | 8366886 |
| efficacy of an australian babesia bovis vaccine strain in malawi. | three calves vaccinated with the australian ka strain of babesia bovis were fully protected against experimental infection with an isolate from a farm on which four of 210 vaccinated cattle had died from b bovis infection. a degree of cross protection against the isolate was demonstrated in one calf which had been infected previously with babesia bigemina. | 1993 | 8470344 |
| steroid hormone dependent changes in dna methylation and its significance for the activation or silencing of specific genes. | 1993 | 8380354 | |
| molecular variation and diversity in candidate vaccine antigens from babesia. | recombinant vaccines are being developed against a number of species of protozoan parasites in the genus babesia. protozoan parasites are notorious for their diversity of strains and their ability to express families of equivalent, but antigenically distinct, surface proteins. in order to reduce the likelihood of evasion of the immune response induced by a recombinant vaccine, ideal components should be essential proteins encoded by single copy genes. the proteins should also have a limited abil ... | 1993 | 8100672 |
| heterogeneity in cytokine profiles of babesia bovis-specific bovine cd4+ t cells clones activated in vitro. | the central role of t cells in the immune response against hemoprotozoan parasites, both as helper cells for t cell-dependent antibody production and as effector cells acting on intracellular parasites through the elaboration of cytokines, has prompted an investigation of the bovine cellular immune response against babesia bovis antigens. cd4+ t helper (th) cell clones generated from four b. bovis-immune cattle by in vitro stimulation with a soluble or membrane-associated merozoite antigen were ... | 1993 | 8335361 |
| characterisation of a family of multi-copy genes encoding rhoptry protein homologues in babesia bovis, babesia ovis and babesia canis. | a monoclonal antibody that had been raised against a protease-containing fraction of babesia bovis, and shown to bind to a protein located in the rhoptries, was used to screen a b. bovis cdna expression library. the sequence of the protein encoded by a positive clone was almost identical to the equivalent region of a previously described b. bovis 60-kda rhoptry protein (bv60). a tandem repeat of the gene encoding bv60 was identified in all australian isolates of b. bovis examined. genes encoding ... | 1993 | 8433711 |
| sequence of a cdna encoding beta-tubulin from babesia bovis. | 1993 | 8341332 | |
| in vitro growth of babesia bovis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) erythrocytes. | babesia bovis cultured in bovine erythrocytes was passaged into white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) erythrocytes and medium containing either white-tailed deer serum or bovine serum. deer erythrocytes supported the growth of the parasite only in the presence of bovine serum. cryopreserved cultures were recovered successfully in white-tailed deer erythrocytes. by light and electron microscopy, b. bovis structure appeared similar in host cells of either species. | 1993 | 8459334 |
| babesia bovis: characterization of the t helper cell response against the 42-kda merozoite surface antigen (msa-1) in cattle. | the babesia bovis major merozoite surface antigen (msa-1) is a 42-kda integral membrane glycoprotein previously shown to induce immunodominant antibody responses in cattle protectively immune to b. bovis and to induce neutralizing antibody. recent studies have also shown that msa-1 b cell epitopes common to new world strains of b. bovis are not present in either israel or australia strains. to understand the potential role of this protein in protective immunity, t helper cell responses specific ... | 1993 | 8344411 |
| babesia bigemina: isolation and characterization of merozoite rhoptries. | babesia bigemina apical membrane polypeptide p58, encoded by a multigene family with homologues in other babesia spp. and sequence similarity to rhoptry proteins in other apicomplexan parasites, was identified within merozoite rhoptries using immunoelectron microscopy. to identify additional b. bigemina rhoptry proteins, rhoptries were isolated from french pressure cell-disrupted merozoites fractionated by differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. a fract ... | 1993 | 8224087 |
| analysis of dinucleotide frequency and codon usage in the phylum apicomplexa. | dinucleotide frequency (dif) and codon usage (cu) were analysed in gene sequences from four parasitic protozoa, babesia bovis, theileria parva, toxoplasma gondii and eimeria tenella, of the phylum apicomplexa. in keeping with the 'genome hypothesis', cu was found to be non-random and species specific in these organisms, although cu among members of the same subclass was found to be very similar. several low-usage (lu) codons were identified, and the usage of lu codons appears to be related to th ... | 1993 | 8482530 |
| babesia bovis: in vitro phagocytosis promoted by immune serum and by antibodies produced against protective antigens. | the in vitro phagocytosis of both babesia bovis-infected red cells and of parasites exposed by lysis of infected red blood cells is demonstrated in a phagocytic mouse model. twenty-four b. bovis immune sera were tested alone or as a pool as were antibodies (ds antibodies) raised against a b. bovis protective fraction, prepared by dextran sulfate precipitation. all the immune sera failed to promote significant levels of phagocytosis, whereas the other antibodies (ds antibodies) consistently induc ... | 1993 | 8493246 |
| identification of a babesia bovis gene with homology to the small subunit ribosomal rna gene from the 35-kilobase circular dna of plasmodium falciparum. | isolation of a 552-base pair (bp) fragment of a putative extrachromosomal small subunit ribosomal rna (ssrrna) gene from babesia bovis was achieved using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by cloning and sequencing of the pcr product. the sequences of the oligonucleotide primers used for the pcr were derived from selected known sequences in the organellar ssrrna gene which is encoded within the 35-kilobase (kb) circular dna from plasmodium falciparum. comparison of the sequence of the ... | 1993 | 8468131 |
| cloning and characterisation of cdna clones encoding two babesia bovis proteins with homologous amino- and carboxy-terminal domains. | a dextran sulphate protein (dsp) fraction derived from babesia bovis has previously been shown to induce a protective immune response in cattle. a b. bovis cdna library was screened with both the complete anti-dsp serum and a subfraction of the anti-dsp serum affinity purified on a native b. bovis protein of approx. 80 kda. cdna clones encoding two different b. bovis proteins were identified. the product of one gene, bv80, has a single divergent copy of a sequence of 149 amino acids (approx. 30% ... | 1993 | 8341317 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of babesia bigemina, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale dna in bovine blood. | a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method was developed to detect, in the same blood sample, dna of hemoparasites frequently found together infecting cattle in tropical and subtropical areas. bovine blood containing equal parasitemias of babesia bigemina, b. bovis and anaplasma marginale infected erythrocytes was mixed to standardize the test. twenty microliters of 10-fold dilutions from the pooled blood sample were resuspended in pcr mixture buffer containing each of the s ... | 1993 | 8291198 |
| toxicology of a bovine paraplegic syndrome. | a clinical entity named 'bovine paraplegic syndrome' ('síndrome parapléjico de los bovinos') has spread alarmingly in the cattle-growing areas of the central and eastern plains of venezuela. it is estimated that four million cattle are bred in the area where the disease occurs. the mortality ranges from 5 to 25% of the animals at risk, mostly pregnant or lactating cows. the principal characteristic of the bovine paraplegic syndrome is ventral or sternal decubitus, in animals that make vain effor ... | 1993 | 8146871 |
| a study of autoantibodies to phosphatidyl-serine in babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infections in cattle. | sera from cattle infected with babesia bovis were found to contain antibodies to phosphatidyl-serine (ps), a negatively charged phospholipid normally found on the internal membrane of erythrocytes. in contrast, no autoantibodies were detected following babesia bigemina infection indicating that the autoimmunity is not genus specific. during infection with babesia bovis, ps translocates to the external membrane and it is suggested that this may result in ps behaving as an autoantigen owing to a t ... | 1994 | 8160363 |