Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| active late-appearing variable surface antigen genes in trypanosoma equiperdum are constructed entirely from pseudogenes. | the expression of genes coding for variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) in trypanosoma equiperdum is linked to duplicative transpositions of silent, basic copy sequences into telomere-linked expression sites. examination of three independently derived late-appearing trypanosome clones expressing vsg-78 revealed that the expressed gene in all cases is composed of sequences derived from three or four individual silent genes. the 182 base pairs at the 3' end of the coding sequence are derived from ... | 1989 | 2574459 |
| identification of a trypanocidal factor against trypanosoma equiperdum in normal human serum. | normal human serum (hs) contains trypanolytic activity and agglutinins to trypanosoma equiperdum, while such activities are not found in sera from a range of animals susceptible to infection. hs given to t. equiperdum-infected mice caused a rapid decrease in the number of circulating trypanosomes and protection from lethal infection. trypanolytic activity of human serum was found to be associated, after deae chromatography and sephadex g-200 gel filtration, with the fraction containing 19s antib ... | 1989 | 2671877 |
| antigenic diversity by the recombination of pseudogenes. | during the course of an infection, the hemoflagellate trypanosoma equiperdum sequentially expresses an extensive repertoire of surface glycoproteins. there is evidence that combinations of silent genes are involved in the generation of this repertoire, but the combination rules are not known. to gain insight into these rules, we determined the fine structure of a composite gene. the gene coding for the variant surface glycoprotein 20 of t. equiperdum is a late gene generated by the partial dupli ... | 1989 | 2792762 |
| characterization of a cdna encoding a cysteine-rich cell surface protein located in the flagellar pocket of the protozoan trypanosoma brucei. | we have characterized a cdna encoding a cysteine-rich, acidic integral membrane protein (cram) of the parasitic protozoa trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma equiperdum. unlike other membrane proteins of t. brucei, which are distributed throughout the cell surface, cram is concentrated in the flagellar pocket, an invagination of the cell surface of the trypanosome where endocytosis has been documented. accordingly, cram also locates to vesicles located underneath the pocket, providing evidence of ... | 1990 | 1697030 |
| evidence for kinetoplast and nuclear dna homogeneity in trypanosoma evansi isolates. | the kinetoplast dna minicircles from 13 stocks of trypanosomes designated as trypanosoma evansi were digested with various restriction enzymes. we also examined the distribution of restriction site polymorphisms in the nuclear dna of 9 of these stocks, using 7 different variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) and non-vsg probes. restricted kinetoplast dna (kdna) fragments of some of these strains were cloned into m13 or puc 18 vectors and sequenced. the restriction and sequence mapping showed that m ... | 1990 | 1982554 |
| selective cleavage of kinetoplast dna minicircles promoted by antitrypanosomal drugs. | pentamidine, diminazene aceturate (berenil), isometamidium chloride (samorin), and ethidium bromide, which are important antitrypanosomal drugs, promote linearization of trypanosoma equiperdum minicircle dna (the principal component of kinetoplast dna, the mitochondrial dna in these parasites). this effect occurs at therapeutically relevant concentrations. the linearized minicircles are protease sensitive and are not digested by lambda exonuclease (a 5' to 3' exonuclease), indicating that the br ... | 1990 | 2153980 |
| identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases c in mouse brain membranes. | using the membrane form of variant surface glycoprotein from trypanosoma equiperdum labelled with [3h]myristate as a substrate, we identified two glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase c enzymic activities in mouse brain. these activities were associated with particulate membrane fractions. they were characterized by their ph activity maxima and sensitivity to activators and ion chelators. one of the activities was maximal at acidic ph, stimulated by butanol, sensitive to cation chelator and ... | 1990 | 2167064 |
| trypanosome variable surface glycoproteins: composite genes and order of expression. | combinatorial processes increase the diversity of variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) expressed by trypanosoma equiperdum. we show here that a single telomeric pseudogene provides the 3' portion of three distinct t. equiperdum vsg genes by recombination with different 5' donor pseudogenes. regions of sequence homology among the pseudogenes determine the sites of recombination in the formation of the expressed copies. this suggests that the recombination between any given basic copy (bc) and th ... | 1990 | 2227415 |
| the trypanosome vsg expression site encodes adenylate cyclase and a leucine-rich putative regulatory gene. | african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that evade the host immune system by varying their dense antigenic coat. the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) is expressed exclusively from telomere-linked expression sites that contain in addition to the vsg gene, a number of open reading frames termed expression site associated genes (esags). here we demonstrate by complementation of a yeast mutant deleted for adenylate cyclase (cyr-1), that an esag from trypanosoma equiperdum encodes an adenylate ... | 1991 | 2065652 |
| exposed epitopes on a trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein altered by point mutations. | african trypanosomes are covered by a dense protein layer that is immunologically distinct on different trypanosome isolates and is termed the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). the different vsgs are expressed in a general order, where some vsgs appear preferentially early in infection and others only later. the exposed epitopes on a late antigen, vsg 78, of t.equiperdum were studied by the technique of monoclonal antibody (mab) escape selection. mabs that neutralize trypanosomes bearing vsg 7 ... | 1991 | 1710978 |
| antigenic variation in trypanosoma equiperdum. | trypanosoma equiperdum is an african trypanosome that causes dourine in horses. like the other african trypanosomes, t. equiperdum escapes elimination by the immune system of its host by using an elaborate system of antigenic variant. the trypanosomes are covered by a coat consisting of a single protein called the variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) that acts as the major trypanosome immunogen. as the host responds to one vsg, trypanosomes covered with another vsg become dominant. there is a loo ... | 1991 | 1720562 |
| trypanosoma equiperdum minicircles encode three distinct primary transcripts which exhibit guide rna characteristics. | the mitochondrial dna of trypanosomes is composed of maxicircle and minicircle dnas catenated into a network, called the kinetoplast. maxicircles encode proteins and rnas necessary for mitochondrial assembly. minicircles encode small transcripts which are believed to serve as guide rnas in the process of rna editing of maxicircle transcripts. trypanosoma equiperdum minicircles contain three transcription units which produce three distinct transcripts. the genes for these transcripts are flanked ... | 1991 | 1825348 |
| comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of dourine. | the detection of antibodies against trypanosoma equiperdum in 689 equid sera was compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the complement fixation test (cft) and an indirect immunofluorescent test (iif). cft was the least sensitive technique, susceptible to anti-complementary factors and the most technically demanding. iif was more sensitive, but was only suitable for testing limited numbers of samples. in this study, elisa was the most sensitive test, the least labour intensive and ... | 1991 | 1957484 |
| a family of genes related to a new expression site-associated gene in trypanosoma equiperdum. | two genes, belonging to a new expression site-associated gene family of six to eight members in trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma brucei, have been cloned from a t. equiperdum variant. one of them, called esag-9c, is contained in the 1.78-c expression site and is found just upstream of the 5' barren region. the other one, called esag-9u, is unique in the family, is not telomere linked, and apparently is not expression site related. a 2-kb poly(a)+ mrna is detected with probes for this esag- ... | 1991 | 1672441 |
| in vivo and in vitro sensitivity of trypanosoma evansi and t. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, melcy, quinapyramine and isometamidium. | the sensitivity of three trypanosoma equiperdum clones and thirteen trypanosoma evansi clones originating from the people's republic of china, the philippines, ethiopia and elsewhere to a series of drugs was determined in vivo and in vitro. the drugs tested were diminazene aceturate (berenil), suramin (naganol), melcy (cymelarsan), quinapyramine sulfate (trypacide) and isometamidium chloride (samorin). the activity of each drug was expressed as: 1) in vitro: the minimal effective concentration w ... | 1991 | 1685865 |
| kinetoplast dna and molecular karyotypes of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum from china. | we compared 12 stocks of trypanosoma evansi and 1 recently isolated stock of trypanosoma equiperdum from different regions of china by analysis of kinetoplast dna (kdna), nuclear dna and molecular karyotypes. the t. equiperdum stock was remarkably similar to the t. evansi stocks, except for the possession of kdna maxi-circles, suggesting a very close evolutionary relationship between t. evansi and t. equiperdum. the maxi-circles of the chinese t. equiperdum stock were approximately 14.3 kb in si ... | 1992 | 1311051 |
| involvement of the th1 subset of cd4+ t cells in acquired immunity to mouse infection with trypanosoma equiperdum. | heat- or merthiolate-inactivated trypanosoma equiperdum was administered to recipient mice that were subsequently challenged with viable inocula of the same stabilate. only mice inoculated with merthiolate-killed parasites were completely protected from a challenge inoculum of 10(3) trypanosomes, an effect that was abolished by prior immunosuppression of mice. immune sera from protected animals contained high levels of interferon (ifn)-gamma and specific igg2a antibodies. spleen cells from these ... | 1992 | 1355013 |
| drug-induced modulation of il-2 production in experimental murine trypanosomiasis. | in this study we evaluated the effects of n-acetyl-cysteine and indomethacin in restoring il-2 producing ability in vitro of splenocytes from mice infected with trypanosoma equiperdum. spleen cells from these mice were found to produce significantly lower levels of interleukin-2 (il-2) in response to mitogen stimulation than spleen cells from uninfected control mice. this was accompanied by considerable suppression of il-2-receptor expression, which was not attributable to the elimination of a p ... | 1992 | 1452401 |
| the isoenzyme characteristics of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from domestic stocks in china. | twelve stocks of trypanosoma evansi and one of trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from domestic animals in china were examined for 16 enzymes using cellulose acetate and thin-layer starch gel electrophoresis. differences were seen between stocks in only two of the enzymes, mdh and alat. three of the t. evansi stocks, isolated from buffalo, and the t. equiperdum stock had the unusual pattern mdh-3, while all the other chinese stocks had the common mdh-1. two other stocks of t. evansi and again the t ... | 1992 | 1463353 |
| [autoimmune phenomena during trypanosoma equiperdum inoculation of the laboratory mouse]. | in the course of the trypanosoma equiperdum-infection of mice an increase of igm antibodies against the autoantigens dsdna, keratin and collagen as well as against a protozoan foreign antigen consisting of sarcocystis gigantea-extract could be observed with a maximum level between 4th and 8th day p. i. the igg-antibodies did not significantly change during the investigation time. a splenomegaly appeared after the infection. the weight of spleen was four times higher than normal. it was suggested ... | 1992 | 1497580 |
| inhibition of topoisomerases in african trypanosomes. | african trypanosomiasis continues to pose a challenge for the development of new chemotherapy. type ii topoisomerases, essential enzymes in nucleic acid metabolism, have proven highly suitable as targets for antibacterial and antitumor therapy. well-characterized topoisomerase ii inhibitors affect the cognate nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes in trypanosoma equiperdum. inhibition is accompanied by extensive fragmentation and structural alteration in nuclear and mitochondrial dna. some clinically ... | 1993 | 7902662 |
| evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion and indirect fluorescent antibody assays as supplemental tests for dourine in equids. | the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assays were evaluated as supplemental tests to the complement-fixation (cf) test, the official us importation certification test for dourine in equids. the american stabilate (n = 10 animals) or the canadian stabilate (n = 6 animals) of trypanosoma equiperdum cultured in rat blood was administered by catheterization and infusion in the urogenital tract of 16 equids. to assess parasitemia and serologic responses by use of ... | 1993 | 8214884 |
| trypanosoma evansi: in vivo and in vitro determination of trypanocide resistance profiles. | we have determined the in vivo and in vitro sensitivities to six common trypanocides of two groups of trypanosomes, (1) two trypanosoma equiperdum clones and three trypanosoma evansi clones originating from asia, latin america, and africa; and (2) six laboratory-derived drug-resistant subclones from two of the t. evansi and one of the t. equiperdum clones. we found that (1) we could induce trypanocide resistance by successive passage through mice treated with subtherapeutic doses of drugs; (2) c ... | 1993 | 8253152 |
| compositional compartmentalization of the nuclear genomes of trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma equiperdum. | high molecular weight dna preparations from trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma equiperdum were fractionated by preparative centrifugation in a cs2so4 density gradient in the presence of bamd, bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane, a sequence-specific dna ligand. analytical centrifugation in cscl of the dna fractions so obtained showed that both dnas had a bimodal distribution with two major peaks banding at 1.702-1.703 and 1.708 g/cm3 and representing 1/3 and 2/3 of total dna, respectively. several m ... | 1993 | 8253192 |
| kinetoplast dna maxicircles: networks within networks. | kinetoplast dna (kdna), the mitochondrial dna of trypanosomes, is an enormous network of interlocked minicircles and maxicircles. we selectively removed minicircles from trypanosoma equiperdum kdna networks by restriction enzyme cleavage. maxicircles remained in aggregates that were resistant to protease or rnase and contained no residual minicircles, but were resolved into circular monomers by topoisomerase ii. maxicircles thus form independent catenanes within kdna networks. heterogeneity in t ... | 1993 | 8395055 |
| characterization of a benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine binding protein in trypanosoma equiperdum and the possible relation between binding affinity and trypanocidal activity. | a new family of benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine derivatives has been assayed for trypanocidal activity. using tritiated morpholino-benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine as a probe, it is shown that this ligand is able to bind specifically to a protein contained in extracts of trypanosoma equiperdum. the binding is saturable and of high affinity (kd = 4 nm: bmax = 200 fmol (mg protein)-1). the in vitro activities of the investigated compounds against this parasite correlate with their affinities to the putative bi ... | 1993 | 8479455 |
| identification of trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma brucei brucei using repetitive dna probes. | the phylogenetic relatedness of 15 stocks of trypanosoma evansi, three stocks of trypanosoma equiperdum and one stock of trypanosoma brucei brucei was determined using southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digested dna, probed with two repetitive dna sequences from t. b. brucei. a dendrogram derived by cluster analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) revealed three groups of related stocks. group 1 included 14 stocks of t. evansi and one stock of t. equiperdum. group 2 ... | 1994 | 7975115 |
| drug sensitivity of chinese trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum isolates. | the drug sensitivities of eleven trypanosoma evansi isolates from china were examined using two different in vitro assays, a 3h-hypoxanthine incorporation assay and a long incubation low inoculation test (lilit). better discrimination of the drug susceptibility of the strains was observed with the lilit. the drug responses of all the isolates to the arsenical melarsoprol were very similar. in contrast, for suramin, minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) varied within a 27-fold range and for dim ... | 1994 | 8030186 |
| mitochondrial topoisomerase ii activity is essential for kinetoplast dna minicircle segregation. | etoposide, a nonintercalating antitumor drug, is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase ii activity. when trypanosoma equiperdum is treated with etoposide, cleavable complexes are stabilized between topoisomerase ii and kinetoplast dna minicircles, a component of trypanosome mitochondrial dna (t. a. shapiro, v. a. klein, and p. t. englund, j. biol. chem. 264:4173-4178, 1989). etoposide also promotes the time-dependent accumulation of small minicircle catenanes. these catenanes are radiolabeled in v ... | 1994 | 8196610 |
| mitochondrial transcripts are processed but are not edited normally in trypanosoma equiperdum (atcc 30019) which has kdna sequence deletion and duplication. | analyses of the trypanosoma equiperdum (atcc 30019) maxicircle reveals deletions, duplications and rearrangement compared to t. brucei. the genes for 9s rrna and 12 proteins are absent. the 12s rrna and cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) genes lack their 3' ends and are adjacent indicating deletion of intervening genes. the remaining two nadh dehydrogenase subunit genes (nd4 and nd5), the ribosomal protein rps12 gene and the cr5 gene are duplicated and rearranged. nd4, rps12 and the cr4 transcri ... | 1994 | 8202373 |
| a diamidine-resistant trypanosoma equiperdum clone contains a p2 purine transporter with reduced substrate affinity. | following the demonstration that the transport of melaminophenyl arsenical drugs in trypanosoma brucei is dependent upon an unusual adenosine nucleoside transporter (carter and fairlamb, nature 361 (1993) 173-175) we have investigated adenosine transport in the related parasite trypanosoma equiperdum (botat1.1) and a cloned derivative resistant to the diamidine drug berenil (diminazene aceturate) with limited cross-resistance to the melaminophenyl arsenical cymelarsen. the parental strain posses ... | 1995 | 8577330 |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: detection of trypanosomal antibodies and antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 1995 | 8605584 | |
| production of autoantibodies against dna and collagen after inoculation of rabbits with trypanosoma equiperdum. | the aim of the study was to investigate the induction of autoantibodies in rabbits after the inoculation with trypanosoma equiperdum. eight female rabbits were inoculated s.c. with 5 x 10(6) parasites of trypanosoma equiperdum. four of these animals were treated with diminazen (berenil) at a dosage of 28 mg per rabbit by intramuscular injection 35 days p. i. two additional non-infected rabbits served as negative controls. 9 days p.i. all infected animals possessed serum antibodies against typano ... | 1996 | 9060174 |
| egg yolk antibodies (igy) in routine diagnostic work. | according to linscott"s directory of immunological and biological reagents (1994/95) the commercial availability of egg-yolk antibodies (igy) is extremely low. for preparation, cleaning and detection of igy it would be of advantage to have a "protein y" available analogous to protein a and protein g for mammalian antibodies. until now, the search for "protein y" was unsuccessful. igy has been used for routine diagnostic work covering the following subjects: 1.identification of the host species f ... | 1996 | 11178478 |
| trypanosoma cruzi in the opossum didelphis marsupialis: a study of the correlations and kinetics of the systemic and scent gland infections in naturally and experimentally infected animals. | the genus didelphis (marsupialia, didelphidae) has the unique capacity of supporting both multiplication cycles of trypanosoma cruzi simultaneously; besides the intracellular forms, the epimastigotes can be found multiplying and differentiating abundantly in the lumen of the scent glands. the biological significance of the life cycle of t. cruzi within the scent glands of didelphis marsupialis, as well as its contribution to the epidemiology of the disease, is presently unclear. in order to clar ... | 1997 | 9149239 |
| edward watson and the eradication of dourine in canada. | 1997 | 9285141 | |
| the use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays to investigate the prevalence of trypanosoma equiperdum in ethiopian horses. | a field study involving 309 horses was undertaken in the provinces of arsi and bale in the ethiopian highlands to investigate the prevalence of trypanosoma equiperdum infections using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection of both trypanosomal antigen and antibody. adult horses of both sexes were examined for clinical signs of t. equiperdum infection and serum samples were collected for the assays. one hundred and one horses showed the presence of trypanosomal antibodies i ... | 1997 | 9299693 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of trybizine hydrochloride against various pathogenic trypanosome species. | trybizine hydrochloride [o,o'-bis(4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2, 2-tetramethylene-s-triazine-1-yl)-1,6-hexanediol dihydrochloride] was active in vitro against the sleeping sickness-causing agents trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense and t. brucei subsp. gambiense; against a multidrug-resistant organism, t. brucei subsp. brucei; and against animal-pathogenic organisms trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma equiperdum, and trypanosoma congolense; but not against the intracellular parasites trypanosoma cruzi ... | 1998 | 9797216 |
| detection of trypanosome dna in serologically positive but aparasitaemic horses suspected of dourine in ethiopia. | a field study of horses was conducted in the province of bale, ethiopian highlands. a rapid questionnaire analysis indicated that dourine, known as "dirressa", is a major health problem of equines in this area. a total of 121 horses suspected of dourine were examined by use of clinical, parasitological, serological and dna based techniques. incoordination of hindlegs (76%), swelling of external genitalia (48.8%) and emaciation (39.7%) were the most common clinical signs observed. using the haema ... | 1998 | 10622626 |
| synthesis and evaluation of the in vivo trypanocidal activity of water soluble organotin compounds. | a series of (3-(2-methoxy)ethoxypropyl)tin derivatives were synthesized as potential trypanocidal drugs. the series included an alkyltin trichloride, a dialkyltin dichloride and the corresponding dialkyltin oxide, and six dialkyltin dithio derivatives. compounds were evaluated for trypanocidal activity using in vitro cultures of trypanosoma equiperdum and mice infected with the same strain of parasite for in vivo tests. two of the title derivatives, the bis (3-(2-methoxy)ethoxypropyl)tin dichlor ... | 1999 | 11278046 |
| serodiagnosis of equine piroplasmosis, dourine, and glanders using an arrayed immunoblotting method. | 1999 | 10353365 | |
| procedurally similar competitive immunoassay systems for the serodiagnosis of babesia equi, babesia caballi, trypanosoma equiperdum, and burkholderia mallei infection in horses. | procedurally similar competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (celisa) methods were developed for the serodiagnosis of babesia equi and babesia caballi (piroplasmosis), trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine), and burkholderia mallei (glanders) infections in horses. apparent test specificities for the b. equi, b. caballi, t. equiperdum, and b. mallei celisas were 99.2%, 99.5%, 98.9%, and 98.9%, respectively. concordances and kappa values between the complement fixation (cf) and the celisa procedures for t ... | 2000 | 10690775 |
| serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in africa. | two hundred and eighty one serum samples collected from free-ranging black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros, in the republic of south africa (rsa), namibia, and kenya from 1987-97, were examined for antibody to 16 different infectious agents. positive antibody titers were detected against akabane (59.8%), bluetongue (55%), african horse sickness (27.9%), epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (19.4%), parainfluenza type 3 (25.3%), bovine herpes virus 1 (3.1%), equine ... | 2000 | 10813614 |
| synthesis and uptake of nitric oxide-releasing drugs by the p2 nucleoside transporter in trypanosoma equiperdum. | a series of s-nitrosothiols, structurally related to the no*-donor s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine, and of organic nitrate esters that contain amidine groups which specify a recognition via the trypanosomal purine transporter p2, were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit the uptake of [2-(3)h]adenosine on trypanosoma equiperdum. | 2000 | 10890161 |
| involvement of platelets in experimental mouse trypanosomiasis: evidence of mouse platelet cytotoxicity against trypanosoma equiperdum. | platelets play an important role in the human response to parasites. trypanosoma equiperdum, a parasite that has the horse as its natural host, is able to induce infection in mice and thus it may represent a simple model for studying the role of platelets in the development of a parasitosis. although several aspects of the murine response to t. equiperdum infection have been clarified, the precise mechanism of killing of the parasite is still unclear. we have studied the involvement of blood pla ... | 2000 | 10910715 |
| detection and identification of trypanosoma of african livestock through a single pcr based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rdna. | primers hybridising with the rdna cistron have previously been evaluated for pcr diagnosis specific for kinetoplastids, and shown to detect and differentiate the trypanosoma brucei complex and trypanosoma cruzi. kin1 and kin2 primers, amplifying internal transcribed spacer 1, were subsequently evaluated for the diagnosis of african livestock trypanosomosis. based on the size of the pcr products obtained, kin primers allowed detection and identification of three trypanosoma congolense types (sava ... | 2001 | 11334950 |
| [importation of parasites by tourism and animal trading]. | international transport of animals is associated with an enhanced risk of import of a number of parasite species that are not endemic in germany. pets accompany tourists on journeys all over the world, but in particular to southern europe, and dogs are increasingly imported from (sub-)tropical countries for reasons of animal welfare. veterinary practitioners are thus confronted with parasites that are unusual in their patients. the specific transmission routes determine whether an imported paras ... | 2001 | 11560118 |
| the role of international transport of equine semen on disease transmission. | despite the numerous benefits of having the capability to transport semen internationally, there are serious potential ramifications if that semen is contaminated with a communicable disease. bacteria: many commensal bacteria colonize the exterior of the stallion penis and are not regarded as pathogenic. they may be cultured from an ejaculate. alterations of the normal bacterial flora on the exterior genitalia may cause the growth of opportunistic bacteria such as klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomon ... | 2001 | 11744267 |
| genetic relatedness among trypanosoma evansi stocks by random amplification of polymorphic dna and evaluation of a synapomorphic dna fragment for species-specific diagnosis. | in this study we employed randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns to assess the genetic relatedness among 14 brazilian trypanosoma evansi stocks from domestic and wild hosts, which are known to differ in biological characteristics. these akinetoplastic stocks were compared with one another, to three old world (ethiopia, china and philippines) dyskinetoplastic stocks of t. evansi, and also with trypanosoma equiperdum, trypanosoma brucei brucei, trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma bru ... | 2002 | 11796122 |
| natural and induced dyskinetoplastic trypanosomatids: how to live without mitochondrial dna. | salivarian trypanosomes are the causative agents of several diseases of major social and economic impact. the most infamous parasites of this group are the african subspecies of the trypanosoma brucei group, which cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. in terms of geographical distribution, however, trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi have been far more successful, causing disease in livestock in africa, asia, and south america. in these latter forms the mitochondrial ... | 2002 | 12117490 |
| apparent prevalence of dourine in the khomas region of namibia. | a 15-year record of the results of horse sera from the khomas region of namibia tested by the complement fixation test for dourine at the central veterinary laboratory in windhoek before clearing the respective animals for export and competitive sport were subjected to statistical analysis. the range of percentage positive, taken as the apparent prevalence of dourine for the region, during the period of study, was 0-29.09%; the average regional level of apparent prevalence was 8.33%. these figur ... | 2002 | 12625381 |
| the transferrin receptor genes of trypanosoma equiperdum are less diverse in their transferrin binding site than those of the broad-host range trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei and t. equiperdum infect the mammalian bloodstream and tissues. t. brucei is transmitted by tsetse flies between an extremely large range of mammals in sub-saharan africa. in contrast, t. equiperdum is restricted to equines, where it is transmitted as a venereal disease. both species evade immune destruction by changing their variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), encoded in a telomeric vsg expression site. t. brucei has about 20 vsg expression sites, and it has been proposed tha ... | 2003 | 12664158 |
| how does trypanosoma equiperdum fit into the trypanozoon group? a cluster analysis by rapd and multiplex-endonuclease genotyping approach. | the pathogenic trypanosomes trypanosoma equiperdum, t. evansi as well as t. brucei are morphologically identical. in horses, these parasites are considered to cause respectively dourine, surra and nagana. previous molecular attempts to differentiate these species were not successful for t. evansi and t. equiperdum; only t. b. brucei could be differentiated to a certain extent. in this study we analysed 10 t. equiperdum, 8 t. evansi and 4 t. b. brucei using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) ... | 2003 | 12793646 |
| a field study to estimate the prevalence of trypanosoma equiperdum in mongolian horses. | from may to july 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of trypanosoma equiperdum in the horse population of the central province (tuv aimag) of mongolia. on average, four herds were selected from each of the 29 aimag subdivisions (119 herds). from each herd, 10 horses were sampled in proportion to sex and age categories in the respective herds (1190 horses). sera from 1122 horses were analysed for t. equiperdum antibodies using two serological assays, the complem ... | 2003 | 12860063 |
| a biochemical and immunological comparative study on trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi. | trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi were purified by three or four cycles of low-speed centrifugation and final filtration through deae cellulose. the purified trypanosomes were used in comparative biochemical and immunological studies. comparative polypeptide pattern analysis revealed that t. equiperdum showed 21 polypeptide bands, whose mr ranged from >200 to 14.8 kda. t. evansi showed 25 polypeptide bands in the mr range 97-14.8 kda. the main differences were associated with the pre ... | 2003 | 12872829 |
| the current challenges of dourine: difficulties in differentiating trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus trypanozoon. | during its 20th annual meeting in paris in may 1999, the oie (world organisation for animal health) ad hoc group on non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomoses expressed the following concerns about dourine: the discrepancies in some of the results of the complement fixation test (cft), which is the only international diagnostic test officially recognised by the international organisation for the transportation of equidae; the persistence of suspected cases of dourine in some asian, european an ... | 2003 | 15005565 |
| genetic variability in esag6 genes among trypanosoma evansi isolates and in comparison to other trypanozoon members. | bloodstream trypanosomes take up iron needed for their propagation through the transferrin receptor that, in trypanosoma brucei, is encoded by expression-site-associated genes (esags), esag6 and 7 genes located in variant surface glycoprotein expression sites. esag6 and 7 genes in different expression sites have been shown to encode transferrin receptors with varying affinities for polymorphic transferrins. t. brucei could cope with the different host transferrins by switching between expression ... | 2005 | 15589799 |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: master of disguise or historical mistake? | after 100 years of research, only a small number of laboratory strains of trypanosoma equiperdum exists, and the history of most of the strains is unknown. no definitive diagnosis of dourine can be made at the serological or molecular level. only clinical signs are pathognomonic and international screening relies on an outdated cross-reactive serological test (the complement-fixation test) from 1915, resulting in serious consequences at the practical level. despite many characterization attempts ... | 2005 | 15923142 |
| application of multiple dna fingerprinting techniques to study the genetic relationships among three members of the subgenus trypanozoon (protozoa: trypanosomatidae). | three different dna fingerprinting techniques, the mobile genetic element (mge)-pcr, simple sequence repeat (ssr)-pcr and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd)-pcr, were used to define a large set of genetic markers to study genetic similarity within and among trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi strains (n=18) from china, africa and south america and to investigate their genetic relationships. using the three fingerprinting techniques, >890 bands (ranging in size ... | 2005 | 16146682 |
| doubts about trypanosoma equiperdum strains classed as trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma evansi. | 2006 | 16377246 | |
| disease transmission in horses. | bacterial, viral and protozoal infections may cause severe reproductive losses. the present paper reviews the risk factors, clinical signs and preventive measures for the most important venereal or potential sexually transmitted diseases in horses. the stallion and use of semen for artificial insemination represent major risk factors for the transmission of bacterial contaminants of the penis, including streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae ... | 2006 | 16837034 |
| induction of lupus-like renal damages by double stranded dna derived from trypanosoma equiperdum. | 2006 | 17097026 | |
| a chemometric study of megazol derivatives with activity against trypanosoma equiperdum. | the am1 semiempirical method was employed to study megazol and 13 of its analogues where their activity against trypanosoma equiperdum was obtained from in vitro tests. several molecular properties (descriptors or variables) were calculated for the 14 compounds studied to be correlated with the biological activity. for a practical analysis of large data sets, it is necessary to reduce the dimensionality and select the most relevant descriptors related to the biological activity under study. for ... | 2006 | 17162385 |
| telomeric localization of the modified dna base j in the genome of the protozoan parasite leishmania. | base j or beta-d-glucosylhydroxymethyluracil is a dna modification replacing a fraction of thymine in the nuclear dna of kinetoplastid parasites and of euglena. j is located in the telomeric sequences of trypanosoma brucei and in other simple repeat dna sequences. in addition, j was found in the inactive variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) expression sites, but not in the active expression site of t. brucei, suggesting that j could play a role in transcription silencing in t. brucei. we have now ... | 2007 | 17329373 |
| establishment of a panel of reference trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum strains for drug screening. | the animal pathogenic protozoan, trypanosoma evansi, leads to a wasting disease in equines, cattle and camels, commonly known as surra. it is extensively distributed geographically with a wide range of mammalian hosts and causes great economical loss. trypanosoma equiperdum causes a venereal disease called dourine in horses and donkeys. chemotherapy appears to be the most effective form of control for t. evansi, whereas infections caused by t. equiperdum are considered incurable. due to emerging ... | 2007 | 17624671 |
| adaptations of trypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast dna: trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi are petite mutants of t. brucei. | trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid flagellate, the agent of human sleeping sickness and ruminant nagana in africa. kinetoplastid flagellates contain their eponym kinetoplast dna (kdna), consisting of two types of interlocked circular dna molecules: scores of maxicircles and thousands of minicircles. maxicircles have typical mitochondrial genes, most of which are translatable only after rna editing. minicircles encode guide rnas, required for decrypting the maxicircle transcripts. the life cyc ... | 2008 | 18245376 |
| what happens when trypanosoma brucei leaves africa. | julius lukes and co-workers evaluated the evolutionary origin of trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi, parasites that cause horse and camel diseases. although similar to t. brucei, the sleeping-sickness parasite, these trypanosomes do not cycle through the tsetse fly and have been able to spread beyond africa. transmission occurs sexually, or via blood-sucking flies or vampire bats. they concluded that these parasites, which resemble yeast petite mutants, are t. brucei sub-species, whic ... | 2008 | 18715829 |
| immunization with recombinant actin from trypanosoma evansi induces protective immunity against t. evansi, t. equiperdum and t. b. brucei infection. | actin gene of trypanosoma evansi (stib 806) was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the predicted amino acid sequence of t. evansi actin shows 100%, 98.7%, and 93.1%, homology with trypanosoma equiperdum, trypanosoma brucei brucei, and trypanosoma cruzi. recombinant actin was expressed as inclusion bodies in e. coli. it was purified and renatured for immunological studies. mice immunized with the renatured recombinant actin were protected from lethal challenge with t. evansi stib 806, t. e ... | 2009 | 18923843 |
| cd4+ t-cell anergy induced by lin- cd117(c-kit)+ stem cell-derived immature dendritic cells loaded with nuclear antigen derived from trypanosoma equiperdum. | dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, which have the extraordinary capacity to initiate naïve t-cell-mediated primary immune responses. to investigate the role of dcs in the induction of antigen-specific tolerance, the immature dcs (imdcs) and mature dcs (mdcs) were generated in vitro from lin(-)cd117(c-kit)(+) stem cells isolated from mice bone marrow. flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to characterize the phenotypes of dcs. these cells were loaded with ... | 2010 | 20370574 |
| efficacy of cymelarsan and diminasan against trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses. | trypanocidal sensitivity studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of diminazene diaceturate (diminasan) and bis (aminoethylthio) 4-melaminophenylarsine dihydrochloride (cymelarsan) against trypanosoma equiperdum (isolated from two mares with chronic cases of dourine) 713/943 and 834/940 dodola strains in experimentally infected mice and horses. diminasan at doses from 3.5 mg/kg to 28 mg/kg and cymelarsan at doses of 0.25 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight failed to cure any of the mice, indica ... | 2010 | 20417035 |
| comparative diagnosis of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests in dourine-suspected horses. | study on comparative sensitivity of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests on 237 horses originating from two dourine-suspected districts of arsi-bale highlands of ethiopia was conducted to determine the prevalence of the disease and degree of agreement of the diagnostic tests. accordingly, the prevalence of the disease was found to be 4.6%, 36.7%, and 47.6% by parasitological woo test, rotat 1.2 and 18s pcr tests, respectively. the seroprevalence of the disease was 27.6% in catt/tryp ... | 2010 | 20526860 |
| seroepidemiological survey of trypanozoon infection in horses in the suspected dourine-infected bale highlands of the oromia region, ethiopia. | this paper presents the results of a seroepidemiological survey of trypanozoon infection in horses carried out between september 2007 and june 2008. the survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of anti-trypanozoon antibodies in 880 serum samples collected randomly from selected horse-breeding districts of the bale highlands of ethiopia. the seroprevalence of trypanozoon infection was found to be 173 (19.66%) and 140 (15.91%) for the catt/t. evansi and latex/t. evansi tests, respectiv ... | 2010 | 21309462 |
| serological and parasitological survey of dourine in the arsi-bale highlands of ethiopia. | this study was conducted from august 2005 to january 2007 to determine prevalence and distribution of dourine in horses and to investigate the occurrence of clinical and carrier cases in donkeys and mules in the arsi-bale highlands. study methodology was based on questionnaire, serological, clinical and parasitological survey. the questionnaire indicated that dourine is a major health problem of equines in the arsi-bale highlands. though dourine is commonly observed throughout the year, it has a ... | 2010 | 19924557 |
| multiple genetic mechanisms lead to loss of functional tbat1 expression in drug-resistant trypanosomes. | the p2 aminopurine transporter, encoded by tbat1 in african trypanosomes in the trypanosoma brucei group, carries melaminophenyl arsenical and diamidine drugs into these parasites. loss of this transporter contributes to drug resistance. we identified the genomic location of tbat1 to be in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 5 and determined the status of the tbat1 gene in two trypanosome lines selected for resistance to the melaminophenyl arsenical, melarsamine hydrochloride (cymelarsan), and ... | 2010 | 19966032 |
| trypanosoma evansi: identification and characterization of a variant surface glycoprotein lacking cysteine residues in its c-terminal domain. | african trypanosomes are flagellated unicellular parasites which proliferate extracellularly in the mammalian host blood-stream and tissue spaces. they evade the hosts' antibody-mediated lyses by sequentially changing their variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). vsg tightly coats the entire parasite body, serving as a physical barrier. in trypanosoma brucei and the closely related species trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma equiperdum, each vsg polypeptide can be divided into n- and c-terminal domains, ... | 2011 | 20599437 |
| a clinical case of dourine in an outbreak in italy. | in may 2011, dourine was reported in italy following the declaration of a positive result observed in a stallion undergoing routine testing for stud purposes. clinical signs, anatomo-histopathological findings and laboratory results that resulted in the confirmation of diagnosis of dourine in a clinically affected mare, which was the likely source of infection in the stallion, are described. | 2011 | 22194229 |
| [medicolegal opinion on a suspected case of dourine]. | 2012 | 13117162 | |
| single point mutations in atp synthase compensate for mitochondrial genome loss in trypanosomes. | viability of the tsetse fly-transmitted african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei depends on maintenance and expression of its kinetoplast (kdna), the mitochondrial genome of this parasite and a putative target for veterinary and human antitrypanosomatid drugs. however, the closely related animal pathogens t. evansi and t. equiperdum are transmitted independently of tsetse flies and survive without a functional kinetoplast for reasons that have remained unclear. here, we provide definitive evidence ... | 2013 | 23959897 |
| igg antibodies from dourine infected horses identify a distinctive trypanosoma equiperdum antigenic pattern of low molecular weight molecules. | diagnosis and control of dourine is strongly based on serological evidence, but knowledge of the humoral response of horses during infection is limited. in this study we developed a chemiluminescent immunoblotting (cib) assay to characterise the trypanosoma equiperdum antigen pattern recognised by iggs from naturally or experimentally dourine-infected horses and analyse the kinetics of igg humoral response following the infection. one compounding factor is that sera from uninfected animals often ... | 2013 | 23218944 |
| proteomics: a new way to improve human african trypanosomiasis diagnosis? | african trypanosomiases, including the human disease referred to as 'sleeping sickness' and the animal diseases such as nagana, surra and dourine, are neglected vector-borne diseases that after years of research still need improved diagnosis and chemotherapy. advances in proteomics offer new tools to define biomarkers, whose expression may reflect host-parasite interactions occurring during the infection. in this review, the authors first describe the current diagnostic tools used to detect a tr ... | 2013 | 23777218 |
| diagnosis of dourine in outbreaks in italy. | dourine is trypanosomosis that affects equids, it's mainly sexually transmitted. the disease was first eradicated in italy in the 1940s, but there was then a serious epidemic in the mid-70s. after sporadic reports at the end of the 1990s, in may 2011 it was reported once more. clinical diagnosis of dourine can be complex, as clinical signs and gross lesions are not always present. direct laboratory diagnosis is also problematic, given the low number of parasites normally present in infected tiss ... | 2013 | 23298562 |
| epizootiological investigation of the most important infectious equine diseases in greece. | during the period 2001 to 2008, a total of 7,872 equine sera were tested at the centre of veterinary institutes of athens. antibodies against seven infectious diseases of equids were determined: equine infectious anaemia (eia), african horse sickness (ahs), equine viral arteritis (eva), west nile encephalitis (wne), glanders, piroplasmosis and dourine. tests for the four viral diseases found 4.5% seropositivity for eia, 0% for ahs, 3.3% for eva and 4% for wne. all sera tested for glanders antibo ... | 2013 | 24761730 |
| diagnosis of trypanosomatid infections: targeting the spliced leader rna. | trypanosomatids transcribe their genes in large polycistronic clusters that are further processed into mature mrna molecules by trans-splicing. during this maturation process, a conserved spliced leader rna (sl-rna) sequence of 39 bp is physically linked to the 5' end of the pre-mrna molecules. trypanosomatid infections cause a series of devastating diseases in man (sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, chagas disease) and animals (nagana, surra, dourine). here, we investigated the sl-rna molecule f ... | 2014 | 24814957 |
| inter-laboratory ring trials to evaluate serological methods for dourine diagnosis. | to evaluate the reproducibility of routine serological methods to detect trypanosoma equiperdum antibodies in equine sera, two inter-laboratory ring trials were organized involving 22 european and 4 non-european reference laboratories for dourine. the serological methods were the complement fixation test (cft; 25 laboratories) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat; 4 laboratories). three of the laboratories applied both these methods. the sample panels were composed of sera that were ... | 2014 | 25015543 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against horse immunoglobulins useful for the diagnosis of equine diseases. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against horse igg were produced by immunizing balb/c mice with purified horse igg and were characterized in indirect elisa versus purified immunoglobulins from donkey, cow, buffalo, sheep, pig, and chicken. three mabs (1b10b6c9, 1b10b6c10, 1b10b6e9) reacted only with horse and donkey igg and igm and, in western blotting, were specific for the fc fragment of equine igg. mab 1b10b6e9 was used in chemiluminescent immunoblotting assay for the diagnosis of dourine and in ... | 2015 | 24905982 |
| molecular characterization and classification of trypanosoma spp. venezuelan isolates based on microsatellite markers and kinetoplast maxicircle genes. | livestock trypanosomoses, caused by three species of the trypanozoon subgenus, trypanosoma brucei brucei, t. evansi and t. equiperdum is widely distributed throughout the world and constitutes an important limitation for the production of animal protein. t. evansi and t. equiperdum are morphologically indistinguishable parasites that evolved from a common ancestor but acquired important biological differences, including host range, mode of transmission, distribution, clinical symptoms and pathog ... | 2015 | 26467019 |
| further evidence from sscp and its dna sequencing support trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum as subspecies or even strains of trypanosoma brucei. | the subgenus trypanozoon includes three species trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum, which are morphologically identical and indistinguishable even using some molecular methods. in this study, pcr-based single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) was used to analyze the ribosomal dna of the trypanozoon species. data indicate different patterns of its2 fragments between t. brucei, t. evansi and t. equiperdum by sscp. furthermore, analysis of total its sequence ... | 2016 | 27016375 |
| killing of trypanozoon parasites by the equine cathelicidin ecath1. | trypanozoon parasites infect both humans, causing sleeping sickness, and animals, causing nagana, surra, and dourine. control of nagana and surra depends to a great extent on chemotherapy. however, drug resistance to several of the front-line drugs is rising. furthermore, there is no official treatment for dourine. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop antiparasitic agents with novel modes of action. host defense peptides have recently gained attention as promising candidates. we have pr ... | 2016 | 26824936 |
| equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary. | multiple reports of equine herpesvirus type 1 in the ukfirst cases of dourine in botswana and equine infectious anaemia in greecesummary of uk surveillance testing, october to december 2015these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association. | 2016 | 27179087 |
| isolation, cultivation and molecular characterization of a new trypanosoma equiperdum strain in mongolia. | trypanosoma equiperdum causes dourine via sexual transmission in equidae. t. equiperdum is classified under the subgenus trypanozoon along with the t. brucei sspp. and t. evansi; however, the species classification of trypanozoon remains a controversial topic due to the limited number of t. equiperdum reference strains. in addition, it is possible that some were misclassified t. evansi strains. thus, there is a strong need for a new t. equiperdum strain directly isolated from the genital mucosa ... | 2016 | 27580944 |
| in vitro production of trypanosoma equiperdum antigen and its evaluation for use in serodiagnosis of dourine. | a modified baltz's in vitro cultivation system for the propagation of trypanosoma equiperdum strain ovi was established to develop a replacement for the conventional production procedure of dourine diagnostic antigen in rats. to increase trypanosome yields we designed an optimized culture medium by addition of supplemental compounds. trypanosomes were adapted to this medium by two succeeding cultivation steps which led to a substantial proliferation rate and an increased cell density tolerance, ... | 2016 | 27198790 |
| immunological identification of a camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit-like protein from the trypanosoma equiperdum teap-n/d1 isolate. | polyclonal immunoglobulin y (igy) antibodies were produced in chicken eggs against the purified r(ii)-subunit of the camp-dependent protein kinase (pka) from pig heart, which corresponds to the sus scrofa r(ii)α isoform. in order to evaluate whether trypanosoma equiperdum possessed pka r-like proteins, parasites from the venezuelan teap-n/d1 strain were examined using the generated anti-r(ii) igy antibodies. western blot experiments revealed a 57-kda polypeptide band that was distinctively recog ... | 2016 | 26983367 |
| serodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis caused by non-tsetse transmitted trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax parasites using the soluble form of a trypanozoon variant surface glycoprotein antigen. | previous studies have shown that a 64-kda antigen (p64) that was purified from the venezuelan teap-n/d1 isolate of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) equiperdum corresponds to the soluble form of its predominant variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), and exhibited cross-reactivity with trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax. the course of experimental acute infections of bovines with t. vivax were followed by measuring whole anti-p64 antibodies and specific anti-p64 igg and igm antibodies in animal sera by indirect ... | 2016 | 26872925 |
| oral administration of azithromycin ameliorates trypanosomosis in trypanosoma congolense-infected mice. | animal trypanosomosis is a devastating parasitic disease that is of economic importance to livestock production. the infection includes animal african trypanosomosis, surra, and dourine. the treatment is based solely on few compounds that were discovered decades ago and which are associated with severe toxicity. furthermore, it is likely that the parasite has developed resistance towards them. thus, there is an urgent need for new, accessible, and less toxic drugs. azithromycin is an antibiotic ... | 2017 | 28674747 |
| interaction of tubulin and protein kinase ck2 in trypanosoma equiperdum. | a polypeptide band with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 was phosphorylated in vitro in whole-cell lysates of trypanosoma equiperdum. this band corresponds to tubulin as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the phosphorylated polypeptide from t. equiperdum extracts when anti-α and anti-β tubulin monoclonal antibodies were employed. a parasite protein kinase ck2 was in charge of modifying tubulin given that common mammalian ck2 inhibitors such as emodin and gtp, hindered the phosphorylati ... | 2017 | 28672764 |
| genome-wide snp analysis reveals distinct origins of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum. | trypanosomes cause a variety of diseases in man and domestic animals in africa, latin america and asia. in the trypanozoon subgenus, trypanosoma brucei gambiense and t. b. rhodesiense cause human african trypanosomiasis, while t. b. brucei, t. evansi and t. equiperdum are responsible for nagana, surra and dourine in domestic animals, respectively. the genetic relationships between t. evansi and t. equiperdum and other trypanozoon species remain unclear because the majority of phylogenetic analys ... | 2017 | 28541535 |
| dourine: a neglected disease of equids. | dourine is a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis causing a major health problem threatening equines worldwide. the origin and identification of trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus trypanozoon is still a subject of debate. unlike other trypanosomal infections, dourine is transmitted almost exclusively by coitus. diagnosis of dourine has continued to be a challenge, due to limited knowledge about the parasite and host-parasite interaction following infection. the pathological lesions caused ... | 2017 | 28439783 |
| the establishment of in vitro culture and drug screening systems for a newly isolated strain of trypanosoma equiperdum. | dourine is caused by trypanosoma equiperdum via coitus with an infected horse. although dourine is distributed in equidae worldwide and is listed as an internationally important animal disease by the world organization for animal health (oie), no effective treatment strategies have been established. in addition, there are no reports on drug discovery, because no drug screening system exists for this parasite. a new t. equiperdum strain was recently isolated from the genital organ of a stallion t ... | 2017 | 28437733 |
| identification of potential protein partners that bind to the variant surface glycoprotein in trypanosoma equiperdum. | trypanosoma equiperdum possesses a dense coat of a variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) that is used to evade the host immune response by a process known as antigenic variation. soluble and membrane forms of the predominant vsg from the venezuelan t. equiperdum teap-n/d1 strain (svsg and mvsg, respectively) were purified to homogeneity; and antibodies against svsg and mvsg were raised, isolated, and employed to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies that structurally mimic the vsg surface. prospective ... | 2017 | 28183369 |
| first draft genome sequence of the dourine causative agent: trypanosoma equiperdum strain ovi. | trypanosoma equiperdum is the causative agent of dourine, a sexually-transmitted infection of horses. this parasite belongs to the subgenus trypanozoon that also includes the agent of sleeping sickness (trypanosoma brucei) and surra (trypanosoma evansi). we herein report the genome sequence of a t. equiperdum strain ovi, isolated from a horse in south-africa in 1976. this is the first genome sequence of the t. equiperdum species, and its availability will provide important insights for future st ... | 2017 | 28138343 |