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expression and purification of pheophorbidase, an enzyme catalyzing the formation of pyropheophorbide during chlorophyll degradation: comparison with the native enzyme.formation of pyropheophorbide (pyropheid) during chlorophyll metabolism in some higher plants has been shown to involve the enzyme pheophorbidase (ppd). this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pheophorbide (pheid) a to a precursor of pyropheid, c-13(2)-carboxylpyropheid a, by demethylation, and then the precursor is decarboxylated non-enzymatically to yield pyropheid a. in this study, expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of recombinant ppd from radish (raphanus sativus l.) ...200818846292
cadmium accumulation in the edible parts of different cultivars of radish, raphanus sativus l., and carrot, daucus carota var. sativa, grown in a cd-contaminated soil.cadmium accumulation among 12 cultivars of radish (raphanus sativus) and 10 cultivars of carrot (daucus carota var. sativa) was studied in a cd-contaminated soil. the cd concentration in the edible parts of radish and carrot ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 and 0.14 to 0.19 mg kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively. all the tested carrot cultivars and 33% of the tested radish cultivars exceeded the chinese allowable limit for cd. the study showed a greater scope for selecting radish cultivars than for carrot ...200818392549
inhibitory response of raphanus sativus on lipid peroxidation in albino rats.in the present study, inhibitory effect of the methanol extract of raphanus sativus root on lipid peroxidation has been carried out in normal rats. graded doses of methanol extract of root of the plant (40, 80 and 120 mg kg(-1) body weight) were administered orally for 15 days to experimental treated rats. distilled water was administered to experimental control rats. at the end of experiment, rats were killed by decapitation after ether anesthesia. blood and liver were collected to measure thio ...200818317549
complete nucleotide sequences and genome characterization of a novel double-stranded rna virus infecting rosa multiflora.the three double-stranded (ds) rnas were detected in rosa multiflora plants showing rose spring dwarf (rsd) symptoms. northern blot analysis revealed three dsrnas in preparations of both dsrna and total rna from r. multiflora plants. the complete sequences of the dsrnas (referred to as dsrna 1, dsrna 2 and dsrna 3) were determined based on a combination of shotgun cloning of dsrna cdnas and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the largest dsrna (dsrna 1) was 1,762 bp long wi ...200818172568
purification and characterization of cathepsin b-like cysteine protease from cotyledons of daikon radish, raphanus sativus.plant cathepsin b-like cysteine protease (cbcp) plays a role in disease resistance and in protein remobilization during germination. the ability of animal cathepsin b to function as a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase has been attributed to the presence of a dihistidine (his110-his111) motif in the occluding loop, which represents a unique structure of cathepsin b. however, a dihistidine motif is not present in the predicted sequence of the occluding loop of plant cbcp, as determined from cdna sequenc ...200818959767
asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols catalyzed by plants tissue.as an important organic compound, chiral alcohols are the key chiral building blocks to many single enantiomer pharmaceuticals. asymmetric reduction of the corresponding prochiral ketones to produce the chiral alcohols by biocatalysis is one of the most promising routes. asymmetric reduction of different kinds of non-natural prochiral ketones catalyzed by various plants tissue was studied in this work. acetophenone, 4'-chloroacetophenone and ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate were chosen as the model su ...200818548304
cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate from raphanus sativus l. (kaiware daikon) sprouts.there is high current interest in the chemopreventive potential of brassica vegetables (cruciferae), particularly due to their content in glucosinolates (gl), which upon myrosinase hydrolysis release the corresponding isythiocyanates (itc). some itcs, such as sulforaphane (sfn) from broccoli ( brassica oleacea italica), have been found to possess anticancer activity through induction of apoptosis in selected cell lines, as well as indirect antioxidant activity through induction of phase ii detox ...200818189352
comparison of the glucosinolate-myrosinase systems among daikon (raphanus sativus, japanese white radish) varieties.myrosinase is a cytosolic plant enzyme present in daikon ( raphanus sativus, japanese white radish) roots that hydrolyzes 4-methylthio-3-butenyl glucosinolate (mtbgls) into the natural pungent agent 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (mtbitc), which possesses antimicrobial, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. the concentration of mtbgls, myrosinase activity, and production of mtbitc in seven daikon varieties (one conventional and six heirlooms) were determined to rank the activity ...200818345631
plant response to heavy metal toxicity: comparative study between the hyperaccumulator thlaspi caerulescens (ecotype ganges) and nonaccumulator plants: lettuce, radish, and alfalfa.thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) is one of the best-known heavy metal (hm) hyperaccumulating plant species. it exhibits the ability to extract and accumulate various hm at extremely high concentrations. in this hydroponic study, the performance of t. caerulescens (ecotype ganges) to accumulate cd, zn, and cu was compared with that of three nonaccumulator plants: alfalfa (medicago sativa), radish (raphanus sativus), and lettuce (lactuca sativa). plants were exposed to the separately disso ...200818528911
accumulation properties of cadmium in a selected vegetable-rotation system of southeastern china.a rotation experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with three vegetable crops on red yellowish soil (rys) and silt loamy soil (sls) to study cd accumulation in pak choi ( brassica chinensis l.), tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum), and radish ( raphanus sativus l.). critical cd concentrations in the two soils were evaluated for these vegetables based on human dietary toxicity. cadmium was added as cd(no 3) 2 at a rate of 0-7.00 mg cd kg (-1) soil. shoot growth was not inhibited by cd except for r ...200818593175
uptake of sigmaddt, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead by lettuce and radish grown in contaminated horticultural soils.horticultural soils can contain elevated concentrations of selected trace elements and organochlorine pesticides as a result of long-term use of agrichemicals and soil amendments. a glasshouse study was undertaken to assess the uptake of weathered sigmaddt {sum of the p, p'- and o, p-isomers of ddt [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2- bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane], dde [1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] and ddd[1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane]}, arsenic (as), cadmium (cd), copper (cu), ...200818624413
kaiware daikon (raphanus sativus l.) extract: a naturally multipotent chemopreventive agent.brassica vegetables are attracting major attention as healthy foods because of their content of glucosinolates (gls) that release the corresponding isothiocyanates (itcs) upon myrosinase hydrolysis. a number of studies have so far documented the chemopreventive properties of some itcs. on the other hand, single nutrients detached from the food itself risk being somewhat "reductive", since plants contain several classes of compounds endowed with a polyhedral mechanism of action. our recent findin ...200818665601
transgenic tobacco and peanut plants expressing a mustard defensin show resistance to fungal pathogens.defensins are small positively charged, antimicrobial peptides (approximately 5 kda in size) and some of them exhibit potent antifungal activity. we have cloned the complete cdna containing an orf of 243 bp of a defensin of mustard. the deduced amino acid sequence of the peptide showed more than 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of the well-characterized defensins, rsafp-1 and rsafp-2 of raphanus sativus. we have generated and characterized transgenic tobacco and peanut plants constitutive ...200818758784
isolation, characterization and cloning of a cdna encoding a new antifungal defensin from phaseolus vulgaris l. seeds.the pvd1 defensin was purified from phaseolus vulgaris (cv. pérola) seeds, basically as described by terras et al. [terras frg, schoofs hme, de bolle mfc, van leuven f, ress sb, vanderleyden j, cammue bpa, broekaer twf. analysis of two novel classes of plant antifungal proteins from radish (raphanus sativus l.) seeds. j biol chem 1992;267(22):15301-9], with some modifications. a deae-sepharose, equilibrated with 20mm tris-hcl, ph 8.0, was initially utilized for the separation of peptides after a ...200818786582
isolation and biochemical characterization of two forms of rd21 from cotyledons of daikon radish (raphanus sativus).rd21 (responsive to desiccation-21) is an arabidopsis cysteine protease which possesses a granulin-like domain at the c-terminus. although two forms of rd21 have been identified, consisting of an intermediate form (ird21) containing a granulin domain and a mature form (mrd21) lacking this domain, the enzymatic properties of these enzymes remain poorly understood. in this study, mrd21 orthologue was purified to homogeneity from the cotyledons of daikon radish (raphanus sativus). rd21 preferential ...200818838434
zearalenone induces immunotoxicity in mice: possible protective effects of radish extract (raphanus sativus).radish (raphanus sativus) has been extensively studied for its preventive effects against different degenerative diseases. zearalenone (zen) is a mycotoxin produced by fusarium spp and is frequently implicated in immunological disorders and occasionally in hyperoestrogenic syndromes contributing to the increased risk of cancer and other diseases. the aims of this study were, firstly, to quantitatively evaluate the tunisian radish extract (tre) for its total flavonoids, isothiocyanates and antiox ...200818498713
tunisian radish extract (raphanus sativus) enhances the antioxidant status and protects against oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in balb/c mice.radish (raphanus sativus) is a food plant known worldwide. from antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. zearalenone (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin present in corn and food mixture for farm animals and it is hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and genotoxic. the objectives of the present study were to assess the biological activity of radish extract and to evaluate the protective role of radish extract against the toxicit ...200817385802
(n-7) and (n-9) cis-monounsaturated fatty acid contents of 12 brassica species.cis-vaccenic acid or cis-11-octadecenoic acid, a c18:1 (n-7) isomer of oleic acid (c18:1 (n-9)) has been found in several oilseeds. it is synthesized from palmitic acid (c16:0) via production of c16:1 (n-7) by a delta9 desaturase and elongation by an elongase giving c18:1 (n-7). in this study, the fatty acid composition of 12 brassica species was analyzed by gc-fid and confirmed by gc-ms. all species contained c18:1 (n-7), c20:1 (n-7) and c22:1 (n-7) fatty acid isomers, suggesting that c18:1 (n- ...200817889912
food safety evaluation of broccoli and radish sprouts.three cultivars of broccoli seeds (brassica oleracea var. italica), cv. tiburon, cv. belstar and cv. lucky, and two cultivars of radish seeds (raphanus sativus), cv. rebel and cv. bolide, were germinated for three and five days and safety aspects such as microbiological counts and biogenic amines were investigated. cytotoxicity evaluation was also carried out. broccoli and radish sprouts contained numbers of mesophilic, psychrotrophic, total and faecal coliform bacteria which are the usual count ...200818314243
soil to plant transfer of 137cs and 60co in ferralsol, nitisol and acrisol.in this study, soil to plant transfer factor values were determined for 137cs and 60co in radish (raphanus sativus), maize (zea mays l.) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var. capitata) growing in gibbsite-, kaolinite- and iron-oxide-rich soils. after 3 years of experiment in lysimeters it was possible to identify the main soil properties able to modify the soil to plant transfer processes, e.g. exchangeable k and ph, for 137cs, and organic matter for 60co. results of sequential chemical extract ...200817905488
characterization of raphanus sativus pentatricopeptide repeat proteins encoded by the fertility restorer locus for ogura cytoplasmic male sterility.cytoplasmic male sterility is a maternally inherited trait in higher plants that prevents the production of functional pollen. ogura cytoplasmic male sterility in radish (raphanus sativus) is regulated by the orf138 mitochondrial locus. male fertility can be restored when orf138 accumulation is suppressed by the nuclear rfo locus, which consists of three genes putatively encoding highly similar pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (ppr-a, -b, and -c). we produced transgenic rapeseed (brassica napus ...200819098270
brassicaceae seed oil identified as illuminant in nilotic shells from a first millennium ad coptic church in bawit, egypt.burned greasy deposits were found inside shells of the large nile bivalve chambardia rubens, excavated in an eight- to tenth- century ad church of the coptic monastery of bawit, egypt, and supposedly used as oil lamps. the residues were subjected to a combination of chromatographic residue analysis techniques. the rather high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, as analysed by gas chromatography (gc) in the methylated extract, suggest the presence of a vegetal oil. analysis of the stable c ...200817985118
effect of combined physico-chemical processes on the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewaters.a pool of laboratory experiments is planned with the aim of evaluating the possibility to reduce the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewater (omw) with combined physico-chemical processes (centrifugation-ozonation, centrifugation-solar photolysis, centrifugation-solar modified photofenton, centrifugation-solar modified photofenton-ozonation). a moderate cod removal of an omw is reached by using ozonation or solar modified photofenton separately or solar modified photofenton/o(3) combined process ...200818006039
production and characterization of intertribal somatic hybrids of raphanus sativus and brassica rapa with dye and medicinal plant isatis indigotica.intertribal somatic hybrids of raphanus sativus (2n = 18, rr) and brassica rapa spp. chinensis (2n = 20, aa) with the dye and medicinal plant isatis indigotica (2n = 14, i i) were firstly obtained by polyethylene glycol-induced symmetric fusions of mesophyll protoplasts. one mature hybrid with r. sativus established in field had intermediate morphology but was totally sterile. it had the expected chromosome number (2n = 32, rri i) and parental chromosomes were distinguished by genomic in situ hy ...200818264711
physical localization and genetic mapping of the fertility restoration gene rfo in canola (brassica napus l.).the ogu cytoplasm for male sterility and its fertility restorer gene rfo in canola (brassica napus l.) were originally introgressed from radish (raphanus sativus l.) and have been widely used for canola hybrid production and breeding. the objective of this study was to determine the physical location of the rfo locus in the canola genome using fluorescence in situ hybridization and genetic mapping. for physical localization of the rfo gene, two bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones, g62 a ...200919370095
mitochondrial nad2 gene is co-transcripted with cms-associated orfb gene in cytoplasmic male-sterile stem mustard (brassica juncea).the transcriptional patterns of mitochondrial respiratory related genes were investigated in cytoplasmic male-sterile and fertile maintainer lines of stem mustard, brassica juncea. there were numerous differences in nad2 (subunit 2 of nadh dehydrogenase) between stem mustard cms and its maintainer line. one novel open reading frame, hereafter named orfb gene, was located at the downstream of mitochondrial nad2 gene in the cms. the novel orfb gene had high similarity with ymf19 family protein, or ...200918046626
identification of mitochondrial genome rearrangements unique to novel cytoplasmic male sterility in radish (raphanus sativus l.).a novel cytoplasmic male-sterility (cms) radish (raphanus sativus l.) and its associated mitotype (dcgms) were previously identified; however, no mtdna fragments flanking the atp6 gene were found in the dcgms mitotype. unlike three other mitotypes in this study, a unique mtdna organization, atp6-nad3-rps12, was found to be the major mtdna structure associated with this mitotype. this organization may have arisen from short repeat sequence-mediated recombination events. the short repeat clusters ...200919034407
isothiocyanate profile and selective antibacterial activity of root, stem, and leaf extracts derived from raphanus sativus l.acetone and hexane extracts derived from the root, stem, and leaf of raphanus sativus were investigated for their antibacterial activity against foodborne and resistant pathogens, such as bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis, salmonella typhimurium, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, and escherichia coli. total and individual isothiocyanate (itc) components and their relationship with the antibacterial activity of r. sativus were ...200919182965
brassica cover crops for nitrogen retention in the mid-atlantic coastal plain.brassica cover crops are new to the mid-atlantic region, and limited information is available on their n uptake capabilities for effective n conservation. forage radish (raphanus sativus l. cv. daikon), oilseed radish (raphanus sativus l. cv. adagio), and rape (brassica napus l. cv. dwarf essex) were compared with rye (secale cereale l. cv. wheeler), a popular cover crop in the region, with regard to n uptake ability and potential to decrease n leaching at two sites in maryland. plants were harv ...200919202022
genetic and physiological determinants of streptomyces scabies pathogenicity.summary common scab is a severe disease worldwide affecting tap root crops and potato tubers. it is caused by soil-borne filamentous bacteria belonging to the genus streptomyces. streptomycetes usually are saprophytic microorganisms, but a few species have acquired the ability to infect underground plant tissues. the predominant causal agent of potato scab worldwide is streptomyces scabies. the production of phytotoxins called thaxtomins is essential for the virulence of common scab-causing agen ...200919694949
involvement of s-adenosylmethionine-dependent halide/thiol methyltransferase (htmt) in methyl halide emissions from agricultural plants: isolation and characterization of an htmt-coding gene from raphanus sativus (daikon radish).biogenic emissions of methyl halides (ch3cl, ch3br and ch3i) are the major source of these compounds in the atmosphere; however, there are few reports about the halide profiles and strengths of these emissions. halide ion methyltransferase (hmt) and halide/thiol methyltransferase (htmt) enzymes concerning these emissions have been purified and characterized from several organisms including marine algae, fungi, and higher plants; however, the correlation between emission profiles of methyl halide ...200919723322
mustard oil in "shibori daikon" a variety of japanese radish, selectively inhibits the proliferation of h-ras-transformed 3y1 cells.cruciferous vegetables and their isothiocyanates are promising foods and agents for cancer prevention. we focus here on the effects of mustard oil (smo) in a variety of the japanese radish, shibori daikon (raphanus sativus), on the proliferation of 3y1 rat fibroblasts and the h-ras-transformed derivative, hr-3y1-2. smo (1.6 microg/ml) inhibited the proliferation of hr-3y1-2, but not 3y1 after 24 h after treatment. a cell cycle analysis showed that smo induced g2/m arrest after 6 h, although this ...200919809176
combined mri-pet dissects dynamic changes in plant structures and functions.unravelling the factors determining the allocation of carbon to various plant organs is one of the great challenges of modern plant biology. studying allocation under close to natural conditions requires non-invasive methods, which are now becoming available for measuring plants on a par with those developed for humans. by combining magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and positron emission tomography (pet), we investigated three contrasting root/shoot systems growing in sand or soil, with respect t ...200919392708
the insecticidal activity of four medicinal plants against the blowfly lucilia sericata (diptera: calliphoridae).the larvae of lucilia sericata induce myiasis and transmit mycobacterial infections to humans and animals. consequently, the blowfly should be controlled for human welfare and economic reasons.200919416380
raphanus sativus extract protects against zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity, oxidative stress and mutagenic alterations in male balb/c mice.zearalenone (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of fusarium in cereals and agricultural products. it has been implicated in several mycotoxicosis in farm animals and in humans. there is unequivocal evidence of reproductive toxicity of zen in male mice although the mechanism of action is unknown. several reports suggest that exposure to zen resulted in oxidative stress, genotoxicity and perturbation of reproductive parameters. therefore, the aim of the curren ...200919673099
isothiocyanate from the tunisian radish (raphanus sativus) prevents genotoxicity of zearalenone in vivo and in vitro.zearalenone (zen) is a naturally occurring contaminant of animal feed that has been implicated in several mycotoxicoses in farm livestock. recently some information has become available indicating that zen caused cancer or at least increased its prevalence, although the mechanism of action is unknown. many papers mentioned that exposure to zen results in genotoxicity and dna damage. therefore, we investigated the chemo-preventive role of 4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (mtbitc) extracted ...200919501672
synthesis and structure--activity relationships of substituted cinnamic acids and amide analogues: a new class of herbicides.in the present investigation, substituted cinnamic acids (3-hydroxy, 4-hydroxy, 2-nitro, 3-nitro, 4-nitro, 3-chloro, and 4-methoxy) and their amide analogues with four different types of substituted anilines have been synthesized. the synthesized compounds have been screened for their germination inhibition activity on radish (raphanus sativus l. var. japanese white) seeds at 50, 100, and 200 ppm concentrations, and the activity was compared with standard herbicide, metribuzin formulation (senco ...200919368353
the design, synthesis and anticancer activity of new nitrogen mustard derivatives of natural indole phytoalexin 1-methoxyspirobrassinol.nitrogen mustards cis-1-methoxy-2-deoxy-2-[n,n-bis(2 -chloroethyl)amino]spirobrassinol (4) and trans-1-methoxy-2-deoxy-2-[n,n-bis(2 -chloroethyl)amino]spirobrassinol (5) derived from 1-methoxyspirobrassinol, an indole phytoalexin produced by the japanese radish raphanus sativus var. hortensis were designed as prospective dual-action compounds with dna-alkylating effect and glutathione-depleting effects that may sensitize cancer cells to alkylating agents. both new compounds demonstrated cytostat ...200919473057
cloning and expression of an antifungal chitinase gene of a novel bacillus subtilis isolate from taiwan potato field.a chitinase producing bacillus subtilis chu26 was isolated from taiwan potato field. this strain exhibited a strong extra-cellular chitinase activity on the colloidal chitin containing agar plate, and showed a potential inhibit activity against phytopathogen, rhizoctonia solani. the gene encoding chitinase (chi18) was cloned from the constructed b. subtilis chu26 genomic dna library. the chi18 consisted of an open reading frame of 1791 nucleotides and encodes 595 amino acids with a deduced molec ...200918824348
the antifungal plant defensin rsafp2 from radish induces apoptosis in a metacaspase independent way in candida albicans.we show that the antifungal plant defensin raphanus sativus antifungal protein 2 (rsafp2) from radish induces apoptosis and concomitantly triggers activation of caspases or caspase-like proteases in the human pathogen candida albicans. furthermore, we demonstrate that deletion of c. albicans metacaspase 1, encoding the only reported (putative) caspase in c. albicans, significantly affects caspase activation by the apoptotic stimulus acetic acid, but not by rsafp2. to our knowledge, this is the f ...200919596007
molecular mapping in oil radish (raphanus sativus l.) and qtl analysis of resistance against beet cyst nematode (heterodera schachtii).the beet cyst nematode (heterodera schachtii schmidt) can be controlled biologically in highly infected soils of sugar beet rotations using resistant varieties of oil radish (raphanus sativus l. ssp. oleiferus dc.) as a green crop. resistant plants stimulate infective juveniles to invade roots, but prevent them after their penetration to complete the life cycle. the resistance trait has been transferred successfully to susceptible rapeseed by the addition of a complete radish chromosome. the aim ...200919050847
a novel rf gene controlling fertility restoration of ogura male sterility by rna processing of orf138 found in japanese wild radish and its sts markers.to reveal the molecular and genetic mechanism of fertility restoration in ogura male sterility in japanese wild radish (raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides), we investigated fertility restoration of a plant that lacks the dominant type of orf687, a previously identified fertility restorer gene. a total of 100 f2 plants were made from the cross between a male-sterile strain with the ogura cytoplasm, 'ms-gensuke', and a japanese wild radish plant. segregation of pollen fertility in ...200919483769
raphanus sativus extract prevents and ameliorates zearalenone-induced peroxidative hepatic damage in balb/c mice.raphanus sativus (radish) is a species of crucifer, which includes widely consumed vegetables, distributed in asia, africa and europe. it is a rich source of bioactive molecules including anthocyanins, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and other flavonoids, and miscellaneous phenolic substances. we have evaluated the hepatoprotection of r. sativus extract against zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin initiating hepatotoxicity in male balb/c mice.200919903381
effect of overexpression of radish plasma membrane aquaporins on water-use efficiency, photosynthesis and growth of eucalyptus trees.eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees with more than 700 genotypic species which are mostly native to australia. we selected 19 wild provenances of eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in australia, compared their growth rate and drought tolerance and determined the protein levels of plasma membrane aquaporins (pips). there was a positive relationship between the drought tolerance and pip content. pips are divided into two subgroups, pip1 and pip2. most members of the pip2 subgroup, but not ...201020124554
[allelopathy of andrographis paniculata vegetative].andrographis paniculata at vegetative stage were analyzed for the allelopathic effect on cabbage (brassica chinensis), radis (raphanus sativus), and desmodium styracifolium, and provided the theory reference for their application of compounding planting pattern in practice.201021548354
response of antioxidative enzymes and apoplastic bypass transport in thlaspi caerulescens and raphanus sativus to cadmium stress.a hydroponics experiment using hyperaccumulator thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) and non-specific accumulator raphanus sativus (common radish) was conducted to investigate the short-term effect of increasing cd concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 microm) on metal uptake, chlorophyll content, antioxidative enzymes, and apoplastic bypass flow. as expected, t. caerulescens generally showed better resistance to metal stress, which was reflected by higher cd accumulation within plant tissues w ...201021166344
effect of particle size reduction on physicochemical properties of ashgourd (benincasa hispida) and radish (raphanus sativus) fibres.the present work was aimed at studying the effect of particle size reduction on the physicochemical properties of ashgourd and radish fibre. both the fibres after extraction of juice were dehydrated and subjected to granulometry to obtain 30, 60 and 100 mesh particles. the yield was more for 60 mesh particles. the image analysis as well as microstructural analysis of particles by scanning electron microscopy showed distinctive properties. the 30 mesh particles of ashgourd and radish fibre contai ...201019961356
expression of a plant defensin in rice confers resistance to fungal phytopathogens.transgenic rice (oryza sativa l. cv. pusa basmati 1), overexpressing the rs-afp2 defensin gene from the raphanus sativus was generated by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. expression levels of rs-afp2 ranged from 0.45 to 0.53% of total soluble protein in transgenic plants. it was observed that constitutive expression of rs-afp2 suppresses the growth of magnaporthe oryzae and rhizoctonia solani by 77 and 45%, respectively. no effect on plant morphology was observed in the rs-afp2 ...201019690975
evolutionary trajectory of turnip mosaic virus populations adapting to a new host.little is known about how some plant viruses establish successful cross-species transmission whilst others do not; the genetic basis for adaptation is largely unknown. this study investigated the genetic changes that occurred using the progeny of an infectious clone, p35tunos, derived from the turnip mosaic virus (tumv) uk 1 isolate, which has a brassica host type, but rarely infects raphanus systemically and then only asymptomatically. the genetic trajectory leading to viral adaptation was stud ...201019906944
qtl mapping of clubroot resistance in radish (raphanus sativus l.).a qtl analysis for clubroot resistance (cr) of radish was performed using an f(2) population derived from a crossing of a cr japanese radish and a clubroot-susceptible (cs) chinese radish. f(3) plants obtained by selfing of f(2) plants were used for the cr tests. the potted seedlings were inoculated and the symptom was evaluated 6 weeks thereafter. the mean disease indexes of the f(3) plants were used for the phenotype of the f(2). the results of two cr tests were analyzed for the presence of qt ...201020012934
effect of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides on foliar injury, growth, and net photosynthesis in japanese radish (raphanus sativus).to investigate the effects of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides concurrent with o(3) on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and biomass in herbaceous plants, we exposed japanese radish (raphanus sativus) to clean air, 50 ppb o(3), 100 ppb o(3), and 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb o(3) in outdoor chambers. compared with exposure to 100 ppb o(3), exposure to 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb o(3) induced greater damage in foliar injury, net photosynthetic rates and biomass; the pattern of foliar injury and the cau ...201020056522
characterization of acc deaminase gene in pseudomonas entomophila strain ps-pjh isolated from the rhizosphere soil.the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase cleaves the ethylene precursor acc into alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia. the decreased level of ethylene allows the plant to be more resistant to a wide environmental stress including plant pathogens. in the present study, we characterized the acc deaminase activity of a pseudomonas entomophila strain ps-pjh isolated from the red pepper rhizosphere region of red pepper grown at jinan, korea. the isolate produced 23.8 +/- 0.4 micromol of ...201020082369
screening of dried plant seed extracts for adiponectin production activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitory activity on 3t3-l1 adipocytes.to search for dried plant seeds with potent anti-diabetes activity, we conducted a large scale screening for inhibitory activity on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and facilitating activity on adiponectin production in vitro. these activities in 3t3-l1 adipocytes were screened from ethanol extracts of 20 kinds of dried plant seed marketed in japan. komatsuna (brassica rapa var. perviridis), common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), qing geng cai (brassica rapa var. chinensis), green soybean (glycine max) ...201020717728
certain antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation of radish (raphanus sativus l.) as early warning biomarkers of soil copper exposure.copper (cu) is a major heavy metal contaminant with various anthropogenic and natural sources. recently, using biomarkers to monitor the effects of pollutants has attracted increased interest. pot culture experiments using radish (raphanus sativus l.) was performed to investigate cu phytotoxic effects on antioxidant enzymes and other early warning biomarkers of soil cu exposure. under low dose cu stress (lower than the ec10, cu concentration reducing root length by 10%), activity and isozyme exp ...201020728270
residues of bioenergy production chains as soil amendments: immediate and temporal phytotoxicity.the current shift towards bioenergy production increases streams of bioenergy rest-products (rps), which are likely to end-up as soil amendments. however, their impact on soil remains unclear. in this study we evaluated crop phytotoxicity of 15 rps from common bioenergy chains (biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol and pyrolysis). the rps were mixed into a sandy soil and the seedling root and shoot elongation of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.), and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) ...201021256672
antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of acylated pelargonidin derivatives extracted from red radish (raphanus sativus var. niger, brassicaceae).the antioxidant and pro-oxidant potential of an extract from red radish, in which the major compounds were acylated pelargonidin derivatives, were assessed with a variety of assays in vitro. the extract appeared to form a complex with fe(3+) or cu(2+). it displayed a concentration-dependant reducing power (1.16od(700 nm) at a concentration of 4mm) and scavenging effect against 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (with ic(50)=1.74 +/- 0.03 mm). it could promote the cle ...201020600520
hexane extract of raphanus sativus l. roots inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by modulating genes related to apoptotic pathway.raphanus sativus, a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological and therapeutic properties. it has been used in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various human ailments in india. this present study evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of different parts of r. sativus such as root, stem and leaves, extracted with solvents of varying polarity and investigated the molecular mechanism leading to growth arrest and apoptotic cell death in ...201020652750
regulation of growth and antioxidant enzyme activities by 28-homobrassinolide in seedlings of raphanus sativus l. under cadmium stress.28-homobrassinolide (28-hbl), a brassinosteroid is reported to play significant role in diverse physiological processes. it induces a range of cellular and adaptive responses to a range of environmental stresses. cadmium (cd) is a non-essential metal which alters various physiological processes and generates ros, which can oxidize biological macromolecules and causes oxidative stress. this stress is generally overcome by the internal antioxidative defense system and stress shielding phytohormone ...201020653289
phytotoxic activities of mediterranean essential oils.twelve essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants were tested for their phytotoxic activity, at different doses, against the germination and the initial radicle growth of seeds of raphanus sativus, lactuca sativa and lepidium sativum. the essential oils were obtained from hyssopus officinalis, lavandula angustifolia, majorana hortensis, melissa officinalis, ocimum basilicum, origanum vulgare, salvia officinalis and thymus vulgaris (lamiaceae), verbena officinalis (verbenaceae), pimpinella ...201020657443
immunotoxicity of zearalenone in balb/c mice in a high subchronic dosing study counteracted by raphanus sativus extract.radish (raphanus sativus) is a cruciferous plant, rich on flavonoids, isothiocyanates, and phenolic acids. they show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. isothiocyanates and flavonoids have been reported previously to prevent low-sub-chronic dose of zearalenone (zen) causing immunotoxicity. the present study focuses on the amelioration of fusarotoxicosis in balb/c mice by feeding two concentrations of radish extract. the extract at 15 and 30 mg/kg bw, was ev ...201020205508
two novel sulfur compounds from the seeds of raphanus sativus l.the seeds of raphanus sativus l., known as lai-fu-zi in traditional chinese medicine, are always roasted before clinical use for avoiding nausea. during an investigation of the chemical difference between roasted and pre-roasted products, two novel sulfur-containing compounds, which mainly existed in the pre-roasted products, were isolated. their structures and absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic and x-ray diffraction analysis.201020390752
in-vitro free radical scavenging, antiproliferative and anti-zearalenone cytotoxic effects of 4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate from tunisian raphanus sativus.the aim of this study was to investigate the antiradical and antioxidant properties of 4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (mtbitc) extracted from raphanus sativus and to assess the effects of mtbitc on tumour cell growth, cytotoxicity induced by zearalenone, an oestrogenic mycotoxin, and modulation of the expression of the genes involved in these aspects of cell behaviour.201020487203
origin of the cms gene locus in rapeseed cybrid mitochondria: active and inactive recombination produces the complex cms gene region in the mitochondrial genomes of brassicaceae.cms (cytoplasmic male sterile) rapeseed is produced by asymmetrical somatic cell fusion between the brassica napus cv. westar and the raphanus sativus kosena cms line (kosena radish). the cms rapeseed contains a cms gene, orf125, which is derived from kosena radish. our sequence analyses revealed that the orf125 region in cms rapeseed originated from recombination between the orf125/orfb region and the nad1c/ccmfn1 region by way of a 63 bp repeat. a precise sequence comparison among the related ...201021317543
polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of raphanus sativus l.aerial parts (leaves and stem) of raphanus sativus, which are usually discarded were found to possess potent antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, as measured by standard antioxidant assays. methanolic and acetone extracts of r. sativus leaves had total polyphenolic content of 86.16 and 78.77 mg/g dry extract, which were comparable to the traditional rich sources such as green tea and black tea. hplc identification of polyphenolics indicated the presence of catechin, protocatechuic acid, ...201020072818
developing stable progenies of ×brassicoraphanus, an intergeneric allopolyploid between brassica rapa and raphanus sativus, through induced mutation using microspore culture.induced mutations were used to improve the low seed fertility of an intergeneric allopolyploid, 'baemoochae,' ×brassicoraphanus, synthesized following hybridization between brassica rapa and raphanus sativus. the mutagen n-methyl-n-nitroso-urethane (nmu) was added to microspore cultures. four lines of nine in the mi(2) generation showed very high fertility under controlled pollination. the progeny lines (mi(3)) confirmed this result under open pollination, and excellent uniformity was observed i ...201121113703
the toxicity to plants of the sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes.the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (cnts) with an outer diameter <10 nm (cnt10) or 40-60 nm (cnt60) to lepidium sativum (cress), sorghum saccharatum (sorgo), solanum lycopersicon (tomato), raphanus sativus (radish) and cucumis sativus (cucumber). cnts were also incubated in sewage sludge for 7 or 31 days to determine the effect of cnt aging on sewage sludge phytotoxicity. the influence of cnts on 4 different sewage sludges ...201121145166
biodepollution of wastewater containing phenolic compounds from leather industry by plant peroxidases.this study deals with the use of peroxidases (poxs) from allium sativum, ipomoea batatas, raphanus sativus and sorghum bicolor to catalyze the degradation of free phenolic compounds as well as phenolic compounds contained in wastewater from leather industry. secretory plant poxs were able to catalyze the oxidation of gallic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, pyrogallol and 1,4-tyrosol prepared in ethanol 2% (v:v). efficiency of peroxidase catalysis depends strongly on the chemical nature ...201120803235
extensive chromosome homoeology among brassiceae species were revealed by comparative genetic mapping with high-density est-based snp markers in radish (raphanus sativus l.).a linkage map of expressed sequence tag (est)-based markers in radish (raphanus sativus l.) was constructed using a low-cost and high-efficiency single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping method named multiplex polymerase chain reaction-mixed probe dot-blot analysis developed in this study. seven hundred and forty-six snp markers derived from est sequences of r. sativus were assigned to nine linkage groups with a total length of 806.7 cm. by blastn, 726 markers were found to have homologous ...201121816873
rapid divergence of repetitive dnas in brassica relatives.centromeric, subtelomeric, and telomeric repetitive dnas were characterized in brassica species and the related raphanus sativus and arabidopsis thaliana. in general, rapid divergence of the repeats was found. the centromeric tandem satellite repeats were differentially distributed in the species studied, suggesting that centromeric repeats have diverged during the evolution of the a/c and b genome lineages. sequence analysis of centromeric repeats suggested rapid evolution. pericentromere-assoc ...201121159321
antidiabetic effect of raphanus sativus root juice.context: many plants have been explored scientifically and systematically and claimed to be useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus by various research groups worldwide. the present study is a further effort in the direction of developing a novel oral antidiabetic agent of high potential with minimal or no side effects. objective: this study screened the glycemic attributes of raphanus sativus l. (brassicaceae) root juice in normal as well as sub- and mild-diabetic models. materials and me ...201120687786
expression of a radish defensin in transgenic wheat confers increased resistance to fusarium graminearum and rhizoctonia cerealis.fusarium head blight (scab), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) worldwide. wheat sharp eyespot, mainly caused by rhizoctonia cerealis, is one of the major diseases of wheat in china. the defensin rsafp2, a small cyteine-rich antifungal protein from radish (raphanus sativus), was shown to inhibit growth in vitro of agronomically important fungal pathogens, such as f. graminearum and r. cerealis. the rsafp2 gene was transformed into c ...201121279533
the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of fig cryptic virus, a novel bipartite dsrna virus infecting fig, widely distributed in the mediterranean basin.two double-stranded rna (dsrna) segments of a virus with a bipartite genome identified in fig (ficus carica l.) and denoted fig cryptic virus (fcv) were cloned and sequenced. viral dsrnas are 1696 bp (rna-1) and 1415 bp (rna-2) in size. rna-1 contains a single orf (1419 nt) potentially encoding a 54 kda protein and comprising the conserved amino acid motifs of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domain of species of the genus alphacryptovirus. its full-length amino acid sequence has the high ...201121318240
bioavailability of sulforaphane from two broccoli sprout beverages: results of a short-term, cross-over clinical trial in qidong, china.one of several challenges in design of clinical chemoprevention trials is the selection of the dose, formulation, and dose schedule of the intervention agent. therefore, a cross-over clinical trial was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and tolerability of sulforaphane from two of broccoli sprout-derived beverages: one glucoraphanin-rich (grr) and the other sulforaphane-rich (sfr). sulforaphane was generated from glucoraphanin contained in grr by gut microflora or formed by treatment of g ...201121372038
toxicity of sodium tungstate to earthworm, oat, radish, and lettuce.due to unknown effects of the potential exposure of the terrestrial environment to tungsten substances, a series of toxicity studies of sodium tungstate (na(2) wo(4) ) was conducted. the effect on earthworm (eisenia fetida) survival and reproduction was examined using organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) guideline 222. no effect on either endpoint was seen at the highest concentration tested, resulting in a 56-d no-observed-effect concentration (noec) of ≥586 mg tungsten ...201121805499
polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of raphanus sativus l.raphanus sativus, a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological properties. antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of r. sativus root extracted with solvents of varying polarity were evaluated using different model systems. polyphenolic content was estimated to be in the range 13.18-63.54ôçëmgôçëg(-1) dry weight, with a considerable amount being obtained with polar solvents. high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of ...201121714734
effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant defence system in raphanus sativus l. under chromium toxicity.heavy metals have emerged as major environmental contaminants due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. the genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of heavy metal like chromium (cr) on man, animals and plants have been documented. in plants, accumulation of heavy metals beyond critical levels generates oxidative stress. this stress is generally overcome by antioxidant defence system and stress shielding phytohormones. thus, the present study has been focused to analyze the effect of ...201121448625
terrestrial ecotoxicity of short aliphatic protic ionic liquids.a study of the ecotoxicity of different short aliphatic protic ionic liquids (pils) on terrestrial organisms was conducted. tests performed within the present study include those assessing the effects of pils on soil microbial functions (carbon and nitrogen mineralization) and terrestrial plants. the results show that the nominal lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (loaec) values were 5,000 mg/kg (dry soil) for the plant test in two species (lolium perenne, allium cepa), 1,000 mg/kg (dr ...201121935980
revisiting the dna c-values of the genome size-standards used in plant flow cytometry to choose the "best primary standards".flow cytometry (fcm) techniques have enabled characterization of the genome size for various plant species. in order to measure the nuclear genome size of a species, reference standards with well-established dna content are necessary. however, different 2c-values have been described for the same species used as reference standard. this fact has brought about inaccurate genome measurements, making relevant the establishment of optimal dna reference standards for plant cytometric analyses. our wor ...201121318354
disinfection of radish and alfalfa seeds inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella by a gaseous acetic acid treatment.abstract the majority of seed sprout-related outbreaks have been associated with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella. therefore, we aimed to find an effective method to inactivate these organisms on seeds before sprouting. treatment with 8.7% (v/v) acetic acid at 55°c for 2-3 h reduced the population of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella inoculated on alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) and radish seeds (raphanus sativus l.) by more than 5.0 log cfu/g, and a longer treatment time completely eliminated ...201121651341
an est-ssr linkage map of raphanus sativus and comparative genomics of the brassicaceae.raphanus sativus (2n = 2x = 18) is a widely cultivated member of the family brassicaceae, for which genomic resources are available only to a limited extent in comparison to many other members of the family. to promote more genetic and genomic studies and to enhance breeding programmes of r. sativus, we have prepared genetic resources such as complementary dna libraries, expressed sequences tags (ests), simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers and a genetic linkage map. a total of 26 606 ests have b ...201121669962
Radish (Raphanus sativus L. leaf) ethanol extract inhibits protein and mRNA expression of ErbB(2) and ErbB(3) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 µg/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Erb ...201121994522
effects of chinese herbal cataplasm xiaozhang tie on cirrhotic ascites.conventional methods of treating cirrhotic ascites are inadequate. we sought to identify a novel, effective approach to relieve the suffering of patients with cirrhotic ascites.201122107835
genetic and pathogenic variability of indian strains of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot disease in crucifers.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (pammel) dowson (xcc) causing black rot of crucifers is a serious disease in india and causes >50% crop losses in favorable environmental conditions. pathogenic variability of xcc, x. oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), and x. axonopodis pv. citri (xac) were tested on 19 cultivars of cruciferae including seven brassica spp. viz., b. campestris, b. carinata, b. juncea, b. napus, b. nigra, b. oleracea and b. rapa, and raphanus sativus for two consecutive years viz., 2007 ...201121956666
development of genomic and est-ssr markers in radish (raphanus sativus l.).radish (raphanus sativus l.) belongs to brassicaceae family and is a close relative of brassica. this species shows a wide morphological diversity, and is an important vegetable especially in asia. however, molecular research of radish is behind compared to that of brassica. for example, reports on ssr (simple sequence repeat) markers are limited. here, we designed 417 radish ssr markers from ssr-enriched genomic libraries and the cdna data. of the 256 ssr markers succeeded in pcr, 130 showed cl ...201123136479
anthocyanin accumulation and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in radish (raphanus sativus).radish [raphanus sativus (rs)] is an important dietary vegetable in asian countries, especially china, japan, and korea. to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation in radish, the gene expression of enzymes directly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis was analyzed. these genes include phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (c4h), 4-coumarate-coa ligase (4cl), chalcone synthase (chs), chalcone isomerase (chi), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (f3h), dihydroflavon ...201121548630
raphasatin is a more potent inducer of the detoxification enzymes than its degradation products.the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables is hypothesized to be due to the metabolites of a class of phytochemicals called glucosinolates. the chemical properties of these metabolites, including isothiocyanates, determine the biological activity of these compounds and thus their effects on human health. the 2 primary radish (raphanus sativus l.) glucosinolates, glucoraphasatin, and glucoraphenin, were isolated using solid phase extraction followed by preparative hplc purification. in an ...201121535821
properties and detection of two cryptoviruses from pepper (capsicum annuum).pepper (capsicum annuum l.) contains a range of endogenous dsrna molecules resembling the genomes of cryptoviruses. in this work, we have completed the molecular characterization of pepper cryptic virus 1 (pcv-1) from cv "jalape+¦o m" and generated complete genomic sequences of another cryptovirus from cv "hungarian wax" designated pepper cryptic virus 2 (pcv-2). the two viruses share limited identical amino acid content in both genomic segments and appear phylogenetically closer to cryptoviruse ...201121695493
influence of various host plants on the consumption and utilization of food by pieris brassicae (linn.).pieris brassicae (linn.) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. it is present wherever its host plants occur, and it is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the lepidoptera. we investigated the affect of various host plants on the food consumption and utilization by p. brassicae. we quantified consumption of food, larval duration, pupal duration and weight on cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis), radish ( ...201122030306
Autotoxicity and allelopathy of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone isolated from Picea schrenkiana needles.Bioassay-guided fractionation of the diethyl ether fraction of a water extract of Picea schrenkiana needles led to the isolation of the phenolic compound 3,4-dihydroxy- acetophenone (DHAP). The allelopathic effects of DHAP were evaluated under laboratory conditions on P. schrenkiana, rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). DHAP significantly inhibited seed ...201122024957
microbiological investigation of raphanus sativus l. grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions contaminated with spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.the survival of eight undesired (spoilage/pathogenic) food related bacteria (citrobacter freundii pss60, enterobacter spp. pss11, escherichia coli pss2, klebsiella oxytoca pss82, serratia grimesii pss72, pseudomonas putida pss21, stenotrophomonas maltophilia pss52 and listeria monocytogenes atcc 19114(t)) was investigated in mineral nutrient solution (mns) during the crop cycle of radishes (raphanus sativus l.) cultivated in hydroponics in a greenhouse. mnss were microbiologically analyzed weekl ...201223290244
acquiring transgenic tobacco plants with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation.the advantages of gene 'stacking' or 'pyramiding' are obvious in genetically modified (gm) crops, and several different multi-transgene-stacking methods are available. using linker peptides for multiple gene transformation is considered to be a good method to meet a variety of needs. in our experiment, the bt cry1ah gene, which encodes the insect-resistance protein, and the mg ( 2 ) -epsps gene, which encodes the glyphosate-tolerance protein, were connected by a 2a or lp4/2a linker. linker 2a is ...201222777591
biology and interactions of two distinct monopartite begomoviruses and betasatellites associated with radish leaf curl disease in india.emerging whitefly transmitted begomoviruses are major pathogens of vegetable and fibre crops throughout the world, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. mutation, pseudorecombination and recombination are driving forces for the emergence and evolution of new crop-infecting begomoviruses. leaf curl disease of field grown radish plants was noticed in varanasi and pataudi region of northern india. we have identified and characterized two distinct monopartite begomoviruses and associate ...201222339942
chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from three melaleuca species grown in tunisia.the chemical composition of the essential oils of melaleuca armillaris sm., melaleuca styphelioides sm. and melaleuca acuminata f. muell., collected in tunisia, was studied by means of gc and gc-ms analysis. in all, 46 compounds were identified, 38 for m. armillaris, 20 for m. acuminata and eight for m. styphelioides, respectively. the presence of a sesquiterpenic fraction (52.2%) characterized the oil from m. armillaris; m. sthypheliodes oil was rich in methyl eugenol, a phenolic compound (91.1 ...201223443119
relationship between pollutant content and ecotoxicity of sewage sludges from spanish wastewater treatment plants.chemical and ecotoxicological properties of 28 sewage sludge samples from spanish wastewater treatment plants were studied in order to assess their suitability for agricultural purposes. sludge samples were classified into five categories according to specific treatment processes in terms of digestion (aerobic/anaerobic) and drying (mechanical/thermal). composted samples, as indicative of the most refined process, were also considered. sludges were subjected to physical-chemical characterization ...201222483948
interaction of brassinosteroids and polyamines enhances copper stress tolerance in raphanus sativus.brassinosteroids (brs) and polyamines (pas) regulate various responses to abiotic stress, but their involvement in the regulation of copper (cu) homeostasis in plants exposed to toxic levels of cu is poorly understood. this study provides an analysis of the effects of exogenously applied brs and pas on radish (raphanus sativus) plants exposed to toxic concentrations of cu. the interaction of 24-epibrassinolide (ebr, an active br) and spermidine (spd, an active pa) on gene expression and the phys ...201222915739
potential water retention capacity as a factor in silage effluent control: experiments with high moisture by-product feedstuffs.the role of moisture absorptive capacity of pre-silage material and its relationship with silage effluent in high moisture by-product feedstuffs (hmbf) is assessed. the term water retention capacity which is sometimes used in explaining the rate of effluent control in ensilage may be inadequate, since it accounts exclusively for the capacity of an absorbent incorporated into a pre-silage material prior to ensiling, without consideration to how much the pre-silage material can release. a new term ...201225049587
phytotoxic effect of 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) against some vegetable crops.benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa) is a well known allelochemical that is being explored for its herbicidal activity. however, not much is known about its effect on crop plants. the present study investigated the effect of boa on germination and early growth of four vegetable crops viz. pisum sativum l., raphanus sativus l., brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis and brassica oleracea l. var. capitata. at 1000 microm, germination of p. sativum, r. sativus and b. oleracea var. botrytis was reduced by more ...201223033638
insecticide resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae) ii: costs and benefits.among herbivorous insects that have exploited agro-ecosystems, the peach-potato aphid, myzus persicae, is recognized as one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide. uses over 400 plant species and has evolved different insecticides resistance mechanisms. as m. persicae feeds upon a huge diversity of hosts, it has been exposed to a wide variety of plant allelochemicals, which probably have promoted a wide range of detoxification systems.201222685539
contractile effect of radish and betel nut extracts on rabbit gallbladder.raphanus sativus (abbreviated in this paper as rs.cr) and areca catechu (ac.cr), commonly known as radish and betel nut respectively, are traditionally used in south asia for different gastrointestinal, gallbladder, and hepatic diseases. there has not been any study to see how they modulate gallbladder contractility. we selected isolated rabbit gallbladder tissue preparations, mounted them in tissue baths containing krebs-henseleit solution at 37°c, and then recorded the changes in baseline tone ...201222499720
increased resistance to late leaf spot disease in transgenic peanut using a combination of pr genes.peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) is the sixth most important oil seed crop in the world. yield loss due to cercospora leaf spot (early and late leaf spots) is a serious problem in cultivating this crop. non-availability of resistant genes within crossable germplasms of peanut necessitates the use of a genetic engineering strategy to develop genetic resistance against various biotic stresses. the pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins are a group of plant proteins that are toxic to invading fungal pathog ...201223053199
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