Publications

relationship between the level of adenine nucleotides and the carboxylation activity of illuminated isolated spinach chloroplasts: a study with antimycin a.	the changes in the levels of intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplast adenine nucleotides during the time course of light-dependent co(2) fixation were determined with respect to the effect of antimycin a. this study demonstrated that antimycin a lowered the rate of atp formation during the induction period of carboxylation. while the steady state levels of atp and the energy-charge value also decreased in the presence of antimycin, the concomitant increase of the co(2) fixation activit ...	1974	16658804
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from spinach leaf tissue: inhibition by sulfite ion.	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ec 4.1.1.31), partially purified from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves, is inhibited by so(3) (2-) ion. the inhibition is competitive or mixed type with respect to hco(3) (-) (ki = 17 mm), and noncompetitive with respect to phosphoenolpyruvic acid (ki = 11 mm), mg(2+) (ki = 10 mm), and mn(2+) (ki = 2.4 mm). the inhibitory effect of so(3) (2-) is more significant in the presence of mn(2+) than in the presence of mg(2+). l-malate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruv ...	1974	16658799
nitrate reductase from spinacea oleracea. reversible inactivation by nad(p)h and by thiols.		1974	4151885
levels of (+/-) abscisic acid and xanthoxin in spinach under different environmental conditions.	the levels of the growth inhibitors(+)-abscisic acid and xanthoxin were determined in the long day plant spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv. savoy hybrid 612) grown under different environmental conditions. when plants were transferred from light to darkness, the (+)-abscisic acid level always decreased, whereas the xanthoxin content did not change. the (+)-abscisic acid content was higher in plants grown under low than under high relative humidity.xanthoxin levels were not affected by photoperiod ...	1974	16658759
an improved method for the isolation of spinach chloroplast envelope membranes.	a three-phase, discontinuous sucrose gradient yielded two distinct fractions of envelope membranes from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. their buoyant densities were 1.08 g cm(-3) and 1.11 g cm(-3). electron micrographs showed the lighter and heavier fractions to consist primarily of single and double membranes, respectively. the milligrams of lipid-milligrams of protein ratio for the complete envelope membrane (double membrane fraction) was 1.74. thin layer chromatograms showed that ...	1974	16658971
[the influence of starch on the activity of pyrophosphatase from isolated spinach chloroplasts].	the activity of the inorganic pyrophosphatase from isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts is strongly dependent upon the addition of magnesium ions. since the complex of the bivalent ion with inorganic pyrophosphate is the real substrate, a definite mg(2+)/na4p2o7-ratio is required for maximum activity. when the activity was measured in particle-free extracts from chloroplasts, this ratio was shown to be approximately 3. however, an increase up to 10 was observed in the presence of ...	1974	24442654
separation and characterization of two inorganic pyrophosphatases from spinach leaves.	two inorganic pyrophosphatases (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, e.c.3.6.1.1) have been identified in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. the two isoenzymes were readily separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing between ph 4 and 6. one isoenzyme is located in the chloroplasts whereas the other form was isolated from the soluble "cytoplasmic" fraction. in addition, a third form appeared when the isolation procedure started from a crude extract from whole leaves ...	1974	24442653
amino acid permeability of the chloroplast envelope as measured by light scattering, volumetry and amino acid uptake.	the amino acid permeability of the envelope of intact, functional spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts was investigated by light scattering, volumetry and uptake of (14)c-labelled amino acids. the criterion for the functionally of the chloroplasts was their ability to reduce co2, pga and oxaloacetate in the light at high rates.net uptake into the chloroplast interior of neutral amino acids such as alanine, glycine, serine, proline, threonine or valine occurred only at very low rates. the ...	1974	24442617
uptake and reduction of glycerate by isolated chloroplasts.	intact chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) evolve o2 in the light in a glycerate-dependent reaction at rates usually close to 10 μmolxmg(-1) chlorophyllxh(-1). glycerate isfirst phosphorylated and the resulting phosphoglycerate reduced to the sugar level. products of the reaction are the intermediates of the calvin cycle and glycolate. the ratio of triosephosphates to phosphoglycerate is higher under low light or at a low ph than under high light or at a high ph. chloroplasts contain ...	1974	24442616
oxidation of formate by peroxisomes and mitochondria from spinach leaves.	1. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf extracts catalyse the oxidation of formate to co(2). 2. two enzymic systems are responsible for this oxidation, the peroxidatic action of catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) and nad-dependent formate dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.2). 3. formate dehydrogenase is mainly, if not exclusively, located in the mitochondria. this enzyme has a ph optimum of 6-6.5 and a k(m) for formate of 1.7mm in the presence of 1 mm-nad(+). 4. peroxidatic action of catalase is presumed to take place ...	1974	4840839
dark starvation and plant metabolism : ii. co2 fixation in isolated chloroplasts.	the fixation pattern of radioactive labelled photosynthetic intermediates was followed under steady state conditions during prolonged dark starvation of spinach plants (spinacia oleracea l.). it is suggested that the considerable increase of radioactive dihydroxyacetonephosphate is correlated with a specific leakage of the outer chloroplast envelope induced by dark starvation. the primary fixation product, phosphoglyceric acid, followed the same decreasing tendency as observed for the net co2 fi ...	1975	24435230
relative thermostability of the chloroplast envelope.	intact isolated chloroplasts from leaves of spinacia oleracea l. were subjected to heat treatment. after heating, the integrity of the chloroplast envelopes and the activities of various light-dependent chloroplast reactions were tested. the integrity of the chloroplast envelopes, as judged from rates of ferricyanide reduction, enzyme compartmentation and visual appearance of the chloroplasts in the light microscope with phase optics, was affected much less by heat stress than the photochemical ...	1975	24430479
inhibition of the adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-sulfotransferase activity from spinach, maize, and chlorella by adenosine-5'-monophosphate.	adenosin-5'-phosphosulfate (aps) sulfotransferase from higher plants and algae seems to be regulated by adenosine-5'-monophosphate, an endproduct of the aps-sulfotransferase reaction. this was found in crude extracts of spinacea oleracea l. and zea mays l. and with partially purified aps-sulfotransferase fractions from chlorella pyrenoidosa. half-maximal inhibition with adenosine-5'-monophosphate, was found to be (a) 1.3 mm for spinacea; (b) 1.3 mm for zea; and (c) 1.6 mm for chlorella. this inh ...	1975	24430289
photosynthetic enhancement studied in intact spinach chloroplasts.	the emerson enhancement effect was evaluated in the intact spinach (spinacia oleracea var. long standing bloomsdale) chloroplast by monitoring the uptake of (14)co(2) during illumination by 640 nm and 720 nm lights. low levels (about 10 mum) of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, and glycerate 3-phosphate stimulated the rate of photosynthesis and abolished enhancement values observed in their absence. concentrations of the two sugar phosphates at levels of 1 mm responded similarly. in ...	1975	16659171
the amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from spinach. (spinacia oleracea l.).	the amino acid sequence of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plastocyanin was determined. it consists of a single polypeptide chain of 99 residues and has a sequence molecular weight of 10415. the sequence was determined by using a beckman 890c automatic sequencer and by the dansyl--phenyl isothiocyanate analysis of peptides obtained by the enzymic digestion of purified cnbr fragments. overlap through the two methionine residues was not shown. sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge gave a ...	1975	1180895
effect of oxygen on photosynthesis by spinach leaf protoplasts.	the photosynthetic co(2) fixation by spinach leaf (spinacia oleracea l. var. kyoho) protoplasts was inhibited by substituting an atmosphere of n(2) with one of either air (21% o(2)) or 100% o(2). the inhibitory effect of 100% o(2) was greater than that of air. the mode of inhibition by 100% o(2) and air was competitive with respect to co(2); ki(o(2)) value was 0.32 mm at ph 7 and 0.28 mm at ph 8.5 the labeling patterns of compounds in protoplasts exposed to (14)co(2) in light after transferring ...	1975	16659379
carbon dioxide assimilation by leaves, isolated chloroplasts, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach.	the relationship between rate of photosynthesis and co(2) concentration has been reinvestigated using isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. the apparently low co(2) concentration required for half-maximal photosynthesis is shown to result partly from a ceiling imposed by electron transport. in double reciprocal plots of rate against co(2) concentration, this ceiling results in departures from linearity at high co(2) concentrations. if these rate limitations are disregarded in extrap ...	1975	16659216
the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerate 3-phosphate shuttle and carbon dioxide assimilation in intact spinach chloroplasts.	the regulation of co(2) assimilation by intact spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts by exogenous nadp-linked nonreversible d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.9) was investigated. this dehydrogenase mediated a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/glycerate 3-phosphate shuttle for the indirect transfer of nadph from chloroplast to the external medium. the rate of nadph formation in the medium reflected glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate efflux from the chloroplast. increasing enzyme concentrat ...	1975	16659203
nitrate reductase from spinacea oleracea. effects of sulfhydryl-group reagents on the activities of the complex and the inactivation by nadh.		1975	167749
transport of metabolites across isolated envelope membranes of spinach chloroplasts.	isolated envelope membranes of spinach chloroplasts (spinacia oleracea l. var. viroflay) exhibited selective permeability. metabolites such as 3-phosphoglycerate, bicarbonate, glyoxylate, and acetate were transported rapidly; 6-phosphogluconate, glycolate, glycine, l-malate, and succinate were intermediate; whereas glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and sucrose were hardly transported. transport rates, metabolite accumulations within the membrane vesicles, and the internal water volu ...	1975	16659179
sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts.	photosynthetic oxygen evolution by isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts approached complete inhibition in the presence of a 5 mm concentration of sulfur dioxide. a similar inhibition was observed in the presence of equimolar concentrations of bisulfite ions, suggesting a parallel mode of action. in contrast, an equimolar concentration of sulfite ions was markedly less inhibitory and sulfate ions caused negligible inhibition of apparent photosynthesis. the mode of action of sulfur ...	1975	16659319
biosynthesis of hydroxyfatty acid polymers. enzymatic epoxidation of 18-hydroxyoleic acid to 18-hydroxy-cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid by a particulate preparation from spinach (spinacia oleracea).		1975	240325
metabolic conversion of l-ascorbic acid to oxalic acid in oxalate-accumulating plants.	l-ascorbic acid-1-(14)c and its oxidation product, dehydro-l-ascorbic acid, produced labeled oxalic acid in oxalate-accumulating plants such as spinach seedlings (spinacia oleracea) and the detached leaves of woodsorrel (oxalis stricta and o. oregana), shamrock (oxalis adenopylla), and begonia (begonia evansiana). in o. oregana, conversion occurred equally well in the presence or absence of light. this relationship between l-ascorbic acid metabolism and oxalic acid formation must be given carefu ...	1975	16659288
ph dependence of the km(co(2)) of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.	the km(co(2)) values of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in freshly ruptured spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts and in the purified form isolated from spinach leaves were found to be ph dependent. raising the ph of the assay solution produced a substantial decrease in the km(co(2)) of both enzyme systems. in freshly ruptured chloroplasts at ph 7.2 the km(co(2)) was 25 mum, at ph 8 it decreased to 19 mum, and at ph 8.8 a further decrease to 7 mum was found. with the purified enzyme a ...	1975	16659359
purification and properties of s-adenosyl-l-methionine: caffeic acid o-methyltransferase from leaves of spinach beet (beta vulgaris l).	1. an enzyme catalysing the methylation of caffeic acid to ferulic acid, using s-adenosyl-l-methionine as methyl donor, has been extracted from leaves of spinach beet and purified 75-fold to obtain a stable preparation. 2. the enzyme showed optimum activity at ph 6.5, and did not require the addition of mg2+ for maximum activity. 3. it was most active with caffeic acid, but showed some activity with catechol, protocatechuic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. the km for caffeic acid was 68 mum. ...	1975	241400
lamellar superoxide dismutase of isolated chloroplasts.	photooxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite by spinach (spinacia oleracea l. and sugarbeet (beta vulgaris l.) chloroplast lamellae in the presence of autoxidable electron acceptors is inhibited by either solubilized or membrane-bound superoxide dismutase (sod). this inhibition is reversed by kcn. the rates of hydroxylamine photooxidation by chloroplast lamellae, a reaction which is apparently driven by the superoxide free-radical ion, was used for quantitating the amount of sod bound to chloropla ...	1975	24435081
hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by illuminated chloroplasts. the role of superoxide.	1. chloroplasts isolated from leaves of spinach-beet (beta vulgaris l. ssp. vulgaris) do not catalyse the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid in the dark unless a reductant (such as ascorbate, nadh or nadph) is added. superoxide dismutase has no effect on this reaction. 2. illuminated chloroplasts catalyse the hydroxylation in the absence of added reductant. this reaction is completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase, but catalase has little effect. 3. both hydroxylation in the light and hydroxyl ...	1975	235
the action of hydrogen peroxide on the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by spinach-beet phenolase.	treatment of spinach-beet phenolase with h2o2 under aerobic conditions results in a stimulation of the p-coumaric acid hydroxylation it catalyses, but not the caffeic acid oxidation. spectroscopic evidence suggests that an oxygenated enzyme species is formed under these conditions.	1975	814897
h(2) metabolism in photosynthetic organisms: i. dark h(2) evolution and uptake by algae and mosses.	dark h(2) metabolism was studied in marine and fresh water red algae, the green alga, chlamydomonas, and mosses. a time variable and temperature-sensitive anaerobic incubation was required prior to h(2) evolution. h(2) evolution was sensitive to disalicylidenepropanediamine. an immediate h(2) uptake was observed in these algae. immediate dark h(2) uptake but no evolution was observed in the mosses.a cell-free hydrogenase preparation was obtained from anaerobically adapted chlamydomonas reinhardi ...	1975	16659260
photosynthetic activities of spinach leaf protoplasts.	photosynthetic activities of protoplasts isolated from spinach leaf (spinacia oleracea l.) were investigated. the protoplasts were stable up to 9 hr, without loss of the original activity of co(2) fixation (33-75 mumoles co(2)/mg chl.hr) and light-dependent o(2) evolution (33-40 mumoles o(2)/mg chl.hr), when stored in 0.8 m mannitol-0.05 m n-tris (hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine-naoh buffer, ph 7, at 4 c in dark. the optimum ph of 8.5 for co(2) fixation reaction carried out in the present experimen ...	1975	16659152
carbonic anhydrase of spinach: studies on its location, inhibition, and physiological function.	carbonic anhydrase activity was determined in spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaf organelles isolated on sucrose density gradients and was found to be predominantly in the intact chloroplast fraction. the small amount of activity associated with the mitochondrial fractions was probably due to intact chloroplast contamination. no activity could be associated with the broken chloroplast or microbody fractions. based upon inhibitor studies, carbonic anhydrase was found to be around 2 mm in the chlorop ...	1975	16659104
localization and properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase from castor bean endosperm.	a substantial portion of the ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase activity in the endosperm of germinating castor beans (ricinus communis var. hale) is recovered in the proplastid fraction. the partially purified enzyme shows homology with the enzyme from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves, as evidenced by its reaction against antibodies to the native spinach enzyme and to its catalytic subunit. the enzyme from the endosperm of castor beans has a molecular weight of about 500,000 and, with the e ...	1975	16659056
formation of c-4 dicarboxylic acids by intact spinach chloroplasts.	it is concluded from (14)c labelling kinetics as well as from enzyme analysis that formation of malate and aspartate from glycerate-3p via carboxylation of p-enolpyruvate occurs in isolated photosynthesizing spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. carbon incorporation into both dicarboxylic acids was about 1% of the total co2 fixation. both acids are suggested to act as substrates for counter exchange for glutamate and α-ketoglutarate.	1975	24435300
a sulfotransferase from spinach leaves using adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate.	active sulfotransferase can be extracted from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaves (and other higher plants) using a buffer system containing 0.1 m kcl and thiol reagents. this sulfotransferase is labile, it can, however, be stabilized by storage in 70% ammonium sulfate containing 10 mm mercaptoethanol. this extract will reduce labelled adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (aps) and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (paps) to acid-volatile radioactivity when dithioerythrol is added. the reduction fr ...	1975	24435265
dark starvation and plant metabolism : iii. co2 fixation and the distribution of radioactive intermediates in leaf discs from spinach plants.	when leaf discs from spinach plants (spinacia oleracea l.) maintained in the dark for several days were subsequently illuminated, the decrease of incorporated (14)co2 measured under steady state conditions was found to be accompanied by an altered fixation pattern. substances found to contain a significantly lower label, were malate and aspartate. in contrast, an enhanced incorporation of radioactivity was observed for those substances known to be formed during light respiration. since the same ...	1975	24435231
carcinogenic n-nitro-dimethylamine from the reaction of the analgesic amidopyrine and nitrite extracted from foodstuffs.	the reaction of the analgesic amidopyrine (100 mg) with nitrite extracted from cured meats and from spinach in varying degrees of spoilage was studied. unde physiological conditions the carcinogenic dimethylnitrosamine was formed at milligram levels at nitrite concentrations as low as 4 mg (in 175 ml extracted from 100 g boiled ham). the rate of decrease in concentration in the human stomach after ingestion of amidopyrine and of nitrite contained in boiled ham or in a broth from boiled ham was a ...	1975	861
studies on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. i. superoxide anion as substrate.	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase purified to apparent homogeneity from rabbit intestine was inhibited by scavengers for superoxide anion such as superoxide dismutase and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid (tiron). on the other hand, beta-carotene and 1,4-diazobicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane, scavengers for singlet oxygen, did not affect the enzyme activity significantly. the degree of inhibition of the dioxygenase by superoxide dismutase preparations from bovine erythrocytes, green peas, spinach leaves, ...	1975	238993
further studies on the subunit structure of chromatium ribulose-1,5-phosphate carboxylase.	upon alkali exposure chromatium ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase dissociates into constituent subunits, a catalytic oligomer of the larger subunit, a8, and monomeric form of the small subunit b. by sedimentation equilibrium molecular weights of the native enzyme and the catalytic oligomer produced by an alkali treatment were estimated to be 5.11 x 10 5 and 4.29 x 10 5, respectively. to provide information on reversibility of the dissociation by determining whether the enzymically inactive s ...	1975	234018
the distribution of pyrophosphatidic acid in nature.	the occurrence of a novel phospholipid, pyrophosphatidic acid, in the lipid extracts of yeasts (23 species), bacteria (e. coli), algae (chlorella), mammalia (human, rabbit, guinea pig, and mouse), insect (cockroach), fish (carp), mollusc (clam), and spermatophyta (spinach) was investigated. pyrophosphatidic acid was found exclusively in the lipid extracts of several kinds of yeast species, but not in other normal living species (animals, plants, and microorganisms) so far investigated. all of th ...	1975	175047
on the nature of the iron sulfur cluster in a deuterated algal ferredoxin.	a protonated and a completely deuterated two-iron algal ferredoxin from synechococcus lividus have been studied by optical, electron paramagnetic resonance, electron-nuclear double resonance, proton magnetic resonance and mossbauer spectroscopies; temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements are reported as well. these studies have confirmed the electron localized model of the active center in the two-iron ferredoxins, as previously deduced from studies of spinach ferredoxin, have ...	1975	172131
classification of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases based on 18o retention in the cleavage reaction.	oxygen (18) was used as a mechanistic probe in the investigation of several different sources of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases (ec 4.1.2.13) which, due to differences in some physical and chemical properties, could not be clearly put in either class i or class ii. aldolases may be identified as belonging to a particular class on the basis of the amount of 180 retained in the dihydroxyacetone phosphate produced in the cleavage of [2-oxygen (18)] fructose 1,6-biphosphate. the mechanism of cl ...	1975	170973
high and low reduction potential 4fe-4s clusters in azotobacter vinelandii (4fe-4s) 2ferredoxin i. influence of the polypeptide on the reduction potentials.	azotobacter vinelandii (4fe-4s)2 ferredoxin i (fd i) is an electron transfer protein with mr equals 14,500 and eo equals -420 mv. it exhibits and epr signal of g equals 2.01 in its isolated form. this resonance is almost identical with the signal that originates from a "super-oxidized" state of the 4fe-4s cluster of potassium ferricyanide-treated clostridium ferredoxin. a cluster that exhibits this epr signal at g equals 2.01 is in the same formal oxidation state as the cluster in oxidized chrom ...	1975	170272
synthetic inhibitors of adenylate kinases in the assays for atpases and phosphokinases.	1. procedures are given for the syntheses of alpha,omega-dinucleoside 5'-polyphosphates as inhibitors of adenylate kinases. the following order for the ability of inhibiting pig muscle adenylate kinase was observed: ap5a greater than 1:n6-etheno-ap5a greater than ap6a greater than gp5a greater than ap4a greater than up5a. the synthesis of adenosine tetraphosphate, the starting material for ap5a, is also described. 2. one molecule of pig muscle adenylate kinase binds one molecule of ap5a. the dif ...	1975	170110
[2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, inhibitors of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation (author's transl)].	2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles carrying various substituents in the 5-position as well as in the benzene-ring were synthesized. the compounds were tested with rat-liver-mitochondria and with spinach-chloroplasts and revelaed to be potent uncouplers of both, oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, with pi50-values rangeing from 6.79 to 4.05. at higher concentrations all compounds are inhibitors of the hill-reaction. in mitochondria a fair correlation exists between pka of the acidic nh-group ...	1975	125966
the effect of an antiserum to plastocyanin on various chloroplast preparations.	a monospecific antiserum to tobacco plastocyanin agglutinates stroma-free swellable chloroplasts from wild type tobacco, (nicotiana tobacum var. john william's broadleaf) from the tobacco aurea mutant su/su2, (nicotiana tabacum var. su/su2) from antirrhinum majus and spinach (spinacia oleracea). in this condition the antiserum inhibits linear photosynthetic electron flow in tobacco and spinach chloroplasts. this inhibition of electron transport as well as the agglutination are not observed if th ...	1975	240237
polypeptide nature of growth requirement in yeast extract for thermoplasma acidophilum.	the active component(s) in yeast extract required by thermoplasma acidophilum for growth is polypeptide in nature. a fraction from yeast extract was isolated and partially characterized as one or more peptides of molecular weight about 1,000 containing 8 to 10 amino acids. although it was composed largely of basic and dicarboxylic amino acids, only one amino group per molecule was free. the polypeptide(s) appeared to bind avidly to cations. no other organic compounds except glucose were needed b ...	1975	1102535
flash kinetics and light intensity dependence of oxygen evolution in the blue-green alga anacystis nidulans.	patterns of oxygen evolution in flashing light for the glue-green alga anacystis nidulans are compared with those for broken spinach chloroplasts and whole cells of the green alga chlorella pyrenoidosa. the oscillations of oxygen yield with flash number that occur in both anacystis and chlorella, display a greater degree of damping than do those of isolated spinach chloroplasts. the increase in damping results from a two- to threefold increase in the fraction (alpha) of reaction centers "misse ...	1975	804933
nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the copper binding sites of blue copper proteins: oxidized, reduced, and apoplastocyanin.	proton nuclear resonance spectra at 250 mhz of plastocyanins from spinach (spinacia oleracea) and a blue green alga (anabaena variabilis) are reported. spectra of the reduced plastocyanins contain well-resolved peaks from slowly exchangeable n-h, histidine c2-h tyrosine ring, peptide alpha-ch, and high-field protons. the widths of these peaks indicate that the plastocyanins are monomeric. when the plastocyanins are oxidized, several changes in the spectra are observed including disappearance of ...	1975	809054
x-ray photoelectron spectra of iron-sulphur proteins.	the x-ray photoelectron spectra of the 2p, 3s and 3p levels of iron in oxidized clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin indicate that the eight iron atoms in the molecule are indistinguishable. their magnetic state is indicated both by core polarization splitting of the 3s electrons, and by "shake-up' satellites on the 2p lines. similar satellites are observed in the 2p lines of reduced chromatium high-potential iron-sulphur proteins and oxidized spinach ferredoxin, indicating that there too the iro ...	1975	1180907
possible role of firmly bound atp in the energy transduction of photosynthetic membranes.	chromatophores of rhodospirillum rubrum and spinach chloroplasts contain firmly bound atp that is rapidly labeled along with adp in the presence of 32pi and endogenous nucleotides. the labeling is not entirely dependent on light. in chloroplasts three types of bound atp can be defined methodologically by their extraction properties: buffer-soluble; acid-soluble; and sds-soluble or firmly bound atp. extensive washing of the chloroplasts does reduce buffer-soluble but not acid-soluble and firmly b ...	1975	813067
[reciprocal action of various substances contained in spinach on suckling pigs].		1975	1136601
size, conformation and purity of chloroplast dna of some higher plants.	1. chloroplast dna of antirrhinum majus, oenothera hookeri, beta vulgaris and spinacia oleracea band at the same buoyant density of 1.697 g-cm-3 in neutral cscl equilibrium gradients. the corresponding nuclear dnas band at 1.691, 1.703, 1.695 and 1.695 g-cm-3, respectively. the purity of chloroplast and nuclear dna can be assessed objectively only in the cases of antirrhinum and oenothera. 2. electron microscopic analysis of chloroplast dna, purified in cscl or cscl/ethidium bromide gradients, r ...	1975	1092350
the molecular size and conformation of the chloroplast dna from higher plants.	covalently closed circular choloroplast dna (ctdna) molecules have been isolated from pea, bean, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat plants by ethidium bromide/cesium choloride density-gradient entrifugation. as much as 30-40% of the total ctdna could be isolated as closed circular dna molecules and up to 80% of the total ctdna was found in the form of circular molecules. the size of pea, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat ctdna relative to an internal standard (phix174 replicative form ii monomer dna) w ...	1975	1164522
the effect of 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide on calcium binding and associated changes in chloroplast structure and chlorophyll a fluorescence in spinach chloroplasts.	1. chemical modification of carboxyl groups on the chloroplast membrane with a water-soluble carbodiimide plus a nucleophile caused inhibition of ca-2plus binding. 2. both binding sites were affected and showed a decrease in the number of binding sites and an increase in the dissociation constant. 3. cation-induced changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence and structural changes (deltaa540) were inhibited at the same carbodiimide concentrations as ca-2plus binding, emphasizing the relationship betwe ...	1975	235979
[on the phenolic acids of vegetables. iv. hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)].	lettuce, endive and chicory exclusively, cornsalad and sweet fennel almost exclusively contain caffeic acid derivatives beside traces of ferulic acid. parsley exclusively and spinach almost exclusively show p-coumaric acid derivatives. compared to root, fruit and seed vegetables the contents of phenolic acids in green leaves are considerably high. rhubarb is the only vegetable, which contains gallic acid (chief phenolic acid) beside hydroxycinnamic, protocatechuic and vanillic acid derivatives. ...	1975	1224797
relationships between the transition of the physical phase of membrane lipids and photosynthetic parameters in anacystis nidulans and lettuce and spinach chloroplasts.	the transition of the physical phase of lipids in membrane fragments of a blue-green alga anacystis nidulans was studied by a spin labeling technique. the maximum hyperfine splitting of the electron spin resonance spectrum of the n-oxyl-4', 4'-dimethyloxazolidine derivative of 5-ketostearic acid plotted against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature gave a discontinuity point that was characteristic of a transition of the physical phase of the hydrocarbon region of membrane lipids. the phase ...	1975	16659334
temperature dependence of chlorophyll a fluorescence in relation to the physical phase of membrane lipids algae and higher plants.	the temperature dependence of the yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured at room temperatures in living algal cells and higher plant chloroplasts. 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea was added to the samples during the measurements in order to eliminate the influence of photosynthetic photochemical reactions on the fluorescence yield.in anacystis nidulans the maximum in the curve for the fluorescence yield versus temperature occurred near the temperatures at which the transition ...	1975	16659396
effect of glycidate on glycolate formation and photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts.	glycidate (2,3-epoxypropionate) increased co(2) photoassimilation in intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts in the presence of various inhibitors of photosynthesis, including o(2), arsenite, azide, iodo-acetamide, and carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone. although the mechanism by which glycidate enhances photosynthesis is obscure, the stimulatory effect cannot be ascribed to either an inhibition of glycolate formation, a specific interaction with the o(2) inhibition of photosynth ...	1976	16659458
role of galactolipids in spinach chloroplast lamellar membranes: ii. effects of galactolipid depletion on phosphorylation and electron flow.	a galactolipid lipase from primary bean (phaseolus vulgaris) leaves has been used to partially deplete spinach chloroplast inner membranes of their galactolipids. chloroplasts treated with the lipase in the absence of bovine serum albumin lost 91% of their monogalactosyl diglyceride, 83% of their digalactosyl diglyceride, all of their phosphatidyl choline, but none of their sulfolipid. electron microscopy of this sections revealed that the treated chloroplasts were greatly enlarged and lacked me ...	1976	16659559
chemical reactivity of labile sulfur of iron-sulfur proteins. the reaction of triphenyl phosphine.	the reaction of triphenyl phosphine to iron-sulfur proteins from adrenal cortex mitochondria, spinach chloroplasts, and clostridium pasteurianum was investigated. as ethanol concentrations in the reaction mixture increased, the rate of the reaction decreased. in the simultaneous presence of 1 m kc1 and 5 m urea, the reaction rate reached at maximum. under these conditions the initial rates of the decolorization reaction by the phosphine were found to be 8.7, 0.88, and 1.8 nmol of ferredoxin per ...	1976	1276162
the electron transport to nitrogenase in mycobacterium flavum.	1. two ferredoxin-type iron-sulfur proteins have been isolated from mycobacterium flavum 301 grown under nitrogen-fixing, iron-sufficient conditions. no flavodoxin was observed. 2. these ferredoxins are apparently soluble: they were present in the supernatant fraction after disrupting by decompression. only small amounts were present in particulate fractions. 3. the two ferredoxins were separated by chromatography on deae-cellulose, sephadex or electrophoresis. 4. both ferredoxins mediated the t ...	1976	1252086
glyoxylate aminotransferase in peroxisomes from rat liver and kidney.	an aminotransferase was isolated from peroxisomes that had been separated by isopycnic centrifugation of homogenates from rat liver or kidney. the enzyme was located only in the peroxisomes and in the soluble fraction, presumably from broken peroxisomes. within the peroxisomes, this aminotransferase was in the soluble matrix. this specific aminotransferase was not found in spinach leaves. the enzyme was relatively specific for glyoxylate as the amino group acceptor. l-leucine and l-phenylalanine ...	1976	932037
purification and properties of a four iron-four sulfur protein from a pseudomonas species.	we have isolated an iron-sulfur proteins from a pseudomonas species grown on glucose. this protein has different properties from the two known iron-sulfur proteins isolated from other pseudomonas species: rubredoxin and putidaredoxin. the iron-sulfur protein was purified to homogeneity by deae-cellulose column chromatography and sephadex g-75 gel filtration. the absorption spectrum of the oxidized iron-sulfur protein shows a peak at 283 nm with shoulders at about 290, 320, and 410 nm. the protei ...	1976	956144
the formation of exchangeable sulphite from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in yeast.	a new low-molecular-weight bound sulphite was found in yeast enzyme reaction systems which convert the sulphur of 35s-labelled adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate into exchangeable radioactive sulphite. this bound sulphite was separated from other components by paper electrophoresis and sephadex g-25 chromatography, and shown to be a peptide with multiple thiol groups and an estimated mol.wt. of 1400. the labelled sulphur in this peptide is highly exchangeable with unlabelled sulphite, b ...	1976	791271
structure and function of chloroplast-type ferredoxins.	comparison of various chloroplast-type ferredoxin sequences, chemical and enzymic modifications, reconstitution experiments, and fluorescence measurement of chloroplast-type ferredoxins have led to the following conclusions. 1. tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan residues are not directly involved in the oxidation-reduction mechanism of ferredoxins. the four indispensible cysteine residues in spinach ferredoxin which constitutes a part of the iron-sulfur cluster are located at residues 39, 44. 4 ...	1976	785973
electrochemistry of drug action i: electrooreduction of ferredoxins.	ferredoxin serves as an electron carrier in the oxidation-reduction system in anaerobic microorganisms, transferring electrons from a low potential donor to electron-accepting biochemicals. the anaerobicidal activity of some drugs may be due to their interference with the electron transport function of ferredoxin. two types of ferredoxins (isolated from clostridium pasteurianum and spinach) were studied, and their electrochemical reduction and biochemical properties were analyzed using a sensiti ...	1976	10408
ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts.	ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts have been studied in detail. prolonged storage caused swelling of the chloroplasts due to the increase in the thickness and spacing of the thylakoid membranes. the increase in the thickness of the membrane is partly accompanied by the release of lipids. addition of crystalline bovine serum albumin was found to stabilize the membrane structures. storage of the chloroplasts at 77 degrees k even though it resulted in complete breakage ...	1976	132044
some properties of a microsomal oleate desaturase from leaves.	1. when 1-14coleoyl-coa was incubated with a pea-leaf homogenate oleate was both incorporated into microsomal 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and released as the unesterified fatty acid. the proportion of oleate incorporated into this phospholipid was dependent on the relative amounts of thiol ester and microsomal preparation present in reactions. 2. at the concentrations of microsomal preparation and 14coleoyl-coa used to study oleate desaturation the metabolism of the thiol ester was essentially comp ...	1976	7242
isolation and some properties of nad+ reductase of the green photosynthetic bacterium prosthecochloris aestuarii.	nad+ reductase of the green photosynthetic bacterium prosthecochloris aestuarii was isolated and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, deae-cellulose column chromatography, and sephadex g-200 gel filtration. this enzyme is an fad-containing flavoprotein and has absorption maxima at 485 (shoulder0 452, 411, and 385 nm (the 411 nm band is due to cytochrome). the molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by gel filtration using sephadex g-200 is 119,000. the enzyme catalyzes the reduction ...	1976	5430
localization of the tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride in the thylakoid membrane with serological methods.	trigalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from leaves of urtica dioica and characterized by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and by its fatty acid composition. an antiserum to the trigalactolipid was obtained by immunization of rabbits. by means of inhibition experiments with oligosaccharides and mono- and digalactosyl glycerol it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards the alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to ...	1976	62464
oxidation-reduction properties of several low potential iron-sulfur proteins and of methylviologen.	apparent oxidation-reduction potentials at ph 7.0 and 25 degrees c were determined using the h2-hydrogenase system with ferredoxins from the following sources: clostridium pasteurianum, -403 mv; c tartarovorum, -424 mv; c. acidi-urici, -434 mv; peptococcus aerogenes, -427 mv; chromatium d, -482 mv (ph 8.0); b. polymyxa, fd i, -377 mv, and fd ii, -422 mv; and spinach, -428 mv. the ph dependence of these values was variable, ranging from -2 to -24 mv/ph unit increase for different ferredoxins. ove ...	1976	181047
purification and properties of s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase from leaves of spinach beet.		1976	3135
hydrogen peroxide production and the release of carbon dioxide during glycollate oxidation in leaf peroxisomes.	the rate at which h2o2 becomes available during glycollate oxidation for further oxidation reactions, especially that of glyoxylate to formate and co2, in peroxisomes from spinach-beet (beta vulgaris l., var. vulgaris) leaves has been determined by measuring o2 uptake in the presence and absence of added catalase. the rates observed under air and pure o2 were sufficient to account for the (14)co2 released from [l-(14)c]glycollate under these conditions; the two reactions showed similar character ...	1976	24430751
partial purification and properties of adenosine nucleosidase from leaves of spinach beet (beta vulgaris l.).	adenosine nucleosidase (ec 3.2.2.7), which catalyses the irreversible hydrolysis of adenosine to adenine and ribose, has been isolated and purified about 40-fold from leaves of spinach beet (beta vulgaris l.). the enzyme appeared to be specific for adenosine only among the naturally-occurring nucleosides, but comparable activity was also found with adenosine n-oxide. adenosine hydrolysis, which had an optimum at ph 4.5, did not require phosphate ions nor was it stimulated by their presence. the ...	1976	24424769
effects of the herbicide 2,4-db and fungicide captan on reactions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.	the effects of the herbicide 4(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-db) and fungicide n-(trichloromethyltio)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captan) on electron transport processes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have been investigated. chloroplasts, isolated from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.), were treated with pesticide prior to the addition of electron acceptor and adp. white potato (solanum tuberosum l.) mitochondria were either incubated with pesticide before the addition of subs ...	1976	1267487
experiments on enzymatic acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate with enzyme preparations from pea and spinach leaves.	optimal reaction conditions were investigated for acylation of sn-[u-(14)c]glycerol 3-phosphate in cell-free systems from leaves of pisum sativum l. and spinacia oleracea l. with palmitoyl-coa as acyl donor the major product formed was monoacyl glycerol phosphate. in pea seedlings enzymatic activity was found to be dependent on the age of shoots going through a maximum 12 days after planting. in such plants the highest enzymatic activity is found in leaves and not in the shoot apex. also in leav ...	1976	24424994
stimulation of carbon dioxide fixation in isolated pea chloroplasts by catalytic amounts of adenine nucleotides.	carbon dioxide-dependent o(2) evolution by isolated pea (pisum sativum var. massey gem) chloroplasts was increased two to 12 times by the addition of atp. o(2) evolution was also stimulated by adp and to a lesser extent by amp. the atp effects were not due to broken chloroplasts present in the preparations nor was atp acting as a phosphate source. we concluded that the adenine nucleotides were acting catalytically. the concentration of atp required for half-maximum rate of o(2) evolution was 16 ...	1976	16659638
lipid and fatty acid composition of chloroplast envelope membranes from species with differing net photosynthesis.	lipid and fatty acid compositions were determined for chloroplast envelope membranes isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), sunflower (helianthus annuus l.), and maize (zea mays l.) leaves. the lipid composition was similar in sunflower, spinach, and undifferentiated maize chloroplast envelope membranes and different in maize mesophyll chloroplast envelope membranes. the predominant lipid constituents in all envelope membranes were monogalactosyldiglyceride (27 to 46%), digalactosyldiglyc ...	1976	16659725
isolation and bicarbonate transport of chloroplast envelope membranes from species of differing net photosynthetic efficiency.	a three-phase discontinuous sucrose gradient yielded two fractions of chloroplast envelope membranes from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), sunflower (helianthus annuus l.), and maize (zea mays l., mesophyll and undifferentiated chloroplasts). these species were selected to represent plants with fast photorespiration and slow net photosynthesis, fast photorespiration yet fast net photosynthesis, and slow photorespiration and fast net photosynthesis, respectively. buoyant densities were 1.08 and 1. ...	1976	16659477
distribution of protein-bound hexosamine in chloroplasts.	intact chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), sunflower (helianthus annuus l.), and maize (zea mays l.) mesophyll cells contained 0.33, 0.50, and 0.14% of bound hexosamine on a protein basis, respectively. undifferentiated maize chloroplasts contained 0.19%. values for chloroplast lamellae were, respectively, 0.16, 0.18, 0.12, and 0.06% and for envelope membranes they were 1.6, 2.5, 3.8, and 2.7%. thus most of the hexosamine of chloroplasts is located in the envelope membrane.	1976	16659424
starch degradation in isolated spinach chloroplasts.	a method for loading isolated intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts with (14)c-starch is described. these intact chloroplasts were incubated aerobically in the dark for 30 minutes. radioactivity in starch declined and glyceric acid 3-phosphate and maltose were the major radioactive products. it is proposed that starch is degraded within the chloroplast to glyceric acid 3-phosphate and to maltose.	1976	16659602
photoreduction of sulfur dioxide by spinach leaves and isolated spinach chloroplasts.	labeled sulfur dioxide was found to be extensively absorbed by spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaves. labeled sulfides detected in leaf blades following fumigations with sulfur dioxide in light indicated that photoreduction of sulfur dioxide had occurred. measurable proportions of this labeled sulfur was localized within the chloroplast fraction. suspensions of isolated chloroplasts supplied with labeled sulfur dioxide contained labeled sulfides following a 30-minute illumination period in water ...	1976	16659572
alterations in chloroplast thylakoids during an in vitro freeze-thaw cycle.	plastocyanin and chloroplast coupling factor 1 (cf(1)) are released from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) thylakoids during a slow freezethaw cycle. cf(1) addition increases the proton uptake of thylakoids previously frozen in sucrose concentrations of 15 mm to 100 mm. addition of cf(1) and plastocyanin restores the proton uptake of thylakoids frozen in 100 mm sucrose. plastocyanin and cf(1) release is a manifestation, not the cause, of freeze-thaw damage.frozen-thawed thylakoids appear to exhibit ...	1976	16659550
nitrate reductase from spinacea oleracea. fad and the inactivation by nad (p) h.		1976	5082
organization of electron transport in photosystem ii of spinach chloroplasts according to chelator inhibition sites.	the organization of electron transport in photosystem ii of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts was studied by means of various chelators and uncouplers. the partial reactions used included h(2)o-->methyl viologen, h(2)o-->silicomolybdic acid h(2)o-->ferricyanide, and h(2)o-->dimethylbenzoquinone. three types of chelator inhibition were found (a) inhibition common to all pathways and presumably affecting the mn or water oxidation site in photosystem ii (salicylaldoxime, dithizone, acridine, ...	1976	16659501
the adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.). stabilization, partial purification, and properties.	adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (aps) sulfotransferase was purified 25-fold from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaves by sephadex-g-200 gel filtration and chromatography on deae-cellulose. enzyme activity was stabilized with 0.05 m tris-hcl ph 8.0 containing 10 mm mercaptoethanol (me), 10 mm mgcl2, and 30% glycerol. the molecular weight of the aps-sulfotransferase was estimated by gel filtration to be about 110,000 daltons. the enzyme is specific for the sulfonucleotide aps; paps is not a sulfur do ...	1976	24424637
chloroplast growth and replication in germinating spinach cotyledons following massive gamma-irradiation of the seed.	spinach seeds (spinacia oleracea l.) given massive doses of gamma-irradiation (500 krad) germinate and form a seedling with two green cotyledons and a radicle, but develop no further. irradiated cotyledons show no increase in cell number or total dna over a 7-day period in the light, while in control cotyledons there is a small increase in cell number and large increases in total dna and chloroplast number. the chloroplasts of irradiated cotyledons are delayed in their division, become greatly e ...	1976	16659421
subcellular localization of o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase in spinach leaves.	a combination of differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation of extracts from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.) shows that about 20% of the o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase are associated with chloroplasts. no appreciable amounts of o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase band with mitochondrial and peroxisomal marker enzymes.	1976	1021428
enzymic reconstitution of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. pentose phosphate-dependent o evolution by illuminated envelope-free chloroplasts from spinacia oleracea.		1976	183119
organelle-specific isozymes of aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase in spinach leaves.	four distinct isozymes of aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase in a spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf extract were separated by starch gel electrophoresis. of the total aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity, approximately 45% was represented by the chloroplast isozyme, 26% by the cytosol isozyme, 19% by the mitochondrial isozyme, and 3 to 10% by the peroxisomal isozyme. the aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate transamination activity in the four subcellular compartments behaved si ...	1976	16659609
the role of the gas phase in the greening and growth of illuminated cell suspension cultures of spinach (spinacia oleracea, l.).	the gas phase developed above spinach suspension cultures critically affected their growth and greening. ethylene accumulation inhibited greening; this effect of ethylene was antagonised when the culture gas phase was enriched with carbon dioxide. greening was enhanced by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen below the air level; this effect was observed when oxygen supply did not restrict growth.	1976	965016
chlorophyll and peptide compositions in the two photosystems of marine green algae.	the molar ratios of chlorophyll a to b in the thalli of marine green algae were between 1.5 and 2.2, being appreciably lower than the ratio between 2.8 and 3.4 found for the leaves of higher plants and the cells of fresh-water green algae. the ratio of chlorophylls to p-700 in these marine algae was also lower than that in higher plants. the a/b ratios in the pigment proteins of photosystems 1 and 2 separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis from sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized chloropla ...	1976	1247608
effects of ph and oxygen on photosynthetic reactions of intact chloroplasts.	oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis was studied with intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts which exhibited very high rates of photosynthetic co(2) reduction and were insensitive to additions of photosynthetic intermediates when co(2) was available at saturating concentrations. photosynthetic rates were measured polarographically as o(2) evolution, and the extent of the reduction of substrate was estimated from the amount of o(2) evolved. with co(2) as substrate, inhibition of photos ...	1976	16659466
the presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism.	both glutathione and an nadph-dependent glutathione reductase are present in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. it is proposed that glutathione functions to stabilise enzymes of the calvin cycle, and it may also act to keep ascorbic acid in chloroplasts in the reduced form.	1976	24425174
evidence for alpha-tocopherol function in the electron transport chain of chloroplasts.	the effect of three different stable radicals-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 1,3,5-triphenyl-verdazyl, and galvinoxyl-was studied in photosystem ii of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. inhibition by the three was noted on dimethylbenzoquinone reduction in presence of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (dbmib) and on silicomolybdate reduction in presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (dcmu) in photosystem ii and on the h(2)o --> methylviologen reaction encompassi ...	1977	16659867
nitrite reduction in reconstituted and whole spinach chloroplasts during carbon dioxide reduction.	nitrite reduction in either whole, isolated spinach chloroplasts (spinacia oleracea l.) or in reconstituted spinach chloroplasts is stimulated by a short period of photosynthetic co(2) fixation in the light prior to nitrite addition. with reconstituted chloroplasts, a similar stimulation can be obtained in nitrite reduction without co(2) fixation by the addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate. specific intermediate metabolites of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle m ...	1977	16659813
sulfate and sulfite translocation via the phosphate translocator of the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts.	the permeability of the inner envelope membranes of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts to sulfite and sulfate was investigated in vitro, using the technique of silicone oil centrifugal filtration. the results show that there is a permeability towards both ions, resulting in rates of uptake of about 1.0 (so 3 (2-) ) and 0.7 (so 4 (2-) ) μmol mg chlorophyll(-1) h(-1) respectively (external concentration 2 mmol l(-1)). the rates depend on the external concentration of the anions. anion exchan ...	1977	24420671
subcellular distribution of (35)s-sulfur in spinach leaves after application of (35)so 4 (2-) , (35)so 3 (2-) , and (35)so 2.	(35)so2, (35)so 3 (2-) , and (35)so 4 (2-) , respectively, were applied to leaves of spinacia oleracea l. for 60 min in the light. thereafter, the specific activity was determined in the organelles separated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. in mitochondria and peroxisomes, the specific activity was equally distributed in their protein moieties. after application of (35)so2 or (35)so 3 (2-) , the chloroplast lamellae are characterized by elevated specific activity, which is no ...	1977	24419888
in-vitro interaction between chloroplasts and peroxisomes as controlled by inorganic phosphate.	peroxisomes, whole chloroplasts, mitochondria, and broken chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), each form 1 band at its typical density, when isolated in sucrose gradients by isopycnic centrifugation in glycylglycine buffer. in potassium-phosphate buffer peroxisomes form a 2nd band at the density of whole chloroplasts. the phosphate effect is half-saturated at a concentration of 10-20 mm. if whole chloroplasts are removed by differential centrifugation before isopycnic centrifugation n ...	1977	24419687
cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from spinacea oleracea l: subcellular distribution and properties [proceedings].		1977	199507