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antimicrobial effects of finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds.plant phenolics, especially dietary flavonoids, are currently of growing interest owing to their supposed functional properties in promoting human health. antimicrobial screening of 13 phenolic substances and 29 extracts prepared from finnish plant materials against selected microbes was conducted in this study. the tests were carried out using diffusion methods with four to nine microbial species (aspergillus niger, bacillus subtilis, candida albicans, escherichia coli, micrococcus luteus, pseu ...200010857921
effects of pinus sylvestris root growth and mycorrhizosphere development on bacterial carbon source utilization and hydrocarbon oxidation in forest and petroleum-contaminated soils.the hypothesis that pinus sylvestris l. root and mycorrhizosphere development positively influences bacterial community-linked carbon source utilization, and drives a concomitant reduction in mineral oil levels in a petroleum hydrocarbon- (phc-) contaminated soil was confirmed in a forest ecosystem-based phytoremediation simulation. seedlings were grown for 9 months in large petri dish microcosms containing either forest humus or humus amended with cores of phc-contaminated soil. except for incr ...200010872081
detection of intracellular bacteria in the buds of scotch pine (pinus sylvestris l.) by in situ hybridization.bacterial isolates were obtained from pine (pinus sylvestris l.) tissue cultures and identified as methylobacterium extorquens and pseudomonas synxantha. the existence of bacteria in pine buds was investigated by 16s rrna in situ hybridization. bacteria inhabited the buds of every tree examined, primarily colonizing the cells of scale primordia and resin ducts.200010877808
[a source of high frequency variations in the tracheid size in annual tree rings of conifers].statistical analysis of high-frequency variations in the radial dimensions of tracheids was carried out using precise measurements of five radial rows in each annual tree ring for several coniferous species: larix gmelinii, l. leptolepis, l. sibirica, picea abies, pinus sylvestris, p. rigida, and p. densiflora. more than 25 tree rings with a varying number of cells and width were measured for each species. high-frequency variations in radial dimensions were found to have a regular (cyclic) chara ...200010881427
aging in pinus sylvestris l. seeds: changes in viability and lipids.aging of scots pine seeds (pinus sylvestris l.) leads to changes in seed quality, such as loss of germinability, delayed growth and abnormality in developing seedlings. the knowledge of biochemical changes responsible for these aging processes is plentiful in some seeds, which are of world-wide interest, but for pine seeds these studies are rare. the aim of the present study, was to analyse pine seeds of varying ages in order to identify biochemical changes occurring in aged pine seeds, and to s ...200011171242
molecular cloning and functional expression of a stress-induced multifunctional o-methyltransferase with pinosylvin methyltransferase activity from scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.).formation of pinosylvin (ps) and pinosylvin 3-o-monomethyl ether (psm), as well as the activities of stilbene synthase (sts) and s-adenosyl-1-methionine (sam):pinosylvin o-methyltransferase (pmt), were induced strongly in needles of scots pine seedlings upon ozone treatment, as well as in cell suspension cultures of scots pine upon fungal elicitation. a sam-dependent pmt protein was purified and partially characterised. a cdna encoding pmt was isolated from an ozone-induced scots pine cdna libra ...200011202436
[radiation-population monitoring of pinus sylvestris l. in the zone of the chernobyl power plant].cytogenetic and genetic effects in populations of pinus sylvestris l. suffered wiak, average, strong and sublethal radiation damage after the chernobyl accident in 1986 were studied. the absorbed dozes for trees in these plantings were from 0.1 up to 20 gy. it was shown that the amount of cells with chromosome aberrations in sprouts of seeds of a crop of 1993, are comparable with effects marked at once after accident in 1986. in 1997 and in 1998 the amount of cells with chromosome aberrations in ...200011252237
carbon assimilation and nitrogen in needles of fertilized and unfertilized field-grown scots pine at natural and elevated concentrations of co2.effects of elevated co2 concentration ([co2]) on carbon assimilation and needle biochemistry of fertilized and unfertilized 25-30-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees were studied in a branch bag experiment set up in a naturally regenerated stand. in each tree, one branch was enclosed in a bag supplied with ambient [co2] (360 micromol mol(-1)), a second branch was enclosed in a bag supplied with elevated [co2] (680 micromol(-1)) and a control branch was left unbagged. the co2 treatmen ...200011303578
a mycobacterium isolated from tissue cultures of mature pinus sylvestris interferes with growth of scots pine seedlings.we isolated a rapidly growing, pigment-producing mycobacterium from senescent tissue cultures derived from mature scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). the bacterium was found in three senescent suspension cultures and in a senescent protoplast culture. growth of scots pine cells had ceased in all of these cultures. exogenous contamination was eliminated by rigorous surface sterilization of the buds with hypochlorite before aseptic removal of the bud scales. based on biochemical and physiological pr ...200011303582
[distribution patterns of root systems of main planting tree species in weibei loess plateau].the vertical patterns of root systems of pinus tabulaeformis, robinia pseudoacacia, platycladus orientalis, pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, pinus armandi, prunus armeniacia var. ansu planted in the weibei loess plateau were studied with soil auger. site conditions had a significant effect on the vertical root distribution of r. pseudoacacia, of which, soil moisture is the key factor. soil species and soil structure also had great effect on the distribution. p. tabulaeformis had a maximum rootin ...200011766584
needle and stem wood production in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) trees of different age, size and competitive status.we studied effects of tree age, size and competitive status on foliage and stem production of 43 scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees in southern finland. the tree attributes related to competition included foliage density, crown ratio and height/diameter ratio. needle mass was considered to be the primary cause of growth through photosynthesis. both stem growth and foliage growth were strongly correlated with foliage mass. consequently, differences in growth allocation between needles and ste ...200012651433
changes in cellular structures and enzymatic activities during browning of scots pine callus derived from mature buds.visible browning is a typical feature of callus cultures derived from shoot tips of mature scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). because the ability of callus to regenerate is low, we determined the effect of browning on growth and changes in cellular structure during culture. striking alterations in cellular structure were detected by lm (light microscopy), em (electron microscopy) and sem (scanning electron microscopy). accumulation of phenolic substances was shown by histochemical staining. stain ...200012651442
volume growth and survival graphs: a method for evaluating process-based forest growth models.we investigated the relationships within forest stands between tree size and (a) stem volume growth rate and (b) risk of mortality for individual trees. values of both x and y variables were plotted relative to the largest value in the stand. we refer to the resultant presentations as relative volume growth and relative survival graphs (vgss). a pair of vgss can be produced readily from an individual-tree growth model. it can also be constructed from consecutive sets of field measurements. compa ...200012651451
effects of season, needle age and elevated atmospheric co(2) on photosynthesis in scots pine (pinus sylvestris).five-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings were grown in open-top chambers at ambient and elevated (ambient + 400 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) co(2) concentrations. net photosynthesis (a), specific leaf area (sla) and concentrations of nitrogen (n), carbon (c), soluble sugars, starch and chlorophyll were measured in current-year and 1-year-old needles during the second year of co(2) enrichment. the elevated co(2) treatment stimulated photosynthetic rates when measured at the growth co(2) conc ...200012651467
photosynthetic utilization efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation by scots pine and birch forest stands in the southern taiga.absorption and utilization of photosynthetically active radiation (par) were investigated in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and birch (betula pendula roth.) stands that were 41 years old at the end of the experimental period. canopy depth of the scots pine stand was about half that of the birch stand (6.5 versus 11.0 m), but absorption of par was similar in the two stands. the scots pine forest canopy, with a leaf area index of 8.9, absorbed 90% of the incoming par (apar), whereas the birch fo ...200012651489
genetic and environmental control of seasonal carbohydrate dynamics in trees of diverse pinus sylvestris populations.we explored environmental and genetic factors affecting seasonal dynamics of starch and soluble nonstructural carbohydrates in needle and twig cohorts and roots of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees of six populations originating between 49 degrees and 60 degrees n, and grown under common garden conditions in western poland. trees of each population were sampled once or twice per month over a 3-year period from age 15 to 17 years. based on similarity in starch concentration patterns in needl ...200012651505
ozone exposure-response relationships for biomass and root/shoot ratio of beech (fagus sylvatica), ash (fraxinus excelsior), norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris).current-year seedlings of beech, ash, norway spruce and scots pine were exposed during one growing season to different, but moderate, ozone (o(3)) scenarios representative for switzerland (50, 85, 100% ambient, 50% ambient+30 nl l(-1)) in open-top chambers (otcs) and to ambient o(3) concentrations in the field. biomass significantly decreased with increasing o(3) dose in all species except for spruce. losses of 25.5% (ash), 17.4% (beech), 9.9% (scots pine) were found per 10 microl l(-1) h accumu ...200015092880
impact of increased springtime o3 exposure on scots pine (pinus sylvestris) seedlings in central finland.three-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings were exposed to ambient or elevated ozone (o(3)) concentrations in open-air exposure fields in central finland in 1995-97. three different treatments were applied in 1996 and 1997: ambient air, elevated o(3) (1.3-1.5xambient) during the growing season (june-september) and elevated o(3) in march-september, i.e. the growing season including the springtime o(3) exposure. the ambient mean o(3) concentrations were 40% higher in springtime (mar ...200015092881
container-grown tree seedling responses to sodium chloride applications in different substrates.seedlings of norway maple (acer platanoides), silver birch (betula pendula), norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris) were grown in selected sodium chloride (nacl) concentrations, soil types and under different watering regimes. plants were raised from seeds, except for scots pine plants which were obtained from a commercial source. among the plant species tested, scots pine was the most tolerant to soil salinity, while norway spruce was the most susceptible. for both norway ...200015092891
the use of mosses and pine needles to detect persistent organic pollutants at local and regional scales.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) were analysed in mosses (hypnum cupressiforme) and pine needles (pinus sylvestris) collected in the czech republic between 1988-94 at a regional background site in kosetice, south bohemia (1988-94) and two industrial sources. one industrial site (sampled 1989-91) in middle moravia, was near a factory producing pahs, carbon black and phthalates, the other (sampled 1991-93) near a coal and gas fuel production plant in western bohemia. selected chlorinated pe ...200015092899
detoxification and amelioration of heavy-metal contaminated forest soils by means of liming and fertilisation.four experiments were established in 1992 in scots pine stands (pinus sylvestris l.) on relatively infertile sites at distances of 0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km to the south-east of the cu-ni smelter at harjavalta, south-west finland, in order to investigate the effects of liming, correction fertiliser and site-specific fertiliser treatments on heavy metal (cu, ni) and macronutrient (ca, mg, k) availability in the organic layer. the organic layer samples were analysed for total, plant-available (bacl(2)+ed ...200015093011
aphelenchoides microstylus n. sp. and seinura onondagensis n. sp. (nemata: aphelenchina) from new york.aphelenchoides microstylus n. sp. and seinura onondagensis n. sp., a nematode predator, are described from dead scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in onondaga county, new york. females of a. microstylus are 370 to 485 microm long. the body is slender and tapers posteriorly to an amucronate, pointed terminus. the head is continuous with the body, and lips bear a stylet guide. diagnostic characters of females are three incisures in the lateral field, a short stylet (6-7.5 microm) with small basal kn ...200019270994
[genetic structure, variability and differentiation of pinus sylvestris l. populations in the ukrainian carpathian mountains and rastoch'e].on the basis of electrophoretic analysis of 9 enzymous systems encoded by 20 gene loci the level of intra- and inter-population variation of two relict populations of pinus sylvestris l. in the ukrainian carpathians and two ones in rastochiye was studied. the less allele representation and the lower level of heterozygosity are typical for the carpathian populations. fst and gst, parameters of populations subdivision, were not high--0.020 and 0.022 correspondingly and the coefficient dn was 0.008 ...200111944323
genetic variation of f1 hybrids from controlled crosses between pinus montana var. rostrata and pinus sylvestris in morphological needle traits.one hundred and seventeen hybrids, representing ten families from controlled crosses between pinus montana var. rostrata and pinus sylvestris, were examined in respect to six morphological traits of two-year-old needles. the biometric data obtained from the measurements provided a basis for multivariate statistical analyses, including discriminant analysis and mahalanobis distances as principal methods. the analysed families formed two complexes, which were significantly different. the main trai ...200114564021
nitrogen fertilizer factory effects on the amino acid and nitrogen content in the needles of scots pine.the aim of the research was to evaluate the content of amino acids in the needles of pinus sylvestris growing in the area affected by a nitrogen fertilizer factory and to compare them with other parameters of needles, trees, and sites. three young-age stands of scots pine were selected at a distance of 0.5 km, 5 km, and 17 km from the factory. examination of the current-year needles in winter of the year 2000 revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the site at a 0.5-km distance from ...200112805750
a gc-ms method for determination of amino acid uptake by plants.in this study, we present a rapid, robust and sensitive method for quantification of plant amino acid uptake using universally (u) (13c, 15n)-labelled amino acids and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). amino acids were analysed as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl (tbdms) derivatives and displayed detection limits in the range 10-100 fmol on column, depending on the amino acid. the technique allows for simultaneous detection and quantification of both unlabelled and isotopically labelled ...200112060280
fine root biomass and production in scots pine stands in relation to stand age.we determined fine root biomass and production of 15-, 35- and 100-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) stands during three growing seasons. fine roots were sampled by the soil core method. mean (+/- se) annual fine root biomass of scots pine in the 15-, 35- and 100-year-old stands was 220 +/- 25, 357 +/- 21 and 259 +/- 26 g m(-2), respectively. fine root biomass of the understory vegetation was 159 +/- 54 g m(-2), 244 +/- 30 and 408 +/- 81 g m(-2), and fine root necromass was 500 +/- 112, ...200111303650
rates and quantities of carbon flux to ectomycorrhizal mycelium following 14c pulse labeling of pinus sylvestris seedlings: effects of litter patches and interaction with a wood-decomposer fungus.we used a novel digital autoradiographic technique that enabled, for the first time, simultaneous visualization and quantification of spatial and temporal changes in carbon allocation patterns in ectomycorrhizal mycelia. mycorrhizal plants of pinus sylvestris l. were grown in microcosms containing non-sterile peat. the time course and spatial distribution of carbon allocation by p. sylvestris to mycelia of its mycorrhizal partners, paxillus involutus (batsch) fr. and suillus bovinus (l.): kuntze ...200111303651
secretion of proinflammatory eicosanoid-like substances precedes allergen release from pollen grains in the initiation of allergic sensitization.it is commonly believed that allergic sensitization starts when an allergen contacts the surface of an antigen-presenting cell in mucosal or skin epithelia. most studies dealing with this aspect use allergen extracts as stimulus. under natural exposure conditions, however, the bioavailability of allergen depends on allergen liberation from internal binding sites within the allergen carrier, e.g. pollen grains. in comparing total protein and major allergen release from timothy grass (phleum prate ...200111306946
genotoxicity of dill (anethum graveolens l.), peppermint (menthaxpiperita l.) and pine (pinus sylvestris l.) essential oils in human lymphocytes and drosophila melanogaster.genotoxic properties of the essential oils extracted from dill (anethum graveolens l.) herb and seeds, peppermint (menthaxpiperita l.) herb and pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needles were studied using chromosome aberration (ca) and sister chromatid exchange (sce) tests in human lymphocytes in vitro, and drosophila melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test (smart) in vivo. in the ca test, the most active essential oil was from dill seeds, then followed essential oils from dill herb, peppe ...200111313115
effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness of some northern woody plants assessed from simulation experiments.effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness were investigated for some northern woody plants. in the first experiment, seedlings of norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl. var. latifolia engelm.) were exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures averaging -6 degrees c (ambient) and 0 degrees c (elevated) for 16 weeks in midwinter before they were thawed and re-saturated with water. in lodgepole pine, needle sugar conc ...200111319017
tomicus piniperda (coleoptera: scolytidae) shoot-feeding characteristics and overwintering behavior in scotch pine christmas trees.overwintering behavior of tomicus piniperda (l.) was studied in a scotch pine (pinus sylvestris l.) christmas tree plantation in indiana (1992-1994) and a plantation in michigan (1994). in general, adults feed inside shoots during summer, then move to overwintering sites at the base of trees in autumn. in early autumn, adults were most often found in shoot-feeding tunnels that were still surrounded by green needles, whereas few were in tunnels surrounded by yellow or brown needles. for all years ...200111332834
effects of drought stress and high density stem inoculations with leptographium wingfieldii on hydraulic properties of young scots pine trees.we examined drought-induced changes in susceptibility of potted scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees to a bark-beetle associated fungus (leptographium wingfieldii morelet, from the bark beetle tomicus piniperda l.). five-year-old field-grown trees were transplanted to 50-l pots and grown for 1 year before the treatments were applied. trees in the drought treatment were subjected to several successive, 3-week-long drought cycles, with predawn water potential dropping below -2 mpa at peak drough ...200111340043
effects of soil temperature on biomass and carbohydrate allocation in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) seedlings at the beginning of the growing season.we studied effects of soil temperature on shoot and root extension growth and biomass and carbohydrate allocation in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings at the beginning of the growing season. one-year-old scots pine seedlings were grown for 9 weeks at soil temperatures of 5, 9, 13 and 17 degrees c and an air temperature of 17 degrees c. date of bud burst, and the elongation of shoots and roots were monitored. biomass of current and previous season roots, stem and needles was determined a ...200111340047
decomposition of coniferous forest litter along a heavy metal pollution gradient, south-west finland.the decomposition of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) fine root and needle litter was examined along a heavy metal pollution gradient in the vicinity of harjavalta metals smelter complex at harjavalta, south-west finland. the study area was found to exhibit a defined gradient of copper and nickel soil contamination along a 8 km long transect starting at 0.5 km from the point emission source with the highest levels found at this site. the background site is located 200 km from the point source. the ...200111351757
microcosm-based analyses of scots pine seedling growth, ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and bacterial carbon utilization profiles in boreal forest humus and underlying illuvial mineral horizons.we report on the identity of indigenous mycorrhiza forming fungi and rhizosphere/mycorrhizosphere bacterial community carbon source utilization profiles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings grown in boreal forest humus (o) or illuvial (b) mineral horizon containing microcosm growth systems. based on rdna (its)-rflp analyses, a total of 10 fungal rflp taxa were identified from pre-morphotyped mycorrhizas on 7-month-old seedling roots. hierarchical cluster analysis, including correspondin ...200111377775
cambial history of scots pine trees (pinus sylvestris) prior and after the chernobyl accident as encoded in the xylem.studies were carried out on wood samples collected in october 1997 from breast height of scots pine trees (pinus sylvestris) from site located 5 km south from the chernobyl nuclear power plant. the radioactive contamination at the site was 3.7x10(5) kbq m(-2). these samples of secondary wood were used as an archive of information about the dynamics of a meristematic tissue cambium affected by ionising radiation from the chernobyl reactor accident. the results show that frequency of the cambial c ...200111378167
modern pollen and stomate deposition in lake surface sediments from across the treeline on the kola peninsula, russia.we sampled and analyzed surface sediments from 31 lakes along a latitudinal transect crossing the coniferous treeline on the kola peninsula, russia. the major vegetation zones along the transect were tundra, birch-forest tundra, pine-forest tundra, and forest. the results indicate that the major vegetation types in our study area have distinct pollen spectra. sum-of-squares cluster analysis and principal components analysis (pca) groupings of pollen sites correspond to the major vegetation zones ...200111389916
[genetic effects of acute and chronic ionizing irradiation on pinus sylvestris l., inhabiting the chernobyl' meltdown area].the main results of the 12-year radiation-genetic monitoring of radiobiological, cytogenetic, and genetic parameters in pinus sylvestris forest plantation from the chernobyl meltdown area are presented. the acute ionizing irradiation at doses > 1 gy was shown to induce formation of morphoses and depressed growth; at doses > 2 gy, the reproductive ability of the trees declined. the radiobiological parameters showed a linear or close to linear dose-dependence relationship. the acute irradiation at ...200111421116
a small family of novel cuzn-superoxide dismutases with high isoelectric points in hybrid aspen.several cuzn-superoxide dismutases (sods; ec 1.15.1.1) were cloned from hybrid aspen (populus tremula l. x tremuloides michx.). two of the cloned genes encode representatives of a novel type of cuzn-sod and we named it hipi-sod because of its high isoelectric point (> or =9). the sods were cloned by screening a cdna library with a probe based on a scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) cuzn-sod that is predominantly located extracellularly. the expression pattern of hipi-sod was examined using a north ...200111469593
fast, nondestructive measurement of frost hardiness in conifer seedlings by vis+nir spectroscopy.frost hardiness development from mid-august to mid-november was evaluated in seedlings of three provenances of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and three provenances of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) raised at nurseries in north, central and south sweden. measurements of the visible + near infrared (vis+nir) spectra of shoots were made simultaneously with estimates of frost hardiness based on electrolyte leakage following artificial freezing. nine physiological variables known to influe ...200111470661
the promoter of a cytosolic glutamine synthetase gene from the conifer pinus sylvestris is active in cotyledons of germinating seeds and light-regulated in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.we have isolated and characterized a genomic clone encoding scots pine (pinus sylvestris) cytosolic glutamine synthetase (gs). the clone contains the 5' end half of the gene including part of the coding region and 980 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. the major transcription start site (+1) was mapped around 180 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. sequence analysis of the 5'-upstream region of the gene reveals the presence of putative regulatory elements incl ...200111473696
identification of processes governing long-term accumulation of 137cs by forest trees following the chernobyl accident.the regularities of 137cs distribution in trees (pinus sylvestris and betula pendula) growing in different types of forest ecosystems were investigated. high levels of heterogeneity of 137cs activity concentrations in different parts of the trees, resulting from their varied metabolism have been shown. the data obtained demonstrate a non-uniform character of 137cs distribution along the trunks, which can be explained by radionuclide fixation by the xylem vessel walls and by geometry changes alon ...200111484781
a method for estimating light interception by a conifer shoot.we present an operational method for estimating the amount of par intercepted by a coniferous shoot. interception of par by a shoot is divided into three components: the amount of radiation coming from the sky, the transmission of radiation through the surrounding vegetation, and the shoot' s silhouette area facing the direction of the incoming radiation. all three components usually vary with direction. radiation incident from the sky consists of direct and diffuse radiation. the well-known equ ...200111498327
shoot structure and photosynthetic efficiency along the light gradient in a scots pine canopy.we examined the effects of structural and physiological acclimation on the photosynthetic efficiency of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) shoots. we estimated daily light interception (dli) and photosynthesis (dphot) of a number of sample shoots situated at different positions in the canopy. photosynthetic efficiency (epsilon) was defined as the ratio of dphot to the potential daily light interception (dli(ref)) defined as the photosynthetically active radiation (par) intercepted per unit area of ...200111498328
tree stem diameter variations and transpiration in scots pine: an analysis using a dynamic sap flow model.a dynamic model for simulating water flow in a scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) tree was developed. the model is based on the cohesion theory and the assumption that fluctuating water tension driven by transpiration, together with the elasticity of wood tissue, causes variations in the diameter of a tree stem and branches. the change in xylem diameter can be linked to water tension in accordance with hookeâ s law. the model was tested against field measurements of the diurnal xylem diameter cha ...200111498336
a novel superoxide dismutase with a high isoelectric point in higher plants. expression, regulation, and protein localization.several isoforms of superoxide dismutase (sod) with a high isoelectric point (pi) have been identified by isoelectric focusing chromatography in protein extracts from scots pine (pinus sylvestris) needles. one of these isoforms, a cuzn-sod with a pi of about 10 and thus denoted hipi-sod, has been isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity. a cdna encoding the hipi-sod protein was cloned and sequenced. northern hybridization of mrna isolated from different organs and tissues showed that hipi-s ...200111500564
photosynthetic electron transport adjustments in overwintering scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.).as shown before [c. ottander et al. (1995) planta 197:176-183], there is a severe inhibition of the photosystem (ps) ii photochemical efficiency of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) during the winter. in contrast, the in vivo psi photochemistry is less inhibited during winter as shown by in vivo measurements of deltaa820/a820 (p700+). there was also an enhanced cyclic electron transfer around psi in winter-stressed needles as indicated by 4-fold faster reduction kinetics of p700+. the differentia ...200111556790
the ratio of npp to gpp: evidence of change over the course of stand development.using scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in fenno-scandia as a case study, we investigate whether net primary production (npp) and maintenance respiration are constant fractions of gross primary production (gpp) as even-aged mono-specific stands progress from initiation to old age. a model of the ratio of npp to gpp is developed based on (1) the classical model of respiration, which divides total respiration into construction and maintenance components, and (2) a process-based model, which derives ...200111560815
nitrogen availability modifies the ozone responses of scots pine seedlings exposed in an open-field system.three-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings were exposed to either ambient or elevated (1.5-1.6 x ambient) ozone concentration ([o3]) for three growing seasons in an open-field fumigation facility where they were irrigated during the growing season with a nutrient solution providing nitrogen (n) at 70 (ln treatment), 100 (control) or 150% (hn treatment) of the optimum supply rate. treatment effects were most evident during the third year of exposure, when the ambient [o3] + hn trea ...200111600342
[self-recovery of plant communities: examples, mechanisms, and approaches for description].autogenic (self-recovering) plant communities that need no transitional stages of succession for their recovery after damage are widespread in different areas of the globe. they are typical for tundras, but also common in boreal forests, alpine belts, deserts and mediterranean biomes. such communities usually dominate the landscape. the authors examine in details the communities of cottongrass (eriophorum vaginatum) wet tussock tundras of north-eastern asia and alaska, the dryad (dryas punctata) ...200111605551
nitrogen forms in bark, wood and foliage of nitrogen-fertilized pinus sylvestris.cycling of soluble non-protein n compounds is thought to be indicative of the n-nutritional status of trees. we determined the major n forms in bark, wood and foliage and estimated the dependence of prevalent n forms on n availability in pinus sylvestris l. trees from northern sweden. trees subjected to severe n limitation and trees that had been fertilized with an average 64 kg n ha(-1) year(-1) for 25 years were analyzed. bark and wood samples were collected by tangentially cryo-sectioning the ...200111260825
genetic variation within and between populations of pinus sylvestris l. (scots pine) for susceptibility to melampsora pinitorqua rostr. (pine twist rust).the genetic variability of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) for twist rust susceptibility and the consequences for genetic improvement of the species were evaluated after artificial inoculation of 1-year-old seedlings in greenhouse tests. wind-pollinated progenies, factorial and incomplete diallel mating designs were used to compare two natural populations of scots pine (haguenau, france, and taborz, poland) and their hybrids (haguenau x taborz). families from taborz were significantly (p < 0.00 ...200111298813
function and dynamics of auxin and carbohydrates during earlywood/latewood transition in scots pine.in temperate regions the annual pattern of wood development is characterized by the formation of radially narrow and thick walled latewood cells. this takes place at the later part of the growing season when cambial cell division declines. to gain new insight into the regulation of this process, micro-analytical techniques were used to visualize the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), soluble carbohydrates, and activities of sucrose (suc)-metabolizing enzymes across the cambial region ti ...200111299382
the glutathione status of mature scots pines during the third season of uv-b radiation exposure.impacts of uv-b radiation on the glutathione level were studied in mature scots pine needles (pinus sylvestris l.) during the third season of a uv-b field experiment. studies were made on 4-week-old (july) to 14-week-old (september) current-year needles and 3-year-old needles which had their third uv-b-exposure season in progress. depending on the season and the year (1996-98), the supplemental uv-b dose varied from 0.92 to 5.09 kj m-2 day-1 uv-bbe compared to 0.47-2.44 kj m-2 day-1 uv-bbe under ...200111202738
[humus functioning types in evergreen coniferous forests of the french inner alps].three humus forms that are widespread in the inner alps, a dysmull below pinus sylvestris, an oligomull below abies alba and a mor below pinus cembra, were studied by following mineral nitrogen production and uptake and by a characterization of the pedofauna. due to the production and uptake of nitrogen, mainly as nitrates and also due to the dominance of lumbricids versus arthropods, the oligomull was the sole humus form that functioned as a mull. nevertheless relatively weak mineral nitrogen p ...200111212503
comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in northern europe.leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, empetrum nigrum; birch, betula pubescens; willow, salix spp.; pine, pinus sylvestris and spruce, picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in northern europe. soil samples were taken of the o-horizon and of the ...200111669279
toxic effects of six plant oils alone and in combination with controlled atmosphere on liposcelis bostrychophila (psocoptera: liposcelididae).six plant essential oils alone as repellent and fumigant, and in combination with the controlled atmosphere against liposcelis bostrychophila badonnel were assessed in the laboratory. these essential oils were extracted from the leaves of six source plants: citrus tangerina tanaka, citrus aurantium l., citrus bergamia risso et poiteau, pinus sylvestris l., cupressus funebris end]., and eucalyptus citriodora hook. the repellency test indicated that l. bostrychophila adults were repelled by filter ...200111681697
uv-b absorbance and uv-b absorbing compounds (para-coumaric acid) in pollen and sporopollenin: the perspective to track historic uv-b levels.uv-b absorbance and uv-b absorbing compounds (uacs) of the pollen of vicia faba, betula pendula, helleborus foetidus and pinus sylvestris were studied. sequential extraction demonstrated considerable uv-b absorbance both in the soluble (acid methanol) and insoluble sporopollenin (acetolysis resistant residue) fractions of uacs, while the wall-bound fraction of uacs was small. the uv-b absorbance of the soluble and sporopollenin fraction of pollen of vicia faba plants exposed to enhanced uv-b (10 ...200111693361
site fertility and the morphological and photosynthetic acclimation of pinus sylvestris needles to light.morphological and photosynthetic acclimation of current-year needles to canopy gradients in light availability (seasonal mean integrated quantum flux density, q(int)) was studied in the temperate conifer, pinus sylvestris l., at two sites of contrasting nutrient availability. the nutrient-rich site supported a monospecific p. sylvestris stand on an old-field. the trees were approximately 30 years old and 19-21 m tall. mean foliar n and p contents (+/- sd) were 1.53 +/- 0.11% and 0.196 +/- 0.017% ...200111696411
effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on needle growth, respiration and carbohydrate status in field-grown scots pines during the needle expansion period.we determined effects of long-term elevation of carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]) and temperature on growth, respiration and carbohydrate concentration in needles of field-grown scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees during the needle expansion period. sixteen 20-year-old scots pine trees were individually enclosed in closed-top, environmentally controlled chambers for 4 years in one of four environments: ambient conditions (con); elevated [co2] (ec); elevated temperature (et); and a combinat ...200111696415
cadmium-induced changes in antioxidative systems, hydrogen peroxide content, and differentiation in scots pine roots.to investigate whether cd induces common plant defense pathways or unspecific necrosis, the temporal sequence of physiological reactions, including hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) production, changes in ascorbate-glutathione-related antioxidant systems, secondary metabolism (peroxidases, phenolics, and lignification), and developmental changes, was characterized in roots of hydroponically grown scots pine (pinus sylvestris) seedlings. cd (50 microm, 6 h) initially increased superoxide dismutase, in ...200111706171
influence of extreme pollution on the inorganic chemical composition of some plants.leaves of nine different plant species (terrestrial moss: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi, blueberry: vaccinium myrtillus, cowberry: vaccinium vitis-idaea, crowberry: empetrum nigrum, birch: betula pubescens, willow: salix spp., pine: pinus sylvestris, and spruce: picea abies) have been collected from up to nine catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1,500,000 km2 area in northern europe. additional soil samples were taken from the o-horizon and the c-horizon at each plant sampl ...200111706797
biochemical parameters as biomarkers for the early recognition of environmental pollution on scots pine trees. ii. the antioxidative metabolites ascorbic acid, glutathione, alpha-tocopherol and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase.field investigations with scots pine trees (pinus sylvestris l.) were performed in eastern germany, where ambient so2, nox and o3 concentrations differed significantly in 1992-99 at three sites, namely neuglobsow (yearly mean so2 in 1992: 9 microg m(-3)), taura (yearly mean so2 in 1992: 54 microg m(-3)) and rösa (yearly mean so2 in 1992: 73 microg m(-3)). to investigate the effects of so2, nox and o3 on antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, glutathione, glutathione reductase, alpha- ...200111724381
growth of conifer seedlings on organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources on growth and mineral nutrient concentrations of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings were compared in a 100-day experiment in a greenhouse. seedlings were grown in pots containing peat. nutrient solutions differing in ammonium, nitrate, arginine and glycine composition were supplied to the seedlings at three nitrogen (n) concentrations: 1, 3 and 10 mm. we used dual (13c, 15n) and single (15n) iso ...200111731342
scots pine expresses short-root-specific peroxidases during development.nine short-root-specific proteins from scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) detected and isolated as individual spots by 2d-page were identified. the similar peptide mass maps obtained for all nine polypeptide spots together with lectin-blotting results suggest that they represent forms of the same modified protein. n-terminal sequence analysis of two of the peptides showed high similarity to peroxidases. rt-pcr with oligonucleotide primers corresponding to determined peptide sequences and conserved ...200111121106
developmental regulation of indole-3-acetic acid turnover in scots pine seedlings.indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) homeostasis was investigated during seed germination and early seedling growth in scots pine (pinus sylvestris). iaa-ester conjugates were initially hydrolyzed in the seed to yield a peak of free iaa prior to initiation of root elongation. developmental regulation of iaa synthesis was observed, with tryptophan-dependent synthesis being initiated around 4 d and tryptophan-independent synthesis occurring around 7 d after imbibition. induction of catabolism to yield 2-oxi ...200111154354
coevolutionary toxicity as suggested by differential coniferyl alcohol inhibition of ceratocystis species growth.coevolution has been shown to lower the toxicity of predator venoms to usual preys, in contrast to higher toxicity to non-prey similar species (heatwole and powell, 1998. resistance of eels (gymnothorax) to the venom of sea kraits (laticauda colubrina): a test of coevolution. toxicon 36, 619-625). in an attempt to examine whether such coevolutionary discrepancies also occur in plant host-parasite interactions, two strains of ceratocystis grown on artificial medium, c. fimbriata, parasite of the ...200110978737
partitioning of carbohydrates and biomass of needles in scots pine canopy.the study was aimed at the quantitative evaluation of the temporal and spatial partitioning of non-structural carbohydrates and needle biomass in a canopy of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) growing in a myrtillus site type forest stand (predominant in estonia). the tree canopy was divided into ten equal layers and the material for the spatial partitioning of the investigated characteristics was sampled from all layers. our findings revealed a significant variation in morphology and in the parti ...200212064730
neutral lipids and phospholipids in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) sapwood and heartwood.variations in the concentration and composition of triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees at five sites. disks were taken at breast height or at a height of 4 m from the stems of 81 trees differing in diameter and growth rate. the mean concentration of triacylglycerols in sapwood was 26 mg g(-1) dry mass; however, variation among trees was large (16-51 mg g(dm)(-1)). the concentration of triacylglycerols was slightly larger at ...200212069923
interaction between laccaria laccata and trichoderma virens in co-culture and in the rhizosphere of pinus sylvestris grown in vitro.interactions between the ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria laccata and the soil fungus trichoderma virens in co-culture and in the rhizosphere of pinus sylvestris seedlings growing in vitro were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. the growth of t. virens was inhibited in co-culture. shortened, more branched and sometimes deformed or injured hyphae of t. virens were observed in the zone of inhibition. two-month-old mycorrhizae of p. sylvestris/ l. laccata were inoculated with a ...200212072984
the electrical impedance spectroscopy of scots pine needles during cold acclimation.the electrical impedance spectroscopy (eis) was applied to current-year needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in an 8-year provenance field trial in central finland during frost hardening. the eis analysis of the needles using a model-a equivalent circuit indicated a sequence of events in the needles during their cold acclimation. some of the eis-parameters referred to maturation phenomena occurring during the pre-hardening phase at the end of the growing season, and some parameters displa ...200212081531
the fungal sheath of ectomycorrhizal pine roots: an apoplastic barrier for the entry of calcium, magnesium, and potassium into the root cortex?the apoplastic permeability of the fungal sheath of two different ectomycorrhizal associations of pinus sylvestris l. was analysed by laser microprobe mass analysis (lamma) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edxs) after stable isotope labelling with 25mg, 41k and 44ca. entry of 25mg and 44ca into the outer cortical apoplast of non-mycorrhizal roots was detected after 4 min of labelling. after a longer exposure time the endodermis with its casparian band acted as an efficient apoplastic di ...200212096105
historical changes in lead concentrations in tree-rings of sycamore, oak and scots pine in north-west england.lead concentrations in tree rings of sycamore (acer pseudoplatanus l.), oak (quercus robur l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) sampled at a parkland in north-west england were measured in wood formed since the mid-1800s. concentrations of pb in scots pine and oak peaked in wood formed between 1900 and 1940, most likely because of pb accumulation in heartwood, indicating that oak and scots pine are unsuitable for monitoring temporal changes in pb deposition at the study site. in contrast, pb ...200212109483
seasonal responses of photosynthetic electron transport in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) studied by thermoluminescence.the potential of photosynthesis to recover from winter stress was studied by following the thermoluminescence (tl) and chlorophyll fluorescence changes of winter pine needles during the exposure to room temperature (20 degrees c) and an irradiance of 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1). tl measurements of photosystem ii (psii) revealed that the s(2)q(b)(-) charge recombinations (the b-band) were shifted to lower temperatures in winter pine needles, while the s(2)q(a)(-) recombinations (the q-band) remained ...200212111228
phytoremediation of subarctic soil contaminated with diesel fuel.the effects of several plant species, native to northern latitudes, and different soil amendments, on diesel fuel removal from soil were studied. plant treatments included scots pine (pinus sylvestris), poplar (populus deltoides x wettsteinii), a grass mixture (red fescue, fesuca rubra; smooth meadowgrass, poa pratensis and perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne) and a legume mixture (white clover, trifolium repens and pea, pisum sativum). soil amendments included npk fertiliser, a compost extract a ...200212118697
[analysis of natural regeneration barriers of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation on sandy land].by employing comparison analysis, and field experiment of watering and soil-covering before overwintering for seedlings, the barriers of natural regeneration for mongolian pine plantations on sandy soil were identified. the experimental area was divided into 3 parts according to the state of natural regeneration. crown closure, litter, understory coverage, and site condition were the factors which affect natural regeneration. water deficit, but not low temperature during overwintering, is the ke ...200212132148
tree-ring analysis for the assessment of anthropogenic changes and trends.investigation of pine (pinus sylvestris l.) annual radial increment (width of annual tree rings) was carried out in the surroundings of one of the largest pollution sources in lithuania - jonava nitrogen fertilizers plant. the main objective of investigation was to analyse different sides of anthropogenic transformations of tree-ring series in the polluted environment: changes in tree growth intensity: variance changes in tree-ring series: changes in the relations with natural external factors. ...200212139077
ozone-induced free polyamine response in scots pine in northern finland.the study aimed to assess the ozone-induced response in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needles by measuring free polyamine concentrations. an open-top chamber experiment with realistically elevated ozone concentrations was carried out in northern finland. a carry-over effect was detected: the concentrations of free polyamines, especially putrescine, were decreased at the beginning of the next growing season in the ozone-exposed trees. this indicates that the free polyamine pathway was not acti ...200212166661
regulation of amino acid uptake in conifers by exogenous and endogenous nitrogen.although an accumulating amount of research clearly indicates that plants are capable of taking up exogenous amino acids, the actual importance of such organic n sources for plant n nutrition is under debate. in this study, we show that amino acid uptake by scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) is significantly decreased by elevated internal nh(4)(+) levels, while it increases following exposure to exogenous amino acids. furthermore, amino acid uptake is larger in n-deficient plants than in plants gr ...200212172847
impacts of seasonal air and soil temperatures on photosynthesis in scots pine trees.seasonal courses of light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis (a360) and stomatal conductance (gs) were examined in detached 1-year-old needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) from early april to mid-november. to evaluate the effects of soil frost and low soil temperatures on gas exchange, the extent and duration of soil frost, as well as the onset of soil warming, were manipulated in the field. during spring, early summer and autumn, the patterns of a360 and gs in needles from the control ...200212184973
canopy stomatal conductance and xylem sap abscisic acid (aba) in mature scots pine during a gradually imposed drought.we investigated the effect of drought on canopy stomatal conductance (g(c)), and examined the hypothesis that g(c) is controlled by the chemical messenger abscisic acid (aba) produced in roots. beginning in november 1994, we subjected a mature stand of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) to an imposed 11-month drought. control plots were maintained at average-season soil water content. xylem sap was extracted from shoots at regular intervals from april to november 1995. soil water, sap flow and lea ...200212184977
changes of morphogenic competence in mature pinus sylvestris l. buds in vitro.the effects of season and cold storage on morphogenic competence in mature pinus sylvestris buds were investigated. peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity were measured as markers of oxidative metabolism. no growth in vitro was observed on explants detached from the end of january until the beginning of march. brachioblasts, each with a couple of needles, formed on 11% of the buds without macrostrobili that were detached in early april and introduced immediately into culture. of the explants ...200212197528
radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors.we studied sap flow in dominant coniferous (pinus sylvestris l.) and broadleaf (populus canescens l.) species and in understory species (prunus serotina ehrh. and rhododendron ponticum l.) by the heat field deformation (hfd) method. we attempted to identify possible errors arising during flow integration and scaling from single-point measurements to whole trees. large systematic errors of -90 to 300% were found when it was assumed that sap flow was uniform over the sapwood depth. therefore, we r ...200212204847
biosorption of chromium(vi) from aqueous solution by cone biomass of pinus sylvestris.biosorption of chromium(vi) on to cone biomass of pinus sylvestris was studied with variation in the parameters of ph, initial metal ion concentration and agitation speed. the biosorption of cr(vi) was increased when ph of the solution was decreased from 7.0 to 1.0. the maximum chromium biosorption occurred at 150 rpm agitation. an increase in chromium/biomass ratio caused a decrease in the biosorption efficiency. the adsorption constants were found from the freundlich isotherm at 25 degrees c. ...200212227539
seasonal variation in nitrogen net uptake and root plasma membrane h+-atpase activity of scots pine seedlings as affected by nutrient availability.we examined changes in nitrogen (n) net uptake and activity and amount of plasma membrane h+-atpase (pm-atpase) in roots of hydroponically cultured scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings throughout a simulated second growing season. seedlings were grown with low (0.25 mm n) or high (2.5 mm n) nutrient availability to determine whether root pm-atpase is dependent on an external nutrient supply. climatic conditions in the growth chamber simulated the mean growing season from may to mid-october ...200211772550
ethylene metabolism in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) shoots during the year.ethylene evolution, concentrations of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) and acc conjugates, activities of acc synthase and acc oxidase, and cambial growth as measured by tracheid production were monitored from november to july in 1-year-old shoots, and between july and september in current-year shoots, of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). needles, buds and four stem parts (cortex, phloem, cambial region and mature xylem) were surveyed. ethylene evolution was quantified by gas chromatog ...200211772556
low nucleotide diversity at the pal1 locus in the widely distributed pinus sylvestris.nucleotide polymorphism in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) was studied in the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal, ec 4.3.1.5). scots pine, like many other pine species, has a large current population size. the observed levels of inbreeding depression suggest that scots pine may have a high mutation rate to deleterious alleles. many scots pine markers such as isozymes, rflps, and microsatellites are highly variable. these observations suggest that the levels of nucleotide variation shou ...200211801746
urban polluted forest soils induce elevated root peroxidase activity in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings.plant biomass. mycorrhizal status and root peroxidase activity were measured in ectomycorrhizal scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings grown in urban polluted and native, non-polluted forest soils with added ammonium or potassium sulphates simulating n and s deposition of urban areas. peroxidase activity in the fine roots of seedlings planted in polluted forest soils was higher than in those planted in non-polluted soils and correlated positively with the activities measured in an earlier st ...200211806455
the true distribution and accumulation of radiocaesium in stem of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.).the radial and vertical distributions of radiocaesium, potassium and calcium were determined in two scots pine stands (17 and 58 yr old) similarly affected by the chernobyl fallout. for both age classes, concentrations are always the lowest in the stemwood, highest in the inner bark and intermediary levels were observed for the outer bark. due to the cumulative character of its biomass. however. stemwood is a long-term major reservoir of 137cs. with tree development, changes in the 137cs radial ...200211814168
effects of trichloroacetic acid on the nitrogen metabolism of pinus sylvestris--a 13c/15n tracer study.trichloroacetic acid (tca) can be found in various environmental compartments like air, rain and plants all over the world. it is assumed that tca is an atmospheric degradation product of volatile chloroorganic hydrocarbons. the herbicide effect of tca in higher concentrations is well known, but not much is known about the phytotoxic effects in environmentally relevant concentrations. it can be shown in this study by using the 13c/15n stable isotope tracer technique that [13c]tca is taken up by ...200211827283
effect of fertilisation on the potassium and radiocaesium distribution in tree stands (pinus sylvestris l.) and peat on a pine mire.this paper compares the effects of single and repeated fertilisation on the contents of potassium, 134cs and 137cs in different scots pine compartments at different levels above ground and in the peat profile 9 years after the chernobyl disaster. the material was collected from a ditch spacing and fertilisation experiment in finland. above a needle potassium concentration of 3.0 mg g(-1) in composed crown samples, 137cs and 134cs concentrations remained at about the same level but below that the ...200211843526
nitrate reductase activity in some subarctic species and uv influence in the foliage of betula pendula roth. seedlings.nitrate reductase (nr) activity was studied in the foliage of five subarctic species: mature trees of european white birch (betula pubescens erch. s.s.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst), ericaceous shrub bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), naturally growing in a forest, and seed-grown silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings in an ultraviolet (uv) exclusion field experiment at the pallas-ounastunturi national park in finnish lapland (68 degrees n). mean ...200211846159
comparing the variation of needle and wood terpenoids in scots pine provenances.we determined variation in both the concentration and composition of terpenoids in needles and wood within nine scots pine (pinus sylvestris) provenances. seedlings of different provenances representing a 1200-km n-s transect from estonia to northern finland were cultivated in suonenjoki nursery field, central finland, for seven years. growth of seedlings and the number of vertical resin ducts in wood were also determined. alpha-pinene and 3-carene were the major monoterpenes both in the needles ...200211868675
identification of a hydrophobin gene that is developmentally regulated in the ectomycorrhizal fungus tricholoma terreum.the symbiosis between ectomycorrhizal fungi and trees is an essential part of forest ecology and depends entirely on the communication between the two partners for establishing and maintaining the relationship. the identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes is a step to identifying such signals and to understanding the regulation of this process. we determined the role of hydrophobins produced by tricholoma terreum in mycorrhiza formation and hyphal development. a hydr ...200211872494
evaluation of platanus occidentalis and pinus sylvestris as bioindicators for lead and cadmium by slurry sampling-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.two higher plants (platanus occidentalis and pinus sylvestris) were used as bioindicators for assessment of contamination by pb and cd in an urban and industrialized area. both toxic metals in plant tissue were determined by transverse-heated electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry-longitudinal zeeman background correction combined with automated ultrasonic slurry sampling. twenty sampling points were established to observe a relationship between metal concentration in plant and traffic de ...200211878603
insect egg deposition induces pinus sylvestris to attract egg parasitoids.plant volatiles released in response to feeding insects are known to attract enemies of the feeding herbivores. in this study, egg deposition by a herbivorous insect was shown to induce a gymnosperm plant to emit volatiles that attract egg parasitoids. odour from twigs of pinus sylvestris laden with egg masses of the pine sawfly diprion pini attracts the eulophid egg parasitoid chrysonotomyia ruforum. volatiles released from pine twigs without diprionid eggs are not attractive. oviposition by th ...200211893759
requirement for far-red light to maintain secondary needle extension growth in northern but not southern populations of pinus sylvestris (scots pine).extension growth of secondary needles is under photoperiodic control in pinus sylvestris. to test for the effects of far-red light on maintaining this extension growth, seedlings of six populations originating from latitudes between 57 degrees and 67 degrees n were raised for 11 weeks in continuous incandescent (metal halogen) light at 300 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1 and 20 degrees c and then transferred at the same temperature to a daily regime of 8 h incandescent light (230 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1) followed by ...200211903967
identification and characterization of rapd markers inferring genetic relationships among pine species.total genomic dnas were extracted from several populations of pine species and amplified using oligonucleotides of random sequences. polymorphism in random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers was high and sufficient in distinguishing each of the species. genetic relationships among eight pine species (pinus sylvestris, pinus strobus, pinus rigida, pinus resinosa, pinus nigra, pinus contorta, pinus monticola, and pinus banksiana) from different provenances were analyzed. the degree of band s ...200211908668
population genetic structure of tomicus piniperda l. (curculionidae: scolytinae) on different pine species and validation of t. destruens (woll.).genetic diversity and population structure of tomicus piniperda was assessed using mitochondrial sequences on 16 populations sampled on 6 pine species in france. amplifications of internal transcribed space 1 (its1) were also performed. our goals were to determine the taxonomic status of the mediterranean ecotype t. piniperda destruens, and to test for host plant or geographical isolation effect on population genetic structure. we showed that t. piniperda clusters in two mtdna haplotypic groups. ...200211918783
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