Publications

rapid microbiochemical method for identification of gardnerella (haemophilus) vaginalis.	a rapid biochemical method for the identification of gardnerella vaginalis has been developed. the method is based on the fermentation of starch and raffinose and on the hydrolysis of hippurate. with this new procedure, identification was confirmed for 390 of 396 g. vaginalis isolates within 1 h after their inoculation into the three substrates.	1982	7050164
[gardnerella vaginalis. a common cause of leukorrhea and colpitis?].		1982	7123520
chlamydia trachomatis infections in women with urogenital symptoms.	chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 30 to 100 women attending a family physician's office with dysuria, frequency or vaginal discharge, compared with 2 of 30 asymptomatic women. multiple infections were common: c. trachomatis coexisted with gardnerella vaginalis, candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis or a bacterial cause of urinary tract infection in 15 patients. c. trachomatis was isolated alone from 15 symptomatic women. the source of the positive culture was not always the site of sympt ...	1982	7139448
in vitro activity of seventeen antimicrobial agents against gardnerella vaginalis.	the in vitro activity of 17 antimicrobial agents was tested against 25 clinical isolates of gardnerella vaginalis. minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by agar dilution. the isolates were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, n-formimidoyl-thienamycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and erythromycin. mic90 for the beta-lactam antibiotics ranged from 0.12 mg/l for penicillin to 2 mg/l for ticarcillin. cefoperaz ...	1982	6223813
vaginitis in sexually active women: relationship to nine sexually transmitted organisms.	women seen for symptoms suggestive of vulvovaginitis were studied for the detection of mycoplasma hominis. ureaplasma urealyticum, yeast, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, gardnerella vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, group b beta-hemolytic streptococci, aerobes, anaerobes, and trichomonas vaginalis. asymptomatic women who reported to be sexually active and agreed to undergo comprehensive genital cultures were used as controls. there was a significant association of vulvovaginitis wit ...	1982	6280502
polymicrobial nature of vaginitis in young women: a microbiological and therapeutic study.	thirty-six young females attending the student health service with vaginitis were investigated by serial semiquantitative aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, mycoplasma and viral cultures over a 10 day period and results were correlated with signs and symptoms. antifungal therapy (econazole pessaries and cream) resulted in clearance of candida from 13 out of 16 patients where there was no increase in the anaerobic flora. in the four subjects where candida was isolated along with gardnerella vaginalis pl ...	1982	6283441
gardnerella vaginalis: laboratory isolation and clinical significance.		1982	6756626
classic illustration.		1982	6761190
identification of gardnerella vaginalis by a fluorescent antibody test.		1982	6762799
gardnerella vaginalis and its clinical syndrome.	the gardnerella vaginalis syndrome is a well defined but benign condition characterized by a smelly vaginal discharge of ph greater than 5.0. it is not associated with inflammation. it often occurs in association with cervical infections. the microscopic appearance of the discharge is typical and diagnostic. the wet mount shows "clue cells" and "rafts" (floating clumps of small bacilli) and the gram stain has the "pepper on salt" pattern of masses of small gram-variable bacilli. the amine test i ...	1982	6764199
the odour of non-specific vaginitis: a review.		1982	6764200
an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of gardnerella vaginalis and bacteroides associated vaginitis.		1982	6764201
selective differential human blood bilayer media for isolation of gardnerella (haemophilus) vaginalis.	new selective and differential human blood bilayer agar media with tween 80 (hbt medium) or without tween 80 (hb medium), developed for the isolation of gardnerella (haemophilus) vaginalis, permitted significantly higher g. vaginalis isolation rates than have been obtained for other media used for this purpose. hb medium consists of a basal layer of columbia agar base containing colistin and naladixic acid with added amphotericin b and an overlayer of the same composition plus 5% human blood. hb ...	1982	6764766
[infections in gynecology].	after the author had reviewed present ideas about infections he outlined the specific character and the role of the normal flora to be found in the cervix and in the vagina, as well as the common characteristics of sexually transmitted diseases. the pathogenic role of bacteria that were previously considered to be "innocent" (type b streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, gardnerella vaginalis) and chlamydiae and mycoplasmas make it easier to understand the pathogenesis of basal gynaecological infe ...	1983	6684136
mycoplasma hominis in nonspecific vaginitis.	the prevalence of nonspecific vaginitis was 24% among 98 randomly selected women examined at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and 32% among 135 women with suspected cervicitis at the same clinic. mycoplasma hominis was isolated more often and serum antibody levels to m. hominis were higher in women with nonspecific vaginitis than in women without nonspecific vaginitis. similarly, the rate of isolation of gardnerella vaginalis and the quantitative growth of g. vaginalis were higher for ...	1983	6689379
diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid.	to determine whether bacterial vaginosis (bv), also known as nonspecific vaginitis, could be diagnosed by evaluating a gram stain of vaginal fluid, we examined samples from 60 women of whom 25 had clinical evidence of bv and 35 had candidal vaginitis or normal examinations. an inverse relationship between the quantity of the lactobacillus morphotype (large gram-positive rods) and of the gardnerella morphotype (small gram-variable rods) was noted on gram stain (p less than 0.001). when gram stain ...	1983	6193137
unsuspected chlamydia trachomatis in females attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic.	one hundred and five women attending auckland sexually transmitted diseases clinic were reviewed because of positive cervical cultures for chlamydia trachomatis. their average age was 19 years, 70% were european; 28% were maori. in half the patients the positive culture was a chance finding and therefore treatment was delayed resulting in six patients (12%) developing pelvic inflammatory disease. eight out of nine male contacts, subsequently traced, had asymptomatic urethritis, one having epidid ...	1983	6577348
diagnosis and therapy of nonspecific vaginitis. correlation between koh-test, clue cells and microbiology.	a clinical and quantitative microbiological study was performed on 32 women with fishy odour of the vaginal fluid. this odour could be intensified by the addition of one drop of 10% potassium hydroxide. clue cells were found to be present in all cases. gardnerella vaginalis was isolated from the vaginal fluid in 97%, and large quantities of mixed anaerobes in 100% of the patients. the therapy with metronidazole, 400 mg twice daily for 5 days, was successful in 22 out of 24 patients. after therap ...	1983	6582591
nonspecific vaginitis. diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations.	numerous previous studies of nonspecific vaginitis have yielded contradictory results regarding its cause and clinical manifestations, due to a lack of uniform case definition and laboratory methods. we studied 397 consecutive unselected female university students and applied sets of well defined criteria to distinguish nonspecific vaginitis from other forms of vaginitis and from normal findings. using such criteria, we diagnosed nonspecific vaginitis in up to 25 percent of our study population; ...	1983	6600371
the identification of gardnerella vaginalis.	a collection of 72 strains of catalase-negative gram-positive, -negative and -variable cocco-bacilli isolated from samples of vaginal discharge from women with non-specific vaginal infection was examined in an attempt to develop an identification system for gardnerella vaginalis that could be used in a diagnostic laboratory. carbohydrate fermentation tests were found to be poorly reproducible and of little differentiating value. enzyme tests were found similarly unhelpful, as were many antibioti ...	1983	6600500
gardnerella vaginalis and nonspecific vaginitis.		1983	6600636
problem-orientated categorisation of "other conditions" seen in a genitourinary medicine clinic.	the case sheets of patients coded as d2 (other conditions requiring treatment) and d3 (other conditions not requiring treatment) in 1981 were reclassified on a problem-orientated basis. ten discreet categories were delineated with ease. women with non-specific vaginitis and men with gardnerella vaginalis urogenital infection, usually coded d2 or c4, should be reclassified under the c group of conditions as, for example, "gardnerella or other bacterial genital infections." it is suggested that co ...	1983	6600641
metronidazole.	metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. it has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for about 20 years and is also effective against amebiasis and giardiasis. more recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections. it is highly effective against all species of ana ...	1983	6600804
gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in genital disease.	in a study of gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in non-specific vaginitis (nsv) and other genital disease 89 patients attending a genital medicine clinic had vaginal samples examined for conventional pathogens and for quantitative analysis of g vaginalis and aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora. the overall incidence of g vaginalis was 20%; g vaginalis (mean concentration 7.0 log10/g of secretion) occurred predominantly in patients with nsv (57%) but also in sexual contacts of non-sp ...	1983	6600955
minimal criteria for the identification of gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the vagina.	vaginal swabs were examined for the presence of gardnerella vaginalis. of 294 isolates with appropriate colonial and cellular morphology subjected to an identification procedure, 203 (69%) were identified as g vaginalis. the 91 isolates not identified as g vaginalis were differentiated by their inability to ferment starch, cause diffuse beta haemolysis on human blood agar or hydrolyse hippurate. other tests, often used in the identification of g vaginalis, were found to be insufficiently specifi ...	1983	6601114
vaginal disease. venereal and nonvenereal types.	vaginal diseases are, in many cases, sexually transmitted. however, most can also be non-venereal and can occur in any age-group. special care should be taken in examining and treating young females with vaginal disease, and the possibility of sexual abuse should be considered in this age-group. finally, special attention should be paid to girls and women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero, as these patients have an increased risk of anatomic and reproductive anomalies.	1983	6601795
isolation and identification of anaerobic organisms from the male and female urogenital tracts.	since bacteroides spp may play an important role together with gardnerella vaginalis in the pathogenesis of non-specific vaginitis and balanoposthitis, anaerobic organisms were isolated and identified from 34 female and 20 male patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine, and the results compared with the clinical findings and the presence of other routinely isolated pathogens. twenty-three different organisms were recovered from 13 of the 20 men; of these organisms, 20 were of the ...	1983	6601970
unconventional bacteria in urinary tract disease: gardnerella vaginalis.	bladder aspirate urine samples (n = 190) were cultured for the presence of fastidious microorganisms. these samples were obtained from patients with urinary tract disease in whom standard bacteriologic investigation had failed to indicate infection. gardnerella vaginalis was recovered alone, or in association with ureaplasma urealyticum from the bladder urine of 33% of patients with reflux scarring. g. vaginalis was localized to the upper urinary tract in 75% of these patients with bladder count ...	1983	6604191
amine content of vaginal fluid from patients with trichomoniasis and gardnerella associated non-specific vaginitis.	amounts of putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were measured in vaginal washings from five patients with non-specific vaginitis (nsv) associated with gardnerella vaginalis, five patients with trichomoniasis, and five healthy controls. putrescine and cadaverine were present in all but one sample from the infected patients; tyramine was found in four of five samples from the women with nsv and in two of five samples from those with trichomoniasis. the mean cadaverine to putrescine ratio was signi ...	1983	6604557
semiquantitative culture of gardnerella vaginalis in laboratory determination of nonspecific vaginitis.	to evaluate the usefulness of quantitative cultures of gardnerella vaginalis in the laboratory determination of nonspecific vaginitis, the actual and relative numbers of g. vaginalis in genital cultures of a general patient population were assessed semiquantitatively, and the laboratory results were then correlated with the clinical findings. of the 1,585 women studied, 417 (26.3%) yielded g. vaginalis in culture. of these, only 113 (27.1%) were found to have symptoms and signs consistent with n ...	1983	6604735
bacteriuria due to ureaplasma urealyticum and gardnerella vaginalis in women with preeclampsia.	certain fastidious organisms such as u urealyticum and g vaginalis can be isolated from the aspirated bladder urine of pregnant women more frequently than conventional urinary pathogens such as escherichia coli [1]. they can be isolated even more often from the aspirated bladder urine of patients with renal disease, but rarely from that of healthy men or nonpregnant women [2]. we investigated the incidence of bacteriuria due to these two organisms--particularly u urealyticum--in patients with pr ...	1983	6604763
vaginitis.		1983	6605671
susceptibility of gardnerella vaginalis to cephradine.	the activity of cephradine and the influence of ph on its activity against 70 gardnerella vaginalis strains were determined. serial dilutions of cephradine (0.062 to 256 micrograms/ml) were incorporated into dunkelberg agar, inoculated with a steers replicator, incubated in 5% co2 for 48 h, and examined. the minimal inhibitory concentrations for 90% of the isolates were 16 and 8.0 micrograms/ml at ph 7.0 to 6.0 and 5.5, respectively.	1983	6605720
non-volatile fatty acids in the diagnosis of non-specific vaginitis.	in the vaginal washings of 100 women with symptomatic non-specific vaginitis a succinate/lactate ratio of greater than or equal to 0.4 had a diagnostic sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 83% for this condition. the predictive value of a positive test was 94%, but that of a negative test was only 55%. a strong association between the presence of gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobes, a vaginal ph of above 4.5, and amines was found not only in non-specific vaginitis, but also in trichomonal and gonoc ...	1983	6606653
post-operative wound infection with gardnerella vaginalis.	a case of wound infection after caesarian section, in which gardnerella vaginalis appeared to play a major role, is described.	1983	6607293
treatment of the gardnerella vaginalis syndrome with a single 2 gram oral dosage of metronidazole.	the gardnerella vaginalis syndrome (gvs) is characterized by a smelly vaginal discharge of ph greater than 5.2. the microscopic appearance of the discharge is diagnostic. the gram stain shows masses of small gram variable bacilli which have a 'pepper and salt' pattern, and the wet film 'clue cells' and 'rafts' (floating clumps of small bacilli). the amine test is an additional diagnostic aid. 30 patients with this syndrome were treated with 2 g of metronidazole in a single oral dosage. 29 patien ...	1983	6607515
metronidazole in treatment of non-specific vaginitis. clinical and microbiological findings in ten patients given 2 grams of metronidazole.	a 2 gram single dose of metronidazole was given to ten patients suffering from nonspecific vaginitis. at follow-up a week later seven of these patients were clinically and microbiologically free from infection. the remaining three patients had persisting symptoms and both clinical and microbiological findings confirmed treatment failure. despite the small numbers entered into the trial to date, a cure rate of only seven out of ten patients suggests that a 2 gram single dose of metronidazole is i ...	1983	6607516
current taxonomic status of gardnerella vaginalis.		1983	6607517
comparative antimicrobial activity of metronidazole and the hydroxy metabolite against gardnerella vaginalis.	metronidazole (m) (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) undergoes oxidative metabolism with the formation of several metabolites, the most important quantitatively in serum and urine being the "hydroxy" metabolite (hm) (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole). the antimicrobial activity of hm was compared with m against strains of g. vaginalis using minimal inhibitory (mic) and bactericidal (mbc) concentration determinations and time-kill curve studies. at an inoculum of 10 ...	1983	6607518
characterization of gardnerella vaginalis by gas chromatography.	the principal objective of this study was the characterization of gardnerella vaginalis by gas chromatography. thirty-eight isolates and the type strain, atcc 14018, of g. vaginalis were studied. hexadecanoic (16:0), octadecenoic (18:1) and octadecanoic (18:0) were the major fatty acids detected. only insignificant differences between the various isolates could be found. the gas chromatographic analysis of g. vaginalis revealed a characteristic pattern. gas chromatography in combination with sel ...	1983	6607519
pathogenicity of gardnerella vaginalis (haemophilus vaginalis).	the controversy over the pathogenicity of gardnerella vaginalis has a variety of explanations, including difficulty in isolating the organism on cultures, failure to employ established criteria for recognizing the clinical entity, and failure of some to employ orthodox investigate protocols. briefly reviewed is the evidence that the bacterium is the index organism of a precisely defined specific vaginal infection. any thesis that anaerobic bacteria are co-pathogens and essential for establishmen ...	1983	6607520
gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in the etiology of bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis.	g. vaginalis was originally described as the etiologic agent of bacterial vaginosis (nonspecific vaginitis) because it was recovered only from women with signs and symptoms of "bacterial vaginitis" and not from normal controls. recent data have shown that g. vaginalis is present in normal women but at concentrations lower than the limit of sensitivity of the media formerly used. detection of low concentrations of g. vaginalis in normal controls has been made possible by development of a selectiv ...	1983	6607521
a survey of genital infections in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.	747 consecutive patients, 531 men and 216 women, attending the division of dermatovenerology, city health dept., oslo, were screened for n. gonorrhoeae (14.5% and 18.5%), c. trachomatis (19.6% and 20.8%), g. vaginalis (0.2% and 6.5%), and c. albicans (1.1% and 21.3%). the prevalence is given in brackets for men and women, respectively. this study was undertaken in order to determine the relative prevalence of these microorganisms with particular reference to g. vaginalis, to determine the import ...	1983	6607522
microbial flora in women showing symptoms of nonspecific vaginosis: applicability of koh test for diagnosis.	the microbial flora of the vagina in 100 consecutive patients coming to a gynaecologist's office because of excessive and malodourous vaginal discharge was investigated. anaerobic bacteria were detected in 66% of cases, and gardnerella vaginalis in 59% of cases. lactobacilli were present in 52% of cases, candida in 19%, chlamydia trachomatis in 6% and trichomonas vaginalis in 5%. among the anaerobic bacteria, various strains of bacteroides or fusobacteria were the most common. the positive predi ...	1983	6607523
"non-specific" vaginitis: a non-entity.	the author alleges that any knowledgeable physician owning a vaginal speculum and a microscope should rarely find the need for using the diagnosis, "non-specific" vaginitis, and that its too frequent use might well imply carelessness, indifference or a failure to employ available diagnostic methods. the suggestion is made that if the term "non-specific" vaginitis is to be retained in gynecologic nomenclature it should be assigned its rightful position and should include only those conditions wit ...	1983	6607524
the clinical signs and symptoms of gardnerella-associated vaginosis.	gardnerella-associated vaginosis (hemophilus vaginalis vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and odor. the clinical spectrum of this infection varies from total lack of symptoms to obvious odor and profuse vaginal discharge. the diagnosis of this syndrome can be made when a woman presents with a homogenous grey-white discharge that emits a fishy odor when a drop of 10% potassium hydroxide is mixed with a drop of vaginal discharge on a glass slide. the ph ...	1983	6607525
influence of metronidazole treatment on the vaginal microbiological flora.	in order to study the effects of metronidazole on the microbiology of the vagina in general and on gardnerella vaginalis infection in particular, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed before and 4 weeks after initiation of metronidazole treatment, 400 mg three times daily for five days. bacteriological results were compared with microscopic findings and with the results of "amine testing" with potassium hydroxide and with other clinical variables. we found a reason ...	1983	6607526
[occurrence of chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal discharges. a study from general practice].		1983	6607563
haemophilus influenzae in genitourinary tract infections.	haemophilus influenzae was isolated in pure or predominant culture from genital specimens from nine females and two males. four of the females had vaginitis, two had iud-related endometritis, one had an incomplete septic abortion, and one had probable urethral syndrome. two males had urethritis.	1983	6608436
[gardnerella vaginalis. frequency of its isolation from women complaining of leukorrhea].	a study was carried out on 131 vaginal swabs that were taken from 98 women who had a discharge and 33 women who were asymptomatic to determine the frequency in which gardnerella vaginalis was discovered. this study shows that this bacteria is the only micro-organism that is found in a significantly higher number of women with nonspecific discharges (37%) than in those who have no discharge (9.1%). these results, while they do not show that gardnerella vaginalis is the only aetiological factor in ...	1983	6608552
anaerobes in genitourinary infections in men.	urethral and sub-preputial swabs from 150 men were examined. there was a strong association between the isolation of anaerobic bacteria, particularly bacteroides spp, and a clinical diagnosis of balanoposthitis, non-specific urethritis (nsu), or both. aerobic bacteria formed the predominant flora in 28 healthy controls whereas anaerobes were predominant in specimens from 79 patients with balanoposthitis, from 24 with nsu, and from 19 with both. bacteroides spp were the commonest isolates in all ...	1983	6871653
microbiology of vaginal discharge in nairobi, kenya.	among women attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in nairobi with vaginal discharge, neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis were isolated from the cervix in 32 (26%) of 122 and four (7%) of 58 women respectively. infection with trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, gardnerella vaginalis, and mycoplasma spp were diagnosed in 42 of 122 (34%), 26 of 110 (24%), 75 of 100 (75%), and 42 of 89 (47%) women respectively. mixed infections with at least two pathogens were found ...	1983	6405973
abc of sexually transmitted diseases. vaginal discharge: diagnosis.		1983	6416487
isolation and identification of gardnerella vaginalis.		1983	6420883
comparison of mid catheter collection and suprapubic aspiration of urine for diagnosing bacteriuria due to fastidious micro-organisms.	we examined 40 female patients for the presence of fastidious bacteria in the bladder by culture of mid catheter and suprapubic aspiration urine specimens. gardnerella vaginalis and ureaplasma urealyticum were the most frequently isolated fastidious species. the suprapubic aspirate was positive in 3 patients with more than 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. gardnerella vaginalis and 7 with more than 10(2) colony-forming units per ml. ureaplasma urealyticum in the mid catheter urine specimen, whi ...	1983	6338252
detection of gardnerella vaginalis on vaginal smears by immunofluorescence.	an indirect fluorescence antibody (ifa) test was developed for the detection of gardnerella vaginalis. antisera were prepared in rabbits by using five strains of g. vaginalis. a pool of the antisera was tested for specificity with a variety of isolates known to colonize the human vagina and (or) morphologically resemble g. vaginalis. six heterologous bacterial isolates reacted with the pooled antiserum at dilutions of 1:10, but none reacted at the working dilution of 1:200. vaginal swab specimen ...	1983	6339017
single oral dose metronidazole therapy for gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis in adolescent females.	this study briefly reviews gardnerella vaginalis as a primary vaginal pathogen and assesses the efficacy and safety of therapy with a single, 2-g oral dose of metronidazole. over a period of 20 months, 882 symptomatic adolescent girls had positive cultures for g. vaginalis. all were post-menarcheal. no other vaginal pathogen was isolated in 609. the total group had a second culture 5-7 days after treatment. cultures taken after treatment were negative in 95% of those treated with a single 2-g do ...	1983	6345494
gardnerella vaginalis-associated vaginitis--a 'new' sexually transmitted disease.		1983	6345982
[sensitivity of gardnerella vaginalis to antibiotics. study of 40 strains isolated at the purpan university hospital center of toulouse].	40 strains of gardnerella vaginalis were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 10 antibiotics, by an agar dilution method. all strains were inhibited by 0,5 microgram or less of penicillin and ampicillin. erythromycin was the most active of the antibiotics tested; for all strains the minimal inhibitory concentrations were less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml. all strains were inhibited by 8 micrograms of streptomycin per ml and 4 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml. 50% of the strains ...	1983	6348664
a placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison of tinidazole and triple sulfonamide cream for the treatment of nonspecific vaginitis.	oral tinidazole, 500 mg twice daily for 5 days, was compared to triple sulfonamide cream inserted into the vagina twice daily for 7 days for the treatment of nonspecific vaginitis in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. at 1 and 3 weeks after treatment, 29 of 30 and 18 of 19 patients, respectively, who had been given tinidazole were cured, as compared to 16 of 27 and 6 of 14 patients, respectively, who had been given oral placebo together with a vaginal cream with or without sulfonamides (p ...	1983	6351619
anaerobic bacteria as cause of infections in female genital organs.	anaerobic bacteria constitute a substantial component of the normal vaginal flora and of the outer cervical canal. consequently, one would expect infections emanating from the vaginal flora to be caused to a substantial degree by anaerobic bacteria. the anaerobes may contribute in colpitis, but their role is difficult to prove in this situation, since sampling only yields normal flora components. one clue that anaerobes may contribute to colpitis is the circumstance that the flora under those co ...	1983	6353553
nonspecific vaginitis in an outpatient clinic. comparison of three dosage regimens of metronidazole.	nonspecific vaginitis causes diagnostic as well as therapeutic difficulties in gynecological private practice. in a study in 63 patients with "nonspecific" vaginitis, clinical parameters were related to the bacteriological isolation of g. vaginalis in order to try to find criteria which can help to make a correct diagnosis of "nonspecific vaginitis". these patients were treated with three different regimens of metronidazole, either 2000 mg as a single dose, or two single doses of 2000 mg each ta ...	1983	6364329
a dose-duration study of metronidazole for the treatment of nonspecific vaginosis.		1983	6364332
treatment of non-specific vaginitis with a single dose of tinidazole.	in a double-blind, randomized trial twenty-six patients with non-specific vaginitis were treated with tinidazole/placebo (4 x 500 mg in one single dose). thirteen patients received placebo, of which one was cured. thirteen patients received tinidazole, of which six were cured. the nineteen non-responders received tinidazole (4 x 500 mg in one single dose), which resulted in the cure of eight patients (seven from the original placebo-group and one from the original tinidazole-group). of the eleve ...	1983	6364333
comparison of two different regimens of metronidazole in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis.	25 patients with symptoms of non-specific vaginitis have been treated with metronidazole either 2000 mg in a single dose or 400 mg three times daily for 5 days. diagnosis was settled by 1) identification of g. vaginalis in culture of vaginal secretion, 2) the observation of clue cells in wet smear, 3) a positive amine test on application of potassium hydroxide, and 4) increased ph in the vaginal secretion. most patients' symptoms and complaints disappeared and at the same time most of the tests ...	1983	6364334
gardnerella vaginalis: pathogen or commensal?		1983	6134952
gardnerella vaginalis.		1983	6135858
anaerobic vaginosis (non-specific vaginitis): clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic findings.	the effect of metronidazole on anaerobic vaginosis (non-specific vaginitis) was assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 women. 19 of 20 women given metronidazole 400 mg twice a day for seven days were clinically and microbiologically cured by the time they completed treatment. all 20 women given a placebo were treatment failures, but when they were given a single 2 g dose of metronidazole, 15 showed clinical and microbiological cure a week later. 14 of the responders showed a ...	1983	6140492
single dose versus seven day metronidazole in gardnerella vaginalis associated non-specific vaginitis.		1984	6145055
metronidazole in treatment of anaerobic vaginosis.		1984	6145994
demonstration by electron microscopy of pili on gardnerella vaginalis.	eight strains of gardnerella vaginalis were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of pili. narrow pili ranging from 3.0 to 7.5 nm in diameter were seen on bacteria from five of the strains studied.	1984	6151415
sexually transmitted vaginitis.	urologic complaints in both men and women may be related to sexually transmissible infectious agents that frequently cause vaginitis in women. the author reviews the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical presentations of the various types of vaginitis. vaginal infections in women often have their counterparts in men. control of these communicable infections requires a better understanding of the vaginitis syndromes.	1984	6369701
biology of sexually transmitted diseases.	the clinical concept of sexually transmitted diseases describes a common mode of transmission of pathogens spanning the full spectrum of medical microbiology. these organisms have few common biologic characteristics aside from their ability to colonize or invade particular anatomic sites. new information on the biology of sexually transmitted pathogens has led to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. understanding that patients with sexually transmitted pathogens may be asymptomatic or ...	1984	6369702
[role of gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes. etiology of nonspecific colpitis].	nonspecific vaginitis is a very common clinical syndrome. in patients with nonspecific vaginitis the normal, lactobacillus-dominated microbial flora is replaced by gardnerella vaginalis and certain anaerobes, preferably bacteroides spp. the mechanisms by which anaerobes or gardnerella vaginalis or a combination of these organisms produce the disease condition are still unknown. treatment with ampicillin and certain other drugs is often effective, but metronidazole appears to be the most effectiv ...	1984	6370810
[diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy of vulvovaginitis in daily medical practice].		1984	6371989
isolation of gardnerella vaginalis from routine genito-urinary tract specimens.	routine screening of 2374 high vaginal swabs yielded 132 cultures (5.6 per cent) which were positive for gardnerella vaginalis. thirty-four of the strains were isolated together with candida albicans and 46 with trichomonas vaginalis. one hundred and twenty (90.9 per cent) of the isolates were from females between the ages of 16 and 40 years. one hundred and nineteen (90 per cent) patients sought medical advice because of a history of discharge (88) or inflammation (31). the other 13 (10 per cen ...	1984	6373950
gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis. the current opinion.	gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-negative bacillus, was first described in 1954. the associated clinical entity, vaginitis, first described in 1955, is controversial. the disease has specific symptoms, signs and diagnostic criteria. it has a symbiotic relationship with anaerobic bacteria. whether g. vaginalis is a pathogen or normal inhabitant of the vagina is a subject of debate. the term nonspecific vaginitis should not be used for g. vaginalis vaginitis. g. vaginalis is sexually transmitted.	1984	6374137
metronidazole in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis (nsv).	in a large multicentre study of 429 patients with the usual signs and symptoms of non-specific vaginitis (nsv), we studied the effect of different doses of metronidazole. the patients were divided into five treatment groups as follows: group a was given 400 mg metronidazole three times daily for seven days, group b 2000 mg as a single dose, group c 2000 mg on days 1 and 2, group d 2000 mg on days 1 and 3, and group e was given 1200 mg metronidazole once daily for five days. at follow up examinat ...	1984	6375804
an evaluation of single-dose metronidazole treatment for gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis.	a randomized, nonblinded study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a single 2-g oral dose of metronidazole (flagyl) versus a seven-day regimen in the treatment of "nonspecific" vaginitis. using cultures for gardnerella vaginalis, 14 (67%) of 21 women treated with the single 2-g dose and 19 (86%) of 21 women receiving the seven-day course were considered cured seven to ten days after treatment (p greater than .10). no difference in compliance was noted between the two groups, and the inci ...	1984	6377153
[adherence of staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli and corynebacterium vaginale to vaginal epithelial cells of healthy women and patients with chronic inflammation of the adnexa].		1984	6380769
recovery of gardnerella vaginalis from blood by the quantitative direct plating method.	this report describes a case of gardnerella vaginalis sepsis in an obstetric patient whose blood cultures were negative by the conventional bactec system but positive by the quantitative direct plating method, which involves the direct inoculation of blood samples on chocolate agar and blood agar plates.	1984	6386869
[gardnerella vaginalis infection--another sexually transmitted disease].	the gardnerella vaginalis infection of the urogenital tract, an std, is of clinical importance in females and of epidemiological importance in males. females suffer from vulvovaginitis amine colpitis, with a bad-smelling grey vaginal discharge with a ph of 5.0-5.5, which contains "clue cells". the urethra of males is often asymptomatically infected. the identification of g. vaginalis is time-consuming and requires a lot of material. isolation and identification of g. vaginalis can not yet be mad ...	1984	6389437
the role of gardnerella vaginalis in 'non-specific' vaginitis.		1984	6389712
the prevalence, six-month persistence, and predictive values of laboratory indicators of bacterial vaginosis (nonspecific vaginitis) in asymptomatic women.	the natural course of signs and laboratory test findings indicative of bacterial vaginosis was followed in an observational noninterventive 6-month longitudinal study of 270 asymptomatic women. only the minority of positive gardnerella vaginalis cultures (5 of 33), wet mount clue cells (5 of 14), sniff tests (3 of 11), papanicolaou smear clue cells (0 of 5), and discharge consistent with bacterial vaginosis (11 of 49) persisted in the absence of therapy. while these four laboratory parameters as ...	1984	6391177
infections of the genitourinary tract in women: selected aspects.		1984	6397045
anaerobic curved rods in genital samples of women. performance of different selective media, comparison of detection by microscopy and culture studies, and recovery from different sampling sites.	anaerobic curved rods (cr) frequently occur in the vaginal flora of women with non-specific vaginitis, more recently referred to as bacterial vaginosis (bv). the reasons for difficulties in culturing cr include their anaerobic nature, slow rate of growth and presence in a highly mixed flora. the present study concerns the efficiency of three culture media--blood agar, a gonococcal medium, and columbia agar--for recovery of cr. the possibility of improving selectivity by adding various antibiotic ...	1984	6399403
bacteriology of the vagina.	interest in the microflora of the vagina and cervix has stemmed from the recognition of its significant association with vaginal and upper genital tract infections. yet a clear understanding of the range of microbial types which are consistent with a normal genital tract and the factors which control the flora are elusive. different methods and study populations in the various studies of the vaginal flora often have produced divergent conclusions. studies using improved bacteriologic culture tec ...	1984	6399406
the bacteriology of gardnerella vaginalis.	even 70 years ago gram-negative coccobacilli had been recognized in vaginal discharge and were cultured 30 years ago. the need to have blood in agar medium for cultivation suggested that the organisms might be a haemophilus species. later, however, growth characteristics and other features resulted in their being placed in the genus corynebacterium, before it was realized that this was inappropriate and they were transferred to a new genus and species gardnerella vaginalis. the organisms are gra ...	1984	6399409
activity of ciprofloxacin against genital tract pathogens.	the in vitro activity of the quinolone carboxylic acid, ciprofloxacin, against a variety of genital tract pathogens was examined. each of 35 isolates of neisseria gonorrhoeae, including some beta-lactamase producing strains and strains resistant to tetracycline, was inhibited at a concentration of 0.01 mg/l. most (13 of 20) strains of gardnerella vaginalis were inhibited at 1 mg/l but three isolates had minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 8 mg/l or more. each of seven strains of chlamydi ...	1984	6435814
motile curved rods in women attending a std clinic.	motile anaerobic curved rods were cultured from vaginal discharge of 19 of 262 women attending an std clinic. in 26 women, motile rods were observed by examination of wet smears. in all 5 specimens culture-positive for motile anaerobic curved rods of the long type, motile rods were observed in the wet smears, while in only 6 of the 14 specimens culture-positive for motile anaerobic curved rods of the short type, were motile rods seen in wet smears.	1984	6443163
recovery of anaerobic curved rods and gardnerella vaginalis from the urethra of men, including male heterosexual consorts of female carriers.	three hundred and nine men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases were studied regarding urethral colonization with anaerobic curved rods (cr), gardnerella vaginalis, bacteroides ureolyticus, as well as for chlamydiae and gonococci. ten (3.2%) of the men harboured cr. all strains of cr were of the short variant (approximately 1 micron long). fourteen (4.5%) men were culture-positive for g. vaginalis and 58 (18.7%) for b. ureolyticus. of the four men who were culture-positive for cr ...	1984	6443164
quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora in genital disease.	samples from the posterior vaginal fornix of 102 women with various clinical conditions were analysed by a quantitative method. aerobes were isolated from all but one of the specimens at a mean concentration of 7.2 log10 cfu/g and anaerobes from 92 specimens at a mean concentration of 8.1 log10 cfu/g. in most clinical conditions and in a control group of asymptomatic women, anaerobes outnumbered aerobes by about ten to one (one log10 unit). the most common organisms were aerobic and anaerobic la ...	1984	6492119
sexually transmittable diseases and other genital infections during adolescence.	sexually transmitted (std), diseases in which sexual contact is epidemiologically important but not the only mode of acquisition, will continueto increase in incidence unless effective control strategies can be applied. the recent increase in incidence has been due, in part, to increased levels of sexual activity among young people. focus in this discussion is on the epidemiology of std, the importance of an accurate sexual history in the diagnosis of std, gonorrhea, syphilis, nongonococcal ur ...	1984	6547744
vaginal discharge.		1984	6418324
measurement of microbial alpha-amylases with p-nitrophenyl glycosides as the substrate complex.	the detection of alpha-amylase is commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories to aid in differentiating streptococcus bovis from other streptococci. it is also useful in identifying eikenella corrodens and the gravis subspecies of corynebacterium diphtheriae and in separating species of the genera bacteroides, clostridium, actinomyces, and bacillus. currently, the most frequently used procedure utilizes starch as the substrate and iodine as the indicator. starch is incorporated into a ag ...	1984	6418764
[anaerobic bacteria and gardnerella in nonspecific vaginal fluor (vaginosis)].		1984	6609106
assessment and management of vaginitis and cervicitis.	this article presents the assessment, management, client education, and psychosocial considerations related to trichomoniasis, candidiasis, gardnerella vaginitis, and cervicitis due to chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea. the physiology of the vagina, approach to the history and physical exam, specimen collection, and laboratory diagnosis are included. recommended treatment regimens and preventive behaviors are discussed in detail. the psychosocial impact to the client of having a disc ...	1984	6610139
gardnerella-associated vaginitis and anaerobic bacteria.	12 patients with mild or moderate symptoms of gardnerella-associated vaginitis were examined clinically and microbiologically on 52 different occasions, 27 of which were asymptomatic. the symptomatic state was defined by fulfilling at least three of the following criteria: (1) subjective symptoms; (2) ph above 4.5; (3) positive amine test, and (4) clue cells in wet smear. variation of the vaginal microflora was considerable. no causative bacterial species could be identified. microorganisms of t ...	1984	6610607
[polyarthritis and exanthema in gardnerella vaginalis vulvovaginitis].		1984	6610806
gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia: a review of thirty cases.	the authors documented thirty cases of bacteremia, all in gynecologic and obstetric patients, over a four-year period at a university hospital. sixteen of the patients had polymicrobial infections. most of the patients recovered completely whether or not antimicrobial therapy directed against gardnerella vaginalis was given. g vaginalis bacteremia may occur more often than has been reported.	1984	6610845