Publications

lyme disease--a new rheumatologic disorder.		1985	4022553
[lyme disease: a new zoonosis transmitted by ticks].		1985	3896516
lyme disease. the tick bite, the rash, and the sequelae.	lyme disease may present as a characteristic skin eruption, an acute arthritis, or less commonly, an acute neurologic or cardiac illness. a carefully taken history, including a travel history, provides the key to diagnosis. laboratory tests other than spirochetal antibody studies are nonspecific. prompt antibiotic treatment is important not only for reducing the intensity and duration of the skin eruption but for preventing major sequelae.	1985	3983029
[lyme disease].		1985	3843405
diagnosing early lyme disease.	the diagnostic value of clinical, culture, and serologic findings was studied prospectively in 41 patients with early lyme disease. fifteen patients had erythema chronicum migrans alone, and 26 had clinical evidence of disseminated infection, most commonly affecting the brain or meninges, other skin sites, lymph nodes, or joints. of 40 blood cultures, only one, from a patient with disseminated infection, yielded spirochetes. one of 10 patients tested with localized infection had an elevated igm ...	1985	3970049
[2 cases of lyme disease contracted in france].	two new cases of lyme disease are reported. both were contracted in western france. in the first case, a tick bite was followed by a typical erythema chronicum migrans and then a subacute arthritis. high levels of specific antibodies were demonstrated. in the second case, only erythema chronicum migrans developed and serology remained negative. at least, 16 typical cases of lyme disease have now been reported in france from several geographical areas.	1985	4075472
lyme disease. a cause of bilateral facial paralysis.	recently we had the opportunity of treating a boy from the northeastern region of the united states in whom bilateral facial palsies developed. after obtaining a detailed history and performing a thorough physical examination, the findings suggested lyme disease. we herein discuss our evaluation and treatment of this child as well as review the otolaryngologic manifestations of this rare disease.	1985	3966898
lyme arthritis: radiologic findings.	lyme disease is a newly recognized, multi-system disorder that may be associated with chronic arthritis. of 25 patients with severe arthritic manifestations the most frequent radiographic finding was knee joint effusion. intra-articular edema was often accompanied by a continuum of soft-tissue changes involving the infrapatellar fat pad, periarticular soft tissues, and the entheses, which were sometimes thickened, calcified, or ossified. later in the illness, the joints of some patients showed t ...	1985	3964949
clinical manifestations of erythema chronicum migrans afzelius in 161 patients. a comparison with lyme disease.	clinical symptoms were studied in 161 consecutive patients with erythema chronicum migrans afzelius and in a follow-up study signs of late manifestations were investigated. general symptoms such as headache, fever, myalgia and/or arthralgia were found in about half of the patients with a disease duration of less than or equal to 3 weeks. three patients had coexisting lymphadenosis benigna cutis. two untreated patients developed meningitis/meningoradiculitis and one untreated patient arthritis. t ...	1985	2578705
[subacute tick-borne spirochetosis. lyme disease].		1986	3798428
lyme disease on the nsw central coast.		1986	3762468
[recurrent chronic erythema following treatment of lyme disease].		1986	2947121
lyme-disease meningitis treated with tetracycline.		1986	3752778
[lyme disease].		1986	3110978
spirochaetes, lyme disease, and multiple sclerosis.		1986	2876151
lyme disease simulating septic arthritis.		1986	3735647
cardiac involvement in lyme disease: manifestations and management.	cardiac involvement in lyme disease may manifest as atrioventricular block, myopericarditis, and left ventricular dysfunction. diagnosis depends on recognition of the systemic nature of lyme disease, including cardiac involvement, and its natural history. serologic tests that are both sensitive and specific may aid in diagnosis. although current recommendations for the treatment of lyme disease with carditis include antibiotics and salicylates or corticosteroids, these types of therapy have not ...	1986	3747616
chronic arthritis of the knee in lyme disease. review of the literature and report of two cases treated by synovectomy.	the arthritis that may be a part of lyme disease, a spirochetal infection transmitted by ticks, has not been widely reported in the orthopaedic literature. established chronic arthritis in patients who have lyme disease most commonly affects the knee and may cause erosive joint disease. antibiotics given early in the course of the disease can prevent chronic arthritis. when the arthritis is established, penicillin administered intravenously is curative in as many as 55 per cent of patients, but ...	1986	3745243
diagnosis and management of lyme disease.		1986	3534771
[lyme disease].		1986	3743437
polyneuritis cranialis in lyme disease.		1986	3746335
the usefulness of immunodiagnostic tests in the diagnosis of a case of lyme disease.		1986	3528244
lyme disease in a hampshire child.		1986	3089417
lyme disease: its neurologic manifestations and its presentation in wisconsin.		1986	3751101
lyme disease: an infectious disease which results from the bite of a certain species of tick.		1986	3751100
lyme disease on the nsw south coast.		1986	3724608
[acute atrioventricular block: lyme disease or coxsackie virus infection?].		1986	2942903
[erythema migrans disease (lyme disease, erythema migrans borreliosis)].		1986	3785032
lyme disease in kentucky.		1986	3701195
lyme disease mimicking secondary syphilis.		1986	3950103
lyme disease: epidemiologic characteristics of an outbreak in westchester county, ny.	epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 210 cases of lyme disease in westchester county, new york, reported during 1982 and 1983 are described. most cases occurred during summer months in individuals under age 40 (male: female ratio 1:2 to 1). symptoms included skin rash (75 per cent), joint pain or swelling (50 per cent), bell's palsy (11 per cent), and aseptic meningitis (3 per cent). with greater public and medical awareness of this tick-borne disease, lyme disease is being recognized ...	1986	3940454
[burgdorfer's borreliosis or lyme disease. the first luxembourg cases].		1986	3802363
bannwarth's syndrome and lyme disease in finland.	three patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis were admitted in 1983-84 to the department of neurology, university central hospital of helsinki. two patients had classical bannwarth's meningoradiculitis with facial diplegia, and a third patient showed a migrating arthralgia and cardiac involvement compatible with a diagnosis of lyme disease. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) showed initially in all patients a lymphocytic pleocytosis and increased protein with signs of intrathecal igg synthesis.	1986	3775270
lyme disease: epidemiology, etiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and treatment.		1986	3331275
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with antecedent lyme disease in a california. case report.		1986	3577485
historical perspective of lyme disease.		1986	3554843
complete heart block due to lyme disease.		1986	3773971
[fatal meningoradiculoneuritis in lyme disease].		1986	2949237
[lyme disease. apropos of a case in children].	a case of lyme disease with purely neurological manifestations is reported in an 11 year-old girl. positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid serology allowed for diagnosis. treatment with penicillin led to favourable outcome. atypical manifestations and treatment of lyme disease are reviewed.	1986	3813800
lyme carditis. electrophysiologic and histopathologic study.	to further define the nature of lyme carditis, electrophysiologic study and endomyocardial biopsy were performed in a patient with lyme disease, whose principal cardiac manifestation was high-degree atrioventricular block. intracardiac recording demonstrated supra-hisian block and complete absence of an escape mechanism. gallium 67 scanning demonstrated myocardial uptake, and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed active lymphocytic myocarditis. a structure compatible with a spirocheta ...	1986	3776998
childhood lyme arthritis: experience in an endemic area.	we report 25 children with oligoarticular arthritis associated with lyme disease. there were 16 boys (male/female ratio 1.8:1); ages ranged from 2 to 15 years. thirteen (52%) children had no history of erythema chronicum migrans or other rash. thirteen had temperatures as high as 41 degrees c for up to 2 months before the onset of arthritis. twelve recalled definite tick bites. ten (40%) children, of whom seven had no history of rash, were hospitalized for presumed septic arthritis. another four ...	1986	3772655
[double infection with early summer meningoencephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi].	a 68-year-old woman developed a meningoencephalitis 18 days after a tick bite. igg and igm antibodies against tick-encephalitis virus were demonstrated, by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf). lymphoplasmocytic pleocytosis was present in csf for over six weeks, as was an increased igm level. three weeks after the onset of neurological symptoms and clearing of the encephalitis there occurred multiple peripheral pareses in the left leg which were slow t ...	1986	3011378
organization of genes encoding two outer membrane proteins of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi within a single transcriptional unit.	ospa and ospb are major outer membrane proteins and antigens of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. we examined the organization of ospa and ospb, the genes encoding these proteins. the location and direction of transcription of each osp gene was determined by subcloning, deletion analysis, and transposon tn5 mutagenesis. transposon tn5 insertions within the ospa gene abrogated expression of ospb, suggesting that these genes are transcribed from a common promoter. northern blot an ...	1986	3019889
proliferative responses of mononuclear cells in lyme disease. reactivity to borrelia burgdorferi antigens is greater in joint fluid than in blood.	in 27 patients with early lyme disease, the mean response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to lyme spirochetal borrelia burgdorferi antigens (723 counts per minute) was similar to that of control subjects. during convalescence, 2-3 weeks later, the patients' mean response was significantly higher (2,075 cpm, p less than 0.008). compared with those with early disease, the pbmc of 22 patients with lyme arthritis reacted even more to b burgdorferi (2,923 cpm, p less than 0.0004), and, b ...	1986	2941022
lyme disease during pregnancy.	lyme disease is an increasingly recognized tick-borne illness caused by a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. because the etiologic agent of lyme disease is a spirochete, there has been concern about the effect of maternal lyme disease on pregnancy outcome. we reviewed cases of lyme disease in pregnant women who were identified before knowledge of the pregnancy outcomes. nineteen cases were identified with onset between 1976 and 1984. eight of the women were affected during the first trimester, se ...	1986	2423719
erythema chronicum migrans of lyme disease: diagnosis by monoclonal antibodies.	we demonstrated spirochetes from a skin lesion of the erythema chronicum migrans in a patient with lyme disease by the murine monoclonal antibody (h9724). frozen skin biopsy specimens reacted with murine monoclonal antibodies (h5332, h9724, and h4825) and were examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. the spirochetes stained with monoclonal antibody h9724 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated second antibody (goat antimouse igg). the antibody h9724 is specific for the periplasmic flagel ...	1986	2426315
comparative prevalence of babesia microti and borrelia burgdorferi in four populations of ixodes dammini in eastern massachusetts.	we determined the prevalence of babesia microti and borrelia burgdorferi in four populations of ixodes dammini in eastern massachusetts. the feulgen's reaction was more sensitive than the giemsa method for detecting salivarian babesia. a combination of darkfield and direct-fluorescent-antibody examination proved more sensitive than either method alone for detecting spirochetal infection. the prevalence of spirochetes was greater than the prevalence of babesia in each of the tick populations stud ...	1986	2430433
cellular immune response in lyme disease: the response to mitogens, live borrelia burgdorferi, nk cell function and lymphocyte subsets.	although some manifestations of lyme disease may be secondary to the presence of b. burgdorferi, the immune system appears to play a significant role in the clinical manifestations of the disease. the humoral response is well characterized, however the cellular response remains poorly defined. to further define cellular immunity in lyme disease, the responses of lymphocytes from patients with active lyme disease were assessed to con a, pha, pwm, tetanus toxoid, and whole live b. burgdorferi. in ...	1986	2953150
serology of lyme disease.		1986	2869276
myocarditis associated with tickborne borrelia burgdorferi infection.		1986	2872445
the etiologic agent of lyme disease in deer flies, horse flies, and mosquitoes.		1986	2873190
multiple sclerosis and borrelia burgdorferi.		1986	2875306
reinfection with borrelia burgdorferi.		1986	2877167
spirochaetes and lyme disease.		1986	2877362
lyme disease in canada?		1986	3079659
lyme disease in a hampshire child--medical curiosity or beginning of an epidemic?		1986	3087517
[a new cause of acute transitory auriculoventricular block: lyme disease].	a young man developed syncopal complete paroxysmal atrioventricular block (avb) over a 36 hour period, on a background of 1st degree avb which persisted for 6 weeks. during the 3rd week, electrophysiological studies showed an isolated prolonged ah interval. this episode followed skin and articular manifestations occurring one month after being bitten by a tick in corsica. the clinical picture suggested lyme's disease which was confirmed serologically. this condition transmitted bu ixodes ricinus ...	1986	3096254
[sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction disorders in lyme disease. apropos of 2 case reports].	lyme's disease due to borrelia burgdorferii is a rare cause of acute atrioventricular block (avb) which is the commonest cardiac complication. cutaneous, neurological and articular involvement complete the clinical picture of this condition. these two cases, confirmed by serology, support previously reported data describing the favourable prognosis of these conduction defects (suprahisian and/or hisian in our 2 cases) which regress completely, irrespective of their degree of severity. the author ...	1986	3101641
the emergence of lyme disease in a changing environment in north america and central europe.	lyme disease has recently begun to emerge as a significant threat to human health, both in europe and the united states. late sequellae, resembling those of neurosyphilis and multiple sclerosis, may occur many years after initial infection. spontaneous abortion accompanies arthritis, carditis and neuritis as burdensome short-term sequellae. thousands of new infections are recognized each year on each side of the atlantic, although reporting may be incomplete. the disease was described in europe ...	1986	3330512
lyme disease: infectious in origin, rheumatic in expression.		1986	3511614
experimental inoculation of peromyscus spp. with borrelia burgdorferi: evidence of contact transmission.	in order to determine if peromyscus spp. could become infected with the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) by direct inoculation and to determine the duration of spirochetemia, 4 p. leucopus and 5 p. maniculatus were inoculated by the intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes with an isolate of b. burgdorferi obtained from the blood of a trapped wild p. leucopus from camp mccoy, wisconsin. all of the mice developed antibodies to b. burgdorferi which reached a peak indir ...	1986	3513648
lyme disease: a review.	lyme disease has protean manifestations. the causative agent is borrelia burgdorferi, a recently discovered spirochete. the disease has been found on three continents. the initial major clinical feature is a characteristic skin eruption known as erythema chronicum migrans. subsequent main clinical manifestations are meningopolyneuritis and arthritis. however, clinical expressions of the disease vary widely. some patients have very mild disease and others develop severe and prolonged illness. spe ...	1986	3516428
a borrelia-specific monoclonal antibody binds to a flagellar epitope.	in immunofluorescence assays monoclonal antibody h9724 recognized eight species of the spirochetal genus borrelia but not representatives of the genera treponema, leptospira, and spirochaeta. we examined the reactivity of h9724 against subcellular components of borrelia hermsii, an agent of relapsing fever, and b. burgdorferi, the cause of lyme disease. h9724 bound to isolated periplasmic flagella of the two borreliae. in western blots the antibody reacted with the predominant protein in flagell ...	1986	3516878
peromyscus leucopus and microtus pennsylvanicus simultaneously infected with borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti.	borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, and babesia microti, the causative agent of human babesiosis, were isolated from 71 and 57%, respectively, of 14 specimens of peromyscus leucopus and microtus pennsylvanicus collected from prudence and patience islands, r.i. both pathogens were isolated from five individual rodents. the presence of these two infectious organisms in the same mammal suggests that individual larval ixodes dammini may ingest both pathogens and subsequently t ...	1986	3517038
borrelia burgdorferi in joint fluid in chronic lyme arthritis.	although indirect evidence suggests that chronic lyme arthritis is caused by persistent infection with borrelia burgdorferi, direct visualization has been lacking. we report the demonstration of b. burgdorferi from synovial fluid aspirated from the right knee of a 31-year-old man with lyme arthritis for more than 1 year. after 6 days, culture medium inoculated with synovial fluid showed one motile and several nonmotile spirochetes. direct immunofluorescence staining showed reactivity with anti-b ...	1986	3518562
spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer from connecticut, new york state, and north carolina.	ticks were screened for spirochetes and serum samples from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were assayed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi during 1983-1984. using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antibodies produced to b. burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, spirochetes were detected in ixodes dammini (10.5% of 1,193) and dermacentor albipictus (0.6% of 157) adults from connecticut, i. dammini nymphs (49.1% of 108) and adults (64.7% of 99) from armonk, new yo ...	1986	3520030
natural exposure of wisconsin dogs to the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	lyme disease, a tick-borne disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi, has been described recently in dogs. in a serologic survey of specimens obtained from march to september 1984, 53% of 380 dogs from two usda licensed vendors in wisconsin were positive for indirect immunofluorescent antibodies to b. burgdorferi at a serum dilution of 1:64 or greater. b. burgdorferi was cultured from the blood of 8/111 dogs. these findings suggest that exposure to this spirochete is common in endemic areas and tha ...	1986	3523038
antigens of borrelia burgdorferi recognized during lyme disease. appearance of a new immunoglobulin m response and expansion of the immunoglobulin g response late in the illness.	using immunoblots, we identified proteins of borrelia burgdorferi bound by igm and igg antibodies during lyme disease. in 12 patients with early disease alone, both the igm and igg responses were restricted primarily to a 41-kd antigen. this limited response disappeared within several months. in contrast, among six patients with prolonged illness, the igm response to the 41-kd protein sometimes persisted for months to years, and late in the illness during arthritis, a new igm response sometimes ...	1986	3531237
immunoglobulin abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid and blood over the course of lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome).	the conditions of 5 patients with untreated lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome, probably equivalent to lyme disease) with serologically confirmed infection resulting from borrelia spirochetes were followed with repetitive lumbar punctures up to 221 days after the onset of symptoms. using a protein a plaque assay, high numbers of igg-, igm-, and iga-producing cells were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf), whereas there were mostly normal numbers of immunoglobulin-producing c ...	1986	3532931
[lyme disease].		1986	3538208
the enlarging spectrum of tick-borne spirochetoses: r. r. parker memorial address.	the author reviews his changing interest in tick-borne spirochetoses during his career (1951-1985) as a medical entomologist at the u.s. public health service's rocky mountain laboratory. the discoveries of relapsing fevers in the western united states in the 1930s and 1940s led to well-supported epidemiologic research, including studies on the relationships between vectors and spirochetes. when tick-borne relapsing fever in the united states was shown to be a relatively rare and readily treatab ...	1986	3541127
lyme disease.	although initially considered a localized epidemic form of arthritis. lyme disease is now known to have protean manifestation (skin, joint, heart, nervous system) and worldwide distribution. it is caused by infection with the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted by a variety of hard ticks and, in some localities, fleas. antigenic variation between isolates may determine the differences in clinical expression observed between cases in north america and europe. the reservoir in the ...	1986	3542350
evaluation of sera from patients with lyme disease in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test for syphilis.	to determine whether the cross-reactivity between treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi affects the specificity of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (fta-abs) test for syphilis, sera from patients with lyme disease or syphilis were examined in a quantitative fta-abs test. sera were diluted serially in phosphate-buffered saline, then in sorbent, and were tested with t. pallidum and b. burgdorferi antigens. nine of 40 sera from patients with known lyme disease were reactive at t ...	1986	3544256
lyme borreliosis. proceedings of the second international symposium on lyme disease and related disorders. vienna, 1985.		1986	3577471
ultrastructural differences among spirochetes isolated from patients with lyme disease and related disorders, and from ixodes ricinus.	previous studies on cells of strains b31 isolated in the u.s.a. from ixodes dammini and strain g25 isolated in sweden from ixodes ricinus, showed that their ultrastructure was similar, but not identical. for this reason the studies were extended to spirochetes isolated directly from patients with lyme disease and related disorders. included in the present study were three strains isolated from skin, blood and spinal fluid, respectively, from patients with lyme disease, two strains from patients ...	1986	3577472
european borrelia burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility.	growth of borrelia burgdorferi in a modified kelly-medium is described. borrelia strains were isolated from patients (n = 11) and ticks i. ricinus (n = 19). the modified medium which contained co-trimoxazole is a very effective medium for isolating and culturing of borrelia sp. the susceptibility of 7 strains of b. burgdorferi to antibiotics was studied by the macrodilution and microdilution test. after preliminary testing for optimal conditions, we determined mics in modified kelly medium. the ...	1986	3577473
genetic analysis of borrelia.	dna homology studies were performed on borrelia hermsii, b. duttoni, b. crocidurae and the o. coriaceus spirochete. these organisms had a genus level relationship with each other. b. hermsii was 17 to 53% homologous with b. duttoni, b. crocidurae, and the o. coriaceus spirochetes; b. crocidurae was 17-32% related to b. hermsii, b. anserina and the o. coriaceus spirochete, and the o. coriaceus spirochete was 28-50% related to b. hermsii, b. crocidurae and b. anserina. the o. coriaceus spirochete ...	1986	3577474
borrelia burgdorferi lipopolysaccharide and its role in the pathogenesis of lyme disease.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) are a constitutive part of the outer wall of gram negative bacteria. because many of the symptoms of lyme disease could be explained by a spirochetal lps we have subjected borrelia burgdorferi to standard lps extraction techniques which yielded a lps which accounted for 1.5-4% of the dry weight. the lps was very similar to classical gram negative bacterial lps both chemically and in its biological activities which included pyrogenicity, mitogenicity for lymphocytes and ...	1986	3577475
endotoxin-like activity associated with lyme disease borrelia.	the newly recognized spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, has been examined for endotoxin-like activities as measured by the standard farmacopea ufficiale della republica italiana rabbit fever test and the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. the suspension of heat-killed microorganism caused a febrile response at a dose of 1 x 10(8) bacteria pro kilo. similar results were obtained in the limulus assay where the heat-killed spirochetes stimulated formation of solid ...	1986	3577476
susceptibility of the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis, to the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.	experiments to determine whether ixodes scapularis can be infected with the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrated that infection and transstadial transmission occurs in up to 73% of larval ticks that had fed on spirochetemic rabbits. in a limited number of nymphal ticks examined, the spirochetes were found only in the midgut. feeding nymphal i. scapularis on a normal rabbit resulted in blood infection characterized by two distinct periods of spirochetemia, suggesting the occurre ...	1986	3577477
the spectrum of organ and systems pathology in human lyme disease.	lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mononuclear phagocytes are frequently found in human tissues infected by the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. experience has shown that these cells comprise the tissue bed inflammatory infiltrate in lyme disease affecting the joint synovia, myocardium, and skin. while many differences otherwise exist, lyme synovitis has lymphoplasmacellular similarities with rheumatoid synovitis, lymphoplasmacellular epimyocarditis similarities with syphilitic myocard ...	1986	3577479
remarks on the infectious disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi.		1986	3577480
clinical features of early erythema migrans disease and related disorders.	104 patients with erythema migrans disease (emd), 7 patients with borrelia lymphocytoma (bl), and 21 patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) were prospectively followed for a median of 20, 14, and 12 months, respectively. 99 patients with emd and 6 with bl were treated with antibiotics early for their illness. 72 patients with emd had 1 to 10 constitutional symptoms besides the erythema migrans, 32 had erythema migrans alone, and a child with bl had urticaria. out of 39 patients ...	1986	3577481
erythema chronicum migrans afzelius in sweden. a study on 231 patients.	in order to describe the clinical manifestations of erythema chronicum migrans afzelius (ecma) in sweden and to compare them with those in lyme disease in the united states, 231 patients with ecma were investigated. although there are many similarities between the two disorders the findings also point to differences. the skin lesions were of longer duration (median 5-6 weeks) than those in lyme disease but less often multiple (8%). general symptoms were found in about half of the patients with a ...	1986	3577482
microbiological findings in erythema (chronicum) migrans and related disorders.	in order to evaluate the virtual advantage of proving borrelial infection in dermatoses clinically diagnosed as erythema (chronicum) migrans (ecm), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) or lymphadenosis cutis benigna (lcb) by means of histological, cultural or serological trials, skin and serum samples obtained from altogether 99 patients suffering from these dermatoses were examined. serum and--to some extent--skin specimens gained from healthy individuals (n = 36), patients with not tick b ...	1986	3577483
morphea another manifestation of lyme disease?		1986	3577486
joint and bone involvement in swedish patients with ixodes ricinus-borne borrelia infection.	the presence of signs of joint involvement was investigated in 231 patients with erythema chronicum migrans afzelius (ecma), in 50 patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca), in four patients with spirochete-induced facial palsy and in one patient with pericarditis and serologic evidence of borrelia spirochetal infection. only one of 16 untreated patients with ecma developed arthritis. the patient with pericarditis had suffered from arthritis for 2 months when the cardiac symptoms d ...	1986	3577487
borrelia transfer by ticks during their life cycle. studies on laboratory animals.	ticks of the species ixodes ricinus were cultured in the laboratory. yellow silver rabbits, gerbils and white mice served as blood hosts. borrelia burgdorferi could be detected by means of an ifa test in homogenates of female ticks, their eggs as well as the respective larval and nymphal ticks. blood infection of splenectomized gerbils and ordinary white mice or of ordinary white mice alone has been demonstrated after feeding of larval or nymphal ticks on them, respectively. spirochetemia starte ...	1986	3577489
culturing borrelia burgdorferi from spleen and kidney tissues of wild-caught white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus.	borrelia burgdorferi was isolated most frequently from tissue of spleen (n = 13) and kidney (n = 10) and less often from blood (n = 5) of wild-caught peromyscus leucopus. prevalence of infection tended to be highest at sites where lyme disease was most common (e.g., 5 of 6 mice were positive in east haddam, connecticut). spirochetes were not isolated in danbury or new hartford, areas where this malady is rare. however, in fairfield, where the disease is also uncommon, 4 of 9 mice were infected. ...	1986	3577490
the prevalence and significance of borrelia burgdorferi in the urine of feral reservoir hosts.	live borrelia burgdorferi were isolated from the blood and/or urine of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) collected on shelter island, new york, in 1984 and 1985. prevalence of spirochetes in urine was consistently higher than in blood or both fluids simultaneously. spirochetes remained viable for 18-24 hours in urine and were maintained in culture for one week. mice removed from the field were spirocheturic for at least 13 months. one spirocheturic mouse developed spirochetemia one month a ...	1986	3577491
vaccination of hamsters against experimental infection with borrelia burgdorferi.	vaccination of syrian hamsters with a single dose of 50 micrograms to 100 micrograms dry weight of a whole cell preparation of borrelia burgdorferi provided 75% to 86% protection against infection.	1986	3577492
evolution of a focus of lyme disease.	epidemiological investigations were initiated in 1984 when significant lyme disease activity was observed within a 5-km radius of an area previously used as a non-endemic control site for lyme disease research in new jersey. through 1983, collections of ixodes dammini from vegetation and feral rodents were infrequent and no human cases were identified within a 16-km radius of the control site. in 1984, 4 human cases and 3 serologically reactive canines (greater than or equal to 1:512) were recog ...	1986	3577493
comparison of rates of infection by the lyme disease spirochete in selected populations of ixodes dammini and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).	at a major endemic focus in new jersey, 50% of 290 adult ixodes dammini collected in the fall of 1984 were infected with the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), which was statistically higher than the rate found in the 202 adult ticks (39.6%) examined during the spring. neither sex nor site of collection within the focus significantly affected the infection rate. the observed infection rates were similar to those reported in endemic areas of new york and connecticut. borrelia burgdor ...	1986	3577494
austrian hard ticks as vectors of borrelia burgdorferi, overview.		1986	3577495
relapsing fever/lyme disease. multiple sclerosis.	lyme disease and relapsing fever caused by borrelia burdorferi and borrelia hermsii, respectively, have been generally considered curable if diagnosed early. however, it is becoming apparent that when these diseases are left undiagnosed and untreated they may cause severe problems for some people. they, in fact, may be one of the major causes of multiple sclerosis. these two borrelia infections, when left untreated, are now known to be capable of causing neurological problems, cardiac problems, ...	1986	3642202
transovarially acquired lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi) in field-collected larval ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae).		1986	3701806
endotoxicity associated with the lyme disease borrelia: recent findings.	the endotoxicity of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, a tick-borne spirochetosis, was studied using limulus assay and pyrogen test in rabbit. some suspensions of ixodes ricinus and ixodes dammini associated borrelia were able to gelify limulus lysate and demonstrated a febrile response in rabbit. these findings and other recent data demonstrating an endotoxin-like activity of the lyme disease agent are discussed in the context of the pathogenic mechanisms of the illness.	1986	3713546
longitudinal assessment of the clinical and epidemiological features of lyme disease in a defined population.	from 1979 to 1983, lyme disease was studied longitudinally in the 162 long-term residents of great island, massachusetts. in retrospect, the index case occurred in 1962, and the peak years of disease transmission (about three new cases per 100 residents per year) were the late 1970s. thereafter, during the period of active surveillance, attack rates declined by half. altogether, 26 (16%) of the 162 residents developed symptoms of the disease. most of those affected had erythema chronicum migrans ...	1986	3722867
spirochetal diseases of the cns.	the neurotropism of the spirochete is evident from the above discussions of syphilis, lyme disease, leptospirosis, and relapsing fever. in all of these diseases, the organism very likely enters the cns very early in the course of the disease. the fate of the organism then depends on the virulence of the spirochete, the host defenses, and any antibiotic treatment administered. why treponema pallidum lays dormant in the cns and then somehow reactivates is a mystery; the same mystery occurs in lyme ...	1986	3724737
[progressive borreliosis: a rare variation of lyme disease].		1986	3725378