Publications

epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey.	epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ...	1981	6267969
elaeophorosis in barbary sheep and mule deer from the texas panhandle.	adult elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 barbary sheep or aoudads, ammotragus lervia, from palo duro canyon in the texas panhandle. gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital ...	1981	6454793
morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america.	the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ...	1981	6171158
colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality.	glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). the results of all three tests were similar. serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at ...	1982	6178849
[a case of syndactylia--'mule foot'--'horse's hoof'--in cattle].		1982	6294904
sarcocystis of deer in south dakota.	the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ...	1982	6808161
maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy.	the maternal immunological response to the developing equine fetus was investigated in 69 pregnancies of various genotypes. in normal intraspecies horse pregnancy (n = 16), 94% of mares produced strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal histocompatibility antigens which were first detectable between 44 and 70 days after ovulation. in all other types of pregnancy examined (intraspecies donkey, n = 19; interspecies mule, n = 6; interspecies hinny, n = 2; extraspecies horse-in-donkey, n = 3; ...	1982	6962872
[gangliosides of neural and extraneural tissues of various species of mammals].	the ganglioside patterns of the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem from horse, donkey, mule and goat have been determined by thin-layer chromatography. gm1, gd1a, gd1b and gt1b are the four major brain gangliosides. n-acetylneuraminic acid as the predominant sialic acid (congruent to 97%) and traces of n-glycolyneuraminic acid were found. the four above mentioned major gangliosides were also found in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of adult rats. this pattern is not modified in rats u ...	1982	7146593
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in montana.	toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near bozeman, mont, by feeding muscles to a toxoplasma-free cat. the cat shed t gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. one infective oocyst of this isolate of t gondii was lethal to mice.	1982	7161172
induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer.	two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the gt-1 strain of toxoplasma gondii. the deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis.	1982	7174439
trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus.	twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ...	1982	7175772
studies on strongylus asini. i. experimental infestation of equines.	infective larvae were harvested from a culture of eggs collected from adult strongylus asini recovered from a free-ranging burchell's zebra, equus burchelli, in the kruger national park. worm-free zebra, horse and donkey foals were successfully infested, but infestation failed in a mule foal. at slaughter, 117-125 days post-infestation, s. asini in their 4th moult were recovered from the liver and portal veins. this is the first report of successful experimental infestation of these hosts with s ...	1982	7177594
characterization of papillomaviruses isolated from cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer and mule deer.		1982	6293191
physiological responses of mules on prolonged exposure to high altitude (3 650 m).		1982	7141731
immobilization of mule deer with ketamine and xylazine, and reversal of immobilization with yohimbine.		1983	6643267
iodine-129 in mule deer thyroids in the rocky mountain west.	thyroids from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were collected in new mexico, colorado, wyoming and idaho and 129i/127i atom ratios were determined. iodine-129/127 atom ratios were significantly (p less than 0.005) different among states. ratios in wyoming and idaho control thyroids were significantly (p less than 0.05) larger than ratios in new mexico and colorado. fallout from past atmospheric nuclear tests at the nevada test site is suggested as a possible explanation for the differences in rat ...	1983	6874350
a survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the republic of south africa. iv. tumours occurring in equidae.	a survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the section of pathology of the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort, in the republic of south africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. a total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymp ...	1983	6634089
experimental infection of some north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep with mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings.	mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. all experimentally exposed animals became infected. during the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the in ...	1983	6644916
experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti.	hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ...	1983	6685778
pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of north american wild ruminants with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.	spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). clinical pa ...	1983	6879954
variation in skin surface lipid composition among the equidae.	skin surface lipids from equus caballus, e. przewalskii, e. asinus, e. grevyi, e. hemionus onager and a mule (e. asinus/e. caballus) were analyzed in detail. in all species the surface lipid mixtures consisted of giant-ring lactones, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and minor amounts of wax diesters. in e. caballus, the lactone hydroxyacids were entirely branched chained, while in e. asinus and e. grevyi they were almost exclusively straight chained. in e. przewalskii, the onager and the mule the ...	1983	6883996
precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types.	data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. the precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 t ...	1983	6885161
a collaborative assay of mycoplasma reference antisera.	a total of 29 mycoplasma and acholeplasma antiserum reagents produced in mules and horses by the baltimore biological laboratory and by huntingdon research centre, under the auspices of national institutes of health, bethesda, usa, were tested for potency and specificity, by a great variety of serological techniques, at the fao/who collaborating centre for animal mycoplasmas, university of aarhus, denmark. subsequently, the antisera were subjected to a collaborative assay in which 20 workers fro ...	1983	6885829
flavivirus infections in chiang mai area, thailand, in 1982.	infection by je virus still constitutes major cause of encephalitis in chiang mai area, although some cases of possible dengue encephalopathy were observed. in spite of many apparent encephalitis cases, infection of vector mosquitoes by je virus was not demonstrated. virus isolation from hospitalized patients showed that the principal type of dengue virus circulating in chiang mai in 1982 was type 1 virus. seroepidemiological survey on healthy humans indicated that the northern part of chiang ma ...	1983	6324386
cerebral abscess and cephenemyia phobifer in a mule deer in central nebraska.		1983	6358538
failure to transmit sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons.		1983	6408956
dermatomycosis (ringworm) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with dermatomycosis are described. trichophyton verrucosum was isolated from four. all infections were mild and were not debilitating. the lesions involved the legs in five animals and the face in two. this is the second report of ringworm in a wild ungulate in north america.	1983	17422319
moisture and temperature effects on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea).	the survival of first-stage larvae (l1) of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) and their infectivity to the snail triodopsis multilineata were determined experimentally in a variety of temperature and moisture conditions. survival of larvae of p. odocoilei increased with decreasing temperature. survival of larvae in water was similar to survival in air at 17 and 45% rh; survival of larvae in air at 75, 85, and 95% rh was considerably lower at corresponding t ...	1984	6470888
congenital phalangeal hypoplasia in equidae.	three cases of unilateral congenital phalangeal hypoplasia are described in 2 horses and 1 mule. radiographic lesions include severe hypoplasia of the 3rd phalanx, and associated hypoplasia of the 2nd phalanx in 2 cases, and hypoplasia or aplasia of the navicular bone in 2 cases. all animals could ambulate but were lame. two cases had palpable laxity at the level of the coronary band. documented etiology was not determined for the dysgenesis, but possibilities include inherited transmission or a ...	1984	6480478
parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and p. odocoilei in two cervid definitive hosts.	infectivity (as percentage of initial dose), location, orientation, and productivity (as maximum weekly larval output) of adult parelaphostrongylus andersoni prestwood, 1972 and p. odocoilei (hobmaier and hobmaier, 1934) were compared in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) (wtd) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) (md). fourteen wtd and 10 md were exposed to third-stage larvae of p. andersoni or p. odocoilei. infectivity was 20% and 31%, respectively, in 7 wtd and 4 md exposed to p. ander ...	1984	6502355
the origin and early history of the mules operation.		1984	6378170
the pineal gland of the horse. morphological and histochemical results. (with notes on the donkey and mule pineal).	the horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. a great number of pinealocytes are positive for the masson- hamperl reaction, and for gomori- bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phlo ...	1984	6203514
lesions caused by parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyloidea) in two cervid hosts.	pathologic effects and host response were evaluated in seven white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus) each exposed per os to 300 or 1000 third-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. pathologic effects in mule deer consisted of hemorrhagic myositis throughout skeletal muscles, severe verminous pneumonia, and moderate lymphadenitis. the major host response was a granulomatous inflammation associated with nematode eggs and larvae. granulomas oblite ...	1984	6235669
[possible morphological differentiation of horse and mule kidneys from those of donkey and hinny].		1984	6236717
artificial insemination and natural mating in the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake and the pekin duck.	artificial insemination and natural mating were used for the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake with the pekin duck in order to produce the mule duck. an average fertility rate of 48% was reached by artificially inseminating twice a week. in small flocks, however, when the male to female ratio was 1:2.5 (or higher), natural mating yielded a fertility rate of 80%.	1984	6709575
anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review.	anaplasma marginale can be transmitted, will grow and can survive in a large number of domestic and wild animals. it is pathogenic in cattle, and usually produces nonapparent or mild infections in other species. anaplasma marginale has been recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana americana), rocky ...	1984	6716555
horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of thoroughbreds with other equidae.	by using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 thoroughbred, 82 nooitgedachter, 45 percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. the numbers of other equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae). phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.	1984	6742514
the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep: abattoir and flock studies.	the roles of age, tail length and the mules operation in the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma in ewes were studied. the prevalence of the disease in adult sheep slaughtered at 2 abattoirs was 0.08%. no cases occurred in lambs. of all adult sheep condemnations before slaughter, 38.5% were due to squamous cell carcinoma. of these sheep, 73.3% had a single lesion of the vulva (62.9%), tail (6.6%), or anus (3.8%), while 26.7% had lesions at more than one site. the number of lesions was signif ...	1984	6743163
iodine in terrestrial wildlife on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southcentral washington.	iodine-129 in controlled amounts has been released into the air from the operating chemical separations facilities on the hanford site. small amounts of (129)i have accumulated in surface soils especially at locations near the chemical separations facilities. enriched levels of (129)i also occur in the thyroid glands of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) residing on the hanford site.stable iodine is present in low concentrations in hanford site soils and it is not avidly accumulated by wild plants. ...	1984	24257864
radionuclide concentrations in mule deer with reference to waste-management ponds on the hanford site.	a comparison was made between the amount of time 17 radio-collared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) spent near low-level waste-management ponds on the hanford site and the levels of radionuclides found in samples of their muscle, liver, bone and rumen contents. all deer had low, but detectable, amounts of 137cs in their muscle, liver and rumen contents and 90sr in their bone. several other radionuclides were detected in the rumen samples, but were apparently not incorporated into the muscle and l ...	1984	6511418
graduate education for emergency medicine: the choice of yaks and horses or mules and zoes.		1984	6476523
dermatophilosis in a mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), from wyoming.		1984	6492327
berne virus is not 'coronavirus-like'.	in infected embryonic mule skin cells, berne virus directs the synthesis of two main polypeptides (22k, 20k); in addition, virus-specific proteins with apparent molecular weights of greater than 200k, 80k to 120k, 32k and 17k were detected after radioimmune precipitation. the replication of berne virus was reduced more than 1000-fold by actinomycin d, when the drug (0.1 to 1.0 micrograms/ml) was added during the first 8 h after infection; alpha-amanitin (25 micrograms/ml) produced a similar thou ...	1984	6699624
dermis-fat graft in socket reconstruction: theoretical and experimental considerations.	seventy-seven dermis-fat graft specimens with cup shapes of varying diameters were removed from nine cadavers, and their volumes were determined by volume displacement. theoretical volumes were calculated by assuming that the cup shape of the grafts would result in a volume size between that of a cone and that of a cylinder, all of equal diameters and heights. the resulting data demonstrate a close correlation between the measured and the calculated volumes. graft volume in different-sized orbit ...	1984	6369217
niacin and tryptophan requirements of mule ducklings fed corn and soy-based diets.	experiments were conducted to determine the dietary niacin and tryptophan requirements of mule ducklings fed a corn-soy basal diet. in niacin requirement experiments, day-old, straight-run mule ducklings were fed diets supplemented with graded levels of niacin for 3 weeks. the results showed that the minimum niacin requirement was 45 mg/kg of the diet. for the determination of the optimal tryptophan in the diet, day-old ducklings of mixed sexes were fed a starter diet for 1 week, and then fed fo ...	1984	6538334
prevalence and ultrastructure of three types of sarcocystis in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), in montana.	infection with sarcocystis (protozoa: sarcocystidae) was diagnosed in 130 of 153 (85%) samples of muscle from mule deer around bozeman, montana. three structurally distinct mature and microscopic sarcocysts with characteristic cyst walls were found. cyst walls of type i sarcocysts were about 2 microns thick and had characteristic inverted tee-shaped villar projections; these cysts were considered to be s. hemionilatrantis hudkins and kistner, 1976. cyst walls in type ii sarcocysts were thick-wal ...	1985	3928909
copper and manganese concentrations in the hair of mule deer.		1985	4077629
epizootiology of sarcocystis infections in mule deer fawns in oregon.	from 1974 to 1977, 62 wild mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns from steens mountain, ore were euthanatized in autumn (23 deer), winter (21 deer), and spring (18 deer). the number of sarcocysts of sarcocystis spp was counted in histologic sections of various muscular organs. sarcocysts were seen in the muscle specimens of 14 of the 23 deer euthanatized in autumn (september to november) and in specimens from all 39 deer euthanatized in winter (december and january) and spring (march and april). ...	1985	3935614
light and electron microscopic comparisons of cutaneous fibromas in white-tailed and mule deer.	cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), when compared with normal skin of the same species, had a thinner basement membrane; thickened stratum spinosum with numerous melanocytes, desmosomes, polyribosomes, and tonofilaments; focal hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum containing numerous large, electron-dense keratohyalin granules with irregular borders and containing occasional cells with diffuse intranuclear virus particles; and a moderately thickened stratum corneum ...	1985	4062029
fertile mule in china and her unusual foal.		1985	4045884
spontaneous poxviral dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in wyoming.		1985	3001374
radio-telemetry as an aid to environmental contaminant evaluation of mobile wildlife species.	radio transmitters are a useful tool in determining the degree of use of and extent of movement from contaminated sites by highly mobile wildlife species. programs monitoring wildlife species for environmental contaminants from localized sources can maximize the amount of information obtained from an individual animal by using radio-telemetry to ascertain residence history. the use of radio-telemetry techniques on two mobile wildlife species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and mallard ducks (an ...	1985	24258034
use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in north american cervidae.	four captive moose (alces alces), 4 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and 5 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with xylazine (0.63 to 1.29 mg/kg of body weight, im). mean induction times for the moose were 17 minutes and for the deer, 14 and 10 minutes, respectively. according to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respec ...	1985	2867079
precipitating antibodies against micropolyspora faeni in equines in north-western india.	prevalence of serum precipitins against micropolyspora faeni, thermoactinomyces vulgaris and aspergillus fumigatus, employing the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (coie) and ouchterlony's double diffusion (dd) techniques, is reported in 162 of the equines stationed at two military installations in north-western india. m. faeni specific precipitins were demonstrable in 58 of 112 mules from site i in the mountainous region whereas the results were negative for all of the 50 horses examined from site i ...	1985	3937491
amyloid plaques in spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer.	amyloid plaques were demonstrable in central nervous system tissues of adult captive mule deer affected with chronic wasting disease, a transmissible primary spongiform encephalopathy. plaques were detected in tissues of 13 of 21 (62 per cent) spontaneously affected animals from 2 to 4 years of age or older, but were not found in 16 unaffected deer of from a few months to 12 years of age.	1985	3973104
inheritance of equus asinus serum albumin variants in hybrid offspring.	data from mule offspring of mares bred to an ai-cd jack document that the control of ai-c and ai-d zone variants in equus asinus is due to the action of autosomal, codominant alleles, aic and aid.	1985	3980976
breed and species comparison of amino acid transport variation in equine erythrocytes.	the amino acid permeability of red blood cells from equus caballus (thoroughbred, arab, shire and pony), e przewalskii (przewalski's horse), e asinus (donkey and mule) and e burchelli (common or plains zebra) was measured. individual animals exhibited stable but widely differing rates of l-[u-14c]alanine uptake in the range 5 to 1554 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1 (0.2 mm extracellular l-alanine, 37 degrees c). of the thoroughbreds tested, 30 per cent had red blood cells which were essentially imperm ...	1985	4012037
failure of yohimbine to reverse ketamine anesthesia in rhesus monkeys.	yohimbine hydrochloride has been used experimentally to reverse the anesthetic effects of ketamine and xylazine in dogs, cats, cattle and mule deer, but there are no reports of its use in nonhuman primates. nine adult female rhesus monkeys were given an intravenous dose of either 0.5 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride or saline 10 minutes after intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride. there was no difference in the duration of anesthesia between the yohimbine and saline treatm ...	1985	4046554
male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey.	whereas mules are normally considered sterile, reports of fertile female mules persist. however, none subjected to cytogenetical and blood typing analyses could be confirmed as having indeed been mules that transmitted maternal markers to their alleged offspring. reported here is the case of a cytogenetically verified female mule whose alleged male foal qualifies as offspring by a male donkey. the male foal is karyotypically a mule.	1985	4056372
lymphocyte blastogenesis, complement fixation, and fecal culture as diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep.	the efficacy of the lymphocyte blastogenesis and complement-fixation tests and fecal culture for detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was assessed in bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o virginianus), bighorn x mouflon (o musimon) hybrid sheep, and domestic sheep. spontaneously infected bighorns were tested at the time of capture; experimentally infected animals were tested monthly for 12 months or p ...	1985	4073642
bcg treatment of periocular sarcoid.	twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of calmette and guerin (bcg) cell walls in oil suspension. all sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period.	1985	4076159
yohimbine antagonism to xylazine in free-ranging mule deer and desert bighorn sheep.		1985	4077656
epidemiology of two orbiviruses in california's native wild ruminants: preliminary report.	between 1978 and 1983 we collected more than 1,500 serum samples from california's native black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 4 races of mule deer (o. h. sp.), tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes), roosevelt elk (c. e. roosevelti), pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), california bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis californiana), peninsular bighorn sheep (o. c. cremnobates) and desert bighorn sheep (o. c. nelsoni) and analyzed them for agar gel precipitating (agp) antibodies to b ...	1985	2989899
prevalence and distribution of elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935 in mule deer in utah.		1985	3157010
lungworms (dictyocaulus arnfieldi): prevalence in live equids in kentucky.	prevalence of natural infections of the lungworm, dictyocaulus arnfieldi, was investigated in kentucky in 5,437 live equids (horses, ponies, and asses) on 91 farms by examination of fecal samples over a 15-month-period from january 28, 1983 to april 19, 1984. for the 91 farms investigated, asses only were examined on 1 farm; for the other 90 farms, examinations were made of horses on all of them, of ponies on 4 farms, and of asses on 9 farms. larvae of d arnfieldi were found in fecal samples of ...	1985	3160271
detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule deer.	naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence (if), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), and negative-stain electron microscopic techniques. papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of ...	1985	2408523
serologic survey of selected pathogens in white-tailed and mule deer in western nebraska.	exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in western nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. no serologic reactors to brucella or anaplasma were found. attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative.	1986	2845156
parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and a protostrongylid nematode in woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) of alberta, canada.	two size-groups of dorsal-spined, first-stage, nematode larvae were found in feces of woodland caribou, rangifer tarandus caribou (gmelin), in alberta from 1976-1982. larvae from caribou feces in northeastern alberta were 451 +/- 17 micrograms in length, while those from west-central alberta were 362 +/- 18 micrograms in length. larvae collected from west-central alberta developed to the infective stage, experimentally, in the terrestrial gastropod triodopsis multilineata (say) and were infectiv ...	1986	2869151
a comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (equus przewalski, e. zebra, e. burchelli, e. caballus, e. assinus).	milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from przewalski horses, hartmann's zebras, grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made pregnant by embryo transfer. samples were compared for their content of total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron. milk from the przewalski horses, hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early than in late lactati ...	1986	2876831
an unusual structure in the primary cyst wall of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis.	disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in montana. ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. these unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of sarcocystis.	1986	3083102
studies on the association of aspergillus fumigatus with ocular infections in animals.	the occurrence and aetiological significance of aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, have been studied in 93 animals with various ophthalmological problems. a total of 93 eye swabs collected from 35 mules, 26 dogs, 13 fowl, 11 cattle, five buffaloes and three camels were investigated mycologically for the presence of a fumigatus. the pathogen was isolated in pure and heavy growth from the swabs from two dogs, one bull, one mule and one fowl. the fungus was also demonstrated directly ...	1986	3511605
clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules.	clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of generalized weakness and death in a group of cows and mules fed from the same batch of rye silage. one severely affected cow was treated and recovered, as did other less severely affected cows. all affected mules died. the remaining cattle in the herd were then vaccinated before continued feeding of the silage.	1986	3512502
[cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mule (equus caballus x equus asinus) in an endemic area of the state of rio de janeiro].		1986	3587005
cutaneous leishmaniasis is frequent in equines from an endemic area in rio de janeiro, brazil.	in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rio de janeiro state where a mule had been found infected, a systematic search among equines was performed, resulting in the detection of leishmania parasites in skin lesions of 30.8% of the animals, which included horses and mules. the eventual role of equines in the epidemiology of the human disease is being investigated.	1986	3613980
the peplomers of berne virus.	using [3h]glucosamine and [3h]mannose labels, two virus-specific glycosylated polypeptide species with mr values of about 200,000 (200k) and in the 75k to 100k range, respectively, were recognized in berne virus-infected embryonic mule skin cells. in purified virions only the latter glycoprotein occurred. concanavalin a was bound to the virion as evidenced by reduction in infectivity. analyses using sds-page, blotting and glycoprotein identification with concanavalin a and horseradish peroxidase ...	1986	3783129
dourine in southern africa 1981-1984: serological findings from the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort.	the distribution of positive dourine cases found on the complement fixation test at the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort from 1981 to 1984, is recorded. within the republic of south africa, foci of infection occurred in the johannesburg, pretoria, potchefstroom, rustenburg, upington, lichtenburg, kroonstad, louis trichardt, middelburg (cape) and mossel bay state veterinary districts. in bophuthatswana, transkei, lesotho, south west africa and swaziland, positive cases were also recor ...	1986	3806561
species-specific non-expression of ribosomal rna genes in a mammalian hybrid, the mule.	the expression of nucleolus organizer activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model system for mammalian hybrids, the horse-ass cross (mule), by means of sequential ag-nor and chromomycin a3/distamycin a-dapi (cdd) staining in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl). as a rule we found species-specific non-expression of the horse-derived nor chromosomes in the mule, whereas the ass-derived nor chromosomes were active. the results of pbl interphase studies were compatible wit ...	1986	3829827
mitochondrial dna analysis of hybridization between sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer in west texas.	sympatric populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer (odocoileus virginianus and odocoileus hemionus, respectively) on a west texas ranch share a common mitochondrial dna restriction map genotype. phylogenetic analysis indicates that this genotype is more characteristic of o. virginianus than of o. hemionus. the genotype of west texas deer differs from that of o. virginianus from south carolina by five mutational events (1.3% sequence divergence), whereas it differs from that of o. hemionus ...	1986	3467326
pediculosis of mule deer and white-tailed deer fawns in captivity.		1986	3505970
traumatic reticulopericarditis in a mule deer.		1986	3735600
spontaneous seminoma in a mule.		1986	3732242
sarcocystis infections in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in montana and the descriptions of three new species.	four structural types of sarcocysts of sarcocystis were found in skeletal muscles of mule deer in montana. type i sarcocysts were thin walled (1 to 3 micron) and belonged to s hemionilatrantis. types ii to iv sarcocysts were thick walled (2 to 10 microns) and new names were proposed for them. type ii sarcocysts with long villar projections were named s hemioni. type iii sarcocysts with club-shaped villi of uneven thickness were named s youngi. type iv sarcocysts with walls of uneven thickness an ...	1986	3087246
visceral helminth communities of sympatric mule and white-tailed deer from the davis mountains of texas.	hybridizing populations of mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) from the davis mountains of texas were examined to determine similarities in species composition of their helminth communities and if abundances of helminth species in those communities varied across host species and seasonal factors. only three cestode and three nematode species were recovered. there were very low abundances of species and little diversity in the helminth communities of both hosts. comm ...	1987	3820412
merogony and gametogony of eimeria mccordocki (protozoa-eimeriidae) in the mule deer, odocoileus h. hemionus.	eimeria mccordocki and e. madisonensis oocysts were isolated from feces of 21 of 40 captive mule deer in fort collins, colorado. the two species were separated from each other by infecting one mule deer fawn, and the life cycle of e. mccordocki was studied for the first time. four to six-weeks-old mule deer fawns were inoculated orally with e. mccordocki and killed 9, 13 and 15 days after infection. asexual and sexual stages of life cycle developed in the ileum of mule deer, only in the surface ...	1987	3590606
plague in a free-ranging mule deer from wyoming.		1987	3820418
serological evidence of california serogroup virus activity in oregon.	we wished to demonstrate evidence of the presence of california serogroup viruses in oregon and to test for the presence of certain other arboviruses in large ungulates. blood samples from black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) from nine counties in oregon were tested by serum-dilution plaque reduction neutralization for antibody to california serogroup viruses, including snowshoe hare, california encep ...	1987	3586196
epizootic vesicular stomatitis in colorado, 1982: some observations on the possible role of wildlife populations in an enzootic maintenance cycle.	sera obtained from wild ungulates, carnivores, and rodents in colorado were tested for neutralizing (n) antibody against vesicular stomatitis, new jersey serotype (vsnj), virus to determine their involvement in the 1982 colorado vsnj epizootic in domestic animals. viremic and n antibody responses of two local rodent species to a 1982 colorado isolate of vsnj were determined in the laboratory. the rodents produced only weak viremias, but all developed n antibody. n antibody prevalences for vsnj i ...	1987	3035241
assessment of pregnancy in sheep by analysis of plasma progesterone using an amplified enzyme immunoassay technique.	an amplified enzyme immunoassay kit for progesterone analysis was used to diagnose pregnancy in a flock of 130 mule ewes. an accuracy of 100 per cent was obtained after the analysis of progesterone in plasma samples taken 15 to 16 days after mating. in mule ewes a plasma progesterone level greater than 5.9 nmol/litre was indicative of pregnancy. in the validation of the technique, duplicate ewe plasma samples and progesterone standards were compared with a radio immunoassay technique; the regres ...	1987	3307117
electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation.	we tested the multiple-wavelet hypothesis by studying the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in normal mules, horses, cows, calves, and goats. persistence of atrial fibrillation in animals with a large atrial mass was compared with results in adult goats and calves having a smaller atrial mass. atrial stimulation in clinically normal cows, mules, calves, and goats was accomplished using an intra-atrial stimulating catheter with rapid atrial pacing (30/s). once initiated, atrial fi ...	1987	3449503
[isolation from ducks of a hypervirulent strain of duck plague virus and an avian type 6 paramyxovirus].	this paper describes the isolation and identification of a duck plague virus (dp) and a paramyxovirus (pmv6), from the livers and intestines collected in 4-month old mule ducks, under fattening, exhibiting 75% mortality and necrotic-haemorrhagic gross lesions. these viruses were isolated in specific pathogen free (spf) muscovy duck eggs and spf chicken eggs respectively. then the dp virus was adapted to duck and chicken fibroblasts. the disease was reproduced in 2-week old spf muscovy ducklings, ...	1987	2827947
differentiation of meat from horse, donkey and their hybrids (mule/hinny) by electrophoretic separation of albumin.	meat from the species horse, donkey and their hybrids, mule/hinny, can be reliably identified by determination of genetic variants of serum albumin by starch gel electrophoresis of meat extracts. staining of the starch gel for carboxylesterase activity permits differentiation of most horses from donkeys while mules/hinnies cannot be distinguished from horses by their esterase activity alone.	1987	22054691
bluetongue in free-ranging pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) in wyoming: 1976 and 1984.	at least 3,200 pronghorn (antilocapra americana) died during a bluetongue (bt) epizootic in eastern wyoming during late september and early october 1976. in august and september 1984, another bt epizootic occurred in northeastern wyoming resulting in 300 known pronghorn deaths. in 17 pronghorn examined postmortem, hemorrhages and edema were the most common gross pathologic changes. microscopic changes included hemorrhage, edema, arterial fibrinoid necrosis, lymphoid depletion in splenic and lymp ...	1988	2832621
expression of lectin binding in cutaneous papillomas of animals.	a group of spontaneously occurring animal papillomas which were negative or positive for papillomavirus group-specific antigen were examined with a battery of biotinylated lectins including con a, wga, succinylated-wga, pna and uea-i. canine papillomas, equine papillomas, white-tailed deer fibromas, mule deer fibromas, and bovine fibropapillomas were examined. each lectin had a specific staining pattern. no obvious differences in staining patterns between normal skin, viral antigen-positive and ...	1988	2850306
a fertile mule and hinny in china.	anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey x mare) and hinnies (stallion x jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. the fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. in china, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chr ...	1988	3378453
use of an intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin for early lamb production.	the use of melatonin to advance the onset of seasonal oestrus is potentially useful for early lamb production. a number of delivery systems for melatonin have been developed and this study evaluates an intraruminal soluble glass bolus under field conditions. anoestrous, non-lactating mule and dorset cross mule ewes were treated in late june with two types of bolus of different solubilities (melatonin 1, 'slow release' and melatonin 2, 'extra slow release'). rams were introduced in mid-august for ...	1988	3363812
experimental anaplasmosis in mule deer: persistence of infection of anaplasma marginale and susceptibility to a. ovis.	an experimental anaplasma marginale infection was induced in a splenectomized mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) which persisted subclinically at least 376 days as detected by subinoculation into susceptible cattle. anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from sheep to a splenectomized and a spleen-intact mule deer, and back to sheep. the pathogenesis in deer was very similar to that seen in sheep using ovine blood inoculations.	1988	3352081
characterization of berne virus genomic and messenger rnas.	from 380s particles of berne virus (proposed family toroviridae) one species of polyadenylated rna was isolated. using agarose gel electrophoresis its length was estimated as 20 kb or greater. when assayed under hypertonic transfection conditions genomic rna was found to be infectious; rnase treatment destroyed the infectivity. the positive polarity of the molecule was confirmed by filter spot hybridization using cdna prepared against poly(a)-selected rna from infected cells. in embryonic mule s ...	1988	3411297
malpais spring virus: a new vesiculovirus from mosquitoes collected in new mexico and evidence of infected indigenous and exotic ungulates.	two virus isolates, 1 each from aedes campestris and psorophora signipennis mosquitoes collected in south central new mexico in august 1985, were shown by neutralization tests to be identical to each other, but not to any of more than 250 arthropod-borne and other viruses. electron microscopy of 1 isolate (85-488nm, chosen as the prototype) indicated that this strain shares morphologic characteristics with viruses of the family rhabdoviridae. indirect fluorescent antibody tests indicated that th ...	1988	3061310
neisseria mule, horse, or donkey.		1988	3130392
hamster challenge potency assay for evaluation of mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccines.	a hamster immunization challenge assay described in the accompanying paper (m. f. barile, d. k. f. chandler, h. yoshida, m. w. grabowski, r. harasawa, and s. razin, infect. immun. 56:2443-2449, 1988) was used to examine protection against mycoplasma pneumoniae disease by passive immunization and to evaluate the protective potency of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell and a cell extract m. pneumoniae vaccine. passive immunization with a globulin fraction of hyperimmune mule antiserum to m. pneumon ...	1988	3137170