Publications

[international migration, agriculture, and development: reflections from some case studies].	the author examines the relationships among migration, agricultural development, and economic development in the labor-exporting countries of algeria, morocco, tunisia, and turkey. she finds that "massive migration contributes much more to the growth of the service sector than to agricultural or industrial development in the countries of departure." (summary in eng and fre)	1993	12318051
the turkish immigrant households and families in melbourne, australia.	"the purpose of this paper is to study some basic structures of the turkish immigrant households and families in melbourne, australia. data for the paper were obtained from a survey of the turkish population of melbourne which the author carried out in 1987.... an exploratory analysis of household structure of the sampled migrants not only offered a basis to develop a typology of turkish migrant families but also became the initial step in discussing some aspects of the parents' concern for thei ...	1993	12159444
[is adolescent fertility a problem in turkey?].	the population of turkey was about 50 million in 1985, and the 15-19 age group was 5.5 million, 10.7% of the total population. almost half of this 5.5 million were females, the mean age at first marriage was 18.2 years and 15.6% of this group were married. the fertility rate of the 15-19 age group was 64.1 per thousand. these figures show that early marriage and early pregnancy are the main problems. the prenatal care in adolescent pregnancies which present high risks for the mother and the ...	1993	12159445
computer aided field editing in the dhs context: the turkey experiment.	"in this study two types of field editing used during the turkey demographic and health survey are compared. these two types of editing are computer aided field editing and manual editing. it is known that manual editing by field editors is a tedious job in which errors especially on skip questions can be missed; however, with the aid of computers field editors could quickly find all occasions on which an interviewer incorrectly followed a skip instruction. at the end of the experiment it has be ...	1994	12159447
[family planning services utilization increases for migrant workers].	between april and october 1989 in turkey, interviews with more than 3000 migrant workers working in the cotton fields of dogankent were conducted to examine their attitude towards family planning and their utilization of family planning services. researchers wanted to evaluate a family planning program which was integrated into 3 primary health centers in adana. the workers tended to be young. the average family size was 4.3. 40% of the women have had an induced abortion. 62% have already lost a ...	1994	12222252
president mubarak, turkish family planning foundation receive un population award.	on june 14, 1994, president hosni mubarak of egypt and vehbi koc, president of the turkish family health and planning foundation (tfhpf) received 1994 un population awards for outstanding work in increasing public awareness of population problems and their solutions. mubarak was chosen for his national and international leadership in population issues, and the tfhpf was chosen for its achievements in improving the quality of family planning services in turkey. in his presentation address, un s ...	1994	12179003
[emigration of turks and moroccans still at a low level].	the author discusses the migration of turks and moroccans in the netherlands from 1977 to 1993, with a focus on age of migrants, length of stay, and return migration. (summary in eng)	1994	12287585
facing changes and making choices: unintended turkish immigrant settlement in australia.	"this article considers turkish migration and settlement in australia from both the micro and macro levels of analysis. migration and settlement of turkish migrants in melbourne is explored from the immigrants' viewpoint, including how settlement in that city has influenced their lives, both inside and outside their workplaces, over time. the article also addresses turkish immigration to australia within the global context of international migration. the melbourne turkish migration (mtm) stud ...	1994	12287861
study in turkey leads to integration of abortion and family planning services.	the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector abortion services in istanbul as well as their suitability in regulating the fertility of women were assessed in two hospitals in turkey. the social security hospital performed the surgical procedure of dilatation and curettage with little follow-up, while a ministry of health hospital offered the simpler procedure of manual vacuum aspiration with follow-up. in this latter case, the abortion service was part of the family planning unit of the h ...	1994	12287985
withdrawal continues to be popular in turkey.	in turkey, in spite of the continuing expansion of family planning services, withdrawal continues to be the most popular method of fertility regulation. in 1993, more than 26% of all currently married women were relying on this method of contraception. studies supported by the program point to opposition from men to the use of modern methods by their wives. the use of modern methods in turkey is, nonetheless, on the rise. between 1988 and 1993 the prevalence of use of modern methods increased ...	1994	12287986
a model for similar organizations. the turkish family health planning foundation (tfhpf) is the recipient of the 1994 u.n. population award. [acceptance speech].	the turkish family health and planning foundation (tfhpf) received the 1994 united nations population award. turkey has excessive population growth and an unbalanced population distribution. tfhpf was established in 1985 in order to provide innovative solutions to the economic and social problems caused by fast population growth through the involvement of the private sector. tfhpf was founded by the businessman mr. vehbi koc. the 1988 information, education, and communication campaign was carrie ...	1994	12288261
[opening speech by president suleyman demirel for the meeting "population issues in turkey: policy priorities"].	mr. demirel says that at the root of all problems faced by society is population growth. he points out that with an annual population growth of about 2.5%, turkey's standard of living will be low even if it is possible to feed the growing population, and he says turkey's first goal should be to create public awareness of individual responsibilities. in this task, mr. demirel adds, the government, the parliament, educational institutions, the media, voluntary organizations, and scientists all h ...	1994	12289944
[turkey and the european union: a comparison of population distribution and urbanization].	according to the authors of this paper, one of the major obstacles, since the 1960s, to turkey's admittance as full member of the european union (eu) has been the widely-held view that turkey's population differs greatly from that of eu member nations. this study compares turkey and the eu with regard to the geographic distribution of population and the urbanization process. the study finds similarities between turkey, ireland, and greece in terms of the ratio of urban population to total popu ...	1994	12289945
an evaluation of turkey's recent migration flows and stocks.	most immigrants from turkey go to the gulf countries and the newly independent states of the former soviet union. only a very small percentage of migrants leave turkey for western destinations. indeed, only 1734 of the 60,000 turkish workers sent abroad in 1992 went to the ec. turkish or foreign contracting firms working in saudi arabia accounted for 46,467 of these workers. 3,080,274 turkish nationals were living abroad as of april 1993, 43.3% of whom are workers. this figure does not incl ...	1994	12289946
[ideal ages for marriage and having children].	referring to a 1992 study by freedman and blanc, the author of this paper states that during the 15-year period between 1965-70 and 1980-85 the fertility rate in developing countries dropped by 30% and reports that in turkey the drop for the same period was around 46%, based on analysis using data from a 1988 turkish population and health survey. using the same data, the author looks at what women consider the ideal age for marriage; bearing their first and last children and the ideal intervals ...	1994	12289948
[the urbanization rate in turkey].	data from the annual statistical report on turkey for 1990 and the results of research from 1985 and 1990 were utilized and compared with the trends of urbanization observed in the 1969 work of z. siemek on turkey. in 1990, turkey had about 56.5 million people with an average annual natural growth rate of 2.6% and an unemployment rate of 16%. the rural population made up 41% of the total populace. urbanization was on the increase, from 47% in 1980, to 55% in 1985, and 59% in 1990. urbanizati ...	1994	12291543
chromosomal speciation and adaptive radiation of mole rats in asia minor correlated with increased ecological stress.	the evolutionary forces causing chromosomal speciation and adaptation are still enigmatic. here we tested the israel evolutionary model of positive association of diploid chromosome number (2n) and genetic diversity with aridity stress in subterranean mole rats, on a 30-times-larger scale in asia minor. we analyzed both karyotype and allozyme diversity across turkey, based on 37 allozymic loci in 20 localities of the spalax leucodon and 4 localities of the spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. we foun ...	1994	8058774
the use of traditional methods of contraception among turkish couples.	about half the users of contraceptives in turkey employ traditional methods of family planning, particularly withdrawal. this report presents data from a 1988 national survey to examine turkish couples' use of and opinions about these methods. use of traditional methods is widespread across all geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic groups. the principal reasons reported for not using methods generally considered to be highly reliable were fear of health problems and side effects and the opp ...	1994	8059445
detection of respiratory syncytial virus in children in the 1993-94 winter season in izmir, turkey, by two diagnostic methods.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was searched for in 65 children between 2 months and 2 years of age hospitalized with the presumptive diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis, and in 35 children aged 6 months to 8 years with upper respiratory tract symptoms, by direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) test and cell culture. rsv infection was detected in 29.2% of the first and in 11.4% of the second group. the overall positivity rate was 23%. the sensitivity and the specificity of the commercially a ...	1994	7833009
factors affecting the morbidity of vitamin d deficiency rickets and primary protection.	rickets was investigated in 860 children in the 3 to 36 month age group in 21 villages attached to sinik health centre, in northeastern turkey. the blood calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels of suspect cases were determined following examination and wrist x-rays taken. the prevalence of cross-sectional rickets was determined, in the cohort group formed by removing the rickets cases (to the first group, advice was not given; to the second, 400 iu of vitamin d) and its incidence det ...	1994	7835254
intercultural consultations: investigation of factors that deter non-english speaking women from attending their general practitioners for cervical screening.	to determine the factors that deter ethnic minority women living in east london from attending their general practitioner for cervical cytology screening.	1994	7987106
education of nurses for primary health care.	the preparation of nurses in turkey for the tasks of the health-for-all strategy has been under way for a number of years. the difficulties encountered, notably in the areas of planning and the training of teachers, together with the approaches to solving them, are outlined below.	1994	8018278
red cell enzyme and blood group polymorphisms in turkey.	baseline data from turkey is presented on phenotype and gene frequency distributions of three red cell enzyme systems (esd, pgm1, pg1) and two blood groups (abo, rh). examination of the distributions of these gene frequencies among the four geographic regions of turkey showed that except for esd, the turkish population is genetically homogeneous. the gene frequencies observed in turkey are compared with those in some countries in europe and asia.	1994	7619779
sampling errors for some selected variables of 1993 survey: an alternative output.	"sampling errors were calculated for some variables which are either not included or the base is defined differently in the main report of [the] demographic and health survey 1993, turkey. the list of variables and their base population in this study were also given." (summary in tur)	1994	12159428
the impact of migration on gender roles: findings of field research in turkey.	findings are based on a sample of four types of turkish women affected by migration: 1) pioneer women who emigrated on their own (33 persons); 2) followers with wage work experience, who joined or left with husbands (44 persons); 3) followers without wage work experience (39 persons); and 4) women left behind when husbands migrated (45 persons). these women are compared to a non-migrant control group (54 persons). sample surveys were conducted in three sites, which varied in levels of industri ...	1994	12346405
[turkish migration in europe. a dynamic definition of a migration network: circulation and diasporas].	current migration trends of turks in europe are analyzed. in particular, the author examines the extent to which turkish migration represents an example of a circulatory migration system, and the extent to which the turkish population overseas is a diaspora.	1994	12347249
recent developments in east-west migration: turkey and the petty traders.	the authors analyze contemporary migration movements in turkey, with a focus on labor migrants and turkey's status as a receiving country. recent migration trends to turkey are briefly reviewed, and implications within the context of emerging east-west migration policies are considered. (summary in fre and spa)	1994	12346102
peasant struggles and social change: migration, households and gender in a rural turkish society.	"this article sheds light on the interrelationship of seasonal migration, subsistence production and peasant relations in a community (sakli) located in turkey's northwestern countryside.... while migrant labor is understood by local villagers as forming part of a continual battle to preserve local tradition and kinship ties, this article shows how it reduces the dominion of landlords while creating internal household differentiation and gendered hierarchies."	1994	12345795
turkey still set on universal immunization despite hurdles.	during turkey's first national immunization campaign in 1985, more than two-thirds of the country's 5 million children under age 5 years were vaccinated against the major childhood diseases. unicef declared the campaign an unprecedented national effort and forecast that india was on course for universal immunization by the end of 1986. now, with about 70% of infants under 1 year old fully immunized, turkey still has some distance to go before achieving universal coverage. a number of factors ...	1994	12321778
computer-aided field editing in dhs: the turkey experiment.	a study comparing field editing using a notebook computer, computer-aided field editing (cafe), with that done manually in the standard manner, during the 1993 demographic and health survey (dhs) in turkey, demonstrated that there was less missing data and a lower mean number of errors for teams using cafe. 6 of 13 teams used cafe in the turkey experiment; the computers were equipped with integrated system for survey analysis (issa) software for editing the dhs questionnaires. the cafe teams c ...	1995	12346428
turkish women show preference for small families.	a brief summary is provided of results from the 1993 turkish demographic and health survey on women's family size preferences. over 66% of married women 15-49 years old reported a desire to stop childbearing, and 14% desired a delay of at least 2 years in future childbearing. the ideal family size was reported as 2.4 children per woman, while the total fertility rate was 2.7 children per woman. 33% of births in the 5 years before the survey were unwanted or mistimed. 63% of married women use ...	1995	12346433
changes in family formation among turkish and moroccan women in belgium.	"this paper addresses the extent to which the behaviour of migrants...diverges from the pattern observed in the country of origin and converges on that of the country of destination.... in the first part of the analysis we compare the family formation patterns of turks and moroccans living in flanders and brussels with the patterns of belgians living in the same regions on the one hand and with the populations of turkey and morocco on the other hand. in the second part we look in more detail at ...	1995	12347236
[the population of turkey in 1994: dynamics, perspectives, and tensions].	"there were over 60 million inhabitants in turkey in 1994, which should consequently be viewed as one of the major population clusters in the mediterranean area. the average population growth is still quite high--2.08% for 1994--but it is unevenly distributed: on the one hand, the population is increasing mostly in the larger istanbul area, in all the other coastal urban areas and in the south-eastern parts of turkey, when, on the other one, it is stagnant in many [areas] and decreasing in centr ...	1995	12156745
should all patients with blunt trauma undergo 'routine' pelvic x-ray?	routine pelvic radiography is carried out in all blunt trauma patients referred to our emergency department according to advanced trauma life support protocols. in this retrospective study, we questioned whether it is cost-effective to obtain 'routine' pelvic x-ray films. the notes and x-rays of all consecutive patients with blunt trauma who were referred to the emergency department of dokuz eylül university hospital, izmir, turkey, between august and december, 1993 were re-evaluated. eighteen p ...	1995	9422184
rotterdam general practitioners report (rohapro): a computerised network of general practices in rotterdam, the netherlands. rotterdam's huisartsen project.	dutch public health services are charged with collective preventive care for the population--care that should, by law, be based on epidemiological data. general practices potentially offer important data for this purpose, particularly since more and more use a computer. this study aimed to assess whether it is possible to obtain useful epidemiological data from this source.	1995	7629455
maternal mortality in a maternity hospital in turkey.	to determine the leading causes of maternal mortality in a large maternity hospital and to define priorities regarding this subject throughout turkey.	1995	7660764
increasing incidence of tuberculosis in england and wales: a study of the likely causes.	to examine factors responsible for the recent increase in tuberculosis in england and wales.	1995	7728031
clinical performance of the tcu 380a and lippes loop iuds in three developing countries.	the clinical performance of the copper t 380a (tcu 380a) and the lippes loop intrauterine devices (iuds) were evaluated for 12 months in a group of 710 women who had one of the two iuds inserted. results are from a randomized clinical trial conducted at three collaborating research sites located in three developing countries. the gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rate of the tcu 380a iud was found to be lower than that of the lippes loop iud at 12 months (0.7 and 2.1 per women, respectively) ...	1995	8521710
complete spectrum of pah mutations in tataria: presence of slavic, turkic and scandinavian mutations.	phenylketonuria (pku) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with a deficiency of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah). although the molecular lesions present in the pah genes of pku patients have previously been determined in several slavic populations, little is known regarding the molecular basis of pku in the non-slavic populations of the former soviet union. guthrie card samples from twenty-one classical pku patients residing in the tatarian republic were examined by a combination ...	1995	8528673
epidemiology of meningococcal infections in children in mid-southern part of turkey.	59 patients were treated for meningococcal infections in cukurova university faculty of medicine, division of pediatric infectious diseases. 50.8% of patients were male, 33.9% were under two years of age and 61% were under five. 78% of patients were admitted to hospital in winter and spring time. meningococcal meningitis (mm) was present in 39% of patients on admission, however, meningococcemia in 27.1% and meningococcemia and meningococcic meningitis (meningococcemia + mm) in 33.9%. fatality ra ...	1995	8549705
clinical investigation of traumatic injuries of permanent incisors in izmir, turkey.	470 injured teeth of 370 patients who consulted the dental clinic of ege university, izmir, turkey for examination or treatment between 1981-1993 were evaluated. information concerning sex, age of patients at the time of injury, cause of trauma, number of injured teeth, type of tooth and type of trauma were recorded. more boys suffered traumatic injuries (64.8%) than girls (35.2%). patients aged 11-15 years old exhibited the highest number of injuries (34.4%) followed by the 6-10 years old group ...	1995	8625933
antenatal ambroxol usage in the prevention of infant respiratory distress syndrome. beneficial and adverse effects.	a bromhexine metabolite ambroxol, is a relatively new promoter of fetal lung maturation. the data on its efficacy and side effects in humans are not yet as many as those of corticosteroids. we found that in 24 premature labor patients ambroxol reduced the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome when compared with the control group, consisting of 58 patients. there was no concomitant disorder in any patient that would have contributed to the fetal lung maturation. we also observed septic morbi ...	1995	7554258
turkey 1993: results from the demographic and health survey.	the turkey demographic and health survey collected data from 8619 households and complete interviews with 6519 ever-married women aged 15-49 years. interviews were conducted during august-october 1993. the survey found that over the period 1965-1985, the population grew from 31.2 million to 50.3 million. the crude birth rate per 1000 declined from 41.0 to 30.8; crude death rate also declined from 15.0 to 8.9. the annual rate of population growth fell from 2.50% to 2.33%, and life expectancy ...	1995	7570767
survey of the allergic status of patients with bronchial asthma in turkey: a multicenter study.	patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma (ba) were prospectively enrolled to assess their allergen spectra and atopic status. the patients came from five major cities (ankara, izmir, samsun, elaziğ, and adana) in different regions of turkey. atopic status, total ige levels, and allergen spectra were determined in 1149 patients and 210 controls who were spouses of the patients sharing the same environment but not consanguinity with the patients. total ige levels were significantly higher in the a ...	1995	7573836
postpartum family planning and health needs of women of low income in istanbul.	this study was designed to learn what types of postpartum health and family planning services are most appropriate for couples with low incomes living in istanbul, turkey. the methods used included focus groups, site visits, questionnaires for postpartum women, and a self-administered questionnaire for health-care providers. by five months postpartum, 86 percent of the women surveyed were using some method of family planning. many couples used withdrawal, starting immediately upon resumption of ...	1995	7618198
the crisis of population knowledge in turkey.	"the main purpose of this paper is to present some basic information about the population of turkey.... this paper looks primarily at the time sequences of the outcomes for key demographic variables....a brief account is given in the last part of this paper of the theoretical frameworks that are employed to explain the decline of birth rates from very high to low levels in turkey."	1995	12290932
population of turkey by ethnic groups and provinces.	"the principal objective of this paper...is to estimate the number of kurds in turkey and their spatial distribution.... the ethnically kurdish component of the population has increased from 3.132 million in 1965 to 7.046 million in 1990. this very substantial increase has been due to high fertility, which is a characteristic of agrarian or recently agrarian societies...,coupled with falling mortality, a typical case of demographic transition.... perhaps more importantly, the massive population ...	1995	12290933
post second world war immigration from balkan countries to turkey.	"although there are some works, both in english and turkish, that have studied migration into the ottoman empire from the balkans during the 19th century...it is difficult to find any systematic and comprehensive literature that examines the period since the establishment of the turkish republic.... this article aims at filling some of this gap....[the article offers] an analysis of the size and causes of migration from the balkans to turkey since the end of the second world war. the statistics ...	1995	12290934
labor migration from turkey to western europe. an analytical review from its commencement (early 60s) to the recruitment halt (1973-74).	"by joining the migratory labor movement to western europe in the early 1960s, turkey, for the first time in its history, began showing signs of becoming a country of large scale economic emigration. it is here argued that the growth of the number of turkish workers in europe during the recruitment period, and their becoming the largest of the foreign labor contingents in germany and the netherlands, was due to the exhaustion of the other suppliers' labor reserves. taking into account other vi ...	1995	12319592
putting the icpd plan of action to work. turkey. women's health tops the agenda.	turkey took part in the preparatory phase of the international conference on population and development (icpd) and sent 15 delegates to icpd in cairo. its ministry of health (moh) identified priority areas outlined in the icpd plan of action: publicizing icpd goals, sharing responsibilities and coordinating activities with other sectors, and following-up and monitoring achievements and failures. icpd delegates served on an moh-organized panel that provided many participants from different sector ...	1995	12222267
[an article on the turkish history of medicine by the central asian writers].	the researchers studying seljuq, begliq and ottoman periods of turkish history extending into central asia had many difficulties in reaching archival sources until the disintegration of the soviet union. following the end of the iron curtain period, formal and cultural relations between turkic republics of the region with turkey enabled researchers to establish sincere and close professional and individual relations, too. in this essay a.h. bayat presents heartily his translation of an uzbek tex ...	1995	11625067
a matter of planning the family.	turkey's population is expected to grow to 91 million by 2025, an increase of 50% over the current size, while istanbul's population of 10 million is growing by 4.5% annually. of the 2 million pregnancies annually in turkey, 560,000 end in miscarriage and maternal mortality rates are among the highest in the world. condoms, oral contraceptive pills, and abortions in turkey are, however, provided to clients free of charge. the story is briefly told of a 36-year-old turkish woman who, after hav ...	1996	12158131
habitat ii: city summit to forge the future of human settlements in an urbanizing world.	half of the world's population will be living in cities by the year 2000. 40% of urban residents worldwide, however, do not have access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation and more than 60% of urban residents in some areas live in poverty. unemployment, homelessness, growing insecurity, rising pollution, and increasing vulnerability to disaster abound in cities. to discuss what can be done to cope with the overwhelming tide of urbanization, un member states will convene in istanbul ...	1996	12320141
[turkish immigrants in western europe: with reference to the german case].	"the export of surplus manpower to western europe has been an important feature of the turkish employment policy since the 1960s....professional education, set up in the receiving countries for foreign workers, has played a vital role on the employment opportunities. this is particularly the case of germany, where the greatest number of turkish immigrants have settled. second generation children of turkish descent are in fact more and more encouraged to attend professional schools, since the ger ...	1996	12320686
[contraceptive methods used in istanbul and factors affecting method choice and continuation].	this paper presents and discusses the results of a collaborative research to investigate use of modern versus traditional contraceptive methods in a new settlement area in istanbul. two lay interviewers administered a questionnaire to a total of 867 women on current and past contraceptive use. 90% (778) of the 867 currently nonpregnant women of mean age 31.4 years were using a method of contraception at the time of the study. the majority of women practicing contraception (46%) employed withd ...	1996	12320795
operational research for an effective information and training approach for surgical contraception knowledge and attitude in turkey.	although 70% of all currently married women in turkey state that they do not want to have any more children, only 34.5% use modern contraceptive methods and 28.1% use traditional methods such as withdrawal. women in turkey have 17 induced abortions for every 100 pregnancies. voluntary surgical contraception (vsc) was legalized in 1983, but it was inadequately and poorly presented to the public as a viable contraceptive option. vsc is therefore less well-known than other contraceptive methods. ...	1996	12320796
refugees of turkish origin: "coerced immigrants" to turkey since 1945.	"while several studies (in both turkish and english) have been made on migration to the ottoman empire from the caucasus and the balkans during the nineteenth century...very little systematic and comprehensive research on migration has been undertaken on the period since the establishment of the turkish republic. this article, which aims to partially fill the gap, is divided into three parts: the issue of national refugees (refugees of turkish origin) in relation to turkey's overall refugee poli ...	1996	12292232
[exchanges, transportation, and communication: turkish circulation and migratory domain].	"in this article, the author first describes and then analyzes how networks of exchange, transportation, and communication function to animate and irrigate the turkish migratory domain, which currently covers europe, the middle east, and the cis, and which has become transoceanic (north america and australia).... the author suggests a dynamic vision of the migratory domain, based on the mobility of people and goods, and associated with various means of transportation (air, sea, rail, and road), ...	1996	12292528
the urban generation: heirs to the new urban future, youth plan to make their presence felt in istanbul.	un statistics indicate that youth comprise up to 30% of the world's population. as almost one-third of humanity, youth deserve to actively participate in debates which will influence the future of their world. accordingly, a large group of youth has been working with the habitat ii secretariat, governments, and nongovernmental organizations to create channels for youth participation and involvement in habitat ii. youth can also bring a great deal more to the habitat process than just sheer nu ...	1996	12293679
different percentages of peripheral blood gamma delta + t cells in healthy individuals from different areas of the world.	the frequency of gamma delta + t cells in the peripheral blood of 26 turkish, 24 swedish, 35 japanese and 14 "asian' (non-japanese) healthy blood donors and healthy volunteers were investigated by flow cytometry. in the turkish group, 9.3% (median value) of the cd3+ peripheral blood t cells expressed the gamma delta t cell receptor. a similar level of gamma delta + t cells was found in the non-japanese "asian' healthy volunteers (9.2%), while significantly lower values were detected in the swedi ...	1996	8633219
detecting induced abortions from reports of pregnancy terminations in dhs calendar data.	this study considers whether pregnancy terminations reported in demographic and health survey (dhs) calendar data can be classified accurately as having been spontaneous or induced based upon other information collected in the survey interview. a classification scheme is proposed that is an adaptation of the method developed by the world health organization for categorizing cases in which women admitted to hospitals experienced complications of pregnancy termination. the scheme is evaluated usin ...	1996	8677522
family formation patterns among migrant women in sydney.	a demographic survey among a probability sample of 980 married migrant women was carried out in sydney in 1988. the sample included 507 lebanese, 250 turkish and 223 vietnamese women. the study revealed differences in family formation patterns within and between the three groups and between them and the general population. family size had declined among all three groups compared with their family of origin, and it was clear that the younger women would not achieve the same family sizes as the ol ...	1996	8690746
a comparative study on the efficacy of 0.4% sumithrine and 1% lindane in the treatment of pediculus humanus capitis in turkey.	two different chemicals were used in the treatment of pediculus h. capitis in cases, who were found to be infested during the screening of 1 secondary and 3 elementary schools in bostanli-karsiyaka, izmir. sumithrine was found to be more effective than lindane according to the follow up control performed a month after the treatment. while the efficacy of sumithrine in emlakbank elementary school, metin asikoglu elementary school and emlakbank secondary school was noted as 93%, 96% and 86.8% resp ...	1996	8721244
demographic and epidemiologic features of female adolescents in turkey.	to determine the average menarcheal age and menstrual cycle pattern, prevalence of dysmenorrhea, frequency of smoking, alcohol and drug use, sexual education level, and the gynecologic problems in female adolescents in turkey.	1996	8750429
from asia to europe: mitochondrial dna sequence variability in bulgarians and turks.	two hypervariable sequence segments in the control region of mitochondrial dna were determined in samples of bulgarians and turks. the turkish sample presented a higher degree of internal diversity, in terms of total number of variable nucleotides, as well as in the average pairwise nucleotide difference. pairwise difference distributions were built for both samples, yielding smooth bell shapes in agreement with the rogers and harpending model. the bulgarian and turkish data were compared with s ...	1996	8835097
comparative costs of family planning services and hospital-based maternity care in turkey.	the costs of running a recently established family planning program in the turkish social security system were measured and compared with the costs of providing the medical services and nonmedical benefits for pregnant women. the undiscounted cost savings from averting pregnancy were estimated to exceed the program's recurrent costs by 17.6 to 1. cost savings represent only 1 percent of all of the system's medical expenditures, but the family planning program is in an early stage, and potential ...	1996	8923654
the reliability of the situation analysis observation guide.	the use of direct observation to assess the quality of family planning services is a central element of situation analysis studies. the interrater reliability of observational data from a study in turkey was assessed using teams of multiple observers. overall, the findings suggest a strong degree of reliability. observers were more likely to agree when rating physical actions than verbal cues and when both observers were of similar backgrounds. the high degree of reliability in the situation ana ...	1996	8923655
changing epidemiology of measles in turkey: need for reassessment of measles vaccination policy?	changing epidemiology of measles in turkey and in izmir city, since the introduction of measles vaccine was examined in order to evaluate the need for new strategies to control measles infection. after the national vaccination campaign in 1985, the rates of incidence and mortality dropped to 4.2/100000 and 0/million, respectively, in 1987. when the epidemics in 1989 and 1993 were examined it was seen that more measles cases occurred in age groups 5-9 and > 15 years, and most of the cases seen in ...	1996	8936963
responding to the silent problems. turkey. developing suitable governmental programs to accomodate the changing needs of the growing and aging population is necessary and inevitable.	the author believes that both socioeconomic change and expanded services had a significant impact upon turkish couples' behavior, resulting in a smaller family norm. a recent survey indicates that the total fertility rate in the country declined to 2.7 from 5.7 in 1971. that sharp decline in fertility was coupled with an equally sharp decline in mortality, especially in the infant mortality rate. however, even though fertility decline has been observed in all regions, there remain significant ...	1996	12347300
not contradicting the religion. islam has been putting on emphasis on family planning for 14 centuries.	family planning did not historically and does not in modern times contradict the cultural and religious beliefs of islamic nations. family planning services should therefore be made available to people who need them. family planning should not, however, be forced. it is imperative that couples' fundamental right to freely decide the number and spacing of their children is respected. couples must be informed and educated to exercise that freedom consciously. the turkish family health and pla ...	1996	12347309
postabortion contraceptive services scarce in turkey.	a 1994 study conducted at public and university service sites in 7 turkish provinces found that, although 90% of postabortal women wanted to initiate contraceptive use, fewer than 50% actually left the abortion facility with a family planning method. half of the 194 women interviewed had undergone a prior abortion and almost 70% were using a contraceptive method (generally withdrawal) at the time they became pregnant. to remedy this situation, avsc is working to strengthen the linkages between ...	1996	12347476
turkey takes initiative.	the turkish family health and planning foundation, the first private sector, nonprofit, nongovernmental organization to be founded in turkey, was awarded the 1994 un population award. when the founder of the foundation began thinking about population issues in 1974, turkey's population size was growing at the annual rate of 2.5%, the total fertility rate (tfr) was 4.1, and 85 infants died for every 1000 live births. the foundation was established about 10 years later. the level of contracepti ...	1996	12347569
alternative treatment for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant patients; restoration of vaginal acidity and flora.	in turkey, physicians treated 22 first-trimester pregnant women aged 20-34 exhibiting signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis with commercially available yogurt containing more than 100 million lactobacillus acidophilus per ml and at a ph of less than 4.5. the treatment involved vaginal douching with a 10-ml syringe daily for 7 days and was repeated after a 1-week interval. the signs and symptoms used as criteria for bacterial vaginosis included subjective symptoms of foul-smelling discharge ...	1996	12347751
[turkey].	the capital of turkey is ankara. as of 1995, turkey had a population of 61.9 million governed by a parliamentary republican regime. 1994 gross national product and per capita income were, respectively, $149 billion and $2450. per capita income grew at 1.5% per year over the period 1985-94. in 1994, turkey owed $66.3 billion, then being serviced at $9.4 billion. for the same year, turkey exported $32.711 billion in goods and services and imported $30.785 billion. as of 1995, the population ...	1996	12347072
the consequences of international migration for the status of women: a turkish study.	this study examines the direct and indirect impact of international migration on the status of turkish women. detailed interviews were conducted among 234 people aged 18 years and older that lived in 115 households. respondents included 83 return migrants, 54 close relatives of migrants, 19 close friends of migrants, 34 close relatives and friends of migrants, and 44 controls. findings indicate that return migrants held more progressive and less traditional attitudes and behavior, and control ...	1997	12348082
contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity in istanbul.	a cross-sectional survey was conducted in istanbul to investigate the relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity. altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant women were examined by three female physicians. the women were aware of bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting at least one episode of illness in the three months prior to the interview. cu ...	1997	9097384
the prevalence of pediculus humanus capitis among the students of a secondary and three elementary schools in karsiyaka-izmir, turkey.	during november-december 1993, 5347 students of a secondary and 3 elementary schools in bostanli-karsiyaka, where socio-economic and cultural status are relatively high, were examined for pediculosis capitis. in 225 students (4.2%) eggs and/or adults were detected. 181 (4.14%) out of 4365 elementary school students and 44 (4.48%) out of 982 secondary school students were infested with pediculus humanus capitis. comparison with results of previous results are shown in the text.	1997	9097537
beta-thalassaemia in the immigrant and non-immigrant german populations.	in germany homozygous beta-thalassaemia mainly occurs in the immigrant population from endemic regions. in non-immigrants beta-thalassaemia is rare. heterozygous beta-thalassaemia minor, however, is more common and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypochromic anaemia. the clinical and molecular data of 221 homozygous patients and 256 non-immigrant german heterozygous individuals are presented. clinically, 87% (n = 192) of the homozygotes are classified as thalassaemia major (t ...	1997	9163586
comparative evaluation of three commercial broiler stocks in hot versus temperate climates.	hot climate is a major limiting factor of broiler production in tropical and subtropical regions. the use of standard stocks in hot climates may result in large economic losses because genotypes selected in temperate climates may respond differently to the high ambient temperatures in hot regions or seasons. the summer and fall in izmir, turkey, provided the natural hot and temperate climates, respectively, for this study. broiler chicks were obtained from three commercial stocks, all bred in te ...	1997	9200225
performance of naked neck and normal broilers in hot, warm, and temperate climates.	chickens suffer at high ambient temperatures because their feather coverage hinders internal heat dissipation. naked neck broilers (na/na) and their normally feathered sibs (na/na) were evaluated in three natural climates. three experiments were conducted in turkey, during the summer in the extremely hot region of adana (ad-sm), and in the moderate region of izmir during the spring (iz-sp) and summer (iz-sm), always following the same experimental protocol. ambient temperatures averaged 19, 28, ...	1997	9200226
improvements in mother-child health indicators in turkey.	turkey has a young population as a result of high fertility and growth rates in the recent past. thirty-five percent of the population is less than 15 years of age, and 25 percent of the population comprises reproductive-age woman. the latest estimate of the population growth rate was 19 per thousand for the 1990-1995 period. in recent decades dramatic declines in fertility rates have been noted. in the early 1970s, the overall fertility rate was approximately five children per woman, declining ...	1997	9223921
allergic disease prevalence in izmir.		1997	9226077
pediatric hematology and oncology department of ege university, izmir, turkey.		1997	9267871
world malaria situation in 1994. part iii.		1997	9309947
the influence of feeding patterns on head circumference among turkish infants during the first 6 months of life.	the influence of various feeding patterns on physical growth and mental development of the infant, particularly during the first 6 months of life, is an important subject. head circumference values of 172 healthy new-born infants were included in the study; 62 were exclusively breast-fed (bf), 58 were mixed-fed (mf) and 52 were formula-fed (ff). no significant differences were found in head circumference values between the groups at birth (bf 35.2+/-0.1, mf 35.1+/-0.1, ff 35.0+/-0.1 cm for boys ...	1997	9339866
screening of sex workers in turkey for chlamydia trachomatis.	increasing migration of sex workers across east european borders into turkey has resulted in increased arrests of unregistered sex workers. there is concern regarding the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (std) such as c. trachomatis in this unregulated group.	1997	9383845
incidence of trichomonas vaginalis among women having vaginal discharge, in manisa, turkey.	trichomoniasis characterise with a foamy yellowish odorous discharge, is an infection that causes superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in mucosa, and is spreadable with sexual contact. in t. vaginalis infection, the diagnosis can be made after the examination of saline wet mount preparations, stained smears preparation and cultivation of the vaginal discharge, the urine and the materials obtained from prostate secretion in males. in the present study, vaginal discharge samples obtained from 2 ...	1997	9425833
the world's children.	world leaders from 159 countries agreed at the 1990 world summit for children to specific goals which would reduce levels of child and maternal mortality, and give every child access to basic education, clean water, and proper sanitation by 2000. major progress has since been achieved in most countries, with more than 80% of the world's children now immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. moreover, the deaths of over 1 million children annually are being averted through the incre ...	1997	9433156
[pappataci fever].	sandfly fever virus is known to cause pappataci fever. the sandfly fever virus belongs to the genus phlebovirus (family: bunyaviridae) and is endemically found in areas of south europe, asia and africa. in germany, pappataci fever is only described in connection with travelling to endemic areas. we report on a 15 year-old girl suffering from sandfly fever virus infection after vacation in turkey. the initial symptoms started with fever for about three days, frontal headache, nausea and arthralgi ...	1997	9445923
family planning in isparta, turkey.	family planning practices were reported by 491 married women, aged 15-49, who applied to the family planning centre in isparta, turkey. eighty-four percent of the women used contraception, the iud being used most frequently. almost half of the women married before age 18 years.	1997	9881150
[stranger in turkey].	the author, a professor of nephrology, reports some impressions of his 7-year stay in turkey. he worked at the ege university in izmir, traditionally one of the most 'western' cities. he and his wife, who gave unpaid assistance to dialysis patients, attempted to integrate into turkish society as fully as possible. they traversed the country in weekends and holidays and introduced as many dutch guests as they could to the unique archeological treasures, the magnificent nature and the extremely fr ...	1997	9555146
primary health care in turkey: a passing fashion?	the alma-ata declaration has long been regarded as a watershed in the health policy arena. the global goal of the world health organization, 'health for all by the year 2000' through primary health care, has attracted many countries both in the developed and the developing world and commitments to this end have been made at every level. however, albeit this consensus on the paper, a common and explicit definition of the concept has not been reached yet. this paper aims at discussing various defi ...	1997	10173403
migration experiences of turkish women: notes from a researcher's diary.	this article presents six case studies of the experiences of turkish women whose husbands were labor migrants. the article opens with an overview of labor emigration from turkey to developed countries in europe starting in the early 1960s and continues with a review of the literature that considers migrant women as an analytical category. the literature review then addresses the prevalent emphasis on the impact of labor migration on the emancipation of women and notes that these studies overge ...	1997	12293041
[marriage and immigrants from turkey and morocco].	"in this article marriage and immigration of turkish and moroccan persons residing in the netherlands are analysed on the basis of data extracted from the municipal population registers.... about 56 thousand married turkish and moroccan women of the first generation living in the netherlands were marriage-related immigrants compared with 24 thousand married men.... most male marriage-related immigrants married women who were born in the netherlands or immigrated there as a child. many female ma ...	1997	12321296
migration and remigration as interdependent decisions: a bivariate probit formulation.	the literature suggests that people's migration experiences often include several episodes of locational change, with entire move sequences planned at the time of the initial migration decision. if the information contained in the available longitudinal data on individual migration histories is to be accurately interpreted, the statistical framework must be consistent with the decision process which generates the migration histories. the prospect of remigration, one of the important elements o ...	1997	12321334
the quality of family planning services in two low-income districts of istanbul.	this study examined quality of care (qoc) among a sample of 378 women from two low-income communities (sefakoy and halkali in kucukcekmece district) in istanbul, turkey, in 1992. data were obtained from questionnaires and site visits with structured checklists. istanbul's tfr was 2.2 in 1990, but fertility varies within the city by socioeconomic factors. the growth rate is 4.5%. sefakoy has had a home visitor project since 1991 that trains community women to serve as family planning counselo ...	1997	12321336
dynamics of demography and development in turkey: implications to the potential for migration to europe.	this article examines the influence of demographic trends and economic development within turkey on emigration to europe. turkey negotiated migration recruitment agreements with germany in 1961; with the netherlands, belgium, austria, france, and sweden during 1964-67. about 3 million turks presently live in western europe, which is the largest foreign population in europe. 4.8% of the turkish population are migrants to europe. the largest turkish population resides in germany (2 million mig ...	1997	12321337
turkey's population at the beginning of the 21st century.	this article describes the population structure in turkey over the past 70 years and presents population projections for the period 1990-2025. demographic patterns and economic development vary widely within turkey. population increased from 13 million to about 60 million during 1923-95. the annual population growth rate was 2.2%. turkey is one of the 20 most populous countries of the world. the government of turkey maintained a pronatalist policy until the mid-1960s. the population planni ...	1997	12321338
female-headed households in turkey and socio-demographic and economic characteristics of female household heads.	this study examines the welfare of female-headed households in turkey during 1978-93. data were obtained from the 1978 turkish fertility survey, the 1987 household income and consumption expenditures survey, the 1988 turkish population and health survey, and the 1993 turkish demographic and health survey. duben and behar (1996) report that female headship was 19.3% in 1885 and 14.7% in 1907 in istanbul. about 40% of female heads of household were living alone in 1885 and 1907. in 1993, the ...	1997	12321339
lifting the veil. reform vs tradition in turkey. an interview with nilofer gole.	this article is based on an interview with a turkish sociologist, nilofer gole, concerning the practice of veiling of women in turkey. turks have argued about the permissibility of veiling for over a decade. the issue of veiling marks the intersection between modernization and the islamic movement and is a symbolic marker of the meaning of women's bodies. turkish women wear a traditional long head scarf that has nothing to do with a modern islamic head scarf. turkish and indian women are pre ...	1997	12321488