Publications

selenium status of cattle in devon.		1979	516359
the effect of a preparturient fenbendazole treatment on lactation yield in dairy cows.	studies carried out on nine farms in north-west england indicated that fenbendazole treatment of adult winter calving dairy cows in the dry period caused an overall increase of 173 kg in their subsequent lactation yield. there was some evidence to suggest that a correlation existed between pasture ostertagia ostertagi larval burdens and subsequent serum pepsinogen and milk yield responses post treatment. marked interherd and regional differences existed in the milk yield response to anthelmintic ...	1979	524709
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.		1979	552711
decline in hypernatraemia.		1979	91864
dietary fibre and regional large-bowel cancer mortality in britain.	the relationship between food intake and cancer of the large bowel was assessed by calculating the average intakes of foods, nutrients and dietary fibre in the different regions of great britain and relating these to the regional pattern of death from colon and rectal cancers between 1969 and 1973. no significant associations were found with the consumption of fat, animal protein or beer, nor with current estimates of total dietary fibre intake. average intakes of the pentose fraction of total d ...	1979	574389
the influence of availability of free school milk on the height of children in england and scotland.	the effect is investigated of availability of free school milk on height gain in one year of six- and seven-year-old primary schoolchildren in england and scotland, using data collected annually from 1972 to 1976. the height gain of children for whom milk was available for the whole year of observation was compared with that of children who had no milk. out of 16 sex-country-year-specific analyses for children from manual social classes only, 13 showed no significant evidence of greater height g ...	1979	574407
clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, london.	sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, islington, london. of these, 15 (25%) contained clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (b, c, d and e) were demonstrated. early british soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained cl. botulinum (type a or b). although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the market site was the result of faecal contamination by a ...	1979	385765
international spread of multiresistent strains of salmonella typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 from britain to europe.		1979	390851
evolution of ideas on the life-span of the red blood cell.		1979	399642
in-vitro culture of human hydatid material.		1980	6101653
gastroenteritis with special reference to rotavirus.		1980	6261552
intensive livestock production: "costs exceed benefits".		1980	6777960
salmonella in wessex cattle.		1980	7445389
antibiotic residues in milk.		1980	7467095
the occurrence and significance to animal health of salmonellas in sewage and sewage sludges.	a total of 882 samples of settled sewage, sewage sludges and final effluents from eight sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence of salmonellas. of these samples 68% were positive, isolations being made most frequently from settled sewage (85%), raw sludge (87%) and anaerobically digested sludge (96%). fewer isolations were made from final effluent (24%) and processed sludges (58%). samples usually contained less than 200 salmonellas/100 ml and arguments are presented that such con ...	1980	6985928
anthrax. william smith greenfield, m.d., f.r.c.p., professor superintendent, the brown animal sanatory institution (1878-81). concerning the priority due to him for the production of the first vaccine against anthrax.	the purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that w. s. greenfield, working at the brown animal sanatory institution in london, prepared an effective vaccine against anthrax and described his results some months before the experiment of pasteur at pouilly-le-fort. partly through lack of financial support and partly due to opposition by the antivivisectionists, greenfield was forced to confine his experiments to a small number of animals, but his results were nevertheless conclusive ...	1980	7007487
campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni: the need for surveillance.		1980	6768813
proceedings of the first international conference for the standardisation of banded karyotypes of domestic animals. university of reading reading, england. 2nd-6th august 1976.		1980	6103884
wellcome research: virology and the promotion of animal health.		1980	6259800
clostridium botulinum in british soil.	soil samples from various parts of britain were examined for clostridium botulinum by a sensitive technique comparable with that recently used for mud samples from british aquatic environments. the results showed beyond doubt that in britain the prevalence of the organism in soil is much lower than in mud. of 174 samples from all sites examined only 10 (5 . 7%) could be shown to contain cl. botulinum; this finding was consistent with the results of surveys made by less sensitive techniques in 19 ...	1980	7005328
the northumberland epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1966.	the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during an epidemic in northumberland in july, august and september 1966 was analysed. although strong emitters, for example pigs, were not involved, in 18 of the 32 outbreaks spread could be attributed to the airborne route and in another 4, spread by this route was the most likely. airborne spread was in general between 1 and 8 km but on two occasions as much as 20 km. other means of spread included movement by animals, people and vehicles and carriage of vi ...	1980	7052228
some observations on the incidence of lameness in dairy cattle in somerset.	a three year study of practice records of lame cows and meteorological data on rainfall suggests a correlation between rainfall and incidence of lameness in dairy cattle. over a 12 month period requests to treat lameness in 1256 cattle were received by one six-person practice and were the subject of a detailed survey. the incidence on the 150 farms where lameness was recorded was 7.33 per cent, 92.2 per cent of lameness occurring in the foot. white line disease (34.9 per cent), pricked sole (20. ...	1980	7368534
epidemiological studies of calf respiratory disease in a large commercial veal unit.	records of treatments for respiratory disease among 952 calves in a large intensive veal unit were analysed. the frequency of disease was heavily age-dependent in the 34 batches of 28 calves with a peak at five weeks of age and little disease before the fourth or after the eighth week. the effect was evident for all of the three indices of disease examined: the numbers of first treatments, numbers of new courses of treatment and the total number of treatments. transient synchronisation of outbre ...	1980	7414078
two outbreaks of pyrexia with dermatitis in dairy cows.		1980	7434506
leptospira hebdomadis associated with an outbreak of illness in workers on a farm in north yorkshire.	four cases of illness attributed to leptospira hebdomadis occurred on a cattle farm in north yorkshire. the clinical features were a febrile illness that resembled influenza; in one case there was a lymphocytic meningitis. this infection is probably more common than is recognised at present, and prevention of further cases may be possible if diagnosed promptly.	1980	7448136
bovine cysticercosis survey.		1981	7336532
badgers guilty.		1981	7192800
distribution of cattle warble flies in britain: a larval survey.	a nationwide survey was conducted of the relative distribution and life cycles of the two cattle warble fly species hypoderma bovis and h lineatum to complement information derived from examining livestock at markets and hide damage at slaughter. warble fly larvae were collected from cattle at abattoirs in 59 counties in england, wales and scotland from february 1 to june 30, 1979. h bovis was commonest in all areas except the western isles of scotland. there was no evidence of cross-infestation ...	1981	7196111
the salmonella problem with particular reference to meat hygiene.		1981	7268019
use of anthelmintics for cattle in england and wales during 1978.	a study of anthelmintic treatments received by 40,000 cattle during 1978 on a random sample of 240 farms in england and wales showed that most were given against gastrointestinal nematodes for purposes of prophylaxis. analysis of the data indicates that of an estimated pounds 15m spent on anthelmintics and their administration, most was far less effectively employed than it might have been. errors of three kinds were common, some classes of cattle being dosed unnecessarily, animals being dosed a ...	1981	7269170
the age distribution of dizygotic twinning in humans and cattle: etiologic implications.		1981	7301884
bovine tuberculosis in badgers.		1981	7303163
in-vivo estimates for the uptake of caesium-137 by cattle grazing contaminated pasture around the esk and irt estuaries, cumbria, u.k.	sea water contaminated with diluted radioactive effluent from the windscale nuclear complex in cumbria periodically floods low-lying grazing pasture around the estuaries of the rivers esk, irt and mite near ravenglass. during 1979, an experiment was carried out to measure the transfer of caesium-137 from grass to muscle in cows grazing these pastures. grass samples were taken in a vivo external gamma-ray measurements were made on cattle. a very low transfer coefficient was found, less than 9 x 1 ...	1981	7336201
milk-borne campylobacter infection.	the common factor in 13 recent outbreaks of campylobacter jejuni enteritis was the consumption of unpasteurised or incompletely pasteurised milk. c jejuni is a common commensal in the alimentary tract of milking cows, but it is not clear how the milk becomes contaminated with the organism. pasteurisation will readily eliminate the organism from milk. in england and wales 3% of milk retailed is still unpasteurised, and in the light of these findings it is suggested that only pasteurised milk shou ...	1981	6786504
a study of bovine strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from humans in south-east england, 1977-1979.	bovine strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated from 137 of 5021 cases of tuberculosis (2.7%) occurring in south east england during the years 1977 to 1979. these were divisible into 'classical' and 'afro-asian' bovine strains according to their susceptibility to pyrazinamide. classical strains were the predominant type among the europeans and afro-asian types were commoner in immigrants. bovine strains caused a high incidence of extrapulmonary disease in both ethnic groups and there ...	1981	6795777
an historical look at embryo transfer.		1981	7014855
field use of an irradiated blood vaccine to protect cattle against redwater (babesia divergens infection) on a farm in dorset.	a field trial was conducted in dorset to determine whether calves could be protected against babesiosis by the prior inoculation of irradiated blood infected with babesia divergens. the trial involved 99 friesian heifers. forty were inoculated with infected blood from a donor calf after the blood had been irradiated to a dose of 28 kilorads, 31 were immune animals which had grazed on the infected site the previous year and 28 were susceptible animals. after exposure on a hillside where there wa ...	1981	7015679
aspects of the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle. i. the prevalence of infection in two wild animal populations in south-west england.	the prevalence of infections caused by mycobacterium bovis was estimated in two populations of wild animals in the south west of england. a variety of mammalian species was trapped on farm land where incidents of infection with tuberculosis had occurred in cattle. bacteriological analysis of lymph node samples and lesions showed that the only animals acting as a reservoir for m. bovis were badgers. examination of arthropod ectoparasites of infected badgers proved negative for m. bovis and sugges ...	1981	7016985
it came out of the sky.		1981	6913295
campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk.	a large outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk is described. the outbreak had an abrupt onset, and lasted for about 3 weeks; it involved mainly school children in the 2-4 and 5-7 year old age groups. during this period it was established from epidemiological and microbiological data that some 2500 children were infected. the source of the epidemic was almost certainly contaminated milk, although bacteriological proof could not be obtained. biotypi ...	1981	6895230
skin sepsis in meat handlers: observations on the causes of injury with special reference to bone.	outbreaks of wound infection with streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus occurred in a abattoir and a pork-processing factory in autumn 1980. investigations showed that staff handling the meat before de-boning were particularly affected and that bone was the cause of 48% of the wounds which became clinicially infected. of the total isolates of strep. pyogenes and staph. aureus from wounds of known cause 75% were from lesions caused by bone. in one outbreak streptococcal infection was ...	1981	7031129
worm burdens of dairy heifers in england and wales.	the size and composition of abomasal worm burdens from 143 casualty and cull dairy heifers were estimated. over 60 per cent had totals of less than 10,000, only four exceeded 100,000 and the overall mean was 16,285. ostertagia ostertagi was almost always present and usually formed the major proportion of the total. trichostrongylus axei was recorded in 83 heifers and was the most common species on 17 occasions. the numbers of arrested early fourth stage worms were highest in winter and declined ...	1981	7197843
[results of mastitis control programmes in dairy cows (author's transl)].		1981	7018010
effect of the drought of 1976 on the health of cattle, sheep and other farm livestock in england and wales.		1982	7147665
campylobacter jejuni/coli in abattoirs and butchers shops.		1982	7185998
mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle, badgers and other mammals in an area of dorset.		1982	7043887
use of prediction models to forecast and analyse airborne spread during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in brittany, jersey and the isle of wight in 1981.	between march 4 and 26, 1981 the french veterinary authorities reported a series of 14 outbreaks of disease due to type o foot-and-mouth (fmd) virus, 13 in brittany and one in normandy. the united kingdom reported fmd type o in jersey on march 19 and in the isle of wight on march 22. the field and laboratory investigations on the farm in the isle of wight are outlined. the way in which short and long range numerical models were used to forecast the airborne spread of fmd from brittany to the uk ...	1982	7064324
incidence of clinical and subclinical hypomagnesaemia in dairy cows in england and wales.		1982	7101698
bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of dorset. i. tuberculosis in cattle.	a major outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in cattle on a farm in dorset between 1970 and 1976. six hundred and twenty-six cattle were slaughtered either because they reacted to the tuberculin test or had been exposed to infection. no source of infection was found until 1974 when badgers infected with mycobacterium bovis were first discovered. an analysis of the tuberculin test records of this herd and the six surrounding herds indicated that tuberculosis had been a sporadic problem since the ear ...	1982	6752270
bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of dorset. ii. the badger population, its ecology and tuberculosis status.	following a major outbreak of tuberculosis in cattle on a farm in dorset, badgers were discovered to be infected with mycobacterium bovis. two hundred and forty sets were found in the 1200 hectares of the study area. the sets were found predominantly in areas of portland sand. a high prevalence of tuberculosis was found in the badger population which was removed and repopulation prevented for 3 years. the removal of the infected badgers led to the resolution of the problem in cattle. re-coloniza ...	1982	6752271
communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales 1951-80.	in england and wales between 1951 and 1980 233 reported outbreaks of communicable disease attributed to milk or dairy products affected nearly 10 000 people, of whom four died. tuberculosis and brucellosis have been controlled, but milk-borne outbreaks of salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis due to raw or defectively pasteurised milk are common and may be increasing in number. universal heat treatment of milk is an effective preventive measure, and it is regrettable that the continued sale ...	1982	6805699
bacteriological survey of tuberculous lymphadenitis in south-east england: 1973-80.	during the eight years 1973-80 the public health laboratory service regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology received cultures of mycobacteria from 2339 patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. of these, 2272 were m tuberculosis (2207 human and 65 bovine strains) and 67 were other mycobacterial species, usually m avium and its intracellulare variant. disease due to the human strains of m tuberculosis occurred most often in young women of asian ethnic origin. many bovine strains isolated fro ...	1982	6815295
the use of genetic relationships among cattle breeds in the formulation of rational breeding policies: a re-examination of the example of the south devon and the gelbvieh.	it has been claimed that the origin of the south devon breed of cattle is 'unknown' and that biochemical polymorphisms '. . . indicate that gelbvieh and south devon had a common ancestry on the continent and are distinct from other british breeds such as hereford, angus and jersey' (kidd et al., 1974). in fact, historical records indicate that the south devon evolved largely from native devon cattle and is a close relative of other english lowland breeds such as the north devon and hereford. inf ...	1982	6185019
observations on the epidemiology of dictyocaulus viviparus in north west england.	a five year ley pasture was used as a source of natural infection with dictyocaulus viviparus for cattle in anthelmintic trials. pasture larval counts, faecal larval counts of permanently grazing calves and lungworm burdens harboured by tracer calves were monitored in three grazing seasons to assess the pattern of infection. carrier calves were introduced at the beginning of the grazing season in the first two years of the study but not in the third. in the fourth year the pasture was subdivided ...	1982	6210944
effect of anthelmintic treatment on the milk yield of dairy cows in england, scotland and wales.	one hundred and twenty dairy herds collaborated in a trial to determine the effect on milk yield of anthelmintic treatment given at calving. cows and heifers were divided into five groups. three were each given a different anthelmintic: thiabendazole, fenbendazole or levamisole. one group was given a placebo and the fifth was untreated. analysis of data from 9000 lactations showed a treatment effect just significant at the 5 per cent level, of 42 kg milk, 1.8 kg fat and 1.4 kg protein. there was ...	1982	7164331
pregnancy diagnosis in dairy herds in england and wales.	a survey of 1692 dairy farmers in england and wales in 1979 revealed that 14.2 per cent had veterinary pregnancy diagnoses carried out on more than half their cows, 43.8 per cent on less than half and 42.0 per cent had none. the results showed a considerable increase in the use of pregnancy diagnosis since a survey in 1969. farmers with larger herds tended to make more use of pregnancy diagnosis and there were also some regional differences. in 64.6 per cent of herds pregnancy diagnosis was carr ...	1982	7186699
incidence of bovine copper deficiency in england and the welsh borders.		1982	7135773
some haematological data for fallow deer (dama dama) in england.	the concentrations of haemoglobin, erythrocytes and leucocytes and the packed cell volume, plasma viscosity and some red cell indices were measured in the blood of 42 fallow deer and analysed with respect to age, season and sex. the mean haemoglobin concentration was greater in females than in males. in all the deer the number of leucocytes was considerably smaller than in the usual domestic mammals, namely, cats, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep. plasma viscosity was statistically gr ...	1982	7146629
long distance transport of foot-and-mouth disease virus over the sea.	the conditions required for the transport of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in the atmosphere over long distances and in sufficient concentrations to cause infection in exposed animals are described. using these factors a series of 23 outbreaks of fmd in europe, where the original outbreaks were separated from later outbreaks by sea passage, have been investigated. the findings obtained support the hypothesis that under certain conditions the airborne transmission of fmd over a long sea pass ...	1982	6278697
prevalence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in calves in scotland and northern england.	eighty-eight of 1529 (5.7 per cent) escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoeic and clinically normal calves in scotland and northern england were found to possess the k99 pilus antigen (k99+). there was complete correlation between possession of k99 antigen, heat stable enterotoxin production and ability to dilate intestinal loops. the diagnosis of calf enterotoxigenic e coli infections may therefore be based on the detection of k99 antigen alone. enterotoxigenic e coli was isolated from 23 of 30 ...	1983	6356571
some early and surprising blood group findings.		1983	6338658
the incidence and level of contamination of british fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas.	a five-tube most probable number (mpn) method, with the pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of british fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. all samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. there was an incidence of 65% contamination of pork (n = 20) and 55% (n = 20) in pork and beef sausages. the incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95% for mechan ...	1983	6339611
the excretion of salmonella typhimurium in the faeces of calves fed milk substitute.	a total of 495 calves in 16 batches were examined (117 calves in 4 batches in 1979 and 378 in 12 batches in 1982). they were purchased in markets, transported by road to a farm in somerset and reared on a milk substitute diet for a period of up to five weeks. salmonella typhimurium phage type dt 193 was endemic in 1979 and phage type dt 204c in 1982. the mortality rates in the two years were 9.4% and 1.9% respectively. the causes of death were not investigated although the majority were probably ...	1983	6350444
outbreak of listeria meningoencephalitis in young lambs.	an outbreak of listeriosis occurred in five-week-old lambs in a flock of 200 dorset ewes and 240 lambs in-wintered. nine lambs were lost within a period of 10 days. no cases of stillbirth or abortion or cerebral listeriosis occurred in the ewes. silage had been fed on this farm to both cattle and sheep for 10 years without any previous problems. a description of the outbreak and the findings are reported.	1983	6415890
indirect haemagglutination test for the detection and assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.	an indirect haemagglutination (iha) test was used for the rapid assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. antigens for the sensitisation of formalised tanned erythrocytes were prepared by treatment of virus infected cells with non-ionic detergent. a close serological relationship was shown by the iha test between the strain of bovine respiratory syncytial virus used and the a2 strain of human respiratory syncytial virus. the iha test was sensitive and reproducible. a linear correl ...	1983	6636489
incidence of lameness in dairy cows.	a survey of the number of treatments for lameness in 21,000 dairy cows from 185 herds in the university of edinburgh/dalgety spillers dairy herd health and productivity service in england and wales showed an average incidence of cases of 25 per cent. veterinary surgeons treated 6.3 per cent and farmers 18.7 per cent and 1.4 per cent of cows were culled because of lameness. monthly and regional variations were recorded. an assessment of the economic effects suggested that the average annual cost ...	1983	6612969
the herring gull larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of salmonella montevideo to sheep and cattle.	this paper presents evidence for the involvement of herring gulls (larus argentatus) as vectors in the recent outbreaks of salmonella montevideo in sheep and cattle in scotland and suggests that the transfer can take place over considerable distances. the breeding area in scotland of herring gulls which overwinter in n.e. england is remarkably similar to the geographical distribution of the outbreaks. this pattern, together with the feeding behaviour of herring gulls on farmland, the presence of ...	1983	6663059
incidence of hypocupraemia in cattle in the east midlands.	serum copper values were determined on composite samples from cattle herds in the midland counties of derbyshire, leicestershire and nottinghamshire. sampling took place over a period of 17 months and the results indicate that hypocupraemia existed in many herds. the lowest values were found in heifer group samples and the lowest of these was found in derbyshire. the geographical and management factors which may affect the copper status of herds in this area are discussed.	1983	6829140
epidemiological features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in great britain.	particular epidemiological features of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds in great britain during the period 1972-8 were examined. during these seven years 1099 herds became infected, the mean annual incidence of herd infection being of the order of one infected herd per 1000 cattle herds. infection in herds was predominantly a sporadic occurrence; 938 (85.4%) herds experienced only one incidence of infection which persisted for less than 12 months. the concentration of infected herds ...	1983	6833744
alopecia in calves associated with milk substitute feeding.	outbreaks of alopecia with unusually high morbidity occurred among calves reared on milk substitutes on two unrelated farms in suffolk. on one farm alopecia occurred for three consecutive years; during the winter of 1981-82 there were also clinical signs of muscular dystrophy among the same calves. on the second farm calves with alopecia also showed signs of muscular dystrophy. the apparent relationship between alopecia and milk substitute feeding is discussed together with the possible involvem ...	1983	6868307
incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in a mastitis control scheme.		1983	6868309
soil ingestion--a major pathway of heavy metals into livestock grazing contaminated land.	an estimated 4000 km2 of agricultural land in england and wales has been contaminated in varying degrees by past mining and smelting activities. contaminants include one or more of the metals cu, pb, zn, cd and as. studies conducted in southwest and central england conclude that only a small proportion of these metals are taken up into the leaf material of pasture plants and that plant uptake would not seem to constitute a major pathway to grazing animals. using the titanium content of faeces as ...	1983	6879152
salmonella saint-paul infection in two dairy herds.	an outbreak of salmonellosis due to salmonella saint-paul in two dairy herds was first detected during routine examination of calves soon after calving; infection reached 100% amongst calves and up to 60% amongst milking cows. excretion by cows continued for over 12 months and by calves for up to 18 months. the most important factor in controlling the spread of infection was reduction of environmental contamination by removal of carriers, prompt antibiotic treatment of sick calves and reduction ...	1983	6644010
salmonella saint-paul infection in calves.	a natural outbreak of salmonella saint-paul infection in two institute herds was monitored clinically, bacteriologically and immunologically. this paper describes the findings in calves. morbidity and mortality became apparent 30 days after s. saint-paul was first isolated on routine sampling of neonatal calf faeces. all heifer calves were treated with a tetracycline or ampicillin preparation when they showed clinical signs of disease, while the effects of intradermal vaccination with heat-kille ...	1983	6644011
milk-borne campylobacter enteritis in a rural area.	during november and december 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness. one month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. a case-control study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm. no new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a pasteurization ...	1983	6644009
cows milk intolerance in isle of wight infants.		1983	6626445
the use of the morantel sustained release bolus in second-season grazing cattle.	the efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus in controlling gastrointestinal helminth infection in second-season grazing cattle was investigated on a total of seven farms in southeast england. on each farm only animals which had grazing experience from the previous summer pasturing season were used. the animals on each farm were allotted into two equal groups and turned out onto divided pastures of equal size. all the cattle in one group received a bolus at turnout while the cattle in th ...	1983	6684360
tremorgenic fungal toxins.		1983	6665980
cattle plague in eighteenth-century england.		1983	11620313
radioactivity in environmental samples taken in the sellafield and ravenglass areas of west cumbria, 1977-1982.	terrestrial foodstuffs and other materials of agricultural importance have been analyzed for fission products and actinides discharged in waste from the sellafield processing works in west cumbria . results obtained between 1977 and 1982 are summarized and it is concluded that the internal radiation exposure of the general public due to consumption of locally produced food in no instance amounts to more than a small fraction of recommended limits. deposition of seaborne sediment is shown to be t ...	1984	6729443
the transfer of strontium-90 and caesium-137 to milk in a dairy herd grazing near a major nuclear installation.	a field investigation of the transfer of artificially produced radionuclides in the pasture--cow--milk pathway has been made at a farm close to the nuclear fuel reprocessing installation at sellafield on the north-west coast of england. this paper reports results from analyses of samples collected during 1981, reports transfers coefficients for 90sr and 137cs from various types of feed to milk, and discusses factors that affect the transfer of these radionuclides. it is shown that during 1981 a ...	1984	6710139
footbaths on dairy farms in england and wales.		1984	6719813
changes in the producer payments scheme for milk.	the volume of milk for manufacture has more than doubled since 1970 and now exceeds that taken by the liquid market. to match producer payments more closely to market realities the mmb will, from april 1984, replace the fat and solids-non-fat compositional quality payment scheme with one based on fat, protein and lactose. in the last 10 years the seasonal trough of production has moved from december to august/september. in an attempt to slow this trend and also provide a disincentive to addition ...	1984	6730239
some population parameters of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in sheep.		1984	6730262
experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle.	three outbreaks of mucosal disease were investigated. careful examination of 47 cattle that were persistently viraemic with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) revealed no clinical disease, no or low levels of bvdv antibody and only non-cytopathic virus in their blood. the four animals with mucosal disease all showed clinical disease and both cytopathic and non-cytopathic virus in their blood. following post mortem examination, there were particularly high levels of cytopathic virus in gut tissu ...	1984	6087539
corynebacterium ulcerans in humans and cattle in north devon.	a case of corynebacterium ulcerans sore throat in a community that drank raw milk from its own farm led to the discovery of another symptomless human infection. eight cows in the herd were found to be infected and the intermittent pattern of excretion was demonstrated in another cow followed through its lactation. further evidence of milk infected by c. ulcerans was found by examining all raw milk samples submitted to the laboratory. two other human cases were diagnosed in devon during the perio ...	1984	6707468
jenner: from folklore to scientific triumph.		1984	6425316
some attributes of twin-bearing british friesian and canadian holstein cows recorded in england and wales.	the production of milk, fat and protein of 37216 mothers of twins was compared with that of 1 691 127 mothers of single calves of black and white breeds of cattle recorded in england and wales. at every parity, the mothers of twins produced more milk, fat and protein than the mothers of single calves. the proportion of twin-bearing cows retained increased with parity, from 0.67% at first calving to approximately 40% at the tenth or eleventh calving. more mothers of twins achieved 305 d of lactat ...	1984	6470273
summer mastitis surveys in england and wales: 1978-1983.		1984	6474775
bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves.	samples of pneumonic lung tissue from 140 calves with subclinical pneumonia and 65 calves with fatal pneumonia were examined bacteriologically. sixty-eight (48 per cent) of the lungs from the subclinical cases and 27 (41 per cent) of the lungs from the fatal cases contained bacteria at more than 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) per gram of tissue. pasteurella haemolytica was associated more with fatal cases than subclinical cases (p less than 0.001). of the seven species of bacteria inoculated e ...	1984	6505400
strategy for marketing preventive medicine.		1984	6541827
the effect of udder infection on the bacterial flora of the bulk milk of ten dairy herds.	the significance of udder infection as a factor increasing the bacterial count of herd bulk milk was measured monthly for one year in ten dairy herds in southern england. staphylococcus aureus or mastitis streptococci were detected in 86% of samples, usually in numbers between 1000 and 10 000 c.f.u./ml of milk. however, in 8 and 2% of samples respectively greater than 20 000 or 100 000 c.f.u. of mastitis pathogens/ml of milk were detected. this occurred most commonly in the herds with a high inc ...	1984	6389466
atypical rotaviruses in pigs and cattle.		1984	6322407
mucosal disease of cattle: a late sequel to fetal infection.	the introduction of a heifer which was persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus into groups of pregnant cattle resulted in abortion, neonatal death, persistent infection and, subsequently, mucosal disease in the surviving progeny. cattle affected with mucosal disease were invariably seronegative at the time of investigation and subsequent cases occurred only in calves previously identified as seronegative and persistently infected. the detection of virus antigen by ...	1984	6328725
infection by leptospires of the pomona serogroup in cattle and pigs in south west england.	leptospires belonging to the pomona serogroup were isolated from calves involved in two outbreaks of acute haemolytic disease which were characterised by jaundice, haemoglobinuria and high death rates. retrospective case studies in which serological evidence of pomona serogroup infection was found are also presented. serovar pomona is the leptospire of the pomona serogroup most commonly incriminated in clinical disease in domestic species, but the organisms isolated in this study were antigenica ...	1984	6495570
a comparison of biotypes and serotypes of campylobacter sp. isolated from patients with enteritis and from animal and environmental sources.	the origin of sporadic campylobacter infections has been investigated by means of a collaborative study. from a total of 1152 cases reported in north west england in 1982, campylobacter strains isolated during one month in each quarter of the year were biotyped and serotyped. for comparison, 875 strains of campylobacter isolated from environmental and animal sources were similarly examined. most strains from human beings were campylobacter jejuni; about half of them were of three serotypes. thos ...	1984	6501895
possible role of leptospires of the pomona serogroup in sporadic bovine abortion in the south west of england.	an investigation of a small outbreak of abortion in mixed-age cows in a dairy herd in somerset produced circumstantial evidence that a leptospire belonging to the pomona serogroup was the causative agent. although the initial epidemic involved more than 30 per cent of the herd, agglutination titres did not persist in the majority of animals and bacteriological monitoring produced no evidence that this leptospire could establish endemic infection in dairy cattle. an isolate recovered from the kid ...	1984	6523702
an outbreak of leptospirosis in cattle and man.		1984	6428630
milkborne brucella abortus infection.		1984	6140415
aspects of the reproductive biology of some cattle-visiting muscidae (diptera) in north-east england.	during studies of flies that visit farm animals in north-east england, samples of muscidae were obtained on a regular basis from grazing animals (mainly cattle) and from manitoba traps. female flies were examined to determine their wing length, degree of wing damage, whether or not they had mated, whether their crop or gut contained blood, the stage they had reached in ovarian development and the number of eggs present. this information was used to assess the timing of mating, the stage at which ...	1985	4082443