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diversity of management strategies in mesoamerican turkeys: archaeological, isotopic and genetic evidence.the turkey (meleagris gallopavo) represents one of the few domestic animals of the new world. while current research points to distinct domestication centres in the southwest usa and mesoamerica, several questions regarding the number of progenitor populations, and the timing and intensity of turkey husbandry remain unanswered. this study applied ancient mitochondrial dna and stable isotope (δ13c,δ15n) analysis to 55 archaeological turkey remains from mexico to investigate pre-contact turkey exp ...201829410864
comparative response of the hepatic transcriptomes of domesticated and wild turkey to aflatoxin b₁.the food-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin b₁ (afb₁) poses a significant risk to poultry, which are highly susceptible to its hepatotoxic effects. domesticated turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) are especially sensitive, whereas wild turkeys (m. g. silvestris) are more resistant. afb₁ toxicity entails bioactivation by hepatic cytochrome p450s to the electrophilic exo-afb₁-8,9-epoxide (afbo). domesticated turkeys lack functional hepatic gst-mediated detoxification of afbo, and this is largely responsible for ...201829342849
effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on turkeys.several studies have examined the potential biological effects of electromagnetic fields (emf) on birds; however, little attention has been paid to the extremely low frequency (elf; 0-300 hz; 0-50 μt) radiation found in an urbanized environment. for monitoring the effects of elf emf, we used a turkey (meleagris gallopavo) model, because the nucleated erythrocytes of turkeys contain β-adrenoceptors, and norepinephrine- (ne-) activated β-adrenoceptors have an important role in physiological and be ...201829077912
the premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus is not necessary for photoperiodic timekeeping in female turkeys (meleagris gallopavo).in birds, seasonal reproduction is regulated by day length, with long days in the spring activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive behaviors. the photoreceptors mediating this process remain unknown, but recently, the premammillary nucleus (pmm) of the hypothalamus has been implicated as the site of photoperiodic signaling in turkeys. we performed electrolytic lesions of the pmm to elucidate its role in the photoactivation and maintenance of egg production in female tur ...201829462137
use of computed tomography to determine body composition of heavy strain turkey hens (meleagris gallopavo) from rearing to early laying.genetic selection has improved the growth performance of poultry, but also influenced other metabolic parameters and physiological functions such as reproduction. to counter the negative effects of this enhanced development, modifications of the environment or diet are frequently used. as all animals are not equally sensitive and do not respond in the same way, the evolution of the body composition has got to be better characterized with non-invasive tools to reach a higher flock homogeneity and ...201830085271
waddle and shuffle: gait alterations associated with domestication in turkeys.domestication has altered turkey morphology by artificially selecting for increased muscle mass and breast meat. artificial selection has resulted in birds that weigh up to 3 times more than their wild counterparts, with relatively little change in the length of their bones and limbs. considering these structural changes, it seems probable that domestic turkey locomotor kinematics and kinetics would also be altered. to examine the locomotor dynamics of wild and domestic turkeys, we had both stra ...201829941612
effects of essential oils combination on sporulation of turkey (meleagris gallopavo) eimeria oocysts.avian coccidiosis is the most important parasitic disease in poultry production, which inflicts numerous losses to the industry. the extensive use of anticoccidial drugs leads to parasite resistance and drug residue in poultry products. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of three famous essential oils (eos) and their combination on inactivation of mixed oocysts of eimeria adenoides, eimeria dispersa, eimeria meleagrimitis, and eimeria meleagridis. the eos of thymus vulgari ...201830242802
segmented filamentous bacteria - metabolism meets immunity.segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb) are a group of host-adapted, commensal organisms that attach to the ileal epithelium of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. a genetic relative of the genus clostridium, these morphologically unique bacteria display a replication and differentiation lifecycle initiated by epithelial tissue binding and filamentation. sfb intimately bind to the surface of absorptive intestinal epithelium without inducing an inflammatory response. rather, their presence impacts th ...201830197636
evaluation of cytology for diagnosing avian pox in wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo).avian pox virus is a common cause of proliferative skin disease in wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo); however, other etiologies may produce grossly indistinguishable lesions. common methods for diagnosing avian pox include histopathology, virus isolation, and pcr. while these methods are sufficient in most cases, each has their limitations. cytology is a cost-effective and rapid approach that may be useful when traditional diagnostics are not feasible. the objective of this study was to evalua ...201829620452
elucidation of the hierarchical structure of natural eumelanins.eumelanin is one of the most ubiquitous pigments in living organisms and plays an important role in coloration and uv protection. because eumelanin is highly cross-linked and insoluble in solvents, the chemical structure is still not completely known. in this study, we used atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) to compare intact eumelanosomes (pigment granules mostly made of eumelanin) from four phylogentically distant species: ...201829514988
haemoproteus ( parahaemoproteus) spp. in captive-bred bobwhite quail ( colinus virginianus) in southern utah, usa.a captive-bred bobwhite quail ( colinus virginianus) ranch in southern utah, us experienced high mortality rates in the late summer and fall of 2012. nine juvenile birds were necropsied at the utah veterinary diagnostic laboratory. gross lesions included pale skeletal muscle with multifocal hemorrhages and petechiae in the air sacs and serosal surfaces of most organs. histologically there was moderate to severe, multifocal, degenerative myositis with intramyofiber schizonts and minimal lymphopla ...201829742000
patterns of musculoskeletal growth and dimensional changes associated with selection and developmental plasticity in domestic and wild strain turkeys.domestication is a type of experimental evolution in which humans have artificially selected for specific desired traits. selected strain animals can be utilized to identify correlated responses by comparing them to the wild strain. in particular, domestic turkeys have been selected for increased body mass and high-growth rate, most significantly over the past 60 years. yet it remains unclear how artificial selection has affected the morphology and evolution of the musculoskeletal system as a wh ...201829607020
streptococcosis in commercial and noncommercial avian species in california: 95 cases (2000-2017).streptococcal bacterial species represent common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of animals and humans with a potential for opportunistic infections. streptococcosis has been identified in turkey poults ( meleagris gallopavo), ducklings and goslings (anatidae), broiler chickens, semimature-adult chickens ( gallus gallus domesticus), and young and adult pigeons (columbidae). however, the exact underlying factors that lead to bacterial invasion of the blood stream and tissue colonization have ...201829944398
survey for bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo) in ontario, canada.since being successfully reintroduced into ontario, canada, wild turkey ( meleagris gallopavo) populations have undergone robust growth and range expansion. this, along with increases in land use changes from human population growth and subsequent developments in agriculture and livestock production, has heightened opportunities for interactions between wild turkeys, domestic poultry, and humans. as conspecifics, wild and domestic turkeys are susceptible to infection and disease from many of the ...201829944396
body fat modulated activity of gallus gallus domesticus linnaeus (1758) and meleagris gallopavo linnaeus (1758) in association with antibiotics against bacteria of veterinary interest.in the northeast of brazil, ethnoveterinary studies have shown that the body fat from gallus gallus domesticus and meleagris gallopavo are used for diseases that affect domestic animals. the objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the gallus gallus domesticus (ofgg) and meleagris gallopavo (ofmg) fixed oils in isolation and in association with antibiotics. the ofgg and ofmg from the poultry's body fat were extracted using hex ...201830142465
early and late feathering in turkey and chicken: same gene but different mutations.sex-linked slow (sf) and fast (ff) feathering rates at hatch have been widely used in poultry breeding for autosexing at hatch. in chicken, the sex-linked k (sf) and k+ (ff) alleles are responsible for the feathering rate phenotype. allele k is dominant and a partial duplication of the prolactin receptor gene has been identified as the causal mutation. interestingly, some domesticated turkey lines exhibit similar slow- and fast-feathering phenotypes, but the underlying genetic components and cau ...201829566646
few mitochondrial dna sequences are inserted into the turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nuclear genome: evolutionary analyses and informativity in the domestic lineage.mitochondrial dna (mtdna) insertions have been detected in the nuclear genome of many eukaryotes. these sequences are pseudogenes originated by horizontal transfer of mtdna fragments into the nuclear genome, producing nuclear dna sequences of mitochondrial origin (numt). in this study we determined the frequency and distribution of mtdna-originated pseudogenes in the turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nuclear genome. the turkey reference genome (turkey_2.01) was aligned with the reference linearized m ...201829521475
effect of short- and long-term feed restriction on ghrelin concentrations in turkeys.one-day-old broad-breasted white turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) were reared as recommended by industry standards. in experiment 1, starting at 5 wk of age (woa), birds were placed in individual cages with free access to feed and water. blood samples were taken after 18 h of fasting (fasting) and at 90 ± 5 min after feeding (1.5 h after feeding). in experiment 2, birds were weighed, randomly assigned to 2 treatments, and placed in individual cages. in treatment 1 (n = 10), birds were fed ad libitu ...201829506221
birds, feather-degrading bacteria and preen glands: the antimicrobial activity of preen gland secretions from turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) is amplified by keratinase.the function of uropygial glands (preen glands) has been subject to controversial debates. in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial potential of preen gland secretions of turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) against 18 microbial strains by means of diffusion tests, broth microdilutions, checkerboard assays and time-kill curves. furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that lipids exert direct antimicrobial effects on pathogens. moreover, we checked for mutualistic relationships between the preen glan ...201829901706
mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species in liquid stored and cryopreserved turkey (meleagris gallopavo) spermatozoa.the extensive use of artificial insemination in turkeys has led to the development of in vitro semen storage. however, fertility rates from liquid stored and frozen/thawed turkey semen are still unsatisfactory. the aim of the study was to assess spermatozoa viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (mmp), and reactive oxygen species production (ros) in liquid stored and cryopreserved turkey semen with the use of flow cytometry. moreover, motility and adenosine triphosphate (atp) content in spe ...201829860517
differences in aromatase expression and steroid hormone concentrations in the reproductive tissues of male domestic turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) with white and yellow semen.1. to show hormonal differences between male turkeys with yellow semen syndrome (yss) and white, normal semen (wns), the expression of aromatase, oestrogen receptor α (erα), and oestrogen receptor β (erβ) as well as testosterone and oestradiol concentrations in yss and wns testes, epididymis, and ductus deferens were examined. 2. to measure gene expression levels of aromatase and oestrogen receptors (ers), three complementary techniques (real-time pcr, western blot, and immunohistochemistry) wer ...201829848062
neonicotinoid detection in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in ontario, canada.the use of neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture is now recognized for the health risks it poses to non-target wildlife, with associated honey bee mortality especially concerning. research directed toward the presence and effects of these pesticides on terrestrial vertebrates that consume neonicotinoid-coated seeds, such as wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo silvestris), is lacking. this study used liquid chromatography attached to a tandem mass spectrometer to assess the liver from 40 wild t ...201829704179
effects of subclinical footpad dermatitis and emotional arousal on surface foot temperature recorded with infrared thermography in turkey toms (meleagris gallopavo).footpad dermatitis is a condition that causes lesions on the plantar surface of the footpads in growing turkeys. potential inflammatory processes and pain associated with increasing severity of footpad dermatitis raise animal welfare concerns. this study investigated whether the temperature of the plantar surface of the foot (the footpads and the entire plantar foot including interdigital membranes) assessed with infrared thermography reflects severity of mild footpad dermatitis as assessed with ...201829672771
evolutionary history of mexican domesticated and wild meleagris gallopavo.the distribution of the wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) extends from mexico to southeastern canada and to the eastern and southern regions of the usa. six subspecies have been described based on morphological characteristics and/or geographical variations in wild and domesticated populations. in this paper, based on dna sequence data from the mitochondrial d-loop, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure, genealogical relationships, divergence time and demographic history of m. gall ...201829665772
complete genome sequence of mycoplasma gallopavonis type strain wr1.here, we report the complete genome sequence of mycoplasma gallopavonis type strain wr1 (= atcc 33551 = nctc 10186), which is a common microorganism in eastern wild turkeys and is considered a nonpathogenic commensal in turkeys.201830533837
quantifying corticosterone in feathers: validations for an emerging technique.feather corticosterone measurement is becoming a widespread tool for assessing avian physiology. corticosterone is deposited into feathers during growth and provides integrative and retrospective measures of an individual's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis function. although researchers across disciplines have been measuring feather corticosterone for the past decade, there are still many issues with the extraction and measurement of corticosterone from feathers. in this paper, we provi ...201830323931
expression and secretion of albumin in male turkey (meleagris gallopavo) reproductive tract in relation to yellow semen syndrome1.yellow semen syndrome (yss) is the most widely recognized problem among male turkeys. yellow semen is of low quality and, when used for insemination, results in reduction of fertility and hatchability. elevated level of serum albumin-like protein accession no. xp_003205725 is a characteristic feature of yellow seminal plasma suggesting albumin role in yss pathology. however, knowledge regarding the expression of albumin in the reproductive tract in relation to yss is very limited. the aim of thi ...201930307577
single-step methodology for genomic evaluation in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo).genomic information can contribute significantly to the increase in accuracy of genetic predictions compared to using pedigree relationships alone. the main objective of this study was to compare the prediction ability of pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (pblup) and single-step genomic blup (ssgblup) models. turkey records of feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake, body weight, breast meat yield, and walking ability were provided by hybrid turkeys, kitchener, canada. this data ...201931921294
release of fascial compartment boundaries reduces muscle force output.most limb muscles operate within a compartment defined by fascial layers that enclose a muscle or groups of muscles within a defined space. these compartments are important clinically, because fluid accumulation can cause ischemia and tissue necrosis if untreated. little is known, however, about how fascial enclosures influence healthy muscle function. one previous study showed that removing a fascial covering reduced the force output of a muscle under maximal stimulation. we hypothesized that s ...201930543496
molecular detection of gamma coronaviruses in bird parks of iran.gamma coronaviruses (gcovs) are distributed worldwide, affecting a wide range of bird species, the beluga whale, and bottlenose dolphins. because of the limited proofreading capability in the viral encoded polymerase, they emerge genetically diverse. there has been no molecular surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of gcovs in avian species. the present study was conducted to detect gcovs in tehran birds’ parks, 2015. cloacal swabs (267 samples) from eight different bird speci ...201931939251
de novo assembly of the indian blue peacock (pavo cristatus) genome using oxford nanopore technology and illumina sequencing.the indian peafowl (pavo cristanus) is native to south asia and is the national bird of india. here we present a draft genome sequence of the male blue peacock using illumina and oxford nanopore technology (ont).201931077316
intestinal colonization and acute immune response in commercial turkeys following inoculation with campylobacter jejuni constructs encoding antibiotic-resistance markers.consumption of contaminated poultry products is one of the main sources of human campylobacteriosis, of which campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (c. jejuni) is responsible for approximately 90% of the cases. at slaughter, the ceca of commercial chickens and turkeys are the main anatomical site where c. jejuni asymptomatically colonizes. we have previously colonized commercial turkey poults with different isolates of c. jejuni and evaluated different media to best enumerate campylobacter from int ...201930947981
low pathogenic avian influenza (h7n6) virus causing an outbreak in commercial turkey farms in chile.in late 2016, an h7n6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak occurred in domestic turkeys in central chile. we characterized the genetic and antigenic properties of the outbreak virus and its experimental transmission in chickens. our studies demonstrate that the outbreak virus is a reassortment of genes identified from chilean wild bird viruses between 2013 and 2017 and displays molecular adaptations to poultry and antiviral resistance to adamantanes. further, these wild bird viruses are ...201930924394
detection of fowlpox virus carrying distinct genome segments of reticuloendotheliosis virus.fowlpox virus (fwpv), the type species of the genus avipoxvirus family poxviridae, is a large double-stranded dna virus that causes fowlpox in chickens and turkeys. notably, sequences of the avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) are frequently found integrated into the genome of fwpv. while some fwpv strains carry remnants of the rev long terminal repeats (ltrs), other strains have been shown to contain insertions of nearly the full-length rev provirus in their genome. in the presen ...201930359622
endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the neo-tropics (new world tropics).this review serves to summarize parasites found in domesticated animals which were found in the neo-tropics. indigenous domesticated neo-tropical animals include south american camelids, (lama gunacoa, lama glama, lama pacos, vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (cairina moschata, anas platyrhynchos, dendrocyga autumnalis). these animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (neo-tropics) and over time th ...201930845667
the nasal gland in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo): anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure.this study provides a detailed description of the major morphoanatomic and ultrastructural features of the nasal gland in turkeys. in this avian species, nasal or salt glands are bilateral, pale pink, elongated to spindle-shaped, serous, tubuloalveolar structures, with a mean length ranging from 0.64 ± 0.15 cm in poults of 4 days of age to 2.15 ± 0.17 cm at 22 weeks. instead of having a supraorbital location as commonly seen in waterfowl and other avian species, these glands run underneath the l ...201931865668
tilapia lake virus does not hemagglutinate avian and piscine erythrocytes and nh4cl does not inhibit viral replication in vitro.tilapia lake virus (tilv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna (-ssrna) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family amnoonviridae. although tilv segment-1 shares homology with the influenza c virus pb1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza a, b, and c polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between tilv and orthomyxovirus. in the present study, we wanted to determine whether tilv agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and wh ...201931842425
effect of dietary niacin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematology, and lipoprotein concentrations of young turkeys, meleagris gallopavo.the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematology, serum chemistry, and lipoprotein concentrations of turkey (meleagris gallopavo) poults fed diets supplemented with high or recommended concentrations of niacin were investigated in this study. a total of 120 four-week-old turkey poults were randomly divided into three treatment groups with five replicates of eight birds in each group. the poult diets were supplemented with 0.0, 60, and 180 mg/kg niacin in the three treatments, termed co ...201932055205
timing of vegetation sampling does not influence associations between visual obstruction and turkey nest survival in a montane forest.evaluating relationships between ecological processes that occur concurrently is complicated by the potential for such processes to covary. ground-nesting birds rely on habitat characteristics that provide visual and olfactory concealment from predators; this protection often is provided by vegetation at the nest site. recently, researchers have raised concern that measuring vegetation characteristics at nest fate (success or failure) introduces a bias, as vegetation at successful nests is measu ...201931695888
pinopsin and photoreception in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey during post-hatching development.the avian pineal organ is photosensitive because of the presence of photopigments, of which pinopsin seems to be one of the most important. this organ is subject to far-reaching changes during post-hatching development, but evidence regarding pinopsin presence and direct photoreception during this time is lacking. this study was carried out to demonstrate the following: 1) the structures showing immunoreactivity to pinopsin in the turkey pineal organ, 2) the changes of these structures during de ...201931505374
lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) in the special region of yogyakarta and central java, indonesia.biting lice (phthiraptera: amblycera and ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. this study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the central java province and the special region of yogyakarta, indonesia.201932546926
pharmacokinetics of tylvalosin in broiler turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) after single intravenous and oral administration.pharmacokinetics of tylvalosin (tvn) were determined in eight broiler turkeys following a single intravenous (iv) and peroral (po) administration of 25 mg/kg b.w using a crossover design with a 3 weeks washout period. blood samples were taken between 0.083 and 24 h following tvn administration, plasma was separated and assayed for tvn concentrations by hplc. the non-compartmental analysis was used to analyze plasma concentration-time curves. after iv administration, the pharmacokinetic profile w ...201931681811
differences in prevalence of welfare indicators in male and female turkey flocks (meleagris gallopavo).previous research has shown that the transect walks (tw) method provide a practical and effective approach to welfare assessment in broiler and turkey farms. this method for turkey welfare assessment is reasonable in terms of time demands within minimal costs. furthermore, tw approach resembles the routine checks used by farmers. the overall aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of the tw method as potential practical tool for on-farm welfare assessment in turkeys during the fattening ...201930590610
lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) from manitoba and quebec, canada.this study describes the first recognized clinical case of lymphoproliferative disease virus (lpdv) in canada and extends the range of lpdv in canada through its detection in manitoba and quebec. we assessed the prevalence of lpdv in eastern wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo silvestris) with the use of whole, clotted blood from live birds in manitoba (n = 65) and tissue samples collected postmortem in quebec (n = 4). we tested for lpdv proviral dna through pcr amplification and sequencing of a p ...201931967435
bayesian phylogenetic analysis of avipoxviruses from north american wild birds demonstrates new insights into host specificity and interspecies transmission.avian pox is commonly diagnosed in a variety of north american wild and domestic birds, yet little is known about the evolutionary relationships among the causative poxviruses. this study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relationships among isolates identified in different avian host species to better characterize the host range of specific viral strains and compare the genetic variability within and between viral clades. skin lesions grossly and microscopically consistent with poxvirus infec ...201931967425
incubation recess behaviors influence nest survival of wild turkeys.in ground nesting upland birds, reproductive activities contribute to elevated predation risk, so females presumably use multiple strategies to ensure nest success. identification of drivers reducing predation risk has primarily focused on evaluating vegetative conditions at nest sites, but behavioral decisions manifested through movements during incubation may be additional drivers of nest survival. however, our understanding of how movements during incubation impact nest survival is limited fo ...201931938503
survey of reticuloendotheliosis virus in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) in texas, usa.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is an immunosuppressive and sometimes oncogenic avian retrovirus that establishes lifelong infection in a wide range of avian species. rev-infected wild birds roaming near at-risk captive flocks, such as is the case for the highly endangered attwater's prairie chicken (apc; tympanuchus cupido attwateri), could act as a reservoir for viral transmission. in wild birds, prevalence rates of rev are low and appearance of associated disease is uncommon. during 2016-17 ...201930557122
differential transcriptome responses to aflatoxin b₁ in the cecal tonsil of susceptible and resistant turkeys.the nearly-ubiquitous food and feed-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin b₁ (afb₁) is carcinogenic and mutagenic, posing a food safety threat to humans and animals. one of the most susceptible animal species known and thus a good model for characterizing toxicological pathways, is the domesticated turkey (dt), a condition likely due, at least in part, to deficient hepatic afb₁-detoxifying alpha-class glutathione s-transferases (gstas). conversely, wild turkeys (eastern wild, ew) are relatively resistant to ...201930669283
multicentric round cell neoplasms and their viral associations in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) in the southeastern united states.multiple oncogenic viruses, including lymphoproliferative disease virus (lpdv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), have been detected in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo). the prevalence of infection with these viruses appears to be more common than overt disease; thus, data on the manifestation of associated disease in wild turkeys are scarce. diagnostic records from wild turkeys submitted to the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study from 1980 to 2017 were reviewed to identify cas ...201931345138
changes in the intestinal mucosal proteome of turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) infected with haemorrhagic enteritis virus.haemorrhagic enteritis (he) is a viral disease affecting intestinal integrity and barrier function in turkey (meleagris gallopavo) and resulting in a significant economic loss. sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (swath-ms) was applied to identify crucial proteins involved in he infection. a total of 938 proteins were identified and used to generate a reference library for swath-ms analysis. in total, 523 proteins were reliably quantified, and 64 proteins ...201931307669
machine learning of large-scale spatial distributions of wild turkeys with high-dimensional environmental data.species distribution modeling often involves high-dimensional environmental data. large amounts of data and multicollinearity among covariates impose challenges to statistical models in variable selection for reliable inferences of the effects of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of species. few studies have evaluated and compared the performance of multiple machine learning (ml) models in handling multicollinearity. here, we assessed the effectiveness of removal of correlated co ...201931161010
survey on chlamydiaceae in cloacal swabs from swiss turkeys demonstrates absence of chlamydia psittaci and low occurrence of chlamydia gallinacean.in switzerland, domestic turkey meat is a niche product. turkeys are fattened on mixed family-based farms scattered across the country, with most providing access to an uncovered outdoor pasture for the birds. swiss fattening turkeys may therefore get infected with chlamydiaceae via wild birds or their faeces, potentially shedding these bacteria at a later stage. the aim of the present study was to acquire baseline data about the shedding of chlamydiaceae in clinically unremarkable swiss fatteni ...201931821353
copy number variation mapping and genomic variation of autochthonous and commercial turkey populations.this study aims at investigating genomic diversity of several turkey populations using copy number variants (cnvs). a total of 115 individuals from six italian breeds (colle euganei, bronzato comune italiano, parma e piacenza, brianzolo, nero d'italia, and ermellinato di rovigo), seven narragansett, 38 commercial hybrids, and 30 mexican turkeys, were genotyped with the affymetrix 600k single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) turkey array. the cnv calling was performed with the hidden markov model of ...201931737031
xromm kinematics of ventilation in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo).the avian ribcage is derived relative to other amniotes, and is hypothesised to be constrained in its movements during ventilation. the double-headed ribs form two articulations with the vertebrae, and are thought to rotate about a strict anatomical axis. however, this costovertebral joint constraint has not been demonstrated empirically and was not found in other taxa with double-headed ribs (i.e. crocodilians). here, we used x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (xromm) to quantify rib rot ...201931704902
latitude and daily-weather effects on gobbling activity of wild turkeys in mississippi.weather has been recognized as a density independent factor influencing the abundance, distribution, and behavior of vertebrates. male wild turkeys' (meleagris gallopavo) breeding behavior includes vocalizations and courtship displays to attract females, the phenology of which can vary with latitude. state biologists design spring turkey-hunting season frameworks centered on annual vocalization patterns to maximize hunter engagement. the mississippi department of wildlife, fisheries, and parks h ...201931025106
isolation and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from tissues of wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) in pennsylvania.toxoplasmosis in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) is of epidemiological interest because turkeys feed from the ground, and detection of infection in turkeys indicates contamination by oocysts in the environment. during the 2018 spring hunting season in pennsylvania, fresh (unfixed, not frozen) samples were obtained from 20 harvested wild turkeys and tested for toxoplasma gondii infection. hearts from all wild turkeys and skeletal muscle from 1 were bioassayed for t. gondii by inoculation in ou ...201931059382
altered gene response to aflatoxin b1 in the spleens of susceptible and resistant turkeys.susceptibility and/or resistance to aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a threshold trait governed principally by glutathione s transferase (gst)-mediated detoxification. in poultry, domesticated turkeys are highly sensitive to afb1, most likely due to dysfunction in hepatic gsts. in contrast, wild turkeys are comparatively resistant to aflatoxicosis due to the presence of functional hepatic gstas and other possible physiological and immunological interactions. the underlying genetic basis for the disparate ...201931035349
thermal refuge affects space use and movement of a large-bodied galliform.temperature affects every organism on earth and has been argued to be one of the most critical factors influencing organisms' ecology and evolution. most organisms are susceptible to landscape temperature ranges that exceed their thermal tolerance. as a result, the distribution of landscape features that mitigate thermal extremes can affect movement and space use of organisms. using rio grande wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo intermedia) as a model species, we measured black bulb temperature thr ...201930784486
low-mobility sperm phenotype in the domestic turkey: impact on sperm morphometry and early embryonic death.the sperm mobility assay measures the ability of sperm to swim through a dense layer of accudenz® , and the sperm mobility phenotype has been shown to predict fertility and other sperm performance traits in roosters and turkeys. in this study, we examined turkey sperm morphometry and rates of early embryonic death associated with high- and low-mobility semen. we also assessed whether the hypo-osmotic stress test, which evaluates the structural integrity of the sperm plasma membrane, may be used ...201930650207
roles of direct photoreception and the internal circadian oscillator in the regulation of melatonin secretion in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey: a novel in vitro clock and calendar model.the regulation of melatonin secretion in the avian pineal organ is highly complex and shows prominent interspecies differences. the aim of this study was to determine the roles of direct photoreception and the internal oscillator in the regulation of melatonin secretion in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey. the pineal organs were collected from 12-, 13- and 14-week-old female turkeys reared under a 12 l:12 d cycle with the photophase from 07.00 to 19.00, and were incubated in superfusion c ...201931426535
differential expression of cell-cell junction proteins in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of domestic turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) with white and yellow semen.tight, adherens, and gap junctions are involved in the regulation of reproductive tissue function in male mammals. in birds, including domestic turkeys, intercellular interactions performed by junctional networks have not yet been studied. furthermore, the cellular and molecular basis of yellow semen syndrome (yss) in the turkey population remains poorly understood. thus, the aim of the present study was 2-fold: first, to provide new information on the localization and expression of cell-cell ju ...201931504876
evaluation of humoral immune responses to enterotropic lentogenic vg/ga vaccine of newcastle disease in commercial turkey poults (meleagris gallopavo).villegas-glisson/university of georgia (vg/ga) strain of newcastle disease virus (ndv) is recommended for the initial vaccination of commercially reared turkey poults. however, the vaccine-induced antibody responses have not been studied in this species. the level of systemic humoral immune responses against the ndv was investigated in commercial turkey poults vaccinated with the vg/ga vaccine. one hundred eighty-two hybrid strain of turkey poults (meleagris gallopavo) were divided randomly into ...201931455410
detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus in canada in a survey for viruses in ontario wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo).the successful reintroduction of wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo) to ontario, canada, has led to established populations in southern portions of the province and currently allows for biannual hunting seasons. these populations geographically overlap domestic turkey farms, an important sector of the provincial agri-food industry. potential pathogen transmission between wild turkeys and domestic turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo) is a concern, because they are susceptible to infection with many of ...201930124393
high prevalence of mycoplasma and eimeria species in free-ranging eastern wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in ontario, canada.following extirpation from ontario, canada in the early 1900s, eastern wild turkeys (ewts; meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were successfully reintroduced to the province in 1984. despite the subsequent establishment of robust populations and biannual hunting seasons, data on the circulation of potential pathogens in these birds are lacking. similarly, the interface between ewts and poultry is poorly understood and includes possible bidirectional pathogen transmission via direct or indirect conta ...201929949400
tracing worldwide turkey genetic diversity using d-loop sequence mitochondrial dna analysis.according to recent archeological evidence, turkey (meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) domestication may have occurred in mexico around 2000 years ago. however, little is known about the phylogenetic and genealogical background underlying domestic turkey populations. this study aimed to further understand the domestication process and identify inter- or intraspecific connections between turkey populations to determine their origins, trace their global expansion, and define the species' genetic value ...201931683884
genetic parameters for clutch and broodiness traits in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and their relationship with body weight and egg production.the objective of this study was to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for clutch and broodiness (br) traits in turkeys and their relationship with body weight and egg production. data on dam line hens was available and included: body weight at 18 wk of age (bw18), body weight at lighting (bwl, 29 to 33 wk), age at first egg (afe), egg number (en), rate of lay (rl), clutch length (cl), maximum clutch length (mcl), pause length (pl), maximum pl (mpl) and br. br was defined as the average n ...201931407014
intraspecific variation and symmetry of the inner-ear labyrinth in a population of wild turkeys: implications for paleontological reconstructions.the cochlea and semicircular canals (sccs) of the inner ear are vital neurosensory devices. there are associations between the anatomy of these sensorineural structures, their function, and the function of related biological systems, for example, hearing ability, gaze stabilization, locomotor agility, and posture. the endosseous labyrinth is frequently used as a proxy to infer the performance of the hearing and vestibular systems, locomotor abilities, and ecology of extinct species. such fossil ...201931372322
spatial-temporal dynamics of hunter effort for wild turkeys in michigan.wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo; hereafter turkeys) are an important game animal whose popularity among hunters has increased in recent decades. yet, the number of hunters pursuing turkeys appears to be in flux, patterns of hunter abundance have primarily been described at broad spatial scales, and the ability of management to impact hunter numbers in the post-restoration era of management through opportunity for quality hunting is unclear. we used county-scale estimates of turkey hunter numbe ...202032236108
outbreak of avian mycobacteriosis in a commercial turkey breeder flock.avian mycobacteriosis (am) is a chronic and contagious disease of pet birds, captive exotic, wild and domestic fowl, and mammals. mycobacterium avium subsp. avium is the most common cause of am in poultry. for the first time, we report a chronic outbreak of am in an iranian breeder flock of 250 45-week-old turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) with a morbidity and mortality rate of 91.6% and 80%, respectively. a well-defined clinical feature of the outbreak included a progressive weight loss, decreased ...202032148082
differential expression of cell-cell junction proteins in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of domestic turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) with white and yellow semen.tight, adherens, and gap junctions are involved in the regulation of reproductive tissue function in male mammals. in birds, including domestic turkeys, intercellular interactions performed by junctional networks have not yet been studied. furthermore, the cellular and molecular basis of yellow semen syndrome (yss) in the turkey population remains poorly understood. thus, the aim of the present study was 2-fold: first, to provide new information on the localization and expression of cell-cell ju ...202032416842
diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin concentration in the domestic turkey and its regulation by light and endogenous oscillators.the aim of this study was to characterize the diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin (mlt) concentration and its regulation by light and endogenous oscillators in 10-week-old domestic turkeys. three experiments were performed to examine (i) the course of daily changes in plasma mlt concentration in turkeys kept under a 12 h light: 12 h dark (12l:12d) cycle; (ii) the influence of night-time light exposure lasting 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 h on the plasma mlt level; and (iii) the occurrence of circadian fluctua ...202032294963
electrical stunning parameters: impact on the quality of turkey meat (meleagris gallopavo).pre-slaughter conditions can interfere with the quality of meat. proper stunning systems can minimize the occurrence of meat anomalies. the goal of this study was to assess the effects of electrical stunning parameters on the quality of turkey meat. nine assays were conducted, with varying frequency, current, and voltage. the variables assessed in the assays were incidence of bruising, bleeding, blood splash and contusions, ph, color, water holding capacity, and shear force. a high incidence of ...202032549611
finding an effective freezing protocol for turkey semen: benefits of ficoll as non-permeant cryoprotectant and 1:4 as dilution rate.the present study aimed to find an effective cryopreservation protocol for turkey semen through the combined use of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) and three non-permeant cryoprotectants (np-cpas), sucrose, trehalose, and ficoll 70. in addition, the action of two dilution rates (1:2 and 1:4) were also investigated. semen was processed according to two final dilution rates and the following treatments: tselutin extender (te)/dmso (control), te/dmso + sucrose or trehalose 50, 100, 200, or 400 mm, and te/ ...202032138164
are turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) motivated to avoid excreta-soiled substrate?the soiling of bedding on modern turkey farms combined with turkeys' reduced ability and opportunity to perch and roost at elevation, forces them to spend most, if not all, of their time in contact with their excreta. to determine turkeys' perspective on these conditions and the value they place on unsoiled bedding vs. soiled litter (collectively, substrates), we used twenty-four eleven-week-old turkey hens divided into six two-compartment pens. in the "home" compartment (h), we placed soiled wo ...202033147707
behavioral strategies during incubation influence nest and female survival of wild turkeys.females must balance physiological and behavioral demands of producing offspring with associated expenditures, such as resource acquisition and predator avoidance. nest success is an important parameter underlying avian population dynamics. galliforms are particularly susceptible to low nest success due to exposure of ground nests to multiple predator guilds, lengthy incubation periods, and substantive reliance on crypsis for survival. hence, it is plausible that nesting individuals prioritize p ...202033144998
linseed oil supplementation affects fatty acid desaturase 2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo).effects of linseed oil (lo) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.202032810939
hybrid versus autochthonous turkey populations: homozygous genomic regions occurrences due to artificial and natural selection.the mexican turkey population is considered to be the descendant of the original domesticated wild turkey and it is distinct from hybrid strains obtained by the intense artificial selection activity that has occurred during the last 40 years. in this study 30 mexican turkeys were genomically compared to 38 commercial hybrids using 327,342 snp markers in order to elucidate the differences in genome variability resulting from different types of selection, i.e., only adaptive for mexican turkey, an ...202032751760
housing and management of turkey flocks in canada.an increased understanding of the turkey sector and how farmers manage flocks can help maintain and improve the health and welfare of turkeys. we conducted a cross-sectional survey among turkey farmers in canada to gain information regarding general farm characteristics, housing aspects (incl. lighting, ventilation), litter management, feed and water management, flock characteristics, and flock health management. the survey was distributed to 500 farmers through the turkey farmers of canada in a ...202032650501
virus-induced immunosuppression in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo): a review.immunosuppression is characterized by a dysfunction of humoral and/or cellular immune response leading to increase of susceptibility to secondary infections, increase of mortality and morbidity, poor productivity, and welfare and vaccination failures. humoral immune response depression is due to perturbation of soluble factors, as complement and chemokines in innate immunity and antibodies or cytokines in adaptive immunity. at the cellular immune response, immunosuppression is the consequence of ...202032042658
transcriptome analysis of turkey (meleagris gallopavo) reproductive tract revealed key pathways regulating spermatogenesis and post-testicular sperm maturation.the application of transcriptomics to the study of the reproductive tract in male turkeys can significantly increase our current knowledge regarding the specifics of bird reproduction. to characterize the complex transcriptomic changes that occur in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens, deep sequencing of male turkey rna samples (n = 6) was performed, using illumina rna-seq. the obtained sequence reads were mapped to the turkey genome, and relative expression values were calculated to ana ...202033142529
research note: quantifying corticosterone in turkey (meleagris gallopavo) feathers using elisa.the measurement of corticosterone in feathers is an appealing tool for assessing glucocorticoids in wild and domestic bird species. feather corticosterone measurements can be performed noninvasively and can provide a means for comparing glucocorticoid secretion between individual birds; thus, such measurements can be used to assess the welfare of domestic poultry. the focus of this study was to assess the validity of detecting corticosterone in turkey (meleagris gallopavo) feathers using an elis ...202033142441
descriptions of three congeneric species of chewing lice of the oxylipeurus-complex (insecta: phthiraptera: philopteridae) from the turkey, meleagris gallopavo, including a new genus and a new species.the lice of the oxylipeurus-complex parasitising the turkey, meleagris gallopavo, belong to a previously undescribed genus. in this paper, we describe this genus as valimia new genus, redescribe two of its species: lipeurus polytrapezius burmeister, 1838 and oxylipeurus corpulentus clay, 1938, and describe the new species valimia necopinata, discovered during our examination of samples of the two known species. this occurrence represents the first record of three congeneric species of chewing li ...202033056645
factors influencing productivity of eastern wild turkeys in northeastern south dakota.population growth is highly sensitive to changes in reproductive rates for many avian species. understanding how reproductive rates are related to environmental conditions can give managers insight into factors contributing to population change. harvest trends of eastern wild turkey in northeastern south dakota suggest a decline in abundance. we investigated factors influencing reproductive success of this important game bird to identify potential factors contributing to the decline. we monitore ...202032884661
associations between on-farm welfare measures and slaughterhouse data in commercial flocks of turkey hens (meleagris gallopavo).there is a growing demand for documentation of animal welfare in meat production industry. research on turkey welfare has mainly focused on toms at the end of production cycle, and information on the relationship between on-farm welfare and slaughterhouse recordings for turkey hens is currently lacking. the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between routinely collected slaughterhouse data from turkey hens and their on-farm welfare measured by transect walks, to identify potent ...202032867955
methane emissions of geese (anser anser) and turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) fed pelleted lucerne.in contrast to mammalian herbivores, birds are generally perceived to produce little methane (ch4) during digestion, and accounting for poultry in greenhouse gas inventories is considered unnecessary. we measured ch4 emissions in six domestic geese (anser anser, 5.0 ± 0.9 kg) and six domestic turkeys (meleagris gallopavo, 6.3 ± 0.6 kg) kept on a diet of lucerne pellets only, using open-circuit chamber respirometry. measurements of oxygen consumption were similar to previously published values in ...202031923627
emerging diseases of avian wildlife.climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ...202032327043
wildlife resistance and protection in a changing new england landscape.rapid changes in climate and land use threaten the persistence of wildlife species. understanding where species are likely to occur now and in the future can help identify areas that are resistant to change over time and guide conservation planning. we estimated changes in species distribution patterns and spatial resistance in five future scenarios for the new england region of the northeastern united states. we present scenario-specific distribution change maps for nine harvested wildlife spec ...202032970736
invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys.depredation of wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. invasive wild pigs (sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in north america. we sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. we constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 gps-collared wild pigs to evaluate n ...202032060348
diversity of extracellular matrix morphology in vertebrate skeletal muscle.existing data suggest the extracellular matrix (ecm) of vertebrate skeletal muscle consists of several morphologically distinct layers: an endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium surrounding muscle fibers, fascicles, and whole muscles, respectively. these ecm layers are hypothesized to serve important functional roles within muscle, influencing passive mechanics, providing avenues for force transmission, and influencing dynamic shape changes during contraction. the morphology of the skeletal muscl ...202031840868
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus in muscovy ducks, wild turkeys, and chickens in brazil.reticuloendotheliosis viruses (revs) are known to cause immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease that affects numerous avian species. reticuloendotheliosis viruses are present worldwide and recently have been reported in south america with cases of infected commercial flocks in argentina. we surveyed for the presence of rev in birds from a state in the northern region of brazil using real-time pcr. we report here the presence of rev in brazil, detected in muscovy ducks (cairina moschata), wild tu ...202031917630
isolation and characterization of novel trichomonas gallinae ribotypes infecting domestic and wild birds in riyadh, saudi arabia.trichomonas gallinae, a single-celled protozoan parasite, is a causative agent of the disease trichomonosis, which is distributed worldwide and has recently been highlighted as a pandemic threat to several wild bird species. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypic diversity of t. gallinae in riyadh, saudi arabia. for this purpose, 273 oral swab samples from different bird species (feral pigeon columba livia, common mynah acridotheres tristis, chicken gallus gallus dom ...202032550612
comparison of real-time pcr quantification methods in the identification of poultry species in meat products.poultry meat is consumed worldwide and is prone to food fraud because of large price differences among meat from different poultry species. precise and sensitive analytical methods are necessary to control poultry meat products. we chose species-specific sequences of the cytochrome b gene to develop two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time pcr) systems: one for chicken (gallus gallus), guinea fowl (numida meleagris), and pheasant (phasianus colchicus), and one for quail (cotu ...202032756511
surveillance for heterakis spp. in game birds and cage-free, floor-raised poultry in pennsylvania.histomoniasis is a significant disease of gallinaceous birds caused by histomonas meleagridis. transmission of this parasite is dependent on use of the cecal nematode heterakis gallinarum. to define the host range of this nematode, cecal contents from 399 game birds and poultry, representing eight species, were examined for heterakis spp. the majority of these species (five of eight) were infected with heterakis nematodes. heterakis gallinarum was detected in free-ranging wild turkeys (meleagrid ...202032550622
prevalence of newcastle disease virus in feces of free-range turkeys in enugu, nigeria.newcastle disease (nd) virus of free-range turkeys may be linked to outbreaks of nd in backyard chickens seen during harmattan in enugu state in southeast nigeria. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of nd virus and (ndv) detect ndv in the feces of free-range, domestic turkeys in enugu, nigeria.202032848302
detection of campylobacter jejuni liver dissemination in experimentally colonized turkey poults.consumption of contaminated poultry products, including chicken livers, is the main source of human campylobacteriosis and approximately 90% of human cases are caused by campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (c. jejuni). recent culinary trends that favor undercooked chicken livers may be responsible for outbreaks. turkey is an emerging human protein source, and poultry livers are commonly prepared in popular cuisine such as pâté. the mechanism of how campylobacter disseminates to poultry liver tiss ...202032731990
germ cell dynamics during nest breakdown and formation of the primordial follicle pool in the domestic turkey (meleagris gallopavo).this study determined, for the first time, the different subpopulations of germ cells and stereological changes within the cortex of the functional left ovary during germ cell nest breakdown, and formation of the primordial follicle pool in the domestic turkey. this was accomplished by measuring the size, density, and count of prefollicular germ cells and primordial follicles in turkey poults between 1 and 35 days posthatch (dph). the percent volume (pv) of germ cells and follicles within the co ...202032359612
surveillance for borrelia spp. in upland game birds in pennsylvania, usa.the borrelia genus contains two major clades, the lyme borreliosis group, which includes the causative agents of lyme disease/borreliosis (b. burgdorferi sensu stricto and other related b. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies), and the relapsing fever borreliosis group (b. hermsii, b. turicatae, and b. parkeri). other unclassified reptile- and echidna-associated borrelia spp. (i.e., b. turcica and 'candidatus borrelia tachyglossi', respectively) do not belong in either of these two groups. in nort ...202032629926
the hepatic transcriptome of the turkey poult (meleagris gallopavo) is minimally altered by high inorganic dietary selenium.there is interest in supplementing animals and humans with selenium (se) above se-adequate levels, but the only good biomarker for toxicity is tissue se. we targeted liver because turkeys fed 5 μg se/g have hepatic se concentrations 6-fold above se-adequate (0.4 μg se/g) levels without effects on growth or health. our objectives were (i) to identify transcript biomarkers for high se status, which in turn would (ii) suggest proteins and pathways used by animals to adapt to high se. turkey poults ...202032379770
upregulation of inf-γ, il-6, and il-8 expression during replication of turkey coronavirus in nonepithelial cells obtained from meleagris gallopavo.mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) are considered multipotent progenitors with the capacity to differentiate into mesoderm-like cells in many species. the immunosuppressive properties of mscs are important for downregulating inflammatory responses. turkey coronavirus (tcov) is the etiological agent of a poult mortality syndrome that affects intestinal epithelial cells. in this study, poult mscs were isolated, characterized, and infected with tcov after in vitro culture. the poult-derived mscs show ...202134057608
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