Publications

immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in children with pediatric rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive agents.	children with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy are a high-risk group for influenza virus infection; however, few data are available regarding the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine for those individuals.	2011	20861757
a highly sensitive immuno-pcr assay for detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus.	with an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (aiv), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. the topyield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of h5n1 subtype aiv ranging from 10 eid(50 )ml(-1)~10(-4) eid(50) ml(-1),which was recognized by mouse anti-aiv h5 monoclonal antibody (mab) that was directly linked with reporter dna using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. after extensive was ...	2011	20862550
detection of viruses via statistical gene expression analysis.	we develop a new bayesian construction of the elastic net (enet), with variational bayesian analysis. this modeling framework is motivated by analysis of gene expression data for viruses, with a focus on h3n2 and h1n1 influenza, as well as rhino virus and rsv (respiratory syncytial virus). our objective is to understand the biological pathways responsible for the host response to such viruses, with the ultimate objective of developing a clinical test to distinguish subjects infected by such viru ...	2011	20643599
prevalence of epistasis in the evolution of influenza a surface proteins.	the surface proteins of human influenza a viruses experience positive selection to escape both human immunity and, more recently, antiviral drug treatments. in bacteria and viruses, immune-escape and drug-resistant phenotypes often appear through a combination of several mutations that have epistatic effects on pathogen fitness. however, the extent and structure of epistasis in influenza viral proteins have not been systematically investigated. here, we develop a novel statistical method to dete ...	2011	21390205
simultaneous detection of influenza virus type b and influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 using multiplex real-time rt-pcr.	use of multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza type b virus and influenza a virus subtypes h5n1, h3n2, and h1n1 has been described. the method exhibited a high specificity and sensitivity of approximately 10(1)-10(2) copies per microliter or 10(-3)-10(-2) tcid50/l for each subtype, as well as a high reproducibility with coefficient of variation (cv) ranging from 0.27% to 4.20%. the assays can be performed commendabl ...	2011	21400097
virological surveillance in africa can contribute to early detection of new genetic and antigenic lineages of influenza viruses.	in africa, the burden of influenza is largely unknown since surveillance schemes exist in very few countries. the national institute of hygiene in morocco implemented a sentinel network for influenza surveillance in 1996.	2011	21537068
the role of neutrophils during mild and severe influenza virus infections of mice.	neutrophils have been implicated in both protective and pathological responses following influenza virus infections. we have used mab 1a8 (anti-ly6g) to specifically deplete lyg6(high) neutrophils and induce neutropenia in mice infected with virus strains known to differ in virulence. mice were also treated with mab rb6-8c5 (anti-ly6c/g or anti-gr-1), a mab widely used to investigate the role of neutrophils in mice that has been shown to bind and deplete additional leukocyte subsets. using mab 1 ...	2011	21423798
rapid detection of influenza a virus infection utilizing an immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system.	this study reports a new immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system for the rapid detection of influenza a virus infection by performing a simple two-step diagnostic process that includes a magnetic bead-based fluorescent immunoassay (fia) and an end-point optical analysis. with the incorporation of monoclonal antibody (mab)-conjugated immunomagnetic beads, target influenza a viral particles such as a/h(1)n(1) and a/h(3)n(2) can be specifically recognized and are bound onto the surface of the ...	2011	21466957
genetic composition of contemporary swine influenza viruses in the west central region of the united states of america.	because of continuous circulation in different animal species and humans, influenza viruses have host-specific phenotypic and genetic features. reassortment of the genome segments can significantly change virus phenotype, potentially generating virus with pandemic potential. in 2009, a new pandemic influenza virus emerged.	2011	21477138
lack of transmission of a human influenza virus with avian receptor specificity between ferrets is not due to decreased virus shedding, but rather a lower infectivity in vivo.	influenza virus attaches to host cells by sialic acid (sa). human influenza viruses show preferential affinity for α2,6 linked sa whereas avian influenza viruses bind α2,3 linked sa. mutation of the haemagglutinin receptor binding site of a human h3n2 influenza a virus to switch binding to α2,3 sa did not abrogate infection of ferrets but prevented transmission even in a co-housed model. the mutant virus was shed from the noses of ferrets directly inoculated with virus in the same amounts and fo ...	2011	21508186
neutrophils sustain effective cd8(+) t-cell responses in the respiratory tract following influenza infection.	neutrophils have an important role in early host protection during influenza a virus infection. their ability to modulate the virus-specific adaptive immune response is less clear. here, we have used a mouse model to examine the impact of neutrophils on cd8(+) t-cell responses during influenza virus infection. cd8(+) t-cell priming, expansion, migration, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic capacity were investigated in the virus-infected airways and secondary lymphoid organs. to do this, we utilise ...	2011	21483446
detection of seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus by type-specific taqman minor groove binder probe assay.	despite the emergence of the pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus in 2009, seasonal h3n2 viruses continue to co-circulate in the population and may even predominate in the coming influenza season. we describe a specific minor groove binder taqman assay for h3n2 viruses with a detection limit of 16.5 standard dna copies.	2011	21429691
heterosubtypic protective immunity against influenza a virus induced by fusion peptide of the hemagglutinin in comparison to ectodomain of m2 protein.	several types of influenza vaccines are available, but due to the highly unpredictable variability of influenza virus surface antigens (hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase) current vaccines are not sufficiently effective against broad spectrum of the influenza viruses. an innovative approach to extend the vaccine efficacy is based on the selection of conserved influenza proteins with a potential to induce inter-subtype protection against the influenza a viruses. a promising new candidate for th ...	2011	21434706
[in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ingavirin against strains of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1/09)v].	to study efficacy of ingavirin in vitro and in vivo against strains of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1/09)v and influenza virus a(h5n1) and a(h3n2).	2011	21598625
[hemagglutinin gene of influenza a (h3n2) virus from human samples in the 2009 influenza epidemic in chengdu].	to study the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) virus in the 2009 influenza epidemics in chengdu.	2011	21500568
aerosol inoculation with a sub-lethal influenza virus leads to exacerbated morbidity and pulmonary disease pathogenesis.	a mouse model has been extensively used to investigate disease intervention approaches and correlates of immunity following influenza virus infection. the majority of studies examining cross-reactive and protective immune responses have used intranasal (in) virus inoculation; however, infectious aerosols are a common means of transmitting influenza in the human population. in this study, in and aerosol routes of inoculation were compared and end-points of immunity and disease pathogenesis were e ...	2011	21449723
cross-protection of chicken igy antibodies passively administered in mice against h5n1 and h1n1 viruses.	influenza viruses remain a major threat to global health due to their ability to undergo change through antigenic drift and antigenic shift. we postulated that avian igy antibodies represent a low-cost, effective and well-tolerated approach that can be easily scaled up to produce enormous quantities of protective antibodies. these igy antibodies can be administered passively in humans (orally and intranasally), and can be used to quickly and safely help in the fight against an influenza pandemic ...	2011	21613458
phylogenetic analysis of an off-seasonal influenza virus a (h3n2) in niigata, japan, 2010.	the objective of this study was to characterize the off-seasonal influenza virus a subtype h3n2, which caused an outbreak in an elderly hospital in niigata, japan. virus isolates were subtyped by the hemagglutination-inhibition test and screened for antiviral drug sensitivity by real-time pcr using cycling probe technology the and 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) method. whole genome sequencing was performed in order to determine the phylogeny of the outbreak virus. seven virus isolates wer ...	2011	21617310
the ns1 protein of influenza a virus interacts with heat shock protein hsp90 in human alveolar basal epithelial cells: implication for virus-induced apoptosis.	abstract:	2011	21501532
anti-influenza activity of marchantins, macrocyclic bisbibenzyls contained in liverworts.	the h1n1 influenza a virus of swine-origin caused pandemics throughout the world in 2009 and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus has also caused epidemics in southeast asia in recent years. the threat of influenza a thus remains a serious global health issue and novel drugs that target these viruses are highly desirable. influenza a possesses an endonuclease within its rna polymerase which comprises pa, pb1 and pb2 subunits. to identify potential new anti-influenza compounds in our ...	2011	21625478
evaluation of qiagen resplex ii for the detection of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 and influenza a (h3n2) virus.		2011	21377411
shedding of ann arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in children 6-59 months of age.	a trivalent, ann arbor strain, live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) is approved for use in children 24 months of age and older in a number of countries. the incidence, duration, and other parameters of viral shedding after vaccination with laiv have not been fully described in children ≤5 years of age.	2011	21513761
spinned poisson distribution with health management application.	consider a data collection setup during a spread of an infectious disease. examples include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) or influenza a virus h3n2. the health management in such scenarios quickly removes the infected cases before the data collection is completed. the estimate of the incidence rate or the chance for anyone to be immune requires using a correct probability distribution. the usual poisson distribution is inappropriate because of the impact of removing infected cases on ...	2011	21519931
antigenic and genetic variation in the hemagglutinins of h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses in the shanghai area from 2005 to 2008.	continued rapid evolution of the influenza a virus is responsible for annual epidemics and occasional pandemics in the shanghai area. in the present study, the representative strains of a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated in the shanghai area from 2005 to 2008 were antigenically and genetically characterized. the antigenic cartography method was carried out to visualize the hemagglutination-inhibition data. antigenic differences were detected between circulating a/h1n1 strains isolated ...	2011	21520138
changes in surveillance of acute respiratory infections including influenza in the slovak republic during 1993-2008.	the authors evaluated surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ari), influenza and influenza-like illnesses (ili) in the slovak republic (sr). they analyze morbidity, age-specific morbidity, complications, mortality, number of influenza viruses isolations and vaccination coverage rates in the sr in the years 1993-2008. they focus mainly on the analysis during the epidemic. most epidemics have been caused by influenza virus a subtype h3n2. the age group mostly affected by morbidity during th ...	2011	21526651
potential role of invariant nkt cells in the control of pulmonary inflammation and cd8+ t cell response during acute influenza a virus h3n2 pneumonia.	influenza a virus (iav) infection results in a highly contagious respiratory illness leading to substantial morbidity and occasionally death. in this report, we assessed the in vivo physiological contribution of invariant nkt (inkt) lymphocytes, a subset of lipid-reactive αβ t lymphocytes, on the host response and viral pathogenesis using a virulent, mouse-adapted, iav h3n2 strain. upon infection with a lethal dose of iav, inkt cells become activated in the lungs and bronchoalveolar space to bec ...	2011	21490153
effect of reassortment on the nucleotide and amino acid changes of human a/h3n2 rnp subunits during 1998-2009.	the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex of influenza virus consists of four subunits pb2, pb1, pa, and np, which are essential for replication. while reassortment plays an important role in the evolution and virulence of influenza viruses, limited studies have investigated the effect of reassortment on the evolution of the internal rnp subunits.	2011	21665531
synthesis and antiviral activity of highly water-soluble polycarboxylic derivatives of [70]fullerene.	we report here a facile preparation of highly water-soluble derivatives c(70)[p-c(6)h(4)(ch(2))(n)cooh](8) (n = 2, 3) starting from readily available chlorinated [70]fullerene precursors c(70)cl(8) and c(70)cl(10). the synthesized fullerene derivatives showed pronounced antiviral activity in vitro, particularly against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and influenza a virus (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2).	2011	21666897
evolution of the influenza a virus untranslated regions.	in case of the influenza virus, untranslated regions are considered to possess plural functions. the specific packaging model suggests that each of eight segments contains a unique "packaging signal", situated within the untranslated region and coding regions at the 5' and 3' ends of the genomic rna. in addition to packaging signal, utrs play key roles in polyadenylation and signals for genomic replication. in the present study, we report the evolutionary characteristics of untranslated regions ...	2011	21515407
responses of mouse airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to virulent and avirulent strains of influenza a virus.	influenza a virus (iav) infection is associated with outcomes ranging from subclinical infection to severe pneumonia. in this study, we compared iav strains bjx109 (h3n2), hkx31 (h3n2), and pr8 (h1n1), for their ability to elicit innate immune responses from mouse airway cells in vitro and their virulence in mice. the viruses differed markedly in their ability to induce disease in mice (pr8 > hkx31 > bjx109). in particular, pr8 infection was associated with high levels of virus replication and p ...	2011	21449718
boom and bust cycles in virus growth suggest multiple selective forces in influenza a evolution.	abstract: background: influenza a virus evolution in humans is driven at least in part by mutations allowing the virus to escape antibody neutralization. little is known about the evolution of influenza in birds, a major reservoir of influenza a. methods: neutralizing polyclonal antiserum was raised in chicken against reassortant influenza virus, calx, bearing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of a/california/7/2004 [h3n2]. calx was serially passaged in the presence of anti-calx poly ...	2011	21501520
a nanobeads amplified qcm immunosensor for the detection of avian influenza virus h5n1.	as a potential pandemic threat to human health, there has been an urgent need for rapid detection of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) h5n1 virus. in this study, magnetic nanobeads amplification based quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) immunosensor was developed as a new method and application for ai h5n1 virus detection. polyclonal antibodies against ai h5n1 virus surface antigen ha (hemagglutinin) were immobilized on the gold surface of the qcm crystal through self-assembled monolayer ...	2011	21536419
influenza virus aerosol exposure and analytical system for ferrets.	understanding the transmission ability of newly emerging influenza viruses is central to the development of public health preparedness and prevention strategies. animals are used to model influenza virus infection and transmission, but the routinely used intranasal inoculation of a liquid virus suspension does not reflect natural infection. we report the development of an inoculation method that delivers an influenza virus aerosol inoculum to ferrets and the characterization of size distribution ...	2011	21536880
low immunogenicity of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine among patients receiving docetaxel for a solid tumour: results of a prospective pilot study.	background:patients receiving cytotoxic therapy for solid tumours are at risk of severe influenza. however, few data are available regarding the immunogenical efficacy of influenza vaccine in these patients.methods:in this prospective study, 25 patients with breast (n=13) or prostate (n=12) cancer received a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine along with docetaxel (taxotere) administration. the influenza virus type a and b antibody titres were measured using haemagglutinin inhibition (garten ...	2011	21540859
receptor specificity of the influenza virus hemagglutinin modulates sensitivity to soluble collectins of the innate immune system and virulence in mice.	the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein of influenza virus binds to cell surface sialic acid (sa) to initiate infection. in this study, a mutant of influenza a virus strain bjx109 (h3n2) was plaque-purified from the lungs of virus-infected mice that had been depleted of airway macrophages. sequence analysis identified a single amino acid substitution (s186i) in the vicinity of the receptor-binding site of ha. this substitution was associated with enhanced binding to a(2,3)-gal-linked sa and an incre ...	2011	21419468
[genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza h3n2 virus isolates during 2008-2009 in zhuhai, china].	to understand the ha1 genetic variation characterization of influenza h3n2 virus isolates in zhu-hai during 2008-2009, we selected 20 of h3n2 influenza strains cultured in mdck cell. viral rnas were extracted and amplified by using rt-pcr. the amplified products were purified after identified by gel electrophoresis and then the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons were determined. the results were analyzed by the software clustalx and mega4. 1. when compared with the amino acid sequences of the ...	2011	21528535
comparison of two real-time rt-pcr-based systems for the detection and typing of the pandemic influenza a virus, 2009.	during the 2009 pandemic the virology laboratory of l. spallanzani, rome, italy, adopted a real-time rt-pcr developed by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), atlanta, georgia to diagnose pandemic influenza a/h1n1 (h1n1pdm). a new multiplex real-time rt-pcr distributed by astra diagnostics, coupled with the extraction system developed and commercialized by siemens healthcare diagnostics (referred to as the realstar system), was tested for the ability to detect and type influenza ...	2011	21807027
characterization of a recombinant influenza vaccine candidate using complementary lc-ms methods.	influenza vaccination is recognized as the most effective method for reducing morbidity and mortality due to seasonal influenza. to improve vaccine supply and to increase flexibility in vaccine manufacturing, cell culture-based vaccine production has emerged to overcome limitations of egg-based production. the switch of production system and the need for annual re-evaluation of vaccines for the effectiveness due to frequent viral antigenic changes call for methods for complete characterization o ...	2011	21542793
influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from the edible brown alga ecklonia cava.	influenza a virus infections continue to pose a major threat to humans and several animal species. neuraminidase (na) is one of the most promising targets for the development of drugs against influenza viruses because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. during the course of a search for na inhibitors from edible natural sources, we found that the ethyl acetate layer of ethanol extracts of ecklonia cava showed extremely high na-inhibitory activity (72.1% inhibition at 30 μg/ml). bioacti ...	2011	21585204
rapid estimation of binding activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin to human and avian receptors.	a critical step for avian influenza viruses to infect human hosts and cause epidemics or pandemics is acquisition of the ability of the viral hemagglutinin (ha) to bind to human receptors. however, current global influenza surveillance does not monitor ha binding specificity due to a lack of rapid and reliable assays. here we report a computational method that uses an effective scoring function to quantify ha-receptor binding activities with high accuracy and speed. application of this method re ...	2011	21533248
intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.	abstract: background: influenza virus continues to cause significant hospitalization rates in infants and young children. a 2-dose regime of trivalent inactivated vaccine is required to generate protective levels of hemagglutination inhibiting (hai) antibodies. a vaccine preparation with enhanced immunogenicity is therefore desirable. methods: mice were inoculated intramuscularly (im) with live and inactivated preparations of a/wisconsin/67/2005 (h3n2). serum cytokine levels, hemagglutinin (ha)- ...	2011	21600020
synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxic investigation of 2-phenyl-3-substituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones.	a series of 3(benzylideneamino)-2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3h)-ones was synthesized by reaction of 3-amino-2-phenyl-3h-quinazoline-4-one with various carbonyl compounds.	2011	21796872
critical role of serpinb1 in regulating inflammatory responses in pulmonary influenza infection.	background. excessive inflammatory host response increases morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal respiratory influenza, and highly pathogenic virus strains are characterized by massive infiltration of monocytes and/or macrophages that produce a storm of injurious cytokines. methods. here, we examined the role in respiratory influenza of serpinb1, an endogenous inhibitor of the serine proteases elastase, cathepsin g, and proteinase-3, increasingly recognized as regulators of inflammati ...	2011	21791661
[compare real-time rt-pcr with two culture methods for influenza virus detection].	real-time rt-pcr, cell culture and embryonated eggs culture for influenza detection were compared by analyzing the data of influenza surveillance in shenzhen in second half of 2009.	2011	21789860
the dimer interface of the effector domain of non-structural protein 1 from influenza a virus: an interface with multiple functions.	non-structural protein 1 from influenza a virus, ns1a, is a key multifunctional virulence factor comprised of two domains: an n-terminal double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding domain (rbd) and a c-terminal effector domain (ed). isolated rbd and ed domains of ns1a both exist as homodimers in solution. in spite of recent crystal structures of isolated ed and full-length ns1a proteins from different influenza virus strains, controversy remains over the actual biologically relevant ed dimer interface. ...	2011	21622573
quantifying selection and diversity in viruses by entropy methods, with application to the haemagglutinin of h3n2 influenza.	many viruses evolve rapidly. for example, haemagglutinin (ha) of the h3n2 influenza a virus evolves to escape antibody binding. this evolution of the h3n2 virus means that people who have previously been exposed to an influenza strain may be infected by a newly emerged virus. in this paper, we use shannon entropy and relative entropy to measure the diversity and selection pressure by an antibody in each amino acid site of h3 ha between the 1992-1993 season and the 2009-2010 season. shannon entro ...	2011	21543352
[monoclonal antibodies with high virus-neutralizing activity against pandemic influenza virus a/llv-moscow/01/2009 (h1n1)swl].	the authors have obtained a panel of 7 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against pandemic influenza virus a/iiv-moscow/01/2009 (hin1)swl isolated in russia. one mab is directed to a np protein linear epitope and interacts with all the influenza a viruses under study. six other mabs are directed to h1 hemagglutinin conformation-dependent determinants and detect homologous virus in the hemagglutination-inhibition test, enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence and virus neutralization tests. mabs differen ...	2011	21786621
integrating silicon nanowire field effect transistor, microfluidics and air sampling techniques for real-time monitoring biological aerosols.	numerous threats from biological aerosol exposures, such as those from h1n1 influenza, sars, bird flu, and bioterrorism activities necessitate the development of a real-time bioaerosol sensing system, which however is a long-standing challenge in the field. here, we developed a real-time monitoring system for airborne influenza h3n2 viruses by integrating electronically addressable silicon nanowire (sinw) sensor devices, microfluidics and bioaerosol-to-hydrosol air sampling techniques. when airb ...	2011	21780777
intranasal immunization of ferrets with commercial trivalent influenza vaccines formulated in a nanoemulsion-based adjuvant.	nb-1008 is a surfactant-stabilized soybean oil-in-water nanoemulsion (ne) adjuvant with influenza antigen incorporated into the ne by simple mixing. intranasal administration of the antigen with ne adjuvant efficiently produces both mucosal and serum antibody responses as well as a robust cellular th1 immune response. to demonstrate the adjuvant effect of the w(80)5ec ne, a killed commercial influenza vaccine for intramuscular administration (fluzone® or fluvirin®), were mixed with the w(80)5ec ...	2011	21543588
variation in the analysis of positively selected sites using nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios: an example using influenza virus.	sites in a gene showing the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω) >1 have been frequently identified to be under positive selection. to examine the performance of such analysis, sites of the ω ratio >1 in the ha1 gene of h3n2 subtype human influenza viruses were identified from seven overlapping sequence data sets in this study. our results showed that the sites of the ω ratio >1 were of significant variation among the data sets even though they targeted similar clusters, indicating that the a ...	2011	21629696
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and hajj pilgrims who received predeparture vaccination, egypt.	in egypt, vaccination against pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus was required of pilgrims departing for the 2009 hajj. a survey of 551 pilgrims as they returned to egypt found 542 (98.1% [weighted]) reported receiving the vaccine; 6 (1.0% [weighted]) were infected with influenza virus a (h3n2) but none with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus.	2011	21762583
design and performance of the cdc real-time rt-pcr swine flu panel for detection of 2009 a (h1n1) pandemic influenza virus.	swine influenza viruses (siv), have been shown to sporadically infect humans, and are infrequently identified by influenza division of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) after being received as unsubtypable influenza a virus samples. real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) procedures for detection and characterization of north american lineage (n.am) siv were developed and implemented at cdc for rapid identification of specimens from cases of suspected infections with siv. these procedures ...	2011	21593260
influenza a/h1n1pdm virus in russian asia in 2009-2010.	in total 3566 blood sera samples were collected in the russian far east and central and western siberia in 2009-2010. the presence of antibodies to influenza a/h1n1pdm, seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in the sera was tested in the hemagglutination inhibition test. 29.5% of samples from the far east were positive to pandemic influenza, this value for central and western siberia is 2-fold lower (12.8% and 11%, respectively). fifty-six influenza a/h1n1pdm viruses were isolated during 2009- ...	2011	21600305
swine influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in human, kansas, usa, 2009.	to the editor: triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses (sivs), which contain genes from human, swine, and avian influenza a viruses, have been enzootic among swine herds in the united states since the late 1990s (1). although uncommon, occasional transmission of triple-reassortant sivs from swine to humans has occurred (2-4). before april 2009, only limited, nonsustained human-to-human transmission of sivs had been reported (5-7). although an animal source for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus has y ...	2011	21749798
pa residues in the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza virus enhance avian virus polymerase activity in mammalian cells.	the 2009 pandemic influenza virus (ph1n1) is a swine-origin reassortant containing human, avian, and swine influenza genes. we have previously shown that the polymerase complex of the ph1n1 strain a/california/04/2009 (cal) is highly active in mammalian 293t cells, despite the avian origin of both its pa and pb2. in this study, we analyzed the polymerase residues that are responsible for high ph1n1 polymerase activity in the mammalian host. characterization of polymerase complexes containing var ...	2011	21561908
comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of eight respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays.	many acute respiratory illness surveillance systems collect and test nasopharyngeal (np) and/or oropharyngeal (op) swab specimens, yet there are few studies assessing the relative measures of performance for np versus op specimens.	2011	21738731
update: influenza activity --- united states, 2010--11 season, and composition of the 2011--12 influenza vaccine.	during the 2010--11 influenza season, influenza activity* first began to increase in the southeastern united states, and peaked nationally in early february. compared with the previous pandemic year (2009--10), higher rates of hospitalization were observed for persons aged ≥65 years during the 2010--11 season, whereas lower hospitalization rates were observed in younger populations than during the pandemic year. overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) were ...	2011	21637185
neutralizing antibody but not hemagglutination antibody provides accurate evaluation for protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza virus in vaccinated rabbits.	in order to develop an animal model and an assay method to evaluate protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza vaccination, h5n1 avian influenza vaccine was prepared. new zealand rabbits were assigned to receive two doses of vaccine with different hemagglutinin (ha) dosage. the sera from vaccinated rabbits was evaluated to determine antibody titer and specificity using different tested methods including hemagglutination inhibition assay (hi), neutralizing assay (nt), cross-hi assay, cros ...	2011	21645575
overexpression of +¦-2,6 sialyltransferase stimulates propagation of human influenza viruses in vero cells.	human influenza viruses are major concern as the leading cause of global pandemics. in infecting cells, they preferentially bind to sialyloligosaccharides containing terminal n-acetyl sialic acid linked to galactose by an +¦-2,6-linkage (neuac+¦2,6gal). the amount of neuac+¦2,6gal in vero cells, which are predominantly used for production of influenza vaccines over the past 30 years, may not be as high as that in epithelial cells of human respiratory tract, what leads to the suboptimal virus gro ...	2011	21692563
cross-protective immunity to influenza ph1n1 2009 viruses induced by seasonal a(h3n2) virus is mediated by virus-specific t cells.	influenza a(h1n1) viruses of swine origin were introduced into the human population in 2009 and caused a pandemic. the disease burden in the elderly was relatively low, which was attributed to the presence of cross-reacting serum antibodies raised against seasonal influenza a(h1n1) viruses that circulated before 1957 in this age group. it has been described that also infection with heterosubtypic influenza viruses can induce some degree of protection against infection with a novel strain of infl ...	2011	21653752
induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in human normal respiratory epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, and highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus.	respiratory epithelial cells are one of main targets for infections caused by influenza viruses. recently, the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors (tlrs) in normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, or highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus were studied to understand the pathogenesis and early immune responses. the cells were productively infected with the viruses. among the inflammatory cytokines t ...	2011	21668359
interspecies transmission of the canine influenza h3n2 virus to domestic cats in south korea, 2010.	in the last 4 years, incidences of endemic or epidemic respiratory diseases associated with canine influenza h3n2 virus in asian dogs have been reported in countries such as south korea and china. canine species were considered to be the new natural hosts for this virus. however, at the beginning of 2010, influenza-like respiratory signs, such as dyspnea, were also observed among cats as well as in dogs in an animal shelter located at seoul, south korea. the affected cats showed 100% morbidity a ...	2011	21715595
inhibition of nox2 oxidase activity ameliorates influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation.	influenza a virus pandemics and emerging anti-viral resistance highlight the urgent need for novel generic pharmacological strategies that reduce both viral replication and lung inflammation. we investigated whether the primary enzymatic source of inflammatory cell ros (reactive oxygen species), nox2-containing nadph oxidase, is a novel pharmacological target against the lung inflammation caused by influenza a viruses. male wt (c57bl/6) and nox2(-/y) mice were infected intranasally with low path ...	2011	21304882
differences in sentinel influenza confirmed incidence rates and clinical presentation of influenza virus: 2008-09 seasonal vs 2009-10 pandemic influenza.	the influenza sentinel surveillance network of catalonia (pidirac) allows for the study of circulating influenza virus (iv). the aim of this work was to assess differences between two influenza seasons, the 2008-2009 a(h3n2) season and the 2009-2010 season with predominance of pandemic influenza virus circulation. incidence rate (ir) of confirmed influenza illness were calculated for both periods and age group. clinical presentation features by age group (0-4,5-14,15-64 and > 64 y.o.) were studi ...	2011	21285535
[pandemic influenza virus a (h1n1) in amur region in autumn 2009].	isolation and study of molecular genetic characteristics of pandemic influenza virus a (h1n1) circulated in amur region in autumn 2009 as well as testing of serum samples taken from citizens of this region during november- december 2009 in order to measure levels of antibodies to socially significant serotypes of influenza a virus.	2011	21449076
[development of new nutrient medium for mdck and vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and assessment of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them].	to develop nutrient medium for mdck and vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and to assess of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them.	2011	21449080
influenza neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies are induced in the presence of zanamivir.	seasonal influenza epidemics cause illness and death each year, and the emergence of antigenically novel influenza a viruses are a continual pandemic threat. disease and death can be averted by vaccination. the potency of killed virus vaccines is based on hemagglutinin (ha) content. however, antibodies that inhibit enzyme activity of the neuraminidase (na) also reduce virus replication and protect against disease. monoclonal na-inhibiting (ni) antibodies recognize conformational epitopes, and it ...	2011	21288802
comparison of two h1n2 swine influenza a viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in sweden during 2009 and 2010.	the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. in the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (siv) h1n2 subtypes, isolated in sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. the differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. they included a truncated pb1-f2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full lengt ...	2011	21253862
development and implementation of the quality control panel of rt-pcr and real-time rt-pcr for avian influenza a (h5n1) surveillance network in mainland china.	reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) and real time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) have been indispensable methods for influenza surveillance, especially for determination of avian influenza. the movement of testing beyond reference lab introduced the need of quality control, including the implementation of an evaluation system for validating personal training and sample proficiency testing.	2011	21406119
response to influenza virus vaccination during chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.	patients receiving chemotherapy are at increased risk for influenza virus infection. little is known about the preferred moment of vaccination during chemotherapy.	2011	21303799
the genomic rate of molecular adaptation of the human influenza a virus.	quantifying adaptive evolution at the genomic scale is an essential yet challenging aspect of evolutionary biology. here, we develop a method that extends and generalizes previous approaches to estimate the rate of genomic adaptation in rapidly evolving populations and apply it to a large data set of complete human influenza a virus genome sequences. in accord with previous studies, we observe particularly high rates of adaptive evolution in domain 1 of the viral hemagglutinin (ha1). however, ou ...	2011	21415025
correlation of polymerase replication fidelity with genetic evolution of influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2) viruses.	influenza virus evolves continuously through mutations presumed to result from evolutionary pressure driving viral replication. this study examined the relationship between the genetic evolution and replication fidelity of influenza viruses. analysis of influenza sequences from national centre for biotechnology information (ncbi) database revealed a gradual decrease in the rate of genetic evolution of a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-like variants after the emergence and predominance of the a/h3n2 fujian s ...	2011	21264873
brevetoxin inhalation alters the pulmonary response to influenza a in the male f344 rat.	epidemiological studies demonstrated that the number of emergency-room visits for respiratory indications increases during periods of florida red tides. the purpose of this study was to examine whether or not repeated brevetoxin inhalation, as may occur during a florida red tide, affects pulmonary responses to influenza a. male f344 rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham aerosol/no influenza; (2) sham aerosol/influenza; (3) brevetoxin/no influenza; and (4) brevetoxin/influenza. animals wer ...	2011	21240731
antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza --- recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates previous recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-7]).this report contains information on treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza virus infection and provides a summary of the effectiveness and safety of antiviral tre ...	2011	21248682
prevalence of antibodies against seasonal influenza a and b viruses in children in netherlands.	to gain insight into the age at which children become infected with influenza viruses for the first time, we analyzed the seroprevalence of antibodies against influenza viruses in children 0 to 7 years of age in the netherlands. serum samples were collected during a cross-sectional population-based study in 2006 and 2007 and were tested for the presence of antibodies against influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b viruses representative of viruses present in previous influenza seasons using the hemagglu ...	2011	21209157
vaccination against seasonal influenza a/h3n2 virus reduces the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza a/h5n1 virus infection in ferrets.	infection with seasonal influenza viruses induces a certain extent of protective immunity against potentially pandemic viruses of novel subtypes, also known as heterosubtypic immunity. here we demonstrate that infection with a recent influenza a/h3n2 virus strain induces robust protection in ferrets against infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h5n1 subtype. prior h3n2 virus infection reduced h5n1 virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, as well as clinical sig ...	2011	21228239
preclinical efficacy studies of influenza a haemagglutinin precursor cleavage loop peptides as a potential vaccine.	a universal influenza vaccine that does not require annual reformulation would have clear advantages over the currently approved seasonal vaccine. in this study, we combined the mucosal adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide (agalcer) and peptides designed across the highly conserved influenza precursor haemagglutinin (ha(0)) cleavage loop as a vaccine. peptides designed across the ha(0) of influenza a/h3n2 viruses, delivered to mice via the intranasal route with agalcer as an adjuvant, provided 100? ...	2011	21289160
possible increased pathogenicity of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus upon reassortment.	since emergence of the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in april 2009, three influenza a viruses-seasonal (h3n2), seasonal (h1n1), and pandemic (h1n1) 2009-have circulated in humans. genetic reassortment between these viruses could result in enhanced pathogenicity. we compared 4 reassortant viruses with favorable in vitro replication properties with the wild-type pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus with respect to replication kinetics in vitro and pathogenicity and transmission in ferrets. pandemic (h1n1) 2009 ...	2011	21291589
influenza a virus ns1 gene mutations f103l and m106i increase replication and virulence.	to understand the evolutionary steps required for a virus to become virulent in a new host, a human influenza a virus (iav), a/hong kong/1/68(h3n2) (hk-wt), was adapted to increased virulence in the mouse. among eleven mutations selected in the ns1 gene, two mutations f103l and m106i had been previously detected in the highly virulent human h5n1 isolate, a/hk/156/97, suggesting a role for these mutations in virulence in mice and humans.	2011	21226922
development of two types of rapid diagnostic test kits to detect the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein of the swine-origin pandemic influenza a virus h1n1.	since its emergence in april 2009, pandemic influenza a virus h1n1 (h1n1 pdm), a new type of influenza a virus with a triple-reassortant genome, has spread throughout the world. initial attempts to diagnose the infection in patients using immunochromatography (ic) relied on test kits developed for seasonal influenza a and b viruses, many of which proved significantly less sensitive to h1n1 pdm. here, we prepared monoclonal antibodies that react with h1n1 pdm but not seasonal influenza a (h1n1 an ...	2011	21228147
association between nasal shedding and fever that influenza a (h3n2) induces in dogs.	avian origin canine influenza virus was reported in korea. the dog to dog contact transmission of the avian origin canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 and civ h3n8 was shown by experimental contact transmission. this study was focused on viral excretion and fever in order to elucidate the epidemiological associations which might be helpful to control the disease transmissions in civ outbreak in dogs.	2011	21205327
ostrich produce cross-reactive neutralization antibodies against pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1 following immunization with a seasonal influenza vaccine.	an outbreak of influenza in 2009 was found to be caused by a novel strain of influenza virus designated as pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009. vaccination with recent seasonal influenza vaccines induced little or no cross-reactive antibody response to the pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1 2009 in any age group in human populations. accordingly, most people had low immunity against this pathogen, thus resulting in the worldwide spread of the infection to produce a so-called 'pandemic'. this report pres ...	2011	22977467
infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells by influenza virus: differential susceptibility to infection by porcine and avian viruses.	swine are important hosts for influenza a viruses playing a crucial role in the epidemiology and interspecies transmission of these viruses. respiratory epithelial cells are the primary target cells for influenza viruses.	2011	22174804
temporal dynamics of host molecular responses differentiate symptomatic and asymptomatic influenza a infection.	exposure to influenza viruses is necessary, but not sufficient, for healthy human hosts to develop symptomatic illness. the host response is an important determinant of disease progression. in order to delineate host molecular responses that differentiate symptomatic and asymptomatic influenza a infection, we inoculated 17 healthy adults with live influenza (h3n2/wisconsin) and examined changes in host peripheral blood gene expression at 16 timepoints over 132 hours. here we present distinct tra ...	2011	21901105
discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses.	seasonal epidemics caused by influenza virus are driven by antigenic changes (drift) in viral surface glycoproteins that allow evasion from preexisting humoral immunity. antigenic drift is a feature of not only the hemagglutinin (ha), but also of neuraminidase (na). we have evaluated the antigenic evolution of each protein in h1n1 and h3n2 viruses used in vaccine formulations during the last 15 y by analysis of ha and na inhibition titers and antigenic cartography. as previously shown for ha, ge ...	2011	22143798
rapid identification of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance mutations in seasonal influenza virus a(h1n1), a(h1n1)2009, and a(h3n2) subtypes by melting point analysis.	the high mutation rate of influenza virus, combined with the increasing worldwide use of influenza virus-specific drugs, allows the selection of viruses that are resistant to the currently available antiviral medications. therefore, reliable tests for the rapid detection of drug-resistant influenza virus strains are required. we evaluated the use of a procedure involving real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by melting point analysis (mpa) of hybrids formed between the pcr product a ...	2011	22089329
prevalence of antibodies against seasonal influenza a and b viruses during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons in residents of pittsburgh, pa, usa.	seroprevalence of antibodies against influenza viruses from 1000 people between the ages of 0 to 90 years of age (100 samples for each decade of life) in the pittsburgh, pa, usa was measured. one year removed from the outbreak of novel h1n1 influenza into the human population in the northern hemisphere and following the emergence of a new h3n2 influenza isolate, sera was collected to determine the hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b viruses representati ...	2011	22037352
positive selection for gains of n-linked glycosylation sites in hemagglutinin during evolution of h3n2 human influenza a virus.	the number of n-linked glycosylation sites in the globular head of hemagglutinin (ha) has increased during evolution of h3n2 human influenza a virus. here natural selection operating on the gains of n-linked glycosylation sites was examined by using the single-site analysis and the single-substitution analysis. in the single-site analysis, positive selection was not inferred at the amino acid sites where the substitutions generating n-linked glycosylation sites were observed, but was detected at ...	2011	22362027
[a survey of levels of antibodies against influenza viruses in the population of wuxi city].	to investigate levels of antibodies against type a and type c influenza viruses and those against the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus (before and after the 2009 h1n1 pandemic) among residents in wuxi. to compare levels of antibodies against the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus (one year after the pandemic) in the unvaccinated population with those in the population who received vaccine.	2011	22338222
markers for predicting death as an outcome for mice used in infectious disease research.	our goal in this study was to identify objective criteria that could be used to predict an outcome of death in mice subjected to experimental inoculation with infectious organisms. we conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from 4 independent studies that used several infectious agents (influenza virus strains a/hk/x31[h3n2] and a/puerto rico/8/34[h1n1], streptococcus pneumoniae, and candida albicans) and mouse strains (a/j, dba/2j, c57bl/6j, balb/cbyj). postinoculation periods rang ...	2011	22330575
phylogenetic comparison of influenza virus isolates from three medical centers in tehran with the vaccine strains during 2008-2009.	background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulating influenza isolates during 2008-2009 outbreaks in tehran, compare them with the vaccine strains that ...	2011	23359291
[severe acute respiratory infection in cuban patients during the influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in cuba, 2009].	on april 2009, the mexican health authorities reported increased hospitalization indexes caused by pneumonia with high mortality rates to the pan-american health organization (paho). the national epidemiological surveillance system of mexico noticed that this increase mainly occurred in the 20-40 year old population. a new type of swine influenza a (h1n1) virus was identified by laboratory studies as the etiological agent of the first pandemic of the 21st century. on april 26 2009, the national ...	2011	23437534
immunogenicity and safety of intradermal influenza vaccine in children.	in order to compare the immunogenicity and safety of different doses of trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) administered intradermallly (id) with those evoked by a full dose of intramuscular (im) virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (va-tiv), 112 previously primed healthy children aged ≥ 3 years were randomised to receive 9 μg or 15 μg of each strain of id-tiv, or a full im dose (15 μg of each strain) of va-tiv. the a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 seroconversion and seroprotection rates were ≥ 90% and geometr ...	2011	21855592
anticipating the species jump: surveillance for emerging viral threats.	zoonotic disease surveillance is typically triggered after animal pathogens have already infected humans. are there ways to identify high-risk viruses before they emerge in humans? if so, then how and where can identifications be made and by what methods? these were the fundamental questions driving a workshop to examine the future of predictive surveillance for viruses that might jump from animals to infect humans. virologists, ecologists and computational biologists from academia, federal gove ...	2011	21914152
evaluation of a set of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics as viral sialidase selective inhibitors.	identification of selective influenza viral sialidase inhibitors is highly desirable in order to minimize or avoid the adverse effects due to the possible inhibition of endogenous human sialidases. we recently reported the evaluation of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics as probes for human sialidases. herein, we describe the in vitro activity of the same set of c9 n-acyl neu5ac2en mimetics against sialidases expressed by influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/memphis/1/72 (h3n2), and a/duck/313/78 (h5n3 ...	2011	27525119
virological surveillance and preliminary antigenic characterization of influenza viruses in pigs in five european countries from 2006 to 2008.	this study presents the results of the virological surveillance for swine influenza viruses (sivs) in belgium, uk, italy, france and spain from 2006 to 2008. our major aims were to clarify the occurrence of the three siv subtypes - h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 - at regional levels, to identify novel reassortant viruses and to antigenically compare sivs with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses. lung tissue and/or nasal swabs from outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in pigs were investigated by virus ...	2011	20042068
fatal case of reye's syndrome associated with h3n2 influenza virus infection and salicylate intake in a 12-year-old patient.	we describe a fatal case of reye's syndrome in a 12-year-old male patient during an influenza a (h3n2) infection for which he received salicylates. in the current situation of the novel a/h1n1 virus pandemic, we believe that it is of high importance to emphasize the risks associated with salicylate intake to avoid the reappearance of reye's syndrome.	2011	20167009
direct pathogen detection from swab samples using a new high-throughput sequencing technology.	the detection of emerging infectious diseases has been a continuing concern, especially with the novel influenza a (h1n1) viral pandemic of 2009. in the present study, we validated a 'second-generation' parallel sequencing platform for viral detection in swab samples collected during recent influenza virus infections in beijing. this operation yielded millions of valid reads per sample and resulted in an almost complete spectrum of nucleotide information. importantly, novel a (h1n1) and seasonal ...	2011	20412188
oseltamivir-resistant influenza a and b viruses pre- and postantiviral therapy in children and young adults with cancer.	immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to influenza infection and can have prolonged viral shedding, which is a risk factor for the development of antiviral resistance.	2011	21048522
induction and maintenance of anti-influenza antigen-specific nasal secretory iga levels and serum igg levels after influenza infection in adults.	to determine the induction and changes in anti-influenza virus secretory iga (s-iga) levels in nasal washes and serum igg levels in patients with influenza.	2012	22226319