Publications

preparation of fluorescein-labeled antirabies gamma-globulin at the thai red cross.		1998	9886112
studies on the rabies virus rna polymerase: 2. possible relationships between the two forms of the non-catalytic subunit (p protein).	we investigated the relationship between the two forms of rabies virus p protein, a non-catalytic subunit of rabies virus rna polymerase. the two displayed different electrophoretic mobilities as 37- and 40-kda polypeptides, hence termed as p37 and p40, respectively. double labeling experiments with [3h]leucine and [32p]orthophosphate demonstrated that p40 was much more phosphorylated than p37. treatment of the virion proteins with alkaline phosphatase eliminated only p40, and not 37-kda polypep ...	1998	9886149
[how to prove complete virus inactivation in rabies vaccines. a comparison of an in vivo to an in vitro method]	at present, the complete inactivation of rabies virus in rabies vaccines ad us. vet. is proven by an animal experiment which causes severe suffering, the intracerebral injection of mice. this animal experiment yet is not validated. we have quantified the sensitivity of the mouse test and examined whether the animal experiment may be replaced by the immunofluorescence assay (ift) as an in vitro method. detection limits of both assays were determined depending on the examined product, i.e. prior t ...	1998	11178540
viral encephalitis of public health significance in india: current status.	japanese encephalitis (je) and rabies are 2 viral encephalitis that are of public health importance in india. je is a zoonosis with the primary cycle occurring in arthropods (mosquito vectors) and vertebrate animals (primarily the pig), man being only an incidental 'dead end' host. out-breaks have been seen in most parts of india except the north west. the disease presents with a prodromal stage, an acute encephalitic stage with coma, convulsions and variable deficits and a convalescent stage. d ...	1999	10798039
[isolation of rabies virus in molossus ater in (chiroptera: molossidae)in são paulo state, brazil].	this is a report of rabies infection in insectivorous bat molossus ater in the city districts of araçatuba, penápolis and são josé do rio preto, in são paulo state, brazil. fluorescent antibody test detected the virus in the brain and isolation was obtained by intracerebral inoculation of mice with nervous tissue and organs suspension. there was no contact with humans or other animals.	1999	10689381
postexposure rabies vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.		1999	10825063
["emerging" viral zoonoses in native animals who can be the host in the netherlands].	viral zoonotic diseases can be defined as 'viral diseases transmitted from vertebrate animals to man'. viral zoonoses have been emerging and re-emerging throughout history and can cause serious diseases and disease outbreaks in human populations. this paper deals with emerging viral zoonotic infections that have hosts in native species and can be a hazard for the human population in the netherlands. rabies virus, hantavirus, influenza virus tick-borne encephalitis virus, borna disease virus and ...	1999	9921612
influence of canine brain decomposition on laboratory diagnosis of rabies.	canine brains infected with rabies virus were submitted to decomposition by being left at room temperature of 25 to 29 degrees c for up to 168 h. at 24 h intervals, brain fragments were analyzed by immunofluorescence (if) and by the mouse intracerebral inoculation (mi) test to confirm the diagnosis of rabies and to measure the putrefaction effect on the accuracy of the diagnosis. forty eight h after the beginning of the experiment, the mi test showed signs of impairment with four negative result ...	1999	9927820
studies on the structures and antigenic properties of rabies virus glycoprotein analogues produced in yeast cells.	we investigated two forms (designated as ygi and ygii) of rabies virus glycoprotein (g) analogues produced in the g cdna-transfected yeast cells. molecular weights of ygi and ygii were estimated as 66 and 56 kda, respectively, according to their relative mobility in sds-page. although being produced in large amounts, ygi was present mostly in insoluble forms and hardly extractable with non-ionic detergents. the ygi reacted with polyclonal anti-g antibodies, but did not react with our conformatio ...	1999	9987156
additional reports of failure to respond to treatment after rabies exposure in thailand.		1999	10028088
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues.	seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ...	1999	10029326
rabies mass vaccination campaigns in tunisia: are vaccinated dogs correctly immunized?	among the 301 dogs vaccinated against rabies in a suburban area of tunis, 165 were sero-surveyed for 13 months. one month after vaccination, 65% of the dogs less than 1 year of age and 76-84% of the older dogs had significant antibody titers. one month after annual revaccination, these percentages ranged between 92% and 100%. puppies (less than 3 months old) responded to vaccination with no significant interference by passive maternal immunity. based on these percentages, a 93% rate of protectio ...	1999	10674663
rabies oral vaccination of foxes during the summer with the vrg vaccine bait.	the vaccination of foxes by distributing vaccine baits in the environment was initiated in france in 1986. two campaigns per year were carried out: one in the spring and one in the autumn. after the spring campaigns, only 22-52% of fox cubs consumed vaccine baits compared to 75% of the adults and 70-80% of the adults or fox cubs after autumn campaigns. in order to reduce the period of time during which fox cubs do not have access to baits and are not immunised, a vaccination campaign was organis ...	1999	10596407
vaccination of tunisian dogs with the lyophilised sag2 oral rabies vaccine incorporated into the dbl2 dog bait.	the protective effect of the lyophilised sag2 oral vaccine bait dbl2, already demonstrated on laboratory dogs, needed to be verified on common tunisian dogs. seven tunisian dogs consumed totally or partially one dbl2 bait containing 10(8.3) tcid50 of the highly attenuated rabies vaccine strain, sag2. five of the seven vaccinated animals survived a challenge administered 33 days later with a tunisian canine street rabies virus to which five of the six controls that were not vaccinated and had no ...	1999	10596408
experimental rabies virus infection of p75 neurotrophin receptor-deficient mice.	the low-affinity neurotrophin (nt) receptor, p75(ntr), has complex biologic functions. a recent report provided evidence that the p75(ntr) is a rabies virus receptor in cultured bsr cells. we studied the experimental infection of 6-day-old p75(ntr)-deficient mice with the challenge virus standard strain of fixed rabies virus inoculated intracerebrally. the mice developed a fatal encephalitis. there were morphologic changes of apoptotic cell death involving neurons in widespread areas of the brai ...	1999	10603041
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1998.	during 1998, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,961 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 6.5% from 8,509 cases in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings reported in 1997. more than 92% (7,358 cases) were in wild animals, whereas > 7.5% (603 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93% in wild animals and 7% in domestic species in 1997). decreases were evident in al ...	1999	10613210
rabies in two privately owned domestic rabbits.	two privately owned domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in maryland were found to be infected with the raccoon variant of the rabies virus in 1998. both rabbits had an acute onset of anorexia and paralysis or paresis of the left forelimb; 1 also developed head tremors and a head tilt. one of the rabbits became ill 25 days after being attacked by a raccoon (procyon lotor) and was euthanatized 3 days after onset of illness. the other rabbit, which was housed in an outdoor hutch, died 4 days a ...	1999	10613216
how to succeed as a virus: strategies for dealing with the immune system.	viruses may be viewed as genetic information whose success depends on avoiding elimination from individual hosts, or, if this is not possible, in persisting in the population of their hosts. the immune system represents the crucial defense mechanism responsible for the elimination of viruses from individual hosts and for the establishment of immunity that prevents a recurring infection by the same virus. herd immunity, i.e., immunity of the population against infection resulting from the immunit ...	1999	10614500
molecular epidemiology of enzootic rabies in california.	molecular characterization of rabies virus has been used to trace spillover transmission from reservoir species to non-reservoir animals and humans (molecular epidemiology), and to monitor emergence of specific strains of the virus into new species and geographic areas (molecular surveillance).	1999	10614858
multiple human exposures to a rabid bear cub at a petting zoo and barnwarming--iowa, august 1999.	on august 27, 1999, a black bear cub, approximately 5-6 months old, died after several hours of acute central nervous system symptoms; preliminary test results available on august 28 indicated the bear had rabies. the bear was part of the swenson's wild midwest exotic petting zoo in clermont, iowa (northeastern iowa). at the petting zoo, visitors fed, wrestled, and may have been nipped by the bear. the bear also was taken to an august 14 barnwarming at the tharp barn in holy cross, iowa (eastern ...	1999	10499789
[progress in developing viral polynucleotide (dna) vaccines].	reviews published reports on the progress in development of dna vaccines protecting from viral diseases. emphasizes the advantages of the preparation injection into the epidermis and the possibility of stimulating the immunogenicity of dna vaccines with adjuvants and cytokines. discusses the results of studies on the immunogenicity of dna vaccines from human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis b and c viruses, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza and measles virus ...	1999	10500980
oxytocinergic innervation of autonomic nuclei controlling penile erection in the rat.	in the rat, spinal autonomic neurons controlling penile erection receive descending pathways that modulate their activity. the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes oxytocinergic fibers to the dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cell columns. we used retrograde tracing techniques with pseudorabies virus combined with immunohistochemistry against oxytocin and radioligand binding detection of oxytocinergic receptors to evidence the oxytocinergic innervat ...	1999	10501469
lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign b cell and cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines.	truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus b and t cell epitopes for dna-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. truncated g (gpviii) was composed of the c-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the pasteur rabies virus (pv: genotype 1) g containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the chimeric g (gebl1-pv) was composed of the n-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the europ ...	1999	10501486
pet travel scheme.		1999	10501588
an experimental study on the endurance of immunologic memory of intradermal micro-injection with rabies vaccine and boosting immune effect.	the purpose of the experimental study is to observe the effect of the immune recall responses induced by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with concentrated primary hamster kidney cell vaccine(phkcv) on days 180, 365, 545 and 730 after 0.1 ml nonconcentrated phkcv was inoculated intradermally (i.d.), so as to determine the duration of the immunologic memory induced by i.d. 0.1 ml nonconcentrated phkcv and chieve the goal of protecting the rabies patients with a short incubation. the results indicat ...	1999	10510577
spinal and brain circuits to motoneurons of the bulbospongiosus muscle: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus.	retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left bulbospongiosus muscle (bs) was used to identify the neural circuits underlying its peripheral and central activation. rats were killed at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post-inoculation (p.i.). rabies immunolabelling was combined with immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase and oxytocin. virus uptake was restricted to ipsilateral bs motoneurons (2 days p.i.). the onset of transfer (3 days p.i.) visualized interneurons in t ...	1999	10516590
immunization of dogs with a dna vaccine induces protection against rabies virus.	rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. this zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. however, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. the vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. mass production of plasmids is possible and dna-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing prote ...	1999	10519937
public preferences regarding rabies-prevention policies in the uk.	the current 6-month quarantine system for all cats and dogs entering the uk has kept the uk rabies-free since 1922. however, pressure is mounting for a change to a system of vaccination, microchip identification and serological testing. in response to the increasing controversy surrounding the quarantine system, the uk government recently set up an independent review panel to assess the alternatives. this paper quantifies public preferences for the current policy and three alternative rabies-pre ...	1999	10530425
nucleocapsid formation and/or subsequent conformational change of rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) is a prerequisite step for acquiring the phosphatase-sensitive epitope of monoclonal antibody 5-2-26.	we investigated the antigenic maturation of rabies virus n protein, for which we used some conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and an mab (5-2-26) against a phosphorylation-dependent linear epitope. infected cells were lysed with a deoxycholate-free lysis buffer and separated by ultracentrifugation into the soluble top and the nucleocapsid fractions. none of the study mabs recognized n proteins in the top fraction, whereas nucleocapsid-associated n proteins were recogniz ...	1999	10544112
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from mexico: implications for transmission dynamics and human risk.	twenty-eight samples from humans and domestic and wild animals collected in mexico between 1990 and 1995 were characterized by using anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies and limited sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. the variants of rabies viruses identified in these samples were compared with other isolates from mexico and the rest of the americas to establish epidemiologic links between cases and outbreaks and to increase the understanding of rabies epidemiology in the western he ...	1999	10548293
public health response to a potentially rabid bear cub--iowa, 1999.	on august 27, 1999, a 5-6 month-old black bear cub in a petting zoo in clermont, iowa, died after developing acute central nervous system signs; the initial direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) test results available on august 28 indicated the bear had rabies. on august 29, in response to the positive laboratory report, the iowa department of public health (idph) initiated a campaign to identify and inform persons potentially exposed to the bear's saliva. within 72 hours, idph staff verified contac ...	1999	10553812
basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: expression of major histocompatibility complex class i and class ii mrnas.	expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules on cells of the central nervous system (cns) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute viral encephalitis. we have compared the induction of mhc class i and ii mrna transcripts in mice upon infection with the virulent challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of rabies virus and avirulent rabies virus variant rv194-2. rabies virus antigen was detected with immunoperoxidase staining and 35s-labeled rna probes were used to detec ...	1999	10568885
ecology and evolution of rabies virus in europe.	the evolution of rabies viruses of predominantly european origin was studied by comparing nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, and by typing isolates using rflp. phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence data revealed a number of distinct groups, each associated with a particular geographical area. such a pattern suggests that rabies virus has spread westwards and southwards across europe during this century, but that physical barriers such as the vistula river in p ...	1999	10573146
oral rabies vaccine contact by raccoons and nontarget species in a field trial in florida.	rabies is enzootic in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the eastern united states. oral vaccination of free-ranging raccoons against rabies has the potential to control the disease in a principal reservoir and reduce the risk of rabies exposure among domestic animals and humans. free-ranging animal contact with baits containing a vaccinia virus recombinant vaccine expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene (v-rg) was monitored in pinellas county (florida, usa) from february through may 1997. bait contact ...	1999	10574527
phylogeographic patterns exhibited by ontario rabies virus variants.	a previous study on n gene variation of rabies viruses circulating in ontario red foxes identified four viral variants. this study confirms the geographical localization of these variants and extends the analysis to the less conserved g gene of these viruses. a greater number of regionally localized variants was revealed and their phylogenetic relationships have been examined. ongoing surveillance on recent disease outbreaks revealed that variants do not always persist in specific areas. the dis ...	1999	10579454
therapeutic failures with rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin.		1999	10585844
post-exposure prophylaxis with purified vero cell rabies vaccine during pregnancy--safety and immunogenicity.	this study was conducted with the main objective of determining the safety and immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) during pregnancy. twenty nine pregnant women exposed to rabies were vaccinated with pvrv as per the essen regimen advocated by world health organization. none of the women experienced any adverse side effects to the vaccine. the intrauterine growth and development monitored by ultrasound examination was found to be normal and the outcome of pregnancy was satis ...	1999	10937299
effect of bacillus of calmette-guérin, avridine and propionibacterium acnes as immunomodulators on rabies in mice.	the cellular and humoral immune responses of mice inoculated with rabies virus and treated with the bacillus of calmette-guérin, avridine and propionibacterium acnes were evaluated in this paper. there was a higher percentage of surviving mice in groups submitted to p. acnes treatment. lower levels of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) were found in infected mice. the intra-pad inoculation test (ipi) was not effective to detect cellular immune response, contrary to the results found in mif reaction. t ...	1999	10413958
soluble ectodomain of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed in eukaryotic cells folds in a monomeric conformation that is antigenically distinct from the native state of the complete, membrane-anchored glycoprotein.	rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both virus receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. g can assume three different states: the 'native' state (n) detected at the virus surface, which is responsible for receptor binding, the activated hydrophobic state (a), which interacts with the target membrane as a first step in the fusion process, and the fusion-inactive conformation (i). these three states, which are structurally diff ...	1999	10423132
neuronal vacuolation in raccoons from oregon.	during a 2-year period (1995-1997), vacuoles were detected in neurons of 21/50 (42% prevalence) raccoons (procyon lotor) in oregon. age or sex predisposition was not apparent. twenty of these raccoons were from within a radius of 40 km of corvallis in western oregon. microscopically, the vacuoles were variable in size, were in the perikarya, and were consistently present in pontine nuclei. brain tissues were negative for rabies virus antigen by fluorescent antibody test and for the protease-resi ...	1999	10424643
comparison of visual microscopic and computer-automated fluorescence detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies.	the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favnt) are both diagnostic tests for determining levels of rabies neutralizing antibodies. an automated method for determining fluorescence has been implemented to reduce the work time required for fluorescent visual microscopic observations. the automated method offers several advantages over conventional visual observation, such as the ability to rapidly test many samples. the antibody t ...	1999	10424648
5-hydroxytryptamine2c receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat.	the localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine2c receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat was investigated using selective antibodies raised against the carboxyl-terminal part of the rat receptor. the distribution of immunoperoxidase labelling at the light microscope level revealed numerous labelled neurons in the gray matter, with a higher intensity in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, the dorsal gray commissure and particularly the motoneurons of the ventral horn. confocal microscope ana ...	1999	10426504
b-cell responses to myelin basic protein and its epitopes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by semple rabies vaccine.	semple rabies vaccine is composed of rabies virus-infected sheep or goat brain inactivated with phenol and is administered daily after exposure for 14-21 days. semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sae) has clinico-pathological findings of demyelination similar to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) caused by injection of central nervous system tissue or purified myelin proteins into experimental animals and frequently studied as a model for the human demyelinat ...	1999	10430042
an elisa suitable for the detection of rabies virus antibodies in serum samples from human vaccinated with either cell-culture vaccine or suckling-mouse-brain vaccine.	an indirect elisa for determination of post-vaccination rabies antibody was applied. purified rabies virus was used as antigen to coat plates, and staphylococcal protein a linked with horseradish peroxidase was used for detecting igg antibody in human sera. sera from humans, vaccinated with cell-culture vaccine or suckling-mouse-brain vaccine, were examined. elisa results were compared to those obtained from the virus neutralization test. the mean and standard deviation of od were determined for ...	1999	10436669
association of a cellular 21-kda transmembrane protein (vap21) with enveloped viruses.	we reported previously that the rabies virions contained a 21-kda cellular transmembrane protein (referred to as vap21) as a minor component (sagara, j. et al, microbiol. immunol. 41(12): 947-955, 1997). in this study, we further examined the possible interactions of vap21 with other enveloped viruses, including the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv; negative-stranded rna virus), sindbis virus (positive-stranded rna virus) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1; double-stranded dna virus). an immu ...	1999	10449251
antibody response after a four-site intradermal booster vaccination with cell-culture rabies vaccine.	the current world health organization recommendation for booster vaccination of previously immunized individuals with potential exposure to rabies is two doses of vaccine intramuscularly or intradermally on days 0 and 3. we report responses to two types of postexposure treatment of healthy individuals who had received preexposure rabies vaccination 1 year previously. group a individuals received four intradermal doses (one-fifth of the diluent volume of vaccine per dose) on day 0, and group b in ...	1999	10452642
[analysis of human anti-rabies post exposure treatment in the great area of sao paulo, brazil].	the treatment of human beings with risk of exposure to rabies virus infection still presents some cases of undesirable post treatment reactions. the knowledge resulting from the regular analysis of the epidemiological features associated with these practices would minimize the occurrence of these troubles.	1999	10457003
extraneural organ involvement in human rabies.	human rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis. after the development of the central nervous system infection, there is centrifugal spread of the rabies virus to extraneural (systemic) organs. with histochemical staining and localization of rabies virus antigen (rva) with immunoperoxidase staining, we have examined tissue sections of organs from 14 postmortem pediatric and adult cases of human rabies acquired in mexico and the people's republic of china. rva was found in nerve plexuses in multiple or ...	1999	10462032
rabies vaccine. developments employing molecular biology methods.	rabies vaccines produced by means of molecular biology are described. recombinant vaccines employing either viruses as vectors (vaccinia, adenovirus, poxvirus, baculovirus, plant viruses) or a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene are discussed. synthetic peptide technology directed to rabies vaccine production is also presented.	1999	10464768
dynamics of rabies virus quasispecies during serial passages in heterologous hosts.	to understand the mutations and genetic rearrangements that allow rabies virus infections of new hosts and adaptation in nature, the quasispecies structure of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes as well as two noncoding sequences of a rabies virus genome were determined. gene sequences were obtained from the brain and from the salivary glands of the original host, a naturally infected european fox, and after serial passages in mice, dogs, cats and cell culture. a relative genetic stasis of ...	1999	10466802
laboratory investigation of human deaths from vampire bat rabies in peru.	in the spring of 1996, multiple cases of an acute febrile illness resulting in several deaths in remote locations in peru were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc). the clinical syndromes for these cases included dysphagia and encephalitis. because bat bites were a common occurrence in the affected areas, the initial clinical diagnosis was rabies. however, rabies was discounted primarily because of reported patient recovery. samples of brain tissue from two of the fat ...	1999	10466985
the effect of cpg sequences on the b cell response to a viral glycoprotein encoded by a plasmid vector.	the effect of palindromic cpg sequences on the b cell response to plasmid vectors expressing a highly immunogenic viral glycoprotein was investigated. methylation of the cpg sequences of bacterial expression vectors abolished their ability to induce an antibody response to the transgene product in mice. the antibody response could be rescued by concomitant injection of oligonucleotides carrying immunostimulatory sequences. the b cell response to two plasmid vectors, both expressing the same vira ...	1999	10467369
safety evaluation of the sag2 rabies virus mutant in tunisian dogs and several non-target species.	the safety of the sag2 rabies virus, a highly attenuated mutant of the sad strain intended to vaccinate dogs by the oral route, was evaluated in local tunisian dogs and in five other local species likely to consume vaccine baits. these species were the domestic cat (felis catus), the jackal (canis aureus), the jerboa (jaculus orientalis), the merion (meriones sp.) and the gerbil (gerbillus campestris). the vaccine was administered orally to 21 dogs, 11 cats and eight jackals and orally or intram ...	1999	10478416
rabies in skunks from mexico.	an enzootic focus of rabies in skunks in mexico is described. fifty three wild animals including two badgers (taxidea taxus), 32 bats (various species), one bobcat (lynx rufus), two coatis (nasua narica) three foxes (urocyon cineroargenteus), one raccoon (procyon lotor) and 12 skunks (see below) were tested for rabies by direct immunofluorescence assay from 1991 to 1997 in the central part of san luis potosi state, mexico. rabies occurrence was 21% of all tested mammals, with 19% in skunks and o ...	1999	10479094
molecular epidemiology of rabies in thailand.	for the purpose of making clear the dynamics of rabies viruses that are prevalent among dogs in asia, especially thailand, nucleoprotein (n) genes of isolates derived from thailand were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of the sequencing data. firstly, all 27 isolates from thailand belonged to one group that was distantly related to an isolate from china and was separated into at least six lineages. on the other hand, the isolate from japan was related t ...	1999	10480551
apoptosis in experimental rabies in bax-deficient mice.	the challenge virus standard (cvs) of fixed rabies virus produces a fatal encephalitis in adult and suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation. the infection is associated with apoptotic cell death in brain neurons and increased immunoreactivity to the bax protein in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. five- to 7-day-old bax-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were inoculated intracerebrally with either cvs or the rv194-2 variant of rabies virus, which is avirulent in adult mice a ...	1999	10483787
characterization and observation of animals responsible for rabies post-exposure treatment in phnom penh, cambodia.	in order to provide relevant therapeutic answers to human patients exposed to risk of rabies infection who visit the institut pasteur du cambodge for post-exposure treatment and to improve control of rabies in cambodia, a pilot study was carried out in phnom penh province in november and december 1997 with three objectives: characterization of the population of animals responsible for the exposure to rabies, observation of the animals concerned, and confirmation of the presence of rabies virus i ...	1999	10486830
a rabies serosurvey of domestic dogs in rural tanzania: results of a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and a liquid-phase blocking elisa used in parallel.	during a serosurvey of domestic dogs in tanzania, a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) were used to measure rabies antibodies in vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs. post-vaccination titres measured by lpbe correlated closely with those found by rffit. of 567 unvaccinated dogs tested using the lpbe, 42 (7.4%) were seropositive, with titres exceeding 32. of this group, 233 dogs were tested using the rffit and 115 (49.4%) were seropositive, with t ...	1999	10487652
an update on safety studies of sad b19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species.	sad b19 is an attenuated vaccine virus for oral vaccination of carnivores against rabies. the safety of sad b19 was investigated in 16 animal species by different routes of administration. during the observation period all animals given the vaccine virus, irrespective of the route of administration, did not show any clinical signs of rabies, with the exception of certain rodent species. in these animals a low residual pathogenicity was observed, however transmission of the vaccine virus to contr ...	1999	10487653
detection and identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses using rapid-cycle pcr.	the rapid identification of suspect rabies infection is essential in human cases, to ensure appropriate post-exposure treatment of contacts, and in animal cases to allow specific control strategies to be decided and implemented. we describe here the use of high speed air thermo-cycler pcr as a diagnostic tool for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. using this technique we were able to diagnose rabies in a human within 5 h. furthermore, the application of automated sequencing of t ...	1999	10488762
rabies virus-induced membrane fusion.	rabies virus is a member of the rhabdovirus family. it enters cells by a process of receptor mediated endocytosis. following this step, the viral envelope fuses with the endosomal membrane to allow release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. fusion is induced by the low ph of the endosomal compartment and is mediated by the single viral glycoprotein g, a homotrimeric integral membrane protein. rabies virus fusion properties are related to different conformational states of g. by differ ...	1999	10332734
an evaluation of immunofluorescence and pcr methods for detection of rabies in archival carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue.	direct immunofluorescence and pcr detection methods were compared for sensitivity in evaluating the rabies status of archival specimens of carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue. the material consisted of 23 samples obtained during a rabies outbreak in finland in 1988, and one sample isolated from a bat researcher who died of rabies in finland in 1985. these results were compared with the original diagnoses performed on the fresh tissues. the immunofluorescence assay detected 100% (12/12) ...	1999	10337236
intracellular behavior of rabies virus matrix protein (m) is determined by the viral glycoprotein (g).	to investigate the nature and intracellular behavior of the matrix (m) protein of an avirulent strain (hep-flury) of rabies virus, we cloned and sequenced the cdna of the protein. using expression vectors pzip-neosv(x)1 and pcdm8, the cdna was transfected to animal cells (bhk-21 and cos-7) with or without coexpression of viral glycoprotein (g). when m protein alone was expressed in the cells, it displayed homogeneous distribution in the whole cell including the nucleus. in contrast, coexpression ...	1999	10338196
human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in new york, 1993 and 1994.	we describe the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in four upstate new york counties during the 1st and 2nd year of a raccoon rabies epizootic. we obtained data from records of 1,173 persons whose rabies pep was reported to local health departments in 1993 and 1994. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties, in summer, and in patients 10 to 14 and 35 to 44 years of age. pep given after bites was primarily associated with unvaccinated dogs and cats, b ...	1999	10341178
a new quantitative method for rabies virus by detection of nucleoprotein in virion using elisa.	we have developed a new quantitative method for rabies virus (rv) detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the method named n-elisa was based on the quantitation of nucleoprotein (n) in rv virions captured by rv-specific polyclonal antibodies on an elisa plate. both infective and defective interfering (di) particles of rv could be detected by this method. when viruses were propagated in a medium of ph 7.4 adjusted with 7% nahco3, n-elisa could detect them with titers of more th ...	1999	10342293
induction of genital immunity by dna priming and intranasal booster immunization with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant.	mice immunized through different routes such as i.m., intradermally, or intratracheally with a dna vaccine to rabies virus developed high titers of serum ab but only borderline levels of mucosal abs determined from vaginal secretions. dna vaccines given by either route enhanced vaginal iga and igg2a secretion upon a subsequent intranasal booster immunization with an e1-deleted adenoviral recombinant expressing the same ag of rabies virus. dna vaccine priming reduced the ab response to the adenov ...	1999	10352290
mutations in the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus that affect virulence for fish and the ph threshold for membrane fusion.	to study the molecular basis of virulence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), we used a cross-reactive neutralizing mab to select mab-resistant (mar) mutants with reduced pathogenicity for fish. from sequence determination of the g gene of mar mutants, attenuated laboratory variant and avirulent field strains, we identified two distant regions of the glycoprotein associated with virulence: region i (aa 135-161), homologous to the putative fusion peptide of both rabies virus (rv) and ...	1999	10355769
discrimination between epidemiological cycles of rabies in mexico.	the design of efficient rabies control programs within a geographic area requires an appropriate knowledge of the local epidemiological cycles. in latin america, there is a geographical overlap of the two main epidemiological cycles: (a) the terrestrial cycle, where the dog is the main terrestrial vector and the principal cause of human transmission; and (b) the aerial cycle, in which the vampire bat desmodus rotundus is representative in mexico. this bat is the major sylvatic rabies vector tran ...	1999	10372450
modification of membrane currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells following infection with rabies virus.	1. the effect on membrane currents of infection of mouse neuroblastoma na cells with rabies virus was studied by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. 2. three types of membrane currents, namely voltage-dependent na+ current (i(na)), delayed rectifier k+ current (i(k-dr)) and inward rectifier k+ current (i(k-ir)) were elicited in uninfected cells. 3. in cells 3 days after infection with the virus, no detectable change was observed in morphology and membrane capacitance, but i(na) and i(k-i ...	1999	10372810
immune response to rabies booster vaccination in subjects who had postexposure treatment more than 5 years previously.		1999	10381966
intradermal rabies vaccination and concurrent use of mefloquine.		1999	10381968
display of epitopes on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus: impact of charge and isoelectric point of the epitope on virus-host interactions.	the biophysical properties of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (tmv) coat protein (cp) make it possible to display foreign peptides on the surface of tmv. the immunogenic epitopes g5-24 from the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein, and 5b19 from murine hepatitis virus (mhv) s-glycoprotein were successfully displayed on the surface of tmv, and viruses accumulated to high levels in infected leaves of nicotiana tabacum xanthi-nn. the peptide rb19, which contains an arginine residue plus the 5b19 epitope f ...	1999	10388554
effect of the bacillus of calmette-guérin, propionibacter acnes and avridine as immunomodulators in antirabies vaccination of mice using the fuenzalida-palacios mouse brain vaccine.	using the laboratory mice, fuenzalida-palacios mouse brain human rabies vaccine was administered in groups of animals previously inoculated with rabies virus and then submitted to treatments with the immunomodulators onco-bcg, avridine and propionibacterium acnes. humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated through the macrophage inhibition factor (mif), intra-pad inoculation (ipi) and serum neutralization (sn) tests and by the detection of gamma-interferon (ifn-gamma). the ipi test was ...	1999	10392627
epidemiology and control of fox rabies in europe.	during recent years, most of the research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. in order to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus which expresses the immunizing glycoprotein of rabies virus (vrg) has been developed and extensively tested in the laboratory as well as in the field. from 1989 until 1995, several million vrg vaccine doses have been dispersed in western ...	1999	10194834
immunization of dogs and cats with a dna vaccine against rabies virus.	the applicability of dna immunization technology for vaccine development in companion animals was investigated by immunizing dogs and cats by the intramuscular (i.m.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes with a plasmid dna vector encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein g. in dogs, administration of 100 microg dna doses by the i.m. route resulted in stronger and more durable rabies virus neutralizing antibody (rvna) titers than those obtained by i.d. inoculation. in contrast, i.m. vaccination of cats wit ...	1999	10195621
is there an advantage to including the nucleoprotein in a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine?	the pv rabies (genotype 1) g and n proteins were produced by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. we tested the ability of recombinant antigens to synergistically induce an immune response and, particularly, to broaden the spectrum of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies produced. cell-free preparations of recombinant proteins caused an immune response. recombinant rabies g protein (rrg) from infected cell extract or supernatant induced virus neutralizing antibodies (vnab) against rabies (cv ...	1999	10195792
virus promoters determine interference by defective rnas: selective amplification of mini-rna vectors and rescue from cdna by a 3' copy-back ambisense rabies virus.	typical defective interfering (di) rnas are more successful in the competition for viral polymerase than the parental (helper) virus, which is mostly due to an altered di promoter composition. rabies virus (rv) internal deletion rnas which possess the authentic rv terminal promoters, and which therefore are transcriptionally active and can be used as vectors for foreign gene expression, are poorly propagated in rv-infected cells and do not interfere with rv replication. to allow di-like amplific ...	1999	10196276
update on emerging infections from the centers for disease control and prevention. update rabies postexposure prophylaxis guidelines.		1999	10216339
induction of mucosal immunity with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant.	a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein was tested for induction of transgene specific central and mucosal antibodies upon systemic inoculation or upon application to the mucosa of the airways, the rectum or the female genital tract. mice developed serum and mucosal antibody titers to rabies virus upon subcutaneous or intranasal immunization with the latter route favoring induction of genital and intestinal secretion of antibodies of the iga isotyp ...	1999	10217600
an arctic fox rabies virus strain as the cause of human rabies in russian siberia.	a case of human rabies in the arctic zone of siberia is described. the victim was bitten by a wolf, but characterization of the isolate by monoclonal antibodies showed that it was an arctic fox virus strain. this discovery reaffirmed the value of strain typing rabies virus isolates in regions where this has not been done already: such characterization pertains to the identification of the reservoir host, to the natural history of the virus in the reservoir, and to future surveillance, post-expos ...	1999	10226626
association of hla and t-cell receptor gene polymorphisms with semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis.	semple rabies vaccine is derived from brain tissue infected with rabies virus that is subsequently inactivated with phenol. semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sae) occurs in 1 in 220 immunized individuals. the immune response to myelin basic protein and pathological changes of demyelination in sae suggest that this disease is the human homologue of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). sae and eae are frequently studied as models for the human demyelinating di ...	1999	10319881
human rabies--virginia, 1998.	on december 31, 1998, a 29-year-old man in richmond, virginia, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with insectivorous bats. this report summarizes the clinical and epidemiologic investigations by the virginia department of health and cdc.	1999	10072266
typing of rabies virus isolates by dna enzyme immunoassay.	alternatives to antigenic typing are needed for epidemiologic surveys of the rabies virus associated with translocated coyotes and foxes, especially in areas where a closely related rabies virus is transmitted by striped skunks.	1999	10073409
development and use of a 293 cell line expressing lac repressor for the rescue of recombinant adenoviruses expressing high levels of rabies virus glycoprotein.	an expression cassette designed for high-level production of rabies virus glycoprotein (rg) could not be rescued into a replication-defective, adenovirus-based vector using standard procedures. to overcome this difficulty, a 293-based cell line, designated 293lap13, was constructed that contained and expressed a derivative of the lac repressor protein. the lac operator sequence, to which the repressor binds, was incorporated into an expression cassette, containing a promoter and intron, designed ...	1999	10073694
a proline-rich motif within the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus interacts with ww domains of cellular proteins: implications for viral budding.	the matrix (m) protein of rhabdoviruses has been shown to play a key role in virus assembly and budding; however, the precise mechanism by which m mediates these processes remains unclear. we have associated a highly conserved, proline-rich motif (ppxy or py motif, where p denotes proline, y represents tyrosine, and x denotes any amino acid) of rhabdoviral m proteins with a possible role in budding mediated by the m protein. point mutations that disrupt the py motif of the m protein of vesicular ...	1999	10074141
human rabies prevention--united states, 1999. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	these revised recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices update the previous recommendations on rabies prevention (mmwr 1991;40[no.rr-3]:1-14) to reflect the current status of rabies and antirabies biologics in the united states. this report includes new information about a human rabies vaccine approved for u.s. use in 1997, recommendations regarding exposure to bats, recommendations regarding an observation period for domestic ferrets, and changes in the local administr ...	1999	10077411
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--virginia, 1998.		1999	10078471
an integral membrane green fluorescent protein marker, us9-gfp, is quantitatively retained in cells during propidium iodide-based cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry.	previously, we described gfp-spectrin, a membrane-localized derivative of the green fluorescent protein that can be employed as a marker during the simultaneous identification of transfected cells and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry (kalejta et al., cytometry 29: 286-291, 1997). a membrane-anchored gfp fusion protein is necessary because the ethanol permeabilization step required to achieve efficient propidium iodide staining allows cytoplasmic gfp to leach out of the cell. however, viable ...	1999	10094838
first reported case of elephant rabies in sri lanka.		1999	10097315
chemokine receptors and hiv-1: the fusion of two major research fields.	chemokines mediate their effects by binding to cell-surface receptors that belong to the seven-transmembrane-domain superfamily of proteins. chemokine receptors have been subject to intense scrutiny following the recent discovery that several of them are co-receptors for hiv-1. here, richard horuk reviews the latest developments in chemokine receptor research with a particular focus on their role as hiv-1 co-receptors.	1999	10098328
case 21-1998: rabies.		1999	9882221
case 21-1998: rabies.		1999	9882222
phosphorylation of rabies virus nucleoprotein regulates viral rna transcription and replication by modulating leader rna encapsidation.	one of the major structural differences between rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is that the nucleoprotein (n) is the major phosphoprotein and the nominal phosphoprotein (p) is less phosphorylated in rabies virus, whereas p is the major phosphoprotein and n is not phosphorylated in vsv. we investigated the function of phosphorylation of rabies virus n after dephosphorylation of n with alkaline phosphatase or after changing the phosphorylated serine at position 389 to alanine by ...	1999	9882376
chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins with increased immunological potential.	the rabies virus glycoprotein molecule (g) can be divided into two parts separated by a flexible hinge: the nh2 half (site ii part) containing antigenic site ii up to the linear region (amino acids [aa] 253 to 275 encompassing epitope vi [aa 264]) and the cooh half (site iii part) containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the structural and immunological roles of each part were investigated by cell transfection and mouse dna-based immunization with homogeneous ...	1999	9847325
matrix protein of rabies virus is responsible for the assembly and budding of bullet-shaped particles and interacts with the transmembrane spike glycoprotein g.	to elucidate the functions of rhabdovirus matrix (m) protein, we determined the localization of m in rabies virus (rv) and analyzed the properties of an m-deficient rv mutant. we provide evidence that m completely covers the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) coil and keeps it in a condensed form. as determined by cosedimentation experiments, not only the m-rnp complex but also m alone was found to interact specifically with the glycoprotein g. in contrast, an interaction of g with the nucleoprotein n or m ...	1999	9847327
pathogenicity of different rabies virus variants inversely correlates with apoptosis and rabies virus glycoprotein expression in infected primary neuron cultures.	the mouse-adapted rabies virus strain cvs-24 has stable variants, cvs-b2c and cvs-n2c, which differ greatly in their pathogenicity for normal adult mice and in their ability to infect nonneuronal cells. the glycoprotein (g protein), which has previously been implicated in rabies virus pathogenicity, shows substantial structural differences between these variants. although prior studies have identified antigenic site iii of the g protein as the major pathogenicity determinant, cvs-b2c and cvs-n2c ...	1999	9847357
the new medium mdss2n, free of any animal protein supports cell growth and production of various viruses.	the development of media free of serum and animal or human proteins is of utmost importance for increasing the safety of biologicals produced for therapy and vaccination. in order to reduce the risk of contamination, we have modified the serum free medium mdss2, a very efficient serum free medium for the production of various biologicals including experimental vaccines using different cell lines (merten et al., 1994), by replacing the animal derived products by plant extracts. the new serum and ...	1999	19003369
[construction and characterization of non-replicating recombinant vaccinia virus expressing rabies glycoprotein].	to improve the safety of recombinant vaccinia rabies virus, the non-replicating recombinant vaccinia rabies virus vtkrg delta ck was constructed.	1999	12569788
combined use of radioimagers and radioactive 3'oh dna nick end labelling to quantify apoptosis in cell lines and tissue sections: applications to virus-induced apoptosis.	dna fragmentation is a key feature of the degradation phase of apoptosis. in this work we have developed an assay, based on radioimager (beta-imager and micro-imager) quantification of radioactive nick end labelling (ranel), which is quantitative, rapid and sensitive to study in vitro and in vivo induced apoptosis. to establish the technique, in vitro apoptosis of t cell lines was induced by stimulation of the fas receptor; cells were labelled using tdt-mediated [alpha-33p] dctp nick end labelli ...	1999	14634279
recommendations of a national working group on prevention and control of rabies in the united states. article iii: rabies in wildlife. national working group on rabies prevention and control.		1999	14575027