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proteomic analysis of the changed proteins of trichinella spiralis infective larvae after co-culture in vitro with intestinal epithelial cells.the purpose of this study was to determine the protein changes in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) after in vitro co-culture with intestinal epithelial cells, and to analyze the changed proteins. muscle larvae were incubated with hct-8 cells for 18 h and the ml soluble proteins were analyzed by sds-page and western blot. results showed that seven additional protein bands (123, 77, 58, 36, 30, 28 and 21 kda) were recognized by sera from infected mice after culture with hct-8 cells. three p ...201323433641
modulation of inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model following infection with trichinella spiralis.infection of mice with trichinella spiralis redirects the mucosal immune system from a th1 to a protective th2 response with a reduction in the severity of trinitrobenzesulfonic acid-induced colonic damage. t. spiralis infection induced il-10 production in a dose-dependent manner in oxazolone (oxz)-induced colitis. this phenomenon may be responsible for the lack of efficacy of t. spiralis in the treatment of oxz-induced colitis. these results indicate that if the source of increased il-10 produc ...201323433604
an anti-tumor protein produced by trichinella spiralis induces apoptosis in human hepatoma h7402 cells.trichinella spiralis infection confers effective resistance to tumor cell expansion. in this study, a t7 phage cdna display library was constructed to express genes encoded by t. spiralis. organic phase multi-cell screening was used to sort through candidate proteins in a transfected human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (k562) and a human hepatoma cell line (h7402) using the display library. the protein encoded by the a200711 gene was identified and analyzed using protein analysis software. ...201323433602
survey of trichinella infections in domestic pigs from northern and eastern henan, china.the aim of this work was to investigate the current situation of trichinella infections in swine in the cities of anyang and shanqiu in the henan province historically designated as trichinellosis-free. a total of 475 diaphragm muscle samples were collected from 2010 to 2011 and examined by trichinelloscopy and artificial digestion. no trichinella larvae were detected by trichinelloscopy; however, using the digestion method, 3.79% (18/475) of domestic pigs were deemed positive for trichinella. a ...201323422779
construction and use of a trichinella spiralis phage display library to identify the interactions between parasite and host enterocytes.although it has been known for many years that trichinella spiralis initiates infection by penetrating the columnar epithelium of the small intestine, the mechanisms by which t. spiralis infective larvae recognize and invade the intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) are unknown. it is speculated that the molecular interactions between the parasite and host enterocytes may mediate the recognition and invasion of iecs by t. spiralis. however, no trichinella proteins that interact with the enterocytes ...201323420409
participation of myd88 and interleukin-33 as innate drivers of th2 immunity to trichinella spiralis.trichinella spiralis is a highly destructive parasitic nematode that invades and destroys intestinal epithelial cells, injures many different tissues during its migratory phase, and occupies and transforms myotubes during the final phase of its life cycle. we set out to investigate the role in immunity of innate receptors for potential pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns (pamps or damps). focusing on the myd88-dependent receptors, which include toll-like receptors (tlrs) and interl ...201323403558
protective immunity against trichinella spiralis infection induced by a multi-epitope vaccine in a murine model.trichinellosis is one of the most important food-borne parasitic zoonoses throughout the world. because infected pigs are the major source of human infections, and china is becoming the largest international producer of pork, the development of a transmission-blocking vaccine to prevent swine from being infected is urgently needed for trichinellosis control in china. our previous studies have demonstrated that specific trichinella spiralis paramyosin (ts-pmy) and ts-87 antigen could provide prot ...201324130862
the vasculature of nurse cells infected with non-encapsulated trichinella species.the vasculature surrounding the nurse cells of encapsulated trichinella spiralis has been described previously. it has been postulated the function of these vessels is to support the growth of the parasite. we describe here for the first time the vasculature surrounding the nurse cells of non-encapsulated t. pseudospiralis and t. papuae. similar to the vasculature of uninfected muscle cells, the vessels surrounding non-encapsulated trichinella nurse cells are dense and branched longitudinally al ...201324050088
the occupation of intestinal epithelium by trichinella spiralis in balb/c mice is not associated with local manifestation of apoptosis related factors.trichinella spiralis actively passes through the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa but morphologically, these cells do not manifest apparent damage. the possible activation of apoptotic mechanisms in the small intestine mucosa after infection with larvae and adults of trichinella spiralis was explored by immunohistochemistry. sporadic individual cells of normal intestinal epithelium showed activation of caspase-3, increased expression aif, or bax. the larval stage of intestinal trichinel ...201324037538
analysis of differentially expressed genes of trichinella spiralis larvae activated by bile and cultured with intestinal epithelial cells using real-time pcr.the activation of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) by exposure to intestinal contents or bile and the intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) themselves are two pivotal requirements for the in vitro larval invasion of iecs. however, it is yet unknown which genes are involved in the process of larval invasion. the purpose of the present study was to analyze the differentially expressed genes of t. spiralis larvae activated by bile and cultured with iecs by using real-time polymerase chain react ...201324026388
novel albendazole formulations given during the intestinal phase of trichinella spiralis infection reduce effectively parasitic muscle burden in mice.trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease affecting people all over the world, for which there is no speedy and reliable treatment. albendazole (abz), an inexpensive benzimidazole used in oral chemotherapy against helminthic diseases, has a broad spectrum activity and is well tolerated. however, the low absorption and variable bioavailability of the drug due to its low aqueous solubility are serious disadvantages for a successful therapy. in this study, we evaluated the in vivo antiparasitic activity ...201323993995
immune response to a trichinella spiralis infection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running.four lines of mice bred for high voluntary wheel running (hr lines) have high baseline circulating corticosterone levels and increased daily energy expenditure as compared with four non-selected control (c) lines. high corticosterone may suppress immune function and competing energy demands may limit ability to mount an immune response. we hypothesized that hr mice have a reduced immune response and therefore a decreased ability to fight an infection by trichinella spiralis, an ecologically rele ...201323948476
trichinella spiralis immunomodulation: an interactive multifactorial process.many epidemiological data support the postulate that infection with helminths might provide some protection against allergic and autoimmune diseases. hence arises the concept that helminths strongly influence the immune system and enable protective pathways against these hyperimmune-associated disorders. this review discusses how trichinella spiralis can make the immune system smarter in dealing with hyperimmune-associated disorders. t. spiralis possesses the capacity to direct the immune system ...201323899237
interleukin-25 (il-25) promotes efficient protective immunity against trichinella spiralis infection by enhancing the antigen-specific il-9 response.mammalian hosts often develop distinct immune response against the diverse parasitic helminths that have evolved for immune evasion. interleukin-25 (il-25), an il-17 cytokine family member, plays a key role in initiating the protective immunity against several parasitic helminths; however, the involvement and underlying mechanisms by which il-25 mediates immune response against trichinella spiralis infection have not been investigated. here we showed that il-25 functions in promoting protective ...201323897610
therapeutic potential of myrrh and ivermectin against experimental trichinella spiralis infection in mice.trichinosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the nematode trichinella spiralis. anthelmintics are used to eliminate intestinal adults as well as tissue-migrating and encysted larvae. this study aimed to investigate the effects of ivermectin and myrrh obtained from the aloe-gum resin of commiphora molmol on experimental trichinosis. ninety albino mice were orally infected with 300 t. spiralis larvae. drugs were tested against adult worms at day 0 and day 5 and against encysted larvae on day 15 a ...201323864740
proteomic analysis of trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory-secretory proteins recognized by early infection sera.although the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, their main disadvantage is the false negative results during the early stage of infection and cross-reaction of their main components (43, 45, 49, and 53 kda) with sera of patients with other helminthiasis. the aim of this study was to identify early specific diagnostic antigens in t. spiralis es proteins with 30-40 kda. the es proteins were anal ...201323844355
identification of differentially expressed genes of trichinella spiralis larvae after exposure to host intestine milieu.although it has been known for many years that t. spiralis muscle larvae (ml) can not invade intestinal epithelial cells unless they are exposed to the intestinal milieu and activated into intestinal infective larvae (iil), which genes in iil are involved in the process of invasion is still unknown. in this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes between iil and ml. ssh library was constructed using cdna generated from iil as th ...201323840742
taurine drinking attenuates the burden of intestinal adult worms and muscle larvae in mice with trichinella spiralis infection.the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis can cause trichinellosis, which leads to pathological processes in the intestine and muscle. the intestinal invasion determines the development, subsequent course, and consequences of the disease. gastrointestinal nematode infection, including with t. spiralis, is accompanied by a rapid and reversible expansion of mucosal mast cell and goblet cell in the intestinal epithelium, which play important roles in the host immune response to parasite and worm ...201323832642
neurotrichinellosis.trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the nematode trichinella spp. neurotrichinellosis represents one of the most important complications of severe trichinellosis in humans and is sometimes fatal, especially when trichinella spiralis is involved. there are numerous mechanisms responsible for the involvement of the nervous system through direct or indirect involvement of the parasite. in the latter, inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils, appear to play a crucial role. encephalopa ...201323829915
adaptive immunity alters distinct host feeding pathways during nematode induced inflammation, a novel mechanism in parasite expulsion.gastrointestinal infection is often associated with hypophagia and weight loss; however, the precise mechanisms governing these responses remain poorly defined. furthermore, the possibility that alterations in feeding during infection may be beneficial to the host requires further study. we used the nematode trichinella spiralis, which transiently inhabits the small intestine before migrating to skeletal muscle, as a biphasic model of infection to determine the cellular and molecular pathways co ...201323349631
comparison of three molecular detection methods for detection of trichinella in infected pigs.different molecular detection methods require diverse molecular platforms, but there is no uniform standard for people to reference in the detection of trichinella. in this study, real-time pcr, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), and conventional pcr were developed for the detection of trichinella by targeting mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal dna (mt-lsrdna). we compared the performance of the three newly developed assays. the results revealed that the detection limits of the re ...201323334692
mast cells recruited to mesenteric lymph nodes during helminth infection remain hypogranular and produce il-4 and il-6.mast cells (mc) and basophils share expression of the high-affinity receptor for ige (fcεri) but can be distinguished by their divergent expression of kit and cd49b. in balb/c mice, mc lineage cells expressing high levels of fcεri by flow cytometry were seen only in bone marrow whereas those expressing intermediate levels of fcεri were present in bone marrow and spleen of naive mice and in mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) of trichinella spiralis-infected mice. these fcεri(+)kit(+)cd49b(-) cells had ...201323319739
application of dendritic cells stimulated with trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.the parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis), exerts an immunomodulatory effect on the host immune response through excretory-secretory products (es l1) released from encysted muscle larvae. our model of combined t. spiralis infection and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in dark agouti (da) rats demonstrated a significant reduction in eae severity in infected animals. recently, we have created an immune status characteristic for the live infection by in vivo applicat ...201323307236
phage-displayed specific polypeptide antigens induce significant protective immunity against trichinella spiralis infection in balb/c mice.trichinellosis is a public health problem and is considered an emerging/re-emerging disease in various countries. the etiological agent of trichinellosis is the nematode trichinella, which infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife. a veterinary vaccine could be an option to control the disease in domestic animals. although several vaccine candidates have shown promising results, a vaccine against trichinellosis remains unavailable to date. phage particles are especially ideal vaccine deliver ...201323306358
protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of trichinella spiralis infection.modulation of the host immune response by helminths has been reported to be essential for parasite survival and also to benefit the host by suppressing inflammatory diseases such as allergies. we have previously shown that excretory-secretory products of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae have immunomodulatory properties and induce in vitro the expansion of cd4(+) cd25(+) foxp3(+) treg cells in a tgf-β-dependent manner.201323278885
vaccination of mice with an antigenic serine protease-like protein elicits a protective immune response against trichinella spiralis infection.trichinellosis has major economic impacts on animal husbandry and food safety, and the control and elimination of trichinellosis is a major objective of veterinary medicine. a gene encoding serine protease of trichinella spiralis (ts-adsp) was identified by immunoscreening an adult t. spiralis cdna library. in this study, the recombinant ts-adsp protein (rts-adsp) was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and purified by ni-affinity chromatography. to determine whether the puri ...201323252743
par-2-mediated control of barrier function and motility differs between early and late phases of postinfectious gut dysfunction in the rat.proteinase-activated receptor-2 (par-2) and mast cell (mc) mediators contribute to inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal disorders. we aimed to characterize jejunal par-2-mediated responses and the potential mc involvement in the early and late phases of a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction. jejunal tissues of control and trichinella spiralis-infected (14 and 30 days postinfection) rats, treated or not with the mc stabilizer, ketotifen, were used. histopathology and immunostainin ...201323238933
unique antigenic gene expression at different developmental stages of trichinella pseudospiralis.parasite-induced and parasite-regulated larval capsule formation and host immunosuppression are two major characteristics that are unique in trichinella spp. infections, but the molecule(s) and mechanism(s) that mediate these processes remain largely unknown. trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis, are obviously different with respect to these two characteristics. a comparative study of these two species, in particular their antigen expression profiles at different developmental sta ...201323433603
[research progress on the mechanism of host immune response regulated by trichinella spiralis].trichinosis caused by trichinella spiralis is a parasitic zoonosis with world-wide distribution, which impacts on the development of animal husbandry and food safety, and thus threatens human health. t. spiralis has the ability to evade the host immune response, which results in forming a long-term infection in the host. the previous studies indicated that a changed host immune state due to t. spiralis was an important reason for the evasion. among the factors, cytokines, dendritic cells and reg ...201324809201
the genome of romanomermis culicivorax: revealing fundamental changes in the core developmental genetic toolkit in nematoda.the genetics of development in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans has been described in exquisite detail. the phylum nematoda has two classes: chromadorea (which includes c. elegans) and the enoplea. while the development of many chromadorean species resembles closely that of c. elegans, enoplean nematodes show markedly different patterns of early cell division and cell fate assignment. embryogenesis of the enoplean romanomermis culicivorax has been studied in detail, but the genetic circuitry ...201324373391
verifiable hypotheses for thymosin β4-dependent and -independent angiogenic induction of trichinella spiralis-triggered nurse cell formation.trichinella spiralis has been reported to induce angiogenesis for nutrient supply and waste disposal by the induction of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (vegf) during nurse cell formation. however, the action mechanism to induce vegf in nurse cells by t. spiralis is not known. hypoxia in nurse cells was suggested as a possible mechanism; however, the presence of hypoxic conditions in infected muscle or nurse cells and whether hypoxia indeed induces the expression ...201324351861
proteomic analysis of surface proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic tissue-dwelling parasitic nematode that infects humans and other mammals. its surface proteins are recognized as antigenic in many infected hosts, being directly exposed to the host's immune system and are the main target antigens that induce the immune responses. the larval surface proteins may also interact with intestinal epithelial cells and may play an important role in the invasion and development process of t. spiralis. the purpose of this study was to a ...201324330777
susceptibility of laboratory rodents to trichinella papuae.members of the genus trichinella are small nematodes that can infect a wide range of animal hosts. however, their infectivity varies depending on the parasite and host species combination. in this study, we examined the susceptibility of 4 species of laboratory rodents, i.e., mice, rats, hamsters, and gerbils to trichinella papuae, an emerging non-encapsulated trichinella species. trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis were also included in this study for comparison. fifteen animals ...201324516265
early detection of trichinella spiralis in muscle of infected mice by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr.real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) pcr and melting curve analysis using newly developed fluorophore-labeled hybridization probes were applied for the detection of trichinella spiralis dna in muscle of mice following oral inoculation with 300 t. spiralis larvae. the developed assay could detect and differentiate t. spiralis, trichinella papuae, and trichinella pseudospiralis dnas by the different melting temperatures (tm). the assay had a detection limit of 5 × 10(2) positive ...201323808975
early trichinella spiralis and trichinella nativa infections induce similar gene expression profiles in rat jejunal mucosa.trichinella spiralis causes a significantly higher parasite burden in rat muscle than trichinella nativa. to assess whether the difference in infectivity is due to the early intestinal response, we analyzed gene expression changes in the rat jejunum during trichinella infection with a whole-genome microarray. the rats were euthanized on day five of infection, and their jejunal mucosa was sampled for microarray analysis. in addition, intestinal histology and hematology were examined. against our ...201323932900
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spiralis infections in wild boars (sus scrofa) in korea.toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spiralis are important zoonotic pathogens with worldwide distributions. in korea, several outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis and trichinellosis due to the consumption of infected wild animals have been reported. the purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii and t. spiralis infections in wild boars killed in korea from december 2009 to october 2011. a total of 521 wild boars hunted in eight provinces were examined for antibodies to t. g ...201324016595
trichinella nativa in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) of germany and poland: possible different origins.in germany and poland, the high population density of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered a public health risk since this wild canid is one of the main reservoirs of trichinella spp. in 2010 in poland, a program to monitor the prevalence of trichinella spp. in the red fox population was launched. after two years, trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 44 (2.7%) out of 1634 foxes tested. in germany in the period 2002-2011, trichinella spp. larvae were in 27 foxes. the trichinella species ...201324011650
freeze-tolerance of trichinella muscle larvae in experimentally infected wild boars.freeze-tolerance of encapsulated trichinella muscle larvae (ml) is mainly determined by trichinella species, but is also influenced by host species, the age of the infection and the storage time and temperature of the infected meat. moreover, the freeze-tolerance of the encapsulated species appears to be correlated to the development of thick capsule walls which increases with age. an extended infection period and the muscle composition in some hosts (e.g. herbivores) may provide freeze-avoiding ...201323465440
trichinella infections in different host species of an endemic district of serbia.trichinella infections are endemic in the balkan region of europe. though trichinellosis and agents thereof are serious problems for human health and animal husbandry, only a limited number of trichinella isolates from serbia have been identified at the species level so far. the aim of the present study was the surveillance and monitoring of trichinella in domestic pigs and wild animals from the endemic district of branicevo. investigations performed during the 2009-2010 period revealed trichine ...201323453823
zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance.humans suffer from several foodborne helminth zoonotic diseases, some of which can be deadly (e.g., trichinellosis, cerebral cysticercosis) while others are chronic and cause only mild illness (e.g., intestinal taeniosis). the route of infection is normally consumption of the parasite's natural host as a human food item (e.g., meat). the risk for infection with these parasites is highest wherever people have an inadequate knowledge of infection and hygiene, poor animal husbandry practices, and u ...201324547659
a prime-boost vaccination of mice with attenuated salmonella expressing a 30-mer peptide from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen.protection against trichinella infections has been achieved using various parasite antigens and adjuvants. recently, we reported that immunization of mice with an attenuated salmonella strain displaying a 30-mer peptide (residues 210-239) from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen using the shda autotransporter induced partial protection against t. spiralis infection. to improve the efficacy of vaccination, we used the misl autotransporter system to display the ts30mer peptide on the surface of ...201323462251
echinococcus multilocularis and trichinella spiralis in golden jackals (canis aureus) of hungary.over the last decades the distribution area of the golden jackal (canis aureus) has increased significantly in europe, particularly in the balkan peninsula and in central europe. vagrant individuals were described in many european countries. herein, we report echinococcus multilocularis (total worm count: 412) and trichinella spiralis (101 larvae/g for muscles of the lower forelimb) infections in two golden jackals shot in hungary. it is a new host record of e. multilocularis and t. spiralis in ...201323688637
molecular characterization of trichinella spiralis aminopeptidase and its potential as a novel vaccine candidate antigen against trichinellosis in balb/c mice.trichinella spiralis is an intracellular parasite that can cause a serious threat to human health by causing trichinellosis. the aminopeptidase (ap) was found in the proteins produced by t. spiralis infective larvae after in vitro co-culture with intestinal epithelial cells, but its characteristics and function are unknown. the purpose of this study was to identify the t. spiralis aminopeptidase (tsap) and to investigate its potential as a vaccine candidate antigen against t. spiralis infection.201323972034
an antigenic recombinant serine protease from trichinella spiralis induces protective immunity in balb/c mice.in this study, we report the cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding a trichinella serine protease gene (tspsp-1.3) from genbank. the recombinant tspsp-1.3 protein (rtspsp-1.3) was expressed in an escherichia coli expression system and purified with ni-affinity chromatography. real-time quantitative pcr analysis revealed that tspsp-1.3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in muscle larvae and adult worms than in newborn larvae. tspsp-1.3 was detected in excretory-secretory protei ...201323828191
analysis of a novel cathepsin b circulating antigen and its response to drug treatment in trichinella-infected mice.in this paper, we cloned a novel full-length cdna that encodes a trichinella spiralis cathepsin b-like protease gene (tscpb) using 3'-race pcr. the recombinant mature tscpb protein (rtscpb) was then expressed in an escherichia coli expression system and purified with ni-affinity chromatography. real-time quantitative pcr revealed that tscpb was expressed across all development stages of the parasite but had the highest expression level during the adult stage. furthermore, rtscpb was detected in ...201323828190
cloning, expression and characterization of a trichinella spiralis serine protease gene encoding a 35.5 kda protein.serine proteases are found in the excretory-secretory (es) products from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, have collagenolytic and elastolytic activities, and may be related to the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. in this study, the serine protease gene (tspsp-1.2, genbank accession no. eu302800) encoding a 35.5 kda protein from t. spiralis was cloned, and recombinant tspsp-1.2 protein was produced in an escherichia coli expression system. an anti-tspsp-1.2 serum recognized the ...201323501807
effect of trichinella spiralis infection on the immune response to hbv vaccine in a mouse model.vaccination is the most effective and cost-effective way to treat hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. collective data suggest that helminth infections affect immune responses to some vaccines. therefore, it is important to reveal the effects of helminth infections on the efficacy of protective vaccines in countries with highly prevalent helminth infections. in the present work, effects of trichinella spiralis infection on the protective efficacy of hbv vaccine in a mouse model were investigated. ...201323883369
parasitoses of the human central nervous system.cerebral involvement in parasitoses is an important clinical manifestation of most of the human parasitoses. parasites that have been described to affect the central nervous system (cns), either as the dominant or as a collateral feature, include cestodes (taenia solium (neurocysticerciasis), echinococcus granulosus (cerebral cystic echinococcosis), e. multilocularis (cerebral alveolar echinococcosis), spirometra mansoni (neurosparganosis)), nematodes (toxocara canis and t. cati (neurotoxocarias ...201323046708
in vitro efficacy of cyclooctadepsipepdtides and aminophenylamidines alone and in combination against third-stage larvae and adult worms of nippostrongylus brasiliensis and first-stage larvae of trichinella spiralis.the present study investigates the in vitro efficacy of derivatives of the cyclooctadepsipeptides and the aminophenylamidines, which are promising candidates for the evaluation of the treatment of human soil-transmitted helminthiases. the effects of emodepside and pf1022a as well as of amidantel, deacylated amidantel and tribendimidine were evaluated in a concentration range between 0.01 and 100 μg/ml against third-stage larvae (l3) and adult worms of nippostrongylus brasiliensis and first-stage ...201323052772
trichinella species circulating in wild boar (sus scrofa) populations in poland.hunting in poland has a long tradition and became more popular after 1990. each year over 60,000 wild boar are hunted. some of them may act as trichinella carriers thus all carcasses of wild boar are systematically sampled in game-handling establishments as part of the post-mortem examination. the aim of the study was to determine the species of trichinella and to evaluate the year to year differences in the occurrence of those species in the populations of wild boar in poland. samples for the s ...201324533337
characterization of cys-loop receptor genes involved in inhibitory amine neurotransmission in parasitic and free living nematodes.we have isolated two genes, hco-lgc-53 and hco-mod-1, from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus, which are orthologs of previously characterized genes that encode dopamine and serotonin-gated chloride channels, respectively, in caenorhabditis elegans. a search of transcriptome data for the filarial nematode parasites loa loa, brugia malayi, and wucheria bancrofti revealed predicted coding sequences for orthologs of acetylcholine, serotonin and dopamine-gated chloride channels, which corre ...201323602737
coinfection with clonorchis sinensis modulates murine host response against trichinella spiralis infection.concomitant infections of different species of parasites are common in the field. infection with one parasite species likely triggers host responses that may influence the subsequent infection of another species and alter disease outcomes. so far, the majority of studies have focused on single species parasite infection, and the mechanisms of protection induced by the first parasite infection against the secondary infection remain poorly defined. in this study, we assess the impact of trematode ...201323846239
detection of circulating antigen in serum of mice infected with trichinella spiralis by an igy-igm mab sandwich elisa.in this study, a sandwich elisa based on igy (egg yolk immunoglobulin) and igm monoclonal antibody (mab) against excretory-secretory (es) antigens of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae was developed for detection of circulating antigens (cag) in serum from mice infected with t. spiralis. the igy-igm sandwich elisa involved the use of chicken antibody igy as a capture antibody and mouse igm mab 5a7g4 as a detecting antibody. this assay was able to detect as little as 1 ng/ml of es antigens added ...201323183166
a bead-based suspension array for the serological detection of trichinella in pigs.the feasibility of using bead-based suspension arrays to detect serological evidence of trichinella in pigs was assessed. trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigen was covalently coupled to paramagnetic beads and used to bind serum antibodies, which were subsequently detected using anti-swine antibody. the assay was evaluated by testing pig sera from farms where trichinellosis was endemic and comparing the results with those obtained using two commercially available elisas. with cut-offs ...201323177539
in vitro modelling of rat mucosal mast cell function in trichinella spiralis infection.intestinal infection with the parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis, provides a robust context for the study of mucosal mast cell function. in rats, mucosal mast cells are exposed to parasites during the earliest stage of infection, affording an opportunity for mast cells to contribute to an innate response to infection. during secondary infection, degranulation of rat mucosal mast cells coincides with expulsion of challenge larvae from the intestine. the goal of this study was to evaluate th ...201323094823
characterization of tsmrp-l28, a mitochondrial ribosomal protein l28 from the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.a cdna encoding mitochondrial ribosomal protein (mrp)-l28 was isolated and cloned from trichinella spiralis, an economically important parasitic nematode. the predicted tsmrp-l28 protein consists of 276 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis revealed that tsmrp-l28 was closely related to caenorhabditis elegans mitochondrial ribosomal protein l28. the tsmrp-l28 transcript was expressed in newborn larvae, muscle larvae and male and female adult worms. western blot showed that tsmrp-l28 was expressed i ...201323089495
integrated nonlinear optical imaging microscope for on-axis crystal detection and centering at a synchrotron beamline.nonlinear optical (nlo) instrumentation has been integrated with synchrotron x-ray diffraction (xrd) for combined single-platform analysis, initially targeting applications for automated crystal centering. second-harmonic-generation microscopy and two-photon-excited ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy were evaluated for crystal detection and assessed by x-ray raster scanning. two optical designs were constructed and characterized; one positioned downstream of the sample and one integrated into t ...201323765294
beta carbonic anhydrases: novel targets for pesticides and anti-parasitic agents in agriculture and livestock husbandry.the genomes of many insect and parasite species contain beta carbonic anhydrase (β-ca) protein coding sequences. the lack of β-ca proteins in mammals makes them interesting target proteins for inhibition in treatment of some infectious diseases and pests. many insects and parasites represent important pests for agriculture and cause enormous economic damage worldwide. meanwhile, pollution of the environment by old pesticides, emergence of strains resistant to them, and their off-target effects a ...201425174433
identification of early diagnostic antigens from major excretory-secretory proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using immunoproteomics.the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) come mainly from the excretory granules of the stichosome and the cuticles (membrane proteins), are directly exposed to the host's immune system, and are the main target antigens, which induce the immune responses. although the es proteins are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, their main disadvantage are the false negative results during the early stage of infection. the aim of this stud ...201424450759
matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-2 and mmp-9 as inflammation markers of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis infections in mice.trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit differences in the host-parasite relationship such as the inflammatory response in parasitized muscles. several studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) represent a marker of inflammation since they regulate inflammation and immunity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of gelatinases (mmp-9 and mmp-2) in mice experimentally infected with t. spiralis or t. pseudospiralis, to elucidate the involvement of ...201425124689
enhanced protection against clonorchis sinensis induced by co-infection with trichinella spiralis in rats.although co-infection with multiple parasites is a frequent occurrence, changes in the humoral immune response against a pre-existing parasite induced as a result of a subsequent parasitic infection remain undetermined. here, we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to investigate antibody responses, cytokine production and enhanced resistance in clonorchis sinensis-infected rats (sprague-dawley) upon trichinella spiralis infection. higher levels of c. sinensis-specific igg and iga ...201424958325
prevalence of antibodies against selected zoonotic agents in forestry workers from eastern and southern poland.due to the nature of their work, foresters are exposed to many infectious pathogens from the wildlife reservoir. the primary aim of this study was to assess their contact with these pathogens.201425528917
[evaluation of the diagnostic value of the elisa tests developed by using eghf, em2 and emii/3-10 antigens in the serological diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis].alveolar echinococcosis (ae), caused by larva stage of echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the lethal parasitic diseases of man and a major public health problem in many countries in the northern hemisphere. when the living conditions and habits in turkey were considered in terms of relation with the life cycle of the parasite, it was suggested that ae has been much more common than reported mainly from the eastern anatolia region of turkey. since in vitro serologic diagnosis tests with high ...201425052112
molecular identification of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase and its induced protective immunity against trichinellosis in balb/c mice.nudix hydrolases (nd) is a widespread superfamily, which is found in all classes of organism, hydrolyse a wide range of organic pyrophosphates and has a 'housecleaning' function. the previous study showed that trichinella spiralis nd (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and the vaccination of mice with t7 phage-displayed tsnd polypeptides produced protective immunity. the aim of this study was to clone, express and identify the full-length tsnd and to investigate its immune protec ...201425522912
characterization of the ca2+-gated and voltage-dependent k+-channel slo-1 of nematodes and its interaction with emodepside.the cyclooctadepsipeptide emodepside and its parent compound pf1022a are broad-spectrum nematicidal drugs which are able to eliminate nematodes resistant to other anthelmintics. the mode of action of cyclooctadepsipeptides is only partially understood, but involves the latrophilin lat-1 receptor and the voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channel slo-1. genetic evidence suggests that emodepside exerts its anthelmintic activity predominantly through slo-1. indeed, slo-1 deficient caenorhabdi ...201425521608
characterisation of a plancitoxin-1-like dnase ii gene in trichinella spiralis.deoxyribonuclease ii (dnase ii) is a well-known acidic endonuclease that catalyses the degradation of dna into oligonucleotides. only one or a few genes encoding dnase ii have been observed in the genomes of many species. 125 dnase ii-like protein family genes were predicted in the trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) genome; however, none have been confirmed. dnase ii is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant hkd motif in the n- and c-termini. of these 125 genes, only plancito ...201425165857
trichinella pseudospiralis vs. t. spiralis thymidylate synthase gene structure and t. pseudospiralis thymidylate synthase retrogene sequence.thymidylate synthase is a housekeeping gene, designated ancient due to its role in dna synthesis and ubiquitous phyletic distribution. the genomic sequences were characterized coding for thymidylate synthase in two species of the genus trichinella, an encapsulating t. spiralis and a non-encapsulating t. pseudospiralis.201424716800
primary characterization and assessment of a t. spiralis antigen for the detection of trichinella infection in pigs.a clone, designated l20h-ts3, was selected by immunoscreening of cdna libraries of trichinella spiralis worms collected 14h, 20h and 48h post-infection (p.i.) from mice intestines. l20h-ts3 encodes the full-length of a conserved hypothetical protein of 13.1kda involving putative interaction with the immune system. pcr analysis showed that l20h-ts3 mrna is constitutively expressed throughout t. spiralis life cycle and not restricted to intestinal stages. the l20h-ts3 fusion protein was obtained i ...201425267098
characterization of tsdaf-21/hsp90 protein from the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.the tsdaf-21 cdna was cloned into pet-32a and subsequently expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein tsdaf-21 was purified and evaluated as an antigen in western blot. the serum from mouse 14, 21, and 28 days after being infected with trichinella spiralis recognized rtsdaf-21, but the serum from mouse 7 days post infection of t. spiralis could not react with rtsdaf-21. it implied that the antibody of tsdaf-21 did appear in the host 14 days after infection of t. spiralis. western blo ...201424710664
effects of soluble extracts from leishmania infantum promastigotes, toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites on tgf-β mediated pathways in activated cd4+ t lymphocytes.interference with transforming growth factor-β-mediated pathways helps several parasites to survive for long periods in immunocompetent hosts. macrophages and dendritic cells infected by toxoplasma, leishmania and plasmodium spp. produce large amounts of transforming growth factor-β and induce the differentiation of antigen-specific t-regulatory cells. mechanisms not mediated by antigen-presentation could also account for the expansion of t-regulatory cells in parasitic diseases and they also mi ...201425130316
impaired protection against trichinella spiralis in mice with high levels of ige.helminth infection induces production of a large amount of immunoglobulin e (ige) to nonhelminth antigens. although such "irrelevant" ige is a major proportion of total ige in the host, its biological significance remains unclear. therefore, i examined protective activity against trichinella spiralis in mice with high levels of ige by repeated injections of anti-dansyl ige monoclonal antibody or nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. injected anti-dansyl ige occupied ige receptors on mast cells ...201424342553
is atherosclerosis fundamental to human aging? lessons from ancient mummies.case reports from johan czermak, marc ruffer, and others a century or more ago demonstrated ancient egyptians had atherosclerosis three millennia ago. the horus study team extended their findings, demonstrating that atherosclerosis was prevalent among 76 ancient egyptian mummies and among 61 mummies from each of the ancient cultures of peru, the american southwest, and the aleutian islands. these findings challenge the assumption that atherosclerosis is a modern disease caused by present day ris ...201424582386
qualitative and quantitative studies of eosinophils in parasitic infections.th2 responses such as peripheral and tissue eosinophilia are characteristic features in the host animals infected with strongyloides venezuelensis and trichinella spiralis. th2 responses are characterized by a specific profile of cytokines and chemokines induced during the course of infection. in this chapter, we describe the methodology that is utilized in our laboratories to study the production of cytokine, chemokine, and antibodies related to the eosinophilia seen in mice infected with the p ...201424986619
environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis in hungary.trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are the two most common species of the genus trichinella persisting in the european wildlife. to investigate the spatial distribution of these trichinella spp. and the factors influencing their circulation in hungary, 3304 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 0.29 million wild boars (sus scrofa) were tested for trichinella sp. infection in hungary from 2006 to 2013. trichinella spp. larvae from 68 (2.06%) foxes and 44 (0.015%) wild boars were identified by a ...201424867274
surveillance of feral swine for trichinella spp. and toxoplasma gondii in the usa and host-related factors associated with infection.trichinella spp. and toxoplasma gondii are important zoonotic parasites that infect warm blooded animals and humans worldwide. among domesticated food animals, pigs are the main host for trichinella spiralis. pigs, chickens, sheep, and goats are known to be infected with t. gondii at varying rates, depending on husbandry. infections in wildlife with these parasites are generally higher than in domesticated species. feral swine act as reservoirs of infection in the sylvatic ecosystem for trichine ...201425182211
mast cell chymase degrades the alarmins heat shock protein 70, biglycan, hmgb1, and interleukin-33 (il-33) and limits danger-induced inflammation.during infection and tissue damage, virulence factors and alarmins are pro-inflammatory and induce activation of various immune cells including macrophages and mast cells (mcs). activated mcs instantly release preformed inflammatory mediators, including several proteases. the chymase mouse mast cell protease (mcpt)-4 is thought to be pro-inflammatory, whereas human chymase also degrades pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that chymase instead limits inflammation. here we explored the contribu ...201424257755
synthesis of modified trichinella spiralis disaccharide epitopes and a comparison of their recognition by chemical mapping and saturation transfer difference nmr.a rat monoclonal antibody 9d4 raised against the cell surface n-glycan of the parasite trichinella spirallis protects rats against further infection. the terminal disaccharide β-d-tyvp(1→3)β-d-galnacp (2) represents the immunodominant portion of the antigenic determinant. chemical mapping of the antibody binding site by functional group modification employing monodeoxy and mono-o-methyl congeners identified key polar contacts and topography of the bound disaccharide. we report here a comparison ...201424239604
myeloid-derived suppressor cells enhance ige-mediated mast cell responses.mast cells and mdscs are increased by parasitic infection and tumor growth. we previously demonstrated that enhanced mdsc development in adam10 transgenic mice yielded resistance to nb infection and that coculturing mdscs and mast cells enhanced cytokine production. in the current work, we show that mdsc-mast cell coculture selectively enhances ige-mediated cytokine secretion among mast cells, without increasing mdsc cytokine production. this effect was independent of cell contact and elicited b ...201424338630
trichinella infection in wild boars and synanthropic rats in northwest vietnam.trichinellosis is an emerging parasitic zoonosis in north vietnam. in this survey, hunted and farm-bred wild boars as well as synanthropic rats were sampled in two provinces of northwest vietnam where outbreaks of trichinellosis have recently occurred. evidence of trichinella infection was studied by parasitological, serological and molecular methods. the results showed relatively low prevalence of trichinella spiralis in hunted wild boars (2/62 (3.2%; 95% ci: 0.8- 4.8)) and rats (23/820 (2.8%; ...201424360291
characterization of albendazole-randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and in vivo evaluation of its antihelmitic activity in a murine model of trichinellosis.albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate extensively used in oral chemotherapy against intestinal parasites, due to its broad spectrum activity, good tolerance and low cost. however, the drug has the disadvantage of poor bioavailability due to its very low solubility in water; as a consequence, a very active area of research focuses on the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to increase its solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. the primary objective of this study was to p ...201425406084
excretory/secretory products from trichinella spiralis adult worms ameliorate dss-induced colitis in mice.many evidences show the inverse correlation between helminth infection and allergic or autoimmune diseases. identification and characterization of the active helminth-derived products responsible for the beneficial effects on allergic or inflammatory diseases will provide another feasible approach to treat these diseases.201424788117
oral administration with attenuated salmonella encoding a trichinella cystatin-like protein elicited host immunity.trichinellosis is a public health problem and is regarded as an emergent/re-emergent disease in various countries. the cdna encoding a cystatin-like protein (ts-cystatin) was identified by immunoscreening intestinal muscle larvae cdna libraries with serum from pigs experimentally infected with 20,000 trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. to study its impact on host immunity, we chose a eukaryotic expression system based on several comparisons of immunogenicity between the two salmonella typhimuriu ...201424636891
are there any different effects of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and streptococcus on intestinal sensation, barrier function and intestinal immunity in pi-ibs mouse model?research has increasingly suggested that gut flora plays an important role in the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). studies of the curative effect of probiotics for ibs have usually been positive but not always. however, the differences of treatment effects and mechanisms among probiotic stains, or mixture of them, are not clear. in this study, we compared the effects of different probiotics (befidobacterium, lactobacillus, streptococcus or mixture of the three) o ...201424595218
mapping of the complement c9 binding domain on trichinella spiralis paramyosin.trichinellosis is an important foodborne zoonosis that is distributed worldwide. trichinella spiralis may evade host complement-mediated attack by expressing complement inhibitory proteins, such as paramyosin (pmy). previous studies have shown that trichinella spiralis paramyosin (ts-pmy) is able to bind to the human complement component c9 to inhibit the complement activation and protect the parasite from complement-mediated attack. further determination of the complement-binding domain on ts-p ...201424564979
regulation of recombinant trichinella spiralis 53-kda protein (rtsp53) on alternatively activated macrophages via stat6 but not il-4rα in vitro.classically activated macrophages (m1) or alternatively activated macrophages (m2) have different functions during helminth infections including trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis). the excretory/secretory antigens (esa) of t. spiralis can inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines production. however, the specific molecules of esa that regulate macrophages have not been identified. we previously reported that recombinant t. spiralis derived molecule 53-kda protein (rtsp53) had protected mice ...201424534206
trichinella spiralis, potential model nematode for epigenetics and its implication in metazoan parasitism.the recent discovery of dna methylation in the nematode t.spiralis may raise the possibility of using it as a potential model organism for epigenetic studies instead of c. elegans, which is deficient in this important epigenetic modification. in contrast to the free-living nematode c. elegans, t. spiralis is a parasitic worm that possesses a complicated life cycle and undergoes a complex developmental regulation of genes. we emphasize that the differential methylomes in the different life-histor ...201424454291
description of an outbreak of human trichinellosis in an area of argentina historically regarded as trichinella-free: the importance of surveillance studies.trichinellosis is an important food-borne zoonosis which is not treated as a major public health concern in argentina. after more than 20 years without reports of infection in an area regarded as trichinella-free, research studies reported that infection occurred in humans, pigs and game animals, including the recent outbreak of human trichinellosis revealed here. the outbreak, affecting 64 individuals, occurred in july 2010 in the province of entre ríos. epidemiological studies, clinical observ ...201424444651
parasitic nematode-induced cd4+foxp3+t cells can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation.the recruitment of cd4+cd25+foxp3+t (treg) cells is one of the most important mechanisms by which parasites down-regulate the immune system.201425522145
[effect of the excretory/scretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells].to investigate the effect of excretory/secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells.201425518596
consumption of untested pork contributed to over two-thousand clinical cases of human trichinellosis in romania.trichinellosis is an important zoonosis that is difficult to diagnose and that can lead to disability, death and economic losses for the meat processing industry. the outbreaks are related to the consumption of insufficiently cooked pork containing larvae of trichinella spiralis (owen, 1833). here, we describe epidemiological features of the disease in a region where incidence rates are typically elevated (brasov county, romania). our descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study spanned a pe ...201425651698
glycans expressed on trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens are important for anti-inflamatory immune response polarization.trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory antigens (es l1) are most likely responsible for the induction of immune response during infection by this parasitic. the antigens bear carbohydrate structures that may contribute to immune system activation resulting in a th2/anti-inflammatory immune response. we show that t. spiralis glycans affect the expression and the production of il-4 and il-10 in vivo. alteration of carbohydrate structures on es l1 altered dendritic cell (dc) maturat ...201425467036
protective immunity against enteral stages of trichinella spiralis elicited in mice by live attenuated salmonella vaccine that secretes a 30-mer parasite epitope fused to the molecular adjuvant c3d-p28.the development of a veterinary vaccine against t. spiralis infection is an alternative strategy to control trichinellosis. in an effort to develop an efficient vaccine, balb/c mice were immunized with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl3261 that expresses a 30-mer peptide (ag30) derived from the gp43 of t. spiralis muscle larvae fused to three copies of the molecular adjuvant p28 (ag30-p283) and it was either displayed on the surface or secreted by recombinant salmonella strai ...201425311159
plasticity of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of post-infectious gut dysfunction: potential implication of nerve growth factor.intestinal infections are suggested as a risk factor for the development of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)-like visceral hypersensitivity. the mechanisms implicated might involve long-term changes in visceral afferents, with implication of nerve growth factor (ngf). we explored plastic changes in dorsal root ganglia (drgs) receiving innervation from the gut and the potential implication of ngf in a rat model of ibs-like post-infectious gut dysfunction.201425259719
enhanced bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in redispersible microparticles with low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose.mebendazole (mbz) is an extremely insoluble and therefore poorly absorbed drug and the variable clinical results may correlate with blood concentrations. the necessity of a prolonged high dose treatment of this drug increases the risk of adverse effects.201425258515
protective effect of a prime-boost strategy with the ts87 vaccine against trichinella spiralis infection in mice.trichinellosis is a widespread zoonosis primarily caused by trichinella spiralis. mucosal immunity is crucial for preventing trichinella spiralis infection. in our previous study, a dna vaccine with the trichinella antigen ts87 delivered by an attenuated salmonella typhimurium elicited partial protection against trichinella spiralis infection in mice. in the current study, to elicit a more robust immune response and develop a potent vaccination strategy against trichinellosis, a heterologous pri ...201425250316
outbreak of trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in iowa.rates of trichinellosis have declined significantly in the united states due to improved pork production practices and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork. in april 2011, the minnesota department of health received a report of presumptive trichinellosis in a 50-year-old man with a history of wild boar consumption. a public health investigation was initiated.201425214511
eosinophil-derived il-10 supports chronic nematode infection.eosinophilia is a feature of the host immune response that distinguishes parasitic worms from other pathogens, yet a discrete function for eosinophils in worm infection has been elusive. the aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the striking and unexpected observation that eosinophils protect intracellular, muscle-stage trichinella spiralis larvae against no-mediated killing. our findings indicate that eosinophils are specifically recruited to sites of infection at the ear ...201425210122
[recombinant trichinella spiralis-53000 protein alleviates liver damage due to lipopolysaccharides via m2 macrophage activation].to evaluate if recombinant trichinella spiralis-53 000 protein (rtsp53) could alleviate liver damage caused by lipopolysaccharides (lps) via m2 macrophage activation.201425124899
european mustelids occupying pristine wetlands in the danube delta are infected with trichinella likely derived from domesticated swine.abstract we analyzed 32 specimens from nine species of mustelidae for trichinella; six infections from two trichinella species were observed from three host species. this provides documentation of trichinella in mustela erminea and martes foina in romania and trichinella spiralis in a mustelid host from europe. trichinella spiralis continues to be a public challenge characterized by a wide host range and geographical distribution ( pozio 2007 ). during the past 20 yr, romania has had the most re ...201425121406
anti-trichinella igg in ethnic minorities living in trichinella-endemic areas in northwest vietnam: study of the predictive value of selected clinical signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of trichinellosis.the objective of this study was to assess the presence of anti-trichinella igg in the serum of persons from ethnic minorities from northwest vietnam with clinical signs and symptoms that are compatible with trichinellosis. a total of 645 persons were enrolled, of which 200 people lived in two villages where outbreaks of human trichinellosis had been documented in 2004 and 2008, and 445 people who were hospitalized in the dien bien and son la provincial hospitals without a definitive diagnosis. p ...201425076109
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