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localization of the major plasmodium falciparum glycoprotein on the surface of mature intraerythrocytic trophozoites and schizonts.the subcellular location of the major malarial glycoprotein in erythrocytes infected with schizonts of plasmodium falciparum has been studied by two methods. in the first, glycoproteins were labelled with [3h]glucosamine or [3h]isoleucine during in vitro culture. trypsin treatment of intact infected erythrocytes caused no major qualitative or quantitative changes in [3h]glucosamine labelled glycoproteins or [3h]isoleucine labelled proteins separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel el ...19846379450
malaria vaccine in sight? 19846379468
polymorphonuclear leucocytes defective in oxidative metabolism inhibit in vitro growth of plasmodium falciparum. evidence against an oxygen-dependent mechanism.this report presents evidence that polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) from chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) patients, who are defective in oxidative metabolism, are capable of inhibiting in vitro multiplication of plasmodium falciparum. using a microtitre in vitro inhibition assay, we incubated various numbers of peripheral blood neutrophils from cgd patients and from normal individuals with p. falciparum isolate f32 in the in vitro culture system. inhibition of parasite growth by neutrophils ...19846379857
recrudescence, recurrence and relapse in malaria. 19846379906
probable chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-western africa.chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria has been described in east, central and west africa. we report on 2 patients with probable chloroquine-resistant p. falciparum malaria in south-western africa. both patients had been in northern swa/namibia and southern angola, but had taken prophylactic chloroquine. despite the subsequent administration of adequate courses of chloroquine therapy, the parasitaemias failed to clear completely. eventual clinical and laboratory-proven cure was onl ...19846379908
in vitro confirmation of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum in southern africa.following strong clinical evidence of the occurrence of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum infections in southern africa, an in vitro study on 7 p. falciparum strains yielded 2 that were considered chloroquine-resistant.19846379909
malaria 1984. part ii. drug-resistant malaria.despite the one-time hope that malaria would be eradicated, this disease is today still the world's most common severe parasitic disease involving man. the emergence of drug-resistant malaria, especially that due to plasmodium falciparum, in 1961 therefore caused great concern, particularly among those seeking to control this scourge. initially p. falciparum species were resistant to a varying degree to chloroquine. subsequently chloroquine resistance has been followed by resistance to almost al ...19846379910
the relationship between the in vitro response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine.we have measured the in vitro response of several isolates of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine. we show that parasites which are resistant to chloroquine also have a reduced sensitivity to quinine. however, there appears to be no correlation between chloroquine resistance and reduced sensitivity to mefloquine. we conclude that the emergence and spread of chloroquine resistance could also be establishing a population of parasites with a reduced sensitivity to quinine w ...19846380010
absence of malaria mortality in villagers with chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum treated with chloroquine.we carried out a series of malaria studies in robek , flores, indonesia, a coastal village of 900 farmers and fishermen where malaria is hyperendemic by parasite rate and holoendemic by spleen rate. the studies showed that: (i) 28 of 31 isolates (90%) of plasmodium falciparum were resistant to chloroquine in vitro, (ii) 3 of 12 isolates (25%) were resistant at the r-11 level in vivo, (iii) 376 p. falciparum infections occurred in 301 individuals during one year, (iv) no villagers who were treate ...19846380012
clonal diversity in a single isolate of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.clones of an isolate of plasmodium falciparum from mae sod (thailand) were prepared by a dilution procedure. some of the parasite cultures thus obtained have been typed for the following characters: (i) electrophoretic variants of three enzymes; (ii) susceptibility to chloroquine and pyrimethamine; (iii) antigen diversities recognized by ten strain-specific monoclonal antibodies; (iv) presence or absence of knobs on infected erythrocytes and (v) two-dimensional page variants of seven proteins. a ...19846380016
uptake of [3h] dihydroartemisinine by erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum in vitro.artemisinine ( qinghaosu ) was reduced and radio-labelled using tritiated borohydride. the tritiated dihydroartemisinine produced was differentially accumulated from low concentrations in culture medium into erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum. uninfected erythrocytes concentrated the drug less than two-fold whereas infected erythrocytes achieved more than 300 times the medium concentration. the uptake process is reversible and saturable, with a dissociation constant (kd) at the hyp ...19846380017
decreased chloroquine sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum in two italian travellers from madagascar. 19846380018
r-iii chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria from northern malawi. 19846380020
hepatocytes as feeder-layers for in vitro cultivation of plasmodium falciparum blood-stages.to improve the in vitro growth of plasmodium falciparum we attempted to cultivate its erythrocytic stages on monolayers of functionally active hepatocytes. hepatocytes from swiss albino mice were isolated by perfusing the liver with a collagenase solution and were co-cultured with a liver epithelial cell type in rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human umbilical cord serum. the results show that the presence of hepatocytes improves both the multiplication rates of three strains of p. falcipa ...19846380021
infectivity to mosquitoes of plasmodium falciparum clones grown in vitro from the same isolate.in an attempt to produce a line of cultured plasmodium falciparum parasites consistently infective to mosquites, a brazilian isolate, imtm 22, was cloned by the limiting dilution method. five of the resulting clones were examined in detail. the clones were found to differ in their ability to produce micro- and macrogametocytes, to exflagellate and to infect anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. the stability of one clone in producing microgametocytes and in its ability to produce oocysts and sporozoit ...19846380022
cerebral malaria in tanzania. its epidemiology, clinical symptoms and neurological long term sequelae in the light of 66 cases.a neurological study of 66 patients with the cerebral form of plasmodium falciparum malaria is presented. the patients were diagnosed, treated and re-examined at the mnero hospital, south-east tanzania. epidemiological aspects, neurological symptoms and the results of re-examination within six months of discharge from hospital are described. although the mortality rate was low, some degree of neurological disability could be detected in a number of children at the follow-up examination.19846380023
concomitant resistance to pyrimethamine and cycloguanil of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from east africa: an in vitro study of 12 isolates.the susceptibility of 12 isolates of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and cycloguanil was studied in vitro after adaptation of the isolates to continuous culture by a 48-hour single-step multiplication inhibition assay. all of seven isolates imported from tanzania since 1981 proved chloroquine resistant and six of these had an ic50 above 0.64 x 10(-6)m suggesting rii-riii resistance. all chloroquine-resistant isolates were concomitantly resistant to pyrimethamine (ic50 above 1 ...19846380024
r-ii chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from burundi. 19846380027
changing pattern of malaria in nyarutovu(rwanda) 19846380031
landmark perspective: the ascent and decline of chloroquine. 19846368892
[negative serologic and microscopic studies in vivo do not exclude malaria. autopsy report with positive plasmodium falciparum culture].a 31-year old man, who had just flown in from the tropics collapsed certainly. brain trauma and alcohol withdrawal were excluded. after serological and microscopical malaria tests had been negative, subarachnoidal bleeding or encephalomeningitis were considered as possible. although repeated malaria tests were negative, antimalarial therapy was begun on the 8th day of illness. the patient died the next day on respiratory difficulties. cultures from blood and spleen taken three days after death s ...19846368341
comparison of immunity to malaria in sudan and indonesia: crisis-form versus merozoite-invasion inhibition.immunity to falciparum malaria was compared in two populations from malarious areas of southern sudan and flores, indonesia. in sudan, splenomegaly in adults was rare and anti-plasmodium indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) titers were low to moderate, 1:1,280 being the modal titer. sudanese serum was profoundly inhibitory to cultured plasmodium falciparum, reducing incorporation of radiolabeled hypoxanthine by 63-93% and severely retarding intraerythrocytic parasite development, resulting in mor ...19846366793
independence of complement on in vitro immune phagocytosis of plasmodium falciparum parasitised erythrocytes by human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal blood donors phagocytosed preferentially plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (irbc) in presence of sera from individuals living in areas endemic for malaria. total complement or factor b heat inactivation of immune or normal serum does not alter opsonic activity directed against irbc.19846365795
purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase from plasmodium falciparum.a soluble aminopeptidase from plasmodium falciparum was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. the enzyme has a molecular weight of 100 000 and pi 6.8. activity can be monitored conveniently with l-alanine-p-nitroanilide or l-leucine-p-nitroanilide at 405 nm or with l-leucine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin in a fluorescence assay. the enzyme is inhibited by bestatin and phosphoramidone but not by leupeptin, chymostatin, antipain or pepstatin. ph-rate studies indicated the presence of a gr ...19846363922
binding of glycophorins to plasmodium falciparum merozoites.plasmodium falciparum merozoites recognize and attach to glycophorins, the surface sialoglycoproteins of human erythrocytes. the structural requirements for a merozoite binding site were studied with the use of two methods. in the first, certain glycophorins and their tryptic fragments were added directly to isolated merozoites prior to their addition to erythrocytes. low concentrations (50 micrograms ml-1) of glycophorin a inhibited merozoite invasion. at higher concentrations a mixture of glyc ...19846363923
protective immunization of the squirrel monkey against asexual blood stages of plasmodium falciparum by use of parasite protein fractions.we had previously shown that two polypeptides of plasmodium falciparum are preferentially recognized by antibodies of resistant squirrel monkeys saimiri sciureus. free parasites were isolated from synchronized cultures on human erythrocytes initially inoculated with infected saimiri erythrocytes. crude extracts were prepared from mature schizont stages and electrophoresed on preparative nadodso4/polyacrylamide gels. two groups of five monkeys were immunized with protein fractions eluted from the ...19846364136
in vitro inhibition of intracellular growth of plasmodium falciparum by immune sera.beginning at the ring stage, synchronized cultures of plasmodium falciparum were grown in suspension for 22-32 hours. intracellular growth was assayed by measuring cellular uptake and incorporation into protein of 35s-methionine. low concentrations (2%) of serum from immune humans and aotus monkeys were found to inhibit the uptake of the 35s-methionine. the amount of inhibition for a given serum was often inversely related to its indirect fluorescent antibody test titer. inhibition occurred duri ...19846364852
automated erythrocyte exchange in fulminant falciparum malaria. 19846364911
antibody to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton in the sera of patients with acute malaria.sera from 78 patients with acute malaria were tested for antibodies to intermediate filaments (ifs) by indirect immunofluorescence. eighty-two per cent of the sera contained antibody which stained the ifs in human fetal skin fibroblasts and/or hep2 cells. in contrast, only 8% of sera taken from blood donors gave weak positive staining of ifs and no staining was observed with 42 myeloma sera which were also tested as controls. in most cases autoantibodies were of the igm class. erythrocytes paras ...19846362934
plasmodium falciparum: continuous cultivation of erythrocyte stages in plasma-free culture medium.continuous in vitro cultivation of the malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, was performed in plasma-free medium. the medium used was standard rpmi 1640 supplemented with adenosine, unsaturated c-18 fatty acids, and fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. the medium was changed daily and the cultures were diluted with washed erythrocytes twice weekly. growth was routinely maintained for 1 month at which time the experiments were usually terminated. although the overall growth rates were consist ...19846363117
killing of human malaria parasites by macrophage secretory products.the susceptibility of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, to killing in vitro by macrophage secretory products was investigated. the effect of o2 radicals and tumor necrosis factor on parasite viability was assessed both morphologically and by following the uptake of [3h]hypoxanthine. h2o2 produced by the interaction of glucose and glucose oxidase was found to reduce viability; this effect was reversed by the addition of exogenous catalase. further studies indicated that the catal ...19846363296
human malaria parasite adenosine deaminase. characterization in host enzyme-deficient erythrocyte culture.human malaria infected erythrocytes show a dramatic increase in adenosine deaminase activity in vitro. using recently developed culture techniques, adenosine deaminase-deficient human erythrocytes were infected in vitro with the major human pathogen plasmodium falciparum. adenosine deaminase activity was undetectable in the uninfected host red cells, but increased by 2-fold over normal levels in these cells with an 8% parasitemia. the enzyme in these cells appeared unique in that its activity wa ...19846363411
plasmodium falciparum maturation abolishes physiologic red cell deformability.normal red cells deform markedly as they pass through the spleen and the peripheral capillaries. in these studies, the effects of plasmodium falciparum infection and maturation on the deformability of parasitized red cells exposed to fluid shear stress in vitro were examined by means of a rheoscope. red cells containing the early (ring) erythrocytic stage of the parasite have impaired deformability at physiologic shear stresses, and recover their normal shape more slowly. red cells containing mo ...19846362007
in vitro and in vivo studies on protective and inhibitory antibodies against plasmodium falciparum in the saimiri monkey.immunoglobulins (ig) were purified from serum or ascitic fluids of saimiri monkeys infected with plasmodium falciparum and with differing levels of functional immunity. their protective activity was assessed in studies of passive transfer of immunity in vivo, and their neutralizing activity was measured in studies of parasite inhibition in vitro in cultures of human or saimiri rbc. although protective and inhibitory antibodies were detected in different ig preparations, the levels of these activ ...19846361125
2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 9. derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine 1-oxide as potential antimalarial agents.in view of the antimalarial activity in mice of 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones, a series of analogous 1-oxides was prepared for evaluation. their synthesis was achieved by the reaction of 2-acetylpyridine 1-oxide with methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate to give methyl 3-[1-(2-pyridinyl 1-oxide)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbodithioate (ii). reaction of the latter intermediate with secondary amines afforded the desired 2-acetylpyridine 1-oxide thiosemicarbazones (iii). reduction of the azomethine linkag ...19846361258
plasmodium falciparum products enhance human lymphocyte transformation by epstein-barr virus.supernatants obtained from the in vitro culture of plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes induced prolonged lymphocyte survival in culture for more than 8 weeks in six cultures and permanent cell lines were established in four of these. the cells in the latter showed lymphoblastoid features similar to those seen in parallel cultures to which transforming epstein-barr (eb) virus instead of p. falciparum derived substances had been added. cells from the same donors stimulated with other mitog ...19846329564
mung bean nuclease cleaves plasmodium genomic dna at sites before and after genes.mung bean nuclease was found to cut the genomic dna of the malaria parasite plasmodium at positions before and after genes but not within gene-coding regions. this cleavage, which had nearly the preciseness of a restriction nuclease, required controlled conditions in the presence of formamide. southern blot analysis showed that the coding areas for plasmodium actin, circumsporozoite protein, histidine-rich protein, ribosomal rna's, and tubulin are each cleaved from genomic dna to yield a single ...19846330899
[parasite antigens--problems of immunodiagnosis]. 19846331013
the influence of malaria and gestation on the immune response to one and two doses of adsorbed tetanus toxoid in pregnancy.the effect of plasmodium falciparum infection on the response to immunization with tetanus toxoid in pregnancy is of importance because malaria is more frequent and severe in pregnant women. this paper presents the results of a study in west kenya of the antibody response to an adsorbed tetanus toxoid in primigravidae and multigravidae living under holoendemic conditions. there was no apparent influence of either p. falciparum infection or gestational age on the immune response to one and two do ...19846335850
[plasmodium falciparum malaria. fatal outcome caused by pulmonary edema]. 19846231572
[genogeographic study of beta-thalassemia in the light of the malaria hypothesis]. 19846236629
comparative drug trial of a sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and a sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination against plasmodium falciparum infections in semi-immune populations of burma.the antiplasmodial effect of a single dose treatment with a sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination as compared to a sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination against falciparum malaria was assessed in semi-immune populations in burma in early 1980. parasite clearance rates on day 7 after treatment were 99.2% for the sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination and 98.6% for the sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination for all age-groups. the earlier recrudescence rates within one month were 3.7% and 9.2% respectiv ...19846239381
inhibition of entry of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax sporozoites into cultured cells; an in vitro assay of protective antibodies.plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax sporozoites were observed to invade cultured human hepatoma cells in vitro. monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of each of these malarial species blocked invasion. inhibition was species-specific, but was independent of the geographic origin of each strain. because these monoclonal antibodies have been shown to diminish or abolish sporozoite infectivity to susceptible primate hosts, it is suggested that inhibition of invasion of sporozoit ...19846317752
falciparum malaria resistant to chloroquine and fansidar. 19846418318
plasmodium falciparum: synchronization of asexual development with aphidicolin, a dna synthesis inhibitor.the asexual development cycle of plasmodium falciparum, a malarial parasite of humans, has been synchronized in culture by treating ring-stage parasites with aphidicolin, an inhibitor of dna synthesis. optimization of both the concentration of drug added to ring stage containing red blood cells and the duration of exposure of parasites to drug led to a reversible block of their maturation at the early trophozoite stage. release of the aphidicolin block led to a synchronous development of parasit ...19846420180
synthesis of dna during the asexual cycle of plasmodium falciparum in culture.dna synthesis in cultures of tightly synchronized, developing, asexual forms of plasmodium falciparum began during the early trophozoite stage between 29.5 and 31 h after parasite invasion and continued through most of the remainder of schizogony. dna synthesis was inhibited by both hydroxyurea and aphidicolin. aphidicolin had a biphasic inhibitory effect on dna synthesis with a portion of the dna synthesis being considerably more resistant to inhibition. these agents did not block the morpholog ...19846420697
induction and selection of drug resistant mutants of plasmodium falciparum.conditions for mutagenizing plasmodium falciparum in culture with the mutagen n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine have been established. parasite mutants resistant to aphidicolin, cycloheximide and sinefungin have been selected and subcloned.19846420698
falciparum malaria resistant to chloroquine and fansidar: implications for prophylaxis. 19846421416
malaria prophylaxis: two problem regions. 19846424794
combination of malaria and visceral leishmaniasis in a child of two years. 19846429385
imported malaria among travelers--united states. 19846429508
human malarial gene cloned. 19846429857
jarisch-herxheimer reaction in falciparum malaria? 19846430395
atypical falciparum malaria: case report. 19846430402
induction of crisis forms in the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum by gamma-interferon-activated, monocyte-derived macrophages.previous investigations on the mechanism by which the host mounts an immune response against the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum have not resolved whether cell-mediated responses, in the absence of circulating anti-plasmodial antibodies, can effect the destruction of the intraerythrocytic parasite. we report that the intraerythrocytic parasite p. falciparum is lethally susceptible to the imposition of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent factor(s) released by interferon-gamma-act ...19846431003
maintenance and propagation of human malaria parasites in culture using an ordinary co2 incubator. 19846431660
phospholipid metabolism as a new target for malaria chemotherapy. mechanism of action of d-2-amino-1-butanol.a number of choline and ethanolamine analogs were evaluated as inhibitors of p. falciparum growth in vitro. 1-aziridineethanol, dl-2-amino-1,3-propranediol and d- or l-2-amino-1-butanol were the most efficient inhibitors of parasite multiplication, with an ic50 of 50-80 microm, whereas numerous other analogs were less active. the effect of d-2-amino-1-butanol on various metabolisms of p. knowlesi-infected simian erythrocytes was studied by incubating these cells with different labeled precursors ...19846431995
polyamine levels and the activity of their biosynthetic enzymes in human erythrocytes infected with the malarial parasite, plasmodium falciparum.human erythrocytes contain only trace amounts of polyamines and lack active polyamine biosynthetic enzymes. a remarkable increase in polyamine content, and in the activity of ornithine and s-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylases, is noted in synchronous cultures of the malarial parasite, plasmodium falciparum. polyamine biosynthesis reached peak values during the early trophozoite stage, whereas nucleic acid and protein synthesis occurred later in mature trophozoites. dl-alpha-difluoromethylornit ...19846435607
the search for a malaria vaccine. 19846436976
two cases of falciparum malaria acquired in britain.two cases of severe falciparum malaria contracted in the united kingdom occurred in residents of sussex, living 10 and 15 km from gatwick airport. one patient was the landlord of a public house much frequented by aircrew, and the other was the wife of a worker at the airport, who travelled close to the public house on the probable date she contracted her infection. transmission was most probably due to the bite of an infected imported tropical anopheline mosquito transported in a vehicle from th ...19846439340
advances in malaria chemotherapy. report of a who scientific group. 19846442064
antigenicity of proteins and peptides. 19846443707
[resistance of falciparum malaria to 4-aminoquinolines]. 19846399936
study of malaria incidence in bishrampur block (palamau). 19846400361
malaria in polish seafarers in 1983. 19846400389
[resistance in malaria]. 19846400404
chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria confirmed by in vivo testing in lusaka. 19846400678
management of plasmodium falciparum malaria.measures of malaria control have proved inadequate in many parts of the tropics. the recent rise in the incidence of malaria has been associated with the spread of drug-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum. chloroquine therapy is now ineffective in many parts of asia and south america, and resistance to this drug is emerging in africa. there are few alternative drugs available. quinine remains effective against p. falciparum in southeast asia. reappraisal of quinine therapy has led to impo ...19846482799
adult respiratory distress syndrome in babesiosis.a patient is described who contracted transfusion-induced babesiosis, and later developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) as a fatal complication. ards has been reported in patients with plasmodium falciparum malaria, but to our knowledge has not been observed as a complication of babesiosis.19846541117
rigid membranes of malayan ovalocytes: a likely genetic barrier against malaria.a high frequency of nonhemolytic hereditary ovalocytosis in malayan aborigines is thought to result from reduced susceptibility of affected individuals to malaria. indeed, kidson et al. recently showed that ovalocytes from melanesians in papua new guinea are resistant to infection in culture by the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum. in order to determine if protection against parasitic invasion in these ovalocytes might be the result of some altered membrane material property in these unus ...19846722355
activated partial thromboplastin time of owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus) plasma.owl monkey plasma samples produced short, reproducible activated partial thromboplastin times, similar to those obtained with samples from many other mammalian species. this was an apparent contradiction to an earlier report of long irreproducible activated partial thromboplastin times from owl monkey samples. the discrepant data could not be explained by differences in anticoagulants (citrate or oxalate), assay reagents (partial thromboplastin with either diatomaceous earth or ellagic acid), or ...19846748609
causes of death in lethal rat malaria.the involvement of the brain, lungs and kidneys was studied in a lethal rat malaria. lewis inbred rats were infected with plasmodium berghei k173. the disease proved fatal within 10-14 days. parasitaemia showed an increase of up to 43% parasitised red blood cells on day 10 p.i. the haematocrit decreased from 50% to 12%. the systolic blood pressure dropped from 99 to 56 mmhg. the lactate dehydrogenase activity rose to 2,543 u/l. bun and serum creatinine doubled during the course of the disease. t ...19846611621
[malaria in spain: a present-day disease]. 19846371399
[malaria: the end of a myth]. 19846371400
immunodiagnosis of malaria.different approaches to immunodiagnosis of malaria in an endemic country have been described in this paper. demonstration of circulating malaria antigen may be done by gel-diffusion and counter-immunoelectrophoresis. parasite associated antigen may be demonstrated by highly sensitive methods like radio-immunoassay or enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay. malaria antibodies of the igg type being long lasting do not appear to have any role in immuno-diagnosis. however, determination of malaria speci ...198412055782
malaria: the king is threatened.malaria received high priority at the xi international congress for tropical medicine held in the fall of 1984. 30 of the sessions focused on the malarial parasite and its "anopheles" mosquito vector. topics covered included genetics, epidemiology, chemotherapy, health care delivery, training, and vaccine development. dr. (sir) gustav nossal, director of the walter and eliza hall medical research institute, victoria, australia, set the theme with his statement: "vaccines are history's most c ...198512281239
in vitro and in vivo assessement of the antimalarial activity of sergeolide.the antimalarial activity of sergeolide (a quassinoid from picrolemma pseudocoffea) was investigated both, in vitro on plasmodium falciparum cultures and in vivo through a classical test of schizontocidal action against plasmodium berghei in mice. sergeolide showed a very strong antiplasmodial activity in vitro as well as in vivo. low concentrations (0.006 microg/ml) were able to fully inhibit the in vitro growth of chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of p. falciparum. small amounts (0.2 ...198517340392
plants as sources of antimalarial drugs part. 1. in vitro test method for the evaluation of crude extracts from plants.an in vitro antimalarial test, utilising the inhibition of uptake of [g- (3)h]-hypoxanthine into plasmodium falciparum cultured in human blood, has been used to assess the activity of crude extracts of artemisia annua and a. vulgaris (compositae) and of brucea javanica, ailanthus altissima, and simaba cedron (simaroubaceae).198517342592
[rapid staining methods for the detection of malaria parasites]. 19852408783
characterisation of p. falciparum antigenic determinants isolated from a genomic expression library by differential antibody screening.a genomic expression library of p.falciparum has been differentially screened with a number of immune sera. the response of 9 clones to the various sera is presented, together with the dna sequence encoding the epitopes. all but one clone are extremely a+t rich and unlike the other p.falciparum epitopes described, are not composed of amino acid repeats. one clone, which responds specifically with a protective serum, has been analysed in detail. the epitope is carried on a 160kd antigen which is ...19852409532
rationale for development of a synthetic vaccine against plasmodium falciparum malaria.protective immunity against malaria can be obtained by vaccination with irradiated sporozoites. the protective antigens known as circumsporozoite (cs) proteins, are polypeptides that cover the surface membrane of the parasite. the cs proteins contain species-specific immunodominant epitopes formed by tandem repeated sequences of amino acids. here it is shown that the dominant epitope of plasmodium falciparum is contained in the synthetic dodecapeptide asn-ala-asn-pro-asn-ala-asn-pro-asn-ala-pro ...19852409595
routine procedures for examination of stool and blood for parasites.the diagnosis of a parasitic infection depends upon demonstration of the organism in stool, blood, or tissue specimens, and a variety of relatively simple procedures is available for this purpose. in this article, the author describes those procedures that are most frequently used on a routine basis.19852410850
a blood stage antigen of plasmodium falciparum shares determinants with the sporozoite coat protein.a cdna clone expressing a plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen in escherichia coli was identified by colony immunoassay using immune human sera. antibodies affinity-purified on extracts of this clone reacted with both asexual blood stages and sporozoites of p. falciparum, recognizing a mr23,000 protein in the blood stages. the nucleotide sequence of the cdna revealed a signal peptide and an internal hydrophobic sequence typical of transmembrane anchor sequences. located 3' to the putative a ...19852410913
[recent findings on the molecular biology of plasmodium antigens].the cloning of several genes coding for plasmodium antigens has allowed to determine the nucleotide sequence of these genes and to deduce the amino acid sequence of the antigens. in this review we summarize the first results concerning the csp of p. knowlesi and p. falciparum as well as several antigens from the asexual erythrocytic stages. these antigens show the unique feature to contain one or several antigenic determinants composed of repetitive units.19852411439
ubiquity of the repetitive epitope of the cs protein in different isolates of human malaria parasites.sporozoites of the human malaria plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax obtained from a large number of endemic areas were screened with species-specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize the repeated epitopes of the respective circumsporozoite (cs) proteins. by using a two-site immunoradiometric assay, it was determined that all the parasite isolates of a given species react with a single monoclonal antibody, indicating the presence of a common repeated epitope. polyacrylamide gel electr ...19852411813
the malaria sporozoite vaccine: parasitology's brave new world. 19852411830
[antigenic specificity of antiplasmodium antibodies in an endemic area: an attempt at correlation with the induction of protective immunity].asexual blood-stage antigens from plasmodium falciparum related to the development of protective immunity in an endemic area were identified by statistical comparison of antigens recognized by adult immune sera with those recognized by non-immune subjects (children). after metabolic labelling of parasites in culture and immunoprecipitation, target antigens of seric antibodies were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/sds and detected by fluorography. two groups of antigens were thus i ...19852412483
two apparently nonrepeated epitopes on gametes of plasmodium falciparum are targets of transmission-blocking antibodies.one-site and two-site immunoradiometric assays have been developed against an antigen on gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum, using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which block transmission of the parasites to mosquitoes. three such mabs have been studied, each of which immunoprecipitates a complex of three gamete surface proteins of apparent mr 260,000, 59,000, and 53,000 from triton x-100 extracts of the parasites. the assays showed that the mabs recognized one or the other of two distinct, nonre ...19852412959
two plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface polypeptides share epitopes with a single mr 185 000 parasite glycoprotein.the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum synthesizes a major glycoprotein (gp) of mr 185 000 during its asexual blood cycle. immunoprecipitation of [35s]methionine- or [3h]glucosamine-labeled schizont antigens indicated that two groups of polypeptides were distinguished with anti-gp 185 mouse monoclonal antibodies: group a was composed of glycosylated molecules of mr 185 000, 120 000, 90 000, 88 000, 46 000, and 40 000 while group b contained, in addition to gp 185, polypeptides of mr 152 000 ...19852414658
thrombospondin binds falciparum malaria parasitized erythrocytes and may mediate cytoadherence.plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes containing mature trophozoites and schizonts sequester along venular endothelium and are not in the peripheral circulation of patients with malaria. knobs appear on infected erythrocytes and are the points of attachment to endothelium. sequestration may protect the parasite from splenic destruction and may play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. correlates of sequestration have been developed in vitro using cultured human endothelium and a ...19852414670
circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization of the immunodominant epitope.the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax has been cloned. the deduced sequence of the protein consists of 373 amino acids with a central region of 19 tandem repeats of the nonapeptide asp-arg-ala-asp/ala-gly-gln-pro-ala-gly. a synthetic 18-amino acid peptide containing two tandem repeats binds to a monoclonal antibody directed to the cs protein of plasmodium vivax and inhibits the interaction of this antibody with the native protein in sp ...19852414847
reactivity of a monoclonal antibody produced to the histidine-rich protein of plasmodium lophurae with plasmodium falciparum.monoclonal antibodies were produced against the histidine-rich protein of plasmodium lophurae and tested for reactivity with plasmodium falciparum antigens. one anti-histidine-rich protein monoclonal antibody showed immunological cross-reactivity with polypeptides of p. falciparum synthesized in vivo and in vitro.19852415817
sequence of a cdna encoding a small polymorphic histidine- and alanine-rich protein from plasmodium falciparum.we describe the expression in escherichia coli, isolation by immunological screening and complete nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. the deduced amino acid sequence contains separate blocks of repetitive hexapeptide and pentapeptide sequences and we have confirmed that these represent epitopes by reaction of the corresponding synthetic peptides with human antibodies. as the predicted size is mr 21,000 and the overall composition is 30% his and 29 ...19852415925
the circumsporozoite antigen: the gene and the antigen. 19852422999
a specific s-antigen of plasmodium falciparum is expressed in a proportion of primary isolates in brazil, thailand and papua new guinea.the expression by plasmodium falciparum of a specific s-antigen has been examined in primary isolates in different regions of the world using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope within a known repeated amino acid sequence. the epitope was expressed by a small proportion of primary isolates in each of brazil, thailand and papua new guinea, demonstrating that this s-antigen gene is widespread. the data are consistent with the possibility that the occurrence of p. falciparum strains ex ...19852417391
human lymphocyte responses to plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens. a functional assay of protective immunity?merozoites obtained from cutaneous cultures of plasmodium falciparum were used as antigen for an in vitro lymphocyte assay. antigen specific proliferative responses were observed with lymphocytes from individuals with long-standing immunity to p. falciparum. donors whose last p. falciparum challenge occurred within the year preceding the assay exhibited lymphocyte responses significantly higher than those from donors whose infection was more remote. this suggests that a lymphocyte dependent assa ...19852417392
laboratory diagnosis of malaria. 19852417946
use of low molecular weight dextrans in cerebral malaria. 19852417947
antibodies against circumsporozoite proteins of plasmodium falciparum induced by natural infection.sera from 10 individuals who lived in a malaria endemic area, 10 patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria and 10 patients with cerebral malaria and hyperimmune mouse serum were tested for their reactivities against plasmodium falciparum sporozoite antigens by western blot analysis using 125i-labeled staphylococcal protein a as the detecting reagent. these sera were shown by indirect immunofluorescence and/or circumsporozoite precipitation test to have antibodies reacting against the ...19852420015
[future of vaccination: vaccines of the future]. 19852420263
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