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green tea and its anti-angiogenesis effects.the development of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vasculature (also known as angiogenesis) is required for many physiological processes including embryogenesis and post-natal growth. however, pathological angiogenesis is also a hallmark of cancer and many ischaemic and inflammatory diseases. the pro-angiogenic members of the vegf family (vascular endothelial growth factor family), vegf-a, vegf-b, vegf-c, vegf-d and placental growth factor (plgf), and the related receptors, vegfr-1, vegfr- ...201728292023
theabrownin inhibits cell cycle progression and tumor growth of lung carcinoma through c-myc-related mechanism.green tea, the fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, is not only a health-promoting beverage but also a traditional chinese medicine used for prevention or treatment of cancer, such as lung cancer. theabrownin (tb) is the main fraction responsible for the medicinal effects of green tea, but whether it possesses anti-cancer effect is unknown yet. this study aimed to determine the in vitro and in vivo anti-lung cancer effect of tb and explore the underlying molecular mechanism, by using a549 cell lin ...201728289384
intelligent evaluation of color sensory quality of black tea by visible-near infrared spectroscopy technology: a comparison of spectra and color data information.instrumental test of black tea samples instead of human panel test is attracting massive attention recently. this study focused on an investigation of the feasibility for estimation of the color sensory quality of black tea samples using the vis-nir spectroscopy technique, comparing the performances of models based on the spectra and color information. in model calibration, the variables were first selected by genetic algorithm (ga); then the nonlinear back propagation-artificial neural network ...201728279828
camellia sinensis l. extract and its potential beneficial effects in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-tyrosinase activities.the aims of this study were to investigate the potential benefits of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-tyrosinase activities of a methanolic extract of fresh tea leaves (fte) (camellia sinensis l.). the antioxidant capacity was investigated using three different methods at different temperatures. the anti-inflammatory activity was studied in vitro by the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase assay. the anti-hepatotoxic effect was investigated in ccl₄-induced liver injury in rats. ...201728273866
molecular cloning and characterization of galactinol synthases in camellia sinensis with different responses to biotic and abiotic stressors.galactinol synthase (gols) is a key biocatalyst for the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (rfos). rfos accumulation plays a critical role in abiotic stress adaptation, but the relationship between expression of gols genes and biotic stress adaptation remains unclear. in this study, two csgols genes were found to be highly up-regulated in a transcriptome library of ectropic oblique-attacked camellia sinensis. three complete csgols genes were then cloned and characterized. gene transc ...201728271712
synergisms in alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of camellia sinensis l. kuntze and eugenia uniflora l. ethanolic extracts.camellia sinensis, the most consumed and popular beverages worldwide, and eugenia uniflora, a brazilian native species, have been already confirmed to have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. however, their potential acting together against an enzyme linked to this pathology has never been exploited.201728250662
study of the stereochemistry and oxidation mechanism of plant polyphenols, assisted by computational chemistry.in recent years, plant polyphenols have attracted great attention due to their wide range of biological activities. certain kinds of polyphenols have complex structures; therefore, it is difficult to elucidate their total structure, including stereochemistry. in this study, we reinvestigated the stereostructures of two major c-glycosidic ellagitannins contained in quercus plants, vescalagin and castalagin, and revised their stereostructures based on theoretical calculations of spectroscopic data ...201728250332
antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of turkish black tea on ta98 and ta100 strains of salmonella typhimurium (in vitro) and mice (in vivo).black tea has been reported to have significant antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties associated with its polyphenols theaflavins (tf) and thearubigins (tr). similarly, turkish black tea (tbt) also contains a considerable amount of tf and tr.201728245735
developmental processes and responses to hormonal stimuli in tea plant (camellia sinensis) leaves are controlled by grf and gif gene families.tea plant (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) is an important leaf-type woody crop used for producing of non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. the growth-regulating factor (grf) transcription factors cooperated with grf-interacting factor (gif) transcriptional coactivators positively regulate leaf development. in the present study, six grf and two gif genes were identified and characterized in the leaf transcriptome of c. sinensis, respectively. the alignment results showed that the feature structur ...201728236273
combined small rna and degradome sequencing reveals complex microrna regulation of catechin biosynthesis in tea (camellia sinensis).micrornas are endogenous non-coding small rnas playing crucial regulatory roles in plants. tea, a globally popular non-alcoholic drink, is rich in health-enhancing catechins. in this study, 69 conserved and 47 novel mirnas targeting 644 genes were identified by high-throughout sequencing. predicted target genes of mirnas were mainly involved in plant growth, signal transduction, morphogenesis and defense. to further identify targets of tea mirnas, degradome sequencing and rna ligase-mediated rap ...201728225779
sub-chronic indomethacin treatment and its effect on the male reproductive system of albino rats: possible protective role of black tea extract.indomethacin is commonly used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) to treat inflammation, arthritis and joint pains. unfortunately, it has a wide range of adverse effects on the physiological system, including gonads. this study aimed to assess possible beneficial effects of black tea extract (bte) against indomethacin-induced alteration of gonadal hormone levels in male rats.201728222030
enantiomeric and quantitative analysis of volatile terpenoids in different teas (camellia sinensis).volatile terpenoids play important roles in the formation of tea aroma quality due to their pleasant scents and low odor thresholds. most volatile terpenoids contain stereogenic centers, which results in various stereo distributions of their enantiomers and diastereoisomers in different types of tea. however, the distribution characteristics of terpenoid enantiomers in teas were still unclear, which poses an obstacle to the scientific understanding of tea aroma. in this work, a new and efficient ...201728216091
a rapid uplc method for simultaneous analysis of caffeine and 13 index polyphenols in black tea. 201728203771
xanthine alkaloids: occurrence, biosynthesis, and function in plants.caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid found in non-alcoholic beverages such as tea, coffee, and cocoa. it was discovered in tea and coffee in the 1820s, but it was not until 2000 that details of molecular events associated with caffeine biosynthesis began to be unraveled. reviewed are the occurrence of xanthine alkaloids in the plant kingdom and the elucidation of the caffeine biosynthesis pathway, providing details of the n-methyltransferases, belonging to the motif b' methyltransferase family, which ...201728194561
black tea volatiles fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - mass spectrometry combined with high concentration capacity sample preparation techniques: toward a fully automated sensomic assessment.tea prepared by infusion of dried leaves of camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze, is the second world's most popular beverage, after water. its consumption is associated with its chemical composition: it influences its sensory and nutritional quality addressing consumer preferences, and potential health benefits. this study aims to obtain an informative chemical signature of the volatile fraction of black tea samples from ceylon by applying the principles of sensomics. in particular, several high conce ...201728193425
epidemiology, environmental risk factors and genetics of parkinson's disease.parkinson's disease (pd) is a frequent neurodegenerative disease with a premotor phase that lasts several years. risk factors that have been linked to pd are tobacco, caffeine, black tea, pesticides and calcium channel blockers. some risk factors may be due to inverse causality (e.g. changes in personality during the premotor phase). the genetics of pd are complex with a contribution of mendelian (e.g. snca, lrrk2, parkin, pink1,…) and non-mendelian factors (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms) ...201728189372
transcriptomic analysis of the biosynthesis, recycling, and distribution of ascorbic acid during leaf development in tea plant (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze).ascorbic acid (asa), known as vitamin c, is an essential nutrient for humans and mainly absorbed from food. tea plant (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) leaves can be a dietary source of asa for humans. however, experimental evidence on the biosynthesis, recycling pathway and distribution of asa during leaf development in tea plants is unclear. to gain insight into the mechanism and distribution of asa in the tea plant leaf, we identified 18 related genes involved in asa biosynthesis and recycli ...201728393854
mothers' consumption of soy drink but not black tea increases the flavonoid content of term breast milk: a pilot randomized, controlled intervention study.we performed a pilot rct to prove the hypothesis that a controlled ingestion of polyphenol-rich beverages (soy drink, decaffeinated black tea) in nutritive dosages by nursing women has an effect on the composition (flavonoid concentration, total antioxidant capacity) of breast milk.201728391283
tea (camellia sinensis) infusions ameliorate cancer in 4ti metastatic breast cancer model.tea (camellia sinensis) infusions are widely consumed beverages with numerous health benefits. however, physiological and molecular responses mediating these activities are poorly understood.201728388918
a simple, enzymatic biotransformation method using fresh green tea leaves efficiently generates theaflavin-containing fermentation water that has potent physiological functions in mice and humans.the polyphenolic compound theaflavin, the main red pigment in black tea, possesses many beneficial properties, such as fat-reducing and glucose-lowering capabilities. to produce theaflavin-containing fermentation water on a large scale, we have developed a simple, inexpensive, and selective enzymatic biotransformation method to obtain sufficient levels from fresh green tea leaves. subsequent administration of theaflavin-containing fermentation water to obese mice on a high-fat diet inhibited bod ...201728381812
an rna-seq transcriptome analysis revealing novel insights into aluminum tolerance and accumulation in tea plant.the tea plant ( camellia sinensis l. o. kuntze) is a high aluminum (al) tolerant and accumulator species. candidate genes related to al tolerance in tea plants were assembled based on de novo transcriptome analysis. the homologs implied some common and distinct al-tolerant mechanism between tea plants and rice, arabidopsis and buckwheat. in addition to high al tolerance, the tea plant exhibits good performance exposure to a proper al level, and accumulates high al in the leaves without any toxic ...201728365842
aluminum induced physiological and proteomic responses in tea (camellia sinensis) roots and leaves.tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze), is an aluminum (al) hyperaccumulator and grows well in acid soils. although al-induced growth of tea plant has been studied, the proteomic profiles of tea plants in response to al are unclear. in the present study, the proteomic profiles in tea roots and leaves under al stress were investigated using itraq proteomics approach. in total, 755 and 1059 differentially expressed proteins were identified in tea roots and leaves, respectively. kegg enrichment ana ...201728364710
an on-line hplc system for detection of antioxidant compounds in some plant extracts by comparing three different methods.echinacea (echinacea purpurea), green tea (camellia sinensis) and yaylacayi (thymus praecox opiz subsp. grossheimii (ronniger) jalas) are herbs used in traditional medicine because of their beneficial health effects. a high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) post-column method was developed by coupling hplc with on-line antioxidant assays using diode array (dad) and ultraviolet (uv) detectors. thus antioxidant compounds and fifteen phenolic standards were detected in echinacea, green tea a ...201728359985
effective subcritical butane extraction of bifenthrin residue in black tea.as a natural and healthy beverage, tea is widely enjoyed; however, the pesticide residues in tea leaves affect the quality and food safety. to develop a highly selective and efficient method for the facile removal of pesticide residues, the subcritical butane extraction (sbe) technique was employed, and three variables involving temperature, time and extraction cycles were studied. the optimum sbe conditions were found to be as follows: extraction temperature 45 °c, extraction time 30 min, numbe ...201728358319
γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) accumulation in tea (camellia sinensis l.) through the gaba shunt and polyamine degradation pathways under anoxia.γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is an important bioactive component of tea (camellia sinensis) providing various health benefits. we studied gaba accumulation via the gaba shunt and polyamine degradation pathways under anoxia in tea leaves. anoxia caused a ∼20-fold increment in gaba concentration, relative to fresh tea leaves. this increment was due to the increase of glutamate decarboxylase and diamine oxidase activities. genes involved in gaba formation, such as csgad1 and csgad2, were significantl ...201728355482
black tea high-molecular-weight polyphenol-rich fraction promotes hypertrophy during functional overload in mice.mitochondria activation factor (maf) is a high-molecular-weight polyphenol extracted from black tea that stimulates training-induced 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (ampk) activation and improves endurance capacity. originally, maf was purified from black tea using butanol and acetone, making it unsuitable for food preparation. hence, we extracted a maf-rich sample "e80" from black tea, using ethanol and water only. here, we examined the effects of e80 on resistance training. ...201728353662
characterization of the potent odorants contributing to the characteristic aroma of matcha by gas chromatography-olfactometry techniques.the odorants contributing to the characteristic aroma of matcha were investigated by analysis of the headspace samples and the volatile fractions prepared by a combination of solvent extraction and the safe techniques using three matcha powders of different grades (high, medium, and low). gas chromatography-olfactometry of the headspace samples (gco-h) and aroma extract dilution analysis (aeda) applied to the volatile fractions revealed 16 (fd factor ≥1) and 39 (fd factor ≥4(3)) odor-active peak ...201728343386
total volume and composition of fluid intake and mortality in older women: a cohort study.the health benefits of 'drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day" in healthy individuals are largely unproven. we aimed to examine the relationship between total fluid and the sources of fluid consumption, risk of rapid renal decline, cardiovascular disease (cvd) mortality and all-cause mortality in elderly women.201728341683
novel acylated flavonol tetraglycoside with inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation in 3t3-l1 cells from lu'an guapian tea and quantification of flavonoid glycosides in six major processing types of tea.a novel acylated flavonol tetraglycoside, kaempferol 3-o-[(e)-p-coumaroyl-(1→2)][α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)][β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (camellikaempferoside c, 1), together with 2 flavonols and 18 flavone and flavonol glycosides (fgs) (2-21) was isolated from the green tea lu'an guapian (camellia sinensis l.o. kuntze). their structures were identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods. four acylated fgs (1, 7, 8, 9) were found to inhibit the proli ...201728339202
metabolic flux redirection and transcriptomic reprogramming in the albino tea cultivar 'yu-jin-xiang' with an emphasis on catechin production.in this study, shade-induced conversion from a young pale/yellow leaf phenotype to a green leaf phenotype was studied using metabolic and transcriptomic profiling and the albino cultivar 'yu-jin-xiang' ('yjx') of camellia sinensis for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying the phenotype shift and the altered catechin and theanine production. shaded leaf greening resulted from an increase in leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid abundance and chloroplast development. a total of 1,196 different ...201728332598
black tea supplementation augments redox balance in rats: relevance to aging.several health beneficial effects have been attributed to tea consumption, most of the effects are due to the strong antioxidant property of tea catechins. the present study evaluates the effect of black tea extract (bte) supplementation on the redox balance of rats at different stages in their life span. we have evaluated erythrocyte and plasma redox status in young (4 months), middle-aged (12 months) and old-aged (24 months) male wistar rats, by quantifying an array of parameters linked to red ...201728332429
enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction: an alternative and green technology for non-extractable polyphenols.this contribution proposes an enzyme-assisted eco-friendly process for the extraction of non-extractable polyphenols (nepps) from black tea leftover (btlo), an underutilized tea waste. btlo hydrolyzed with various enzyme formulations was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent (sc-co2 + etoh). a conventional solvent extraction (cse) was performed using etoh + h2o (80:20, v/v) for comparison purposes. the results revealed that hydrolysis of btlo with 2.9% (w/w) kemz ...201728331956
a putative 12-oxophytodienoate reductase gene csopr3 from camellia sinensis, is involved in wound and herbivore infestation responses.12-oxophytodienoate reductase (opr) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (ja), which plays an important role in plant defense responses. although multiple isoforms of oprs have been identified in various annual herbaceous plants, genes encoding these enzymes in perennial woody plants have yet to be fully investigated. in the tea plant, camellia sinensis (l.), no opr genes have been isolated, and their possible roles in tea plant development and defense mechanism remain unknown. i ...201728322995
integrated transcriptome and metabolic analyses reveals novel insights into free amino acid metabolism in huangjinya tea cultivar.the chlorotic tea variety huangjinya, a natural mutant, contains enhanced levels of free amino acids in its leaves, which improves the drinking quality of its brewed tea. consequently, this chlorotic mutant has a higher economic value than the non-chlorotic varieties. however, the molecular mechanisms behind the increased levels of free amino acids in this mutant are mostly unknown, as are the possible effects of this mutation on the overall metabolome and biosynthetic pathways in tea leaves. to ...201728321230
metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic and functional roles of flavonoids in light-sensitive tea leaves.as the predominant secondary metabolic pathway in tea plants, flavonoid biosynthesis increases with increasing temperature and illumination. however, the concentration of most flavonoids decreases greatly in light-sensitive tea leaves when they are exposed to light, which further improves tea quality. to reveal the metabolism and potential functions of flavonoids in tea leaves, a natural light-sensitive tea mutant (huangjinya) cultivated under different light conditions was subjected to metabolo ...201728320327
mechanism of fenpropathrin resistance in red spider mite, oligonychus coffeae (acarina: tetranychidae), infesting tea [camellia sinensis l. (o. kuntze)].red spider mite (rsm), oligonychus coffeae (nietner) (acarina: tetranychidae), has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [camellia sinensis l. (o. kuntze)]. the development of acaricide (fenpropathrin) resistance has been screened in field populations (fps) of rsms from different tea-growing regions of south india and compared with a laboratory-susceptible population (sp) based on toxicity bioassay, detoxifying enzyme activities, analysis of acetylcholi ...201727604837
inhibition of pancreatic lipase by black tea theaflavins: comparative enzymology and in silico modeling studies.few studies have examined the effect of black tea (camellia sinensis) theaflavins on obesity-related targets. pancreatic lipase (pl) plays a central role in fat metabolism and is a validated target for weight loss. we compared the inhibitory efficacy of individual theaflavins and explored the underlying mechanism. theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tfdig), theaflavin-3'-gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate, and theaflavin inhibited pl with ic50 of 1.9, 4.2, 3.0, and >10μmol/l. the presence and location of the ...201727596423
a comparative analysis of chemical compositions in camellia sinensis var. puanensis kurihara, a novel chinese tea, by hplc and uflc-q-tof-ms/ms.camellia sinensis var. puanensis kurihara (puan tea) is a kind of ancient tea plant newly found in jiangxipo and the surrounding areas of puan county (guizhou, china). people there always believe that drinking puan tea is beneficial to the promotion of health and prevention of diseases. however, detailed information on its compositions has not been reported. therefore, in this study, the varieties and contents of purine alkaloids and polyphenols in puan tea were identified and determined by hplc ...201727596421
green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles mediated by black tea leaves (camellia sinensis) extract: catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and suzuki-miyaura coupling reaction under ligand-free conditions.the present study was conducted to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (pd nps) through a facile and green route using non-toxic and renewable natural black tea leaves (camellia sinensis) extract, as the reducing and stabilizing agent. the as-prepared pd@b.tea nps catalyst was characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (xrd), fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir), field emission scanning electron microscopy (fe-sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem) and energy dispe ...201727665075
inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants.the aim of this study is to search new anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents from plant and spices crude extracts as alternative to synthetic drugs. the inhibitory effect of 72 extracts was evaluated, in vitro, on lipase and amylase activities. aqueous extracts of cinnamon and black tea exhibited an appreciable inhibitory effect on pancreatic amylase with ic50 values of 18 and 87 μg, respectively. aqueous extracts of cinnamon and mint showed strong inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase wi ...201727706951
effect of oral theaflavin administration on body weight, fat, and muscle in healthy subjects: a randomized pilot study.theaflavins are reddish-colored polyphenols in black tea. to test the efficacy of theaflavin administration on body fat and muscle, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and investigated the effect of theaflavins administration on the body composition using of healthy subjects. in this study, 30 male and female japanese were enrolled and participants were randomly allocated to receive placebo, theaflavin (50 or 100 mg/day), or catechin (400 mg/ml) for 10 weeks. the ef ...201727756182
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate represses osteoclastogenesis and prevents wear debris-induced osteolysis via suppression of erk pathway.peri-implant osteolysis (pio) and the following aseptic loosening is the leading cause of implant failure. emerging evidence suggests that receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand (rankl)-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclastic bone resorption are responsible for particle-stimulated pio. here, we explored the effect of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf3) on titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo and in vitro. twenty-eight male c57bl/6 mice were randomly separated into four gro ...201727838465
interactions between α-amylase and an acidic branched polysaccharide from green tea.to understand the mechanism responsible for the α-amylase inhibitory activity of tea polysaccharides, the interaction between α-amylase and an acidic branched tea polysaccharide (tpsa) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and resonance light scattering analysis. tpsa, exhibiting inhibitory activity towards α-amylase (the maximum inhibition percentage of 65%), was isolated from green tea (camellia sinensis) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fourier transfor ...201727756641
camellia sinensis in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis of tea or tea extract effects on uric acid levels.flavanols of camellia sinensis exhibit uric acid (ua) lowering effect, through the modulation of both xanthine oxidase and urate excretion. in order to investigate the potential benefit of camellia sinenis products in asymptomatic hyperuricemia, a meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials (rct) with tea or tea extract has been conducted. from 20 human intervention studies selected only 5 rct (13 interventions) were suitable for meta-analysis (n = 472). the current "normal" range se ...201725849609
in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.inflammation is a defensive response against various harmful stimuli and stress conditions, such as tissue injury and one of the most common pathological processes occurring in human diseases. theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, one of the theaflavins present in black tea, exhibits several bioactive properties, including the ability to lower the incidence of coronary heart disease, a positive effect on the bone mineral density, and the ability to prevent cancer. the aim of this study was to evaluate whet ...201727871911
antioxidant properties of tea blunt ros-dependent lipogenesis: beneficial effect on hepatic steatosis in a high fat-high sucrose diet nafld obese rat model.oxidative stress could trigger lipid accumulation in liver and thus hepatic steatosis. tea is able to prevent liver disorders, but a direct link between antioxidant capacities and prevention of steatosis has not been reported yet. we aimed to investigate such relationship in a rat model of high fat-high sucrose diet (hfs)-induced obesity and to explore more deeply the mechanisms in isolated hepatocytes. wistar rats were divided into a control group (standard diet), an hfs group (high fat-sucrose ...201727866076
dye degradation by green heterogeneous fenton catalysts prepared in presence of camellia sinensis.this work describes the synthesis and characterization of supported green iron catalysts, prepared with camellia sinensis tea extract, and their application in heterogeneous fenton degradation of pollutant dyes. the influence of the catalyst synthesis conditions in the iron and organic content were investigated by x-ray fluorescence and thermogravimetric analyses. irregular, chain-like nanoparticles, in the size range of 20-100 nm, capped by polyphenolic natural compounds, were visualized by tem ...201727883942
protective effects of green tea and its main constituents against natural and chemical toxins: a comprehensive review.toxins are natural or chemical poisonous substances with severe side effects on health. humans are generally exposed by widespread toxic contaminations via air, soil, water, food, fruits and vegetables. determining a critical antidote agent with extensive effects on different toxins is an ultimate goal for all toxicologists. traditional medicine is currently perceived as a safe and natural approach against toxins. in this regard, we focused on the protective effects of green tea (camellia sinens ...201727915048
inhibitory effects of l-theanine on airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma.l-theanine, a water-soluble amino acid isolated from green tea (camellia sinensis), has anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidative properties, and hepatoprotective effects. however, the anti-allergic effect of l-theanine and its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. in this study, we investigated the protective effects of l-theanine on asthmatic responses, particularly airway inflammation and oxidative stress modulation in an ovalbumin (ova)-induced murine model of asthma. tre ...201727908701
noni leaf and black tea enhance bone regeneration in estrogen-deficient rats.black tea and nonileaf are among the dietary compounds that can benefit patients with bone resorption disorders. their bone regeneration effects and their mechanisms were studied in estrogen-deficient rats.201727908549
natural product htp screening for attenuation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo attractants (cincs) and no2- in lps/ifnγ activated glioma cells.chronic and acute central nervous system (cns) inflammation are contributors toward neurological injury associated with head trauma, stroke, infection, parkinsons or alzheimers disease. cns inflammatory illnesses can also contribute toward risk of developing glioblastoma multiforme (gbm). with growing public interest in complementary and alternative medicines (cams), we conduct a high throughput (htp) screening of >1400 natural herbs, plants and over the counter (otc) products for anti-inflammat ...201727956075
zinc stress affects ionome and metabolome in tea plants.the research of physiological responses to zn stress in plants has been extensively studied. however, the ionomics and metabolomics responses of plants to zn stress remain largely unknown. in present study, the nutrient elements were identified involved in ion homeostasis and metabolomics changes related to zn deficiency or excess in tea plants. nutrient element analysis demonstrated that the concentrations of zn affected the ion-uptake in roots and the nutrient element transportation to leaves, ...201727992770
isolation and expression features of hexose kinase genes under various abiotic stresses in the tea plant (camellia sinensis).hexokinases (hxks, ec 2.7.1.1) and fructokinases (frks, ec 2.7.1.4) play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar signaling during the growth and development of plants. however, the hxks and frks in the tea plant (camellia sinensis) remain largely unknown. in this manuscript, we present the molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains and expression profiles of four hxk and seven frk genes of the tea plant. the 11 deduced cshxk and csfrk proteins were gro ...201728013175
resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate addition to thawed boar sperm improves in vitro fertilization.thawing is one of the most delicate process after semen cryopreservation as spermatozoa pass from a dormant metabolic stage to a sudden awakening in cellular metabolism. the rapid oxygen utilization leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species that can damage sperm cells, thus causing a significant decrease of fertilizing potential of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. resveratrol (res) is a natural grape-derived phytoalexin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) is the major polyphenol in green ...201728166993
proteolysis of chloroplast proteins is responsible for accumulation of free amino acids in dark-treated tea (camellia sinensis) leaves.shade management (dark treatment) on tea (camellia sinensis) plants is a common approach to improve free amino acids in raw materials of tea leaves. however, the reason for amino acid accumulation in dark-treated tea leaves is still unknown. in the present study, dark treatment significantly increased content of free amino acids and reduced content of soluble proteins in tea leaves. quantitative proteomics analysis showed that most enzymes involved in biosyntheses of amino acids were down-accumu ...201728163235
green tea (camellia sinensis) protects against arsenic neurotoxicity via antioxidative mechanism and activation of superoxide dismutase activity.chronic arsenic-exposure even at a low-dose results in the neural impairment and motor/cognitive dysfunction. however, several preventive approaches are made mainly against hepatic/gastrointestinal damages. only a few investigations postulate therapeutic strategies for neural anomalies. here, the protective role of green tea (camellia sinensis or cs; 10mg/ml aqueous) has been evaluated against arsenic-induced (0.6ppm/100g bw/28 days) cerebral/cerebellar tissue degeneration, oxidative-threats and ...201728155600
protective effect of green tea (camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze) against prostate cancer: from in vitro data to algerian patients.green tea (gt) has been studied for its effects as antioxidant and cancer-preventive agent. epidemiological studies showed that gt consumption decreases the risk for prostate cancer (pc). to investigate whether erythrocyte oxidative stress (os) is associated with pc and whether daily consumption of gt improves the oxidative phenotype, we performed a study in a group of algerian pc patients, preceded by an in vitro study to characterize composition and antioxidant/antiproliferative activities of ...201728133488
tea polyphenols dominate the short-term tea (camellia sinensis) leaf litter decomposition.polyphenols are one of the most important secondary metabolites, and affect the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter. this study aims to monitor the mass loss rate of tea leaf litter and nutrient release pattern, and investigate the role of tea polyphenols played in this process. high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and classical litter bag method were used to simulate the decomposition process of tea leaf litter and track the changes occurring in major polyphenols over eight ...201728124839
safety evaluation of fluoride content in tea infusions consumed in the azores-a volcanic region with water springs naturally enriched in fluoride.tea is the second most commonly consumed beverage in the world. it is well recognized that the consumption of tea in high quantities can promote the development of fluorosis. the main objective of this study is to estimate the exposure to fluoride in the azores through drinking tea prepared with water from different volcanic locations, by i) investigating the fluoride (f) content of various commercial brands of tea (camellia sinensis) marketed in azores and ii) comparing tea releasing rates of f ...201728120305
an appraisal of drug-drug interactions with green tea (camellia sinensis).this review summarizes published in vitro, animal, and clinical studies investigating the effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) extract and associated catechins on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. in vitro studies suggest that green tea extract and its main catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, to varying degrees, inhibit the activity of cyp1a1, cyp1a2, cyp2b6, cyp2c8, cyp2c9, cyp2d6, and cyp3a4. ugt1a1 and ugt1a4 isoforms were also inhibited by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gall ...201728118673
optimization of the production of 1-phenylethanol using enzymes from flowers of tea (camellia sinensis) plants.1-phenylethanol (1pe) can be used as a fragrance in food flavoring and cosmetic industries and as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry. 1pe can be synthesized from acetophenone, and the cost of 1pe is higher than the cost of acetophenone. therefore, it is important to establish an effective and low-cost approach for producing 1pe. our previous studies found that tea (camellia sinensis) flowers, which are an abundant and waste resource, contained enzymes that could transform acetophenon ...201728098803
preclinical and potential applications of common western herbal supplements as complementary treatment in parkinson's disease.parkinson's disease (pd) is a neurological disorder with a complex pathological etiology, which is not fully understood. progression of pd may be the result of a buildup of iron in the substantia nigra, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, dysfunctional mitochondria, or abnormal protein handling. dopamine is the main neurotransmitter affected, but as the disease progresses, a decrease in all the brain's biogenic amines occurs. current medication used in the treatment of pd aims to prevent the b ...201728095073
bottom-up synthesis of carbon nanoparticles with higher doxorubicin efficacy.nanomedicine requires intelligent and non-toxic nanomaterials for real clinical applications. carbon materials possess interesting properties but with some limitations due to toxic effects. interest in carbon nanoparticles (cnps) is increasing because they are considered green materials with tunable optical properties, overcoming the problem of toxicity associated with quantum dots or nanocrystals, and can be utilized as smart drug delivery systems. using black tea as a raw material, we synthesi ...201728093297
are sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and sleep quality associated with dietary intake among bavarian adults?only few epidemiologic studies examined sleep characteristics in relation to dietary behaviour. our aim was to analyse associations of sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and sleep quality with dietary intake among the bavarian population.201728074892
anxiolytic activity of aqueous extract of camellia sinensis in rats.the present study was undertaken to evaluate anxiolytic effect of camellia sinensis (cs) and possible mechanism on acute and chronic administration in rats.201728066107
black tea consumption improves postprandial glycemic control in normal and pre-diabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.postprandial glycemic control is important for prevention of diabetes. black tea consumption may improve postprandial glycemic control. the major bioactive compounds are polyphenols, black tea polymerized polyphenol (btpp).this study examined the effect of black tea consumption on postprandial blood glucose and insulin response following sucrose loading in normal and pre-diabetes subjects.201728049262
in vivo anti-arthritic efficacy of camellia sinensis (l.) in collagen induced arthritis model.rheumatoid arthritis (ra), an autoimmune inflammatory disorder with synovial hyperplasia, destruction of cartilage, bone damage is often associated with risk of infections. such risk could be attributed towards usage of immunosuppressive agents. thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-arthritic efficacy of aquo-alcoholic extract of camellia sinensis (l.).201728049097
htp nutraceutical screening for histone deacetylase inhibitors and effects of hdacis on tumor-suppressing mirnas by trichostatin a and grapeseed (vitis vinifera) in hela cells.aggressive tumor malignancies are a consequence of delayed diagnosis, epigenetic/phenotype changes and chemo-radiation resistance. histone deacetylases (hdacs) are a major epigenetic regulator of transcriptional repression, which are highly overexpressed in advanced malignancy. while original chemotherapy drugs were modeled after phytochemicals elucidated by botanical screenings, hdac inhibitors (hdaci) such as apicidin, trichostatin a (tsa) and butyrate were discovered as products of fungus and ...201728031235
research on the effect of culture time on the kombucha tea beverage's antiradical capacity and sensory value.recent consumption trends shows high consumer acceptability and growing medicinal interest in the biological value of kombucha tea. this tea is a sweetened tea leaf brew fermented with a layer containing mainly acetic acid bacteria, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. the main antioxidants in tea leaves are polyphenols, the consumption of which is proven to be beneficial for human health, e.g. protecting from reactive oxygen species (ros). the aim of the present research was to evaluate antiradical ...201728071022
metal transport protein 8 in camellia sinensis confers superior manganese tolerance when expressed in yeast and arabidopsis thaliana.manganese (mn) is an important micronutrient element required for plant growth and development, playing catalytic roles in enzymes, membranes and dna replication. the tea plant (camellia sinensis) is able to accumulate high concentration of mn without showing signs of toxicity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this remain largely unknown. in this study, the c. sinensis cultivar 'ljcy' had higher mn tolerance than cultivar 'ys', because chlorophyll content reduction was lower under the hig ...201728051151
antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from four plants on bacterial isolates from periodontitis patients.four aqueous extracts of different plant organs are the following: artemisia herba-alba, opuntia ficus-indica, camellia sinensis and phlomis crinita were evaluated against two bacterial strains: porphyromonas gingivalis and prevotella intermedia, which are implicated in periodontal diseases. by using a disc method, these plant extracts demonstrated powerful bacterial activity against these gram-negative strains. the minimum inhibitory concentration values of the four plant extracts varied betwee ...201728386896
tea polyphenols inhibit the growth and virulence properties of fusobacterium nucleatum.fusobacterium nucleatum plays a key role in creating the pathogenic subgingival biofilm that initiates destructive periodontitis. it is also a common resident of the human gastrointestinal tract and has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of green and black tea extracts as well as two of their bioactive components, egcg and theaflavins, on the growth and virulence properties of f. nucleatum. the tea extracts and components ...201728322293
inhibition of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus by edible herbal extracts.human noroviruses (hunovs) cause foodborne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis worldwide. because hunov culture systems have not been developed thus far, no available medicines or vaccines preventing infection with hunovs exist. some herbal extracts were considered as phytomedicines because of their bioactive components. in this study, the inhibitory effects of 29 edible herbal extracts against the norovirus surrogates murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv) were examined. fcv was s ...201727807684
genome-guided insights into the plant growth promotion capabilities of the physiologically versatile bacillus aryabhattai strain ab211.bacillus aryabhattai ab211 is a plant growth promoting, gram-positive firmicute, isolated from the rhizosphere of tea (camellia sinensis), one of the oldest perennial crops and a major non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed all over the world. the whole genome of b. aryabhattai ab211 was sequenced, annotated and evaluated with special focus on genomic elements related to plant microbe interaction. it's genome sequence reveals the presence of a 5,403,026 bp chromosome. a total of 5226 putative pr ...201728377746
evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial potential and gc-ms analysis of camellia sinensis and terminalia arjuna.traditionally, camellia sinensis and terminalia arjuna are being used widely to cure various diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cancer etc. in the present study, extracts of these plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against some human pathogenic bacteria viz. e. coli, p. aeruginosa, s. aureus and fungus c. albicans. in-vitro inhibition of these pathogenic microorganisms produced inhibition zone ranging from 9 to 18 mm. mic values of these plant extracts ranged from 6.25 ...201728352558
functional characterization of a new tea (camellia sinensis) flavonoid glycosyltransferase.tea (camellia sinensis) is an important commercial crop, in which the high content of flavonoids provides health benefits. a flavonoid glycosyltransferase (csugt73a20), belonging to cluster iiia, was isolated from tea plant. the recombinant csugt73a20 in escherichia coli exhibited a broad substrate tolerance toward multiple flavonoids. among them, kaempferol was the optimal substrate compared to quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, apigenin, and kaempferide. however, no product was detected when ud ...201728220704
review of scientific evidence of medicinal convoy plants in traditional persian medicine.one concept used in traditional persian medicine (tpm) for multidrug therapy is that of the convoy drug (mobadregh). according to tpm texts, convoy drugs are substances (or drugs), which facilitate the access of drugs or foods to the whole body or to specific organs. this study reviewed some convoy drugs presented in tpm, their biological effects, and their probable interactions with main drugs, considering the increased absorption through inhibition of p-glycoprotein (p-gp) efflux function, bio ...201727041871
identification of a novel bzip transcription factor in camellia sinensis as a negative regulator of freezing tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis.basic region/leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factors play vital roles in the abiotic stress response of plants. however, little is known about the function of bzip genes in camellia sinensis .201728334275
review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and immunomodulatory activity of plants.since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. researchers have discovered some important compounds from plants. the present work constitutes a review of the medicinal plants whose immunomodulant activity has been proven. we performed pubmed, embase, google scholar searches for research papers of medicinal plants having immunomodulant activity. medicinal plants used by traditional physicians or reported as having immunomodulant activity include acacia concocinna, camellia ...201725280022
green tea proanthocyanidins cause impairment of hormone-regulated larval development and reproductive fitness via repression of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase, insulin-like peptide and cytochrome p450 genes in anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.successful optimization of plant-derived compounds into control of nuisance insects would benefit from scientifically validated targets. however, the close association between the genotypic responses and physiological toxicity effects mediated by these compounds remains underexplored. in this study, we evaluated the sublethal dose effects of proanthocyanidins (pas) sourced from green tea (camellia sinensis) on life history traits of anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) mosquitoes with an aim to unr ...201728301607
antibacterial and antiadhesive activities of extracts from edible plants against soft drink spoilage by asaia spp.this study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antiadhesive activities of ethanol extracts from five edible plant parts: cinnamon bark ( cinnamomum zeylanicum ), licorice root ( glycyrrhiza radix ), nettle leaves ( urtica dioica ), green tea leaves ( camellia sinensis ), and elderberry flowers ( sambucus nigra ). the chemical constituents of the extracts were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography plus mass spectrometry. six strains of as ...201728221885
black tea polyphenols inhibit tumor proteasome activity.tea is a widely consumed beverage and its constituent polyphenols have been associated with potential health benefits. although black tea polyphenols have been reported to possess potent anticancer activities, the effect of its polyphenols, theaflavins on the tumor's cellular proteasome function, an important biological target in cancer prevention, has not been carefully studied. here black tea extract (t5550) enriched in theaflavins inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (ct) activity of the proteasom ...201722351658
acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity study of black tea in rodents.systematic oral toxicity study for black tea (camellia sinensis), the most commonly consumed variety of tea, is lacking. the present study was undertaken to assess the iron load on black tea (camellia sinensis) and its safety aspects in animals.201725878375
antidiabetic antihyperlipidemic and hepato-protective effect of gluconorm-5: a polyherbal formulation in steptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats.the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and hepato-protective effect of gluconorm-5, was studied in steptozotocin (stz) induced hyperglycemic rats.201725737607
comparing the antiplaque efficacy of 0.5% camellia sinensis extract, 0.05% sodium fluoride, and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in children.dental caries is a multifactorial disease which requires a susceptible host, a cariogenic microflora, and a suitable substrate that must be present for a sufficient length of time. tea is prepared by the infusion of dried leaves of the tea plant, camellia sinensis, which contains bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins that are thought to be responsible for the health benefits that have traditionally been attributed to tea. these compounds have multidimensional effects su ...201726236682
effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) mouthwash containing 1% tannin on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.the aim of the present study was to explore the effects of iranian green tea mouthwash containing 1% tannin on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis.201726272266
black tea: phytochemicals, cancer chemoprevention, and clinical studies.tea (camellia sinensis l.) is the most popular, flavored, functional, and therapeutic non-alcoholic drink consumed by two-thirds of the world's population. black tea leaves are reported to contain thousands of bioactive constituents such as polyphenols, amino acids, volatile compounds, and alkaloids that exhibit a range of promising pharmacological properties. due to strong antioxidant property, black tea inhibits the development of various cancers by regulating oxidative damage of biomolecules, ...201726561007
toothpastes containing abrasive and chemical whitening agents: efficacy in reducing extrinsic dental staining.this in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of toothpastes containing abrasive and chemical whitening agents in reducing the extrinsic discoloration of dental enamel. sixty slabs of dentin from human teeth were sealed so that only the enamel surface was exposed. the enamel surfaces were photographed for initial color assessment. staining was performed by immersing the dental slabs in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 2 minutes and then in black tea for 60 minutes. this process was repeated 15 times ...201726545284
theanine and caffeine content of infusions prepared from commercial tea samples.caffeine and l-theanine are pharmacologically important constituents of tea, especially due to their effects on the central nervous system. the effects of these two compounds are opposite: while caffeine is a well-known stimulant, theanine has a relaxing effect. tea processing may influence the caffeine and theanine content of tea leaves.201727019564
the effect of black tea (camellia sinensis (l) kuntze) on pediatrics with acute nonbacterial diarrhea: a randomized controlled trial.we aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of black tea in pediatric patients with acute nonbacterial diarrhea. this single-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 2 to 12-year-old patients, with acceptable criteria for acute nonbacterial diarrhea in shiraz, iran. in total, 120 patients took part in this study. blocked randomization method was used to allocate them into 2 groups of intervention (black tea tablet + standard treatment) and control group (standard treatment; 60 pa ...201727324724
comparative assessment of copper, iron, and zinc contents in selected indian (assam) and south african (thohoyandou) tea (camellia sinensis l.) samples and their infusion: a quest for health risks to consumer.the current study aims to assess the infusion pattern of three important micronutrients namely copper (cu), iron (fe), and zinc (zn) contents from black tea samples produced in assam (india) and thohoyandou (south africa). average daily intakes and hazardous quotient were reported for these micronutrients. total content for cu, fe, and zn varied from 2.25 to 48.82 mg kg(-1), 14.75 to 148.18 mg kg(-1), and 28.48 to 106.68 mg kg(-1), respectively. the average contents of each of the three micronut ...201727339254
metals content in herbal supplements.obesity has become an international epidemic. to evaluate the level of metals in extracts of plants prescribed as weight loss supplements, different brands containing camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze, citrus aurantium l., cordia ecalyculata vell, ilex paraguariensis a. st.-hil, cissus quadrangularis l., senna alexandrina mill were purchased in local market, hot acid digested, and analyzed while metal content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, icp-oes. quality assurance and ...201727344673
the effect of dietary pigmentation on the esthetic appearance of clear orthodontic elastomeric modules.to compare the stain resistance of three types of clear elastomeric modules exposed to several common dietary substances through the assessment of the perception of a group of dentists to discoloration using visual analog scale (vas).201727127754
polymeric black tea polyphenols (pbps) inhibit benzo(a)pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone-induced lung carcinogenesis potentially through down-regulation of p38 and akt phosphorylation in a/j mice.the aim of our study was to evaluate chemopreventive efficacy and possible mechanism of most abundant polyphenolic fraction in black tea, polymeric black tea polyphenols (pbps), in experimental lung carcinogenesis model. effect of 1.5% black tea derived pbps on benzo(a)pyrene [b(a)p] and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nnk) induced lung lesions were studied over 28 wks. chemopreventive efficacy was studied using decrease in tumor incidence and/or multiplicity and/or delay in the ...201727377358
effect of different brewing times on antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of loosely packed and bagged black teas (camellia sinensis l.).determination and comparison of the effect of infusion time on the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol contents of bagged and loosely packed black teas.201727462554
effects of chronic l-theanine administration in patients with major depressive disorder: an open-label study.l-theanine, an amino acid uniquely contained in green tea (camellia sinensis), has been suggested to have various psychotropic effects. this study aimed to examine whether l-theanine is effective for patients with major depressive disorder (mdd) in an open-label clinical trial.201727396868
a method for producing superfine black tea powder with enhanced infusion and dispersion property.tea is rich in healthy components including polyphenols, caffeine, gallic acids, and others. current technology of tea infusion and extraction leads to more than 40% soluble solids wasted in spent leaf. to increase the bioaccessibility of black tea, we report a method of pulverization treatments including general and superfine grinding to reduce the particle size. in comparison with coarsely ground black tea powders (btps), the superfine ground btp with medium diameter 6.9μm resulted in signific ...201727507472
quality evaluation of green tea leaf cultured under artificial light condition using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.for an experimental model to elucidate the relationship between light quality during plant culture conditions and plant quality of crops or vegetables, we cultured tea plants (camellia sinensis) and analyzed their leaves as tea material. first, metabolic profiling of teas from a tea contest in japan was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms), and then a ranking predictive model was made which predicted tea rankings from their metabolite profile. additionally, the importance ...201727568369
evaluation of macro- and microelement levels in black tea in view of its geographical origin.the aim of this study was to evaluate the elemental composition of black tea samples and their infusions in view of their geographical origin. in total, 14 elements were analyzed, 13 (ca, k, mg, na, mn, fe, zn, cu, cr, ni, co, cd, and pb) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and p by uv-vis spectrometry, after mineralization of samples. it was found that k was the most abundant macroelement in the analyzed samples, whereas among microelements, the highest concentration was found for mn. base ...201727637916
variation of theanine, phenolic, and methylxanthine compounds in 21 cultivars of camellia sinensis harvested in different seasons.this is the first study to use chemometric methods to differentiate among 21 cultivars of camellia sinensis from china and between leaves harvested at different times of the year using 30 compounds implicated in the taste and quality of tea. unique patterns of catechin derivatives were observed among cultivars and across harvest seasons. c. sinensis var. pubilimba (you 510) differed from the cultivars of c. sinensis var. sinensis, with higher levels of theobromine, (+)-catechin, gallocatechin, g ...201727855934
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